62 

Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science Vol. 1 No. 2 (2021) 

Research Article 

Effect of pinching on growth and quality flower production of 
chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum indicum L.)  

Md. Ehsanullah, Shofiul Azam Tarapder, Abu Rashed Md. Maukeeb, Anayat Ullah Khan, and Ahasan Ullah Khan* 
 

Received : November 29, 2020  Revised : April 3, 2021  Accepted : April 5, 2021 Online : April 7, 2021 

Abstract
A field study conceded to assess the effect of pinching on growth and quality flowers yield of chrysanthemum at Horticulture Re-
search Centre (HRC), Gazipur, Bangladesh. The research was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with six 
treatments and three replications. The treatment combinations were as T0- No pinching, T1- Once 40 days, T2- Once 50 days, T3- 
Once 60 days, T4- Twice 40 and 50 days and T5- Thrice 40, 50 and 60 days. It was observed that the highest plant height 60cm in no 
pinching (T0) and the lowest 45 cm was recorded by pinching the plants thrice (T5). Days of the first flowering (57 days) was ob-
served where no pinching was followed and significantly delay in flowering (68 days) was recorded in in pinching the plants thrice 
(T5). The highest number of branches (12) was recorded in pinching the plants thrice (T5) and the lowest number of branches (05) in 
no pinching (T0). The maximum number of leaves (235) was recorded in pinching the plants thrice (T5) and minimum number of 
leaves (200) was observed in no pinching (T0). The treatment T5 (pinching the plants thrice) attained maximum plant spread (30 
cm) and the treatment T0 (no pinching) attained minimum plant spread (17cm). The highest number of flower (45) was recorded in 
pinching the plants thrice (T5) treatment and the lowest flower (28) was observed in T0 treatment. Among the six treatment, T5 
(pinching the plants thrice) showed the highest efficacy and it could be used as treatment in cultivation of Chrysanthemum indicum 
for growth and quality flower production.      

Keywords Chrysanthemum indicum, pinching, flower, production 

1. INTRODUCTION

Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum indicum L.) is 

a popular marketable ornamental importance flower 

crop belongs to the family Compositae or 

Asteraceae, sub family Asteroideae, order 

Asterales, subclass Asteridae, tribe Anthemideae. 

The crop is important as floricultural, ornamental 

and medicinal used in modern time [1]. This flower 

crop is native to East Asia [2] and has been grown 

in garden for more than 2500 years [3]. It is 

globally the second economically most vital 

floricultural crop following rose, and one of the 

most significant ornamental species [4]. It is one of 

the most important ornamental crops around the 

world, it is produced as both cut flower in field and 

pot plant. Many plants, which have been identified 

as yet through pharmacology, folk medicine, 

 
homoeopathy and ethnopharmacology, are being 

investigated for their medicinal usage and may be 

proved so in due course of time. This crop use as 

nerve sedative, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti

-mutagenic, anti-microbial, anti-fungal, anti-

angiogenic, anti-atherosclerosis and nematocidal 

goods [5]. The leaves remedy and use as colds, 

headache, bronchitis, rheumatism, swellings, boils 

and expectorant, bitter and stomachic, respectively. 

The C. indicum flower has a strong aroma and 

many of the previous studies focused on the 

essential oil of this plant [6]–[8]. Khan et al. [9] 

observed that the plant height (54.0 to 66.0 cm); 

number of leaves per plant (208-240); leaf size (4.5 

to 8.5 cm); plant spread (19.0 to 32.0 cm); number 

of branches (4 to 12); number of flowers (25-40); 

stalk length (8.8 to 13.3 cm) and days of first 

flowering (55 to 70 days) varied; respectively in T7 

(100% rice husk) to T3 (100% cocodust). The 

different color of leaves and flowers in 

chrysanthemum flower crop and also the maximum 

flower period was observed early December-

February in germplasms. Taweesak et al. [10] 

observed that the irrigation effect on plant height of 

chrysanthemum.  

