J. Nig. Soc. Phys. Sci. 4 (2022) 1050

Journal of the
Nigerian Society

of Physical
Sciences

Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties of V2O5 Thin films
by Spray Pyrolysis Method

A. Sherin Fathima, I. Kartharinal Punithavthy∗, S. Johnson Jayakumar, A. Rajeshwari, A. Sindhya, A. Muthuvel

Department of Physics, T.B.M.L College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli-620024), Porayar, Tamil Nadu-609307, India.

Abstract

Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) and indium tin oxide (ITO) coated V2O5 thin films were prepared by hydrothermal technique. The influence of
different molarity of V2O5 on the electrical properties of ITO-V2O5 films was investigated. The films were found to be polycrystalline and to
belong to a V2O5 orthorhombic crystal system based on their X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. It was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-
IR) spectrum that V2O5 functional groups formed a V-O bond. The optical band gaps were found to increases with increasing molarity in the range
2.18 – 2.89 eV. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows crumbled paper-like morphology in the sheet-like layer arrangement. The
dielectric current (DC) electrical conductivity was studied as function of molarity which indicated the semiconducting nature. The morphological
and structural studies show enhanced results for 4% sample which makes it a viable candidature for optical and electrical applications.

DOI:10.46481/jnsps.2022.1050

Keywords: V2O5 Thin films, Optical properties, Surface Morphology. Spray Pyrolysis, Electrical Properties.

Article History :
Received: 09 August 2022
Received in revised form: 14 October 2022
Accepted for publication: 17 October 2022
Published: 27 November 2022

c© 2022 The Author(s). Published by the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license

(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published articles title, journal citation, and DOI.

Communicated by: K. Sakthipandi

1. Introduction

Transition metal oxides, especially vanadium compounds
gain immense interest due to their special physical and chemi-
cal properties, making them technological useful for nanoscale
device application [1-7]. A thin film of Transition metal oxides
has been a wide platform of research in recent years due to their
application in technological aspects. Thin films of V2O5 laid
footprints in the sectors of gas sensors, solar cells, and batter-
ies [8-9]. Vanadium combines with oxygen to form a variety of
compounds with varying structural, optical, and chemical prop-
erties [10].

∗Corresponding author tel. no: +91-9442422539
Email address: profpunithavthy@gmail.com,

profpunithaphysics@gmail.com (I. Kartharinal Punithavthy)

Various phases of vanadium oxides possess different prop-
erties based on their structural arrangement of atoms. The dif-
ferent phases like V2O5, V2O3, VO2 and VO exhibit different
properties. The different phases of vanadium oxides can be
achieved through the modifications in the deposition process
as well as due to the modification in the post-annealing line
process. Although there exist several phases of Vanadium ox-
ides, VO2 and V2O5 have involved the consideration of the
researchers, due to their thermochromic behaviour and elec-
trochromic properties respectively. One of the thermodynam-
ically stable phases of vanadium oxides is vanadium pentoxide
thin films, which are also used in smart windows, optical filters,
and surfaces with adjustable emittance for temperature control
[11].

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Fathima et al. / J. Nig. Soc. Phys. Sci. 4 (2022) 1050 2

In recent years, nanostructured vanadium oxide has been
attracted considerable attention due to its organic and physi-
cal properties and their countless prospective for applications
in catalysis [12] electrochromic devices [13] sensors [14] elec-
trochemistry [15] photocatalytic activities [16] and spintronic
devices [17]. V2O5, one of the more stable vanadium oxide
phases, has a distinctive set of features and is one of the com-
positions of vanadium oxide that may be formed [18]. This sub-
stance is also employed as an intercalation chemical due to its
two-dimensional layer structure. Since the discovery of the re-
versible electrochemical lithium-ion intercalation in V2O5 [19].
Due to its low cost, simplicity, synthesis, abundance and high
energy density, vanadium pentoxide has received a