Pinching is one of the most suitable tactics for 

effective cultivation of cut flowers. It is act of 

cutting or nipping off force to new development 

branching in the plants so that the eventual number 

of flowers is increased [11]. If the growing tips are 

Copyright Holder: 

©  Ehsanullah, M., Tarapder, S. A., Maukeeb, A. R. M., Khan,  

 A. U., and Khan, A. U. (2021) 

 

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Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science 

 

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Pandawa Institute stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional 

claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. 

 

This Article is Licensed Under: 

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J. Multidiscip. Appl. Nat. Sci. 

63 

pinched out, adjusts are diverted into lateral buds 

and branching occurs. Modification of plant 

planning by means of pinching has been done in 

several commercial flower crops. While Ma et al. 

[12], stated that pinching leads to late flowering in 

the C. indicum plant, as well as its effect on the 

branch’s length. It is preferable to pinch the small 

plants when 10 cm height to encourage production 

side branches, and then pinched these branches 

when reached 10 cm in length [13]. Ahmade [14] 

observed that the twice pinching gave a significant 

reduction in the plant height, the inflorescence 

diameter, the plant dry weight and the seeds weight 

(100 seeds). This study also noted that the increased 

the branches number, chlorophyll intensity in the 

leaf, the period from planting to inflorescence bud 

formation, the period to opening 50% of 

inflorescences, and the total number of 

inflorescences, the plant aesthetic value (degree) 

and the plant aesthetic period. The commercial 

cultivation of chrysanthemum with superiority 

flowers and higher yield is needed for consumption 

in local market and to offer livelihood specially to 

the marginal and small farmers. Thus, the pinching 

can play a vital role in the improvement of 

flowering and yield of chrysanthemum. Keeping in 

view the above points the present investigation, 

pinching time has been evaluated on the growth, 

and flower yield in chrysanthemum crop. The 

general objective of this study is to assess the effect 

of pinching in the chrysanthemum crop.    

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS  

2.1. Experimental Site 

The present investigation was carried out at the 

experimental farm of Landscape, Ornamental and 

Floriculture Division, HRC, BARI, Gazipur, 

Bangladesh during the period from July 2007 to 

June 2008. The study area situated in 23.9917° N 

longitude and 90.4137° E latitude at an altitude of 9 

meter above the sea level. 

 

2.2. Planting material 

Seed of genotype of CM-022 were used in the 

experiment during the period from July 2007 to 

June 2008. 

 

2.3. Methods 

2.3.1. Design of the experiment and Treatments 

The experiment was laid out in Randomized 

Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three 

replications. One plant was planted in a pot, 

containing the potting media according to the 

treatments and five plants were constituted the unit 

of treatment. There were six treatments in the 

experiment, comprising different pinching in Table 

1. 

 

2.3.2. Pot preparation 

The experiment was conducted in earthen pots 

of 12 cm size. The pots were washed and cleaned 

thoroughly before filling up of potting media. 

 

2.3.3. Seedling raising, transplanting and 

fertilization 

Primarily cuttings of chrysanthemum genotype 

(CM-022) were prepared for planting in the sand in 

mid-August, 2007. Immediately after rooting, the 

mini plantlets were transferred to the pot containing 

media that consists of one-part coarse sand, one part 

garden soil, one part cocodust, one-part cowdung, a 

quarter part of wood ashes and two tables spoonfuls 

of bone meal in mid-September, 2007. 

Subsequently, 10 g TSP and 3 g MP per pot were 

applied. Urea @ 2, 3 and 3 g per pot was applied at 

20, 30 and 40 days after transplanting respectively 

for getting the best growth and flowering of plants 

[15]–[17].  

 

2.3.4. Irrigation and weeding  

Weeding and mulching were done in the pots 

whenever it was necessary to keep the pots free 

from weeds. Chrysanthemum plants need frequent 

irrigation. The pots were irrigated every alternate 

day to keep the media moistened. 

 

 

Table 1. Treatments and different pinching 

composition. 

Treatments Different pinching 

T0 No pinching 

T1 Once 40 days 

T2 Once 50 days 

T3 Once 60 days 

T4 Twice 40 and 50 days 

T5 Thrice 40, 50 and 60 days 



J. Multidiscip. Appl. Nat. Sci. 

64 

2.3.5. Staking of plant 

Each plant was supported by 40 cm long 

bamboo stick to facilitate the branches of the plant 

to keep erect. The plant in each pot was fastened 

loosely with the bamboo stick by jute string to 

prevent the plant from lodging. 

 

2.3.6. Pest and disease control 

A 2 g/L of Ridomil and 2 ml/L of Malathion in 

water was sprayed once fortnight to the plants as 

protective measures against diseases and insect 

attack. 

 

2.3.7. Harvesting of flowers 

The spikes were harvested when the flower 

attained commercial stage flower open before 

shedding of pollens from the outer row of the disc 

florets.  

 

2.3.8. Collection of data 

Data were collected on the following parameters 

for interpretation of the result of the experiment. 

The parameters were plant height (cm), days to 

flowering, branch number, leaf number, plant 

spread (cm), flower size (cm) and flower number. 

Plant height (cm): Plant height refers to the length 

of the plant from ground level to tip of erect leaf. 

Height of 5 plants was measured and the mean was 

calculated. It was measured in cm. Number of 

leaves plant: Number of leaves per plant was 

recorded by counting all the leaves from 5 plants 

and the mean was calculated. Plant spread (cm): 

The plant spread was measured in cross way (North

-South and East-West) by measuring scale. The 

average of the two measurements was done and 

expressed in cm. Leaf size (cm): The length and 

breadth of leaf was measured by a measuring scale 

and the average of the two measurements was done 

and expressed in cm for a single leaf. Later on, the 

mean of individual leaf size from 5 selected plants 

was calculated. Number of branches plant: Number 

of branches per plant was recorded by counting all 

the main branches from 5 plants and the mean was 

calculated. Days to flowering: It was recorded by 

counting the days from planting to first visibility of 

flower bud in the plant from each pot. Number of 

flowers plant: Number of flowers produced per 

plant was counted and recorded. Flower size: 

Flower size was measured in cross way following 

North-South and East-West position by a measuring 

scale and the average of the two measurements was 

done and expressed in cm for a single flower. Later 

on, the mean of individual flower size from 5 

selected plants was calculated. 

 

2.3.9. Statistical analysis 

The data recorded on different plant and floral 

parameters were statistically analyzed through 

analysis of variance with the help of ‘MSTAT’ 

software. The difference between treatment means 

were compared by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test 

(DMRT) according to Baniasadi et al [18].  

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 

 

3.1. Plants height (cm) 

Height of Chrysanthemum plant (CM-022) was 

significantly influenced by pinching in Table 2. 

Table 2. Plant and floral character of chrysanthemum as influenced by pinching.  

Treatment 
Plant height 

(cm) 
Days to 

flowering 
Branch 

number 
Leaf 

number 
Plant spread 

(cm) 
Flower 

size (cm) 

T0 
60a 57d 05c 200d 17.0d 6.9a 

T1 
57ab 62c 07bc 214cd 19.0cd 6.9a 

T2 
55b 63c 07bc 218c 21.0c 7.0a 

T3 
52bc 63c 09b 224bc 23.0bc 7.1a 

T4 
49c 68ab 10ab 228b 25.0b 7.2a 

T5 
45d 70a 12a 235a 30.0a 7.3a 

CV (%) 12.40 10.80 16.30 13.00 11.72 8.14 

Note: T0- No pinching, T1- Once 40 days, T2- Once 50 days, T3- Once 60 days, T4- Twice 40 and 50 days, T5- Thrice 40, 50 and 60 days. Means  

 followed by similar letter(s) inside the column do not vary significantly (P = 0.05).  



J. Multidiscip. Appl. Nat. Sci. 

65 

Thus, the highest plant height (60 cm) was observed 

under no pinching and lowest (45 cm) was recorded 

by pinching the plants thrice (T5). The plant varied 

from 40-120 cm in the field condition [17]. This 

was due to repetitive removal of apical portion of 

main branch; axillary buds become free from 

correlative inhibition of apical dominance and 

started growing. This resulted into more branching 

and spread of plants. Thus, height was reduced in 

pinched plants. Similar results observed by Susila et 

al. [19] in chrysanthemum flower crop. 

 

3.2. Days required for flowering  

It is evident from the Table 2 that the increased 

number of pinching resulted into significant delay 

in the flowering of Chrysanthemum. Thus, the 

earliest flowering (57 days) was observed where no 

pinching was followed. There was no significant 

difference between pinching once (T1, T2 and T3) 

which took 62, 63 and 63 days respectively, but 

further significant delay in flowering (68 days) was 

recorded by pinching the plants twice followed by 

pinching the plants thrice (70 days). The delay in 

flowering by pinching was due to removal of 

physiological mature portion and the new shoots 

which emerged out from the pinched plants took 

more time to become physiological inductive to 

produce flowers than non-pinched plants. Similar 

results have been observed by Rajan et al in 

Chrysanthemum [20].  

 

3.3. Number of branches  

The number of branches was quite variable in 

different treatments in Table 2. The highest number 

of branches (12) was observed in T5 treatment 

followed by T4 treatment (10). The lowest number 

of branches was recorded in T0 treatment (05). This 

was due to repetitive removal of apical bud which 

leads to enhanced branch number observed in T5 

treatment. The above findings are in agreement with 

that of in marigold [21]. 

 

3.4. Number of leaves 

Maximum number of leaves (235) was recorded 

in T5 treatment (pinching thrice) followed by T4 

treatment (228) in Table 2. Kumar et al [22] 

observed increased leaf number in carnation plants 

while pinched thrice. Adequate numbers of leaves 

are essential for normal growth and production. An 

increase in number of leaves causes the 

accumulation of greater photosynthesis leading to 

better growth parameters. 

 

3.5. Plant spread 

It has been observed that plant spreads were 

significantly affected by the different treatments 

(Table 2). The treatment T5 attained maximum plant 

spread (30 cm). This was due to higher the branch 

number with high leave content under pinched 

thrice ultimately increased plant spread. Chandel et 

al [23] also observed increased plant spread while 

pinched twice or thrice in Chrysanthemum. 

 

3.6. Flower size (cm) 

The flower size of chrysanthemum was not 

significantly improved by various treatment of 

pinching (Table 2). The results are in agreed with 

Yao et al [24] in carnation. 

 

3.7. Number of flowers 

Perusal of Figure 1 show that by increasing the 

number of pinching, there was an increase in the 

number (45) of flower per plant. The lowest number 

of flowers (28) was recorded under no pinching. 

Number of flowers was affected by pinching was 

due to increased number of branches. Similar 

results observed by Sharma et al. [25] and findings 

were varied from 19.73-42.26 in chrysanthemum 

plant.  

 

4. CONCLUSIONS 

 

The observations recorded from the present 

investigation revealed that the pinching effect in the 

morphological and flower characters in the 

Figure 1. Flower number of chrysanthemums.  



J. Multidiscip. Appl. Nat. Sci. 

66 

chrysanthemum flower crop. Timely planting and 

pinching effect in the plant growth and production 

of quality flowers in the field. Pinching carried out 

in chrysanthemum improved in number of flowers 

per plant, plot and yield per hectare. Among the six 

treatment, pinching the plants thrice showed the 

highest efficacy and it could be used as treatment in 

cultivation of Chrysanthemum indicum for growth 

and quality flower production.  

  

AUTHOR INFORMATION 

 

Corresponding Author 

Ahasan Ullah Khan — Department of 

Agroforestry and Environmental Science, Sylhet 

Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100 

(Bangladesh); Department of Entomology, Sylhet 

Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100 

(Bangladesh) ; 

orcid.org/0000-0002-7029-8215 

Email: ahasanullahsau@gmail.com 

 

Authors 

Md. Ehsanullah — Department of Entomology, 

Govt. shahid Akbar Ali Science and Technology 

College, Thakurgaon-5120 (Bangladesh); 

Shofiul Azam Tarapder — Department of 

Agronomy and Haor Agriculture, Sylhet 

Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100 

(Bangladesh); 

Abu Rashed Md. Maukeeb — Department of 

Agricultural Chemistry, Khulna Agricultural 

University, Khulna-9100 (Bangladesh); 

Anayat Ullah Khan — Department of 

Mathematics, Jashore University of Science and 

Technology, Jashore-7408 (Bangladesh);  
 

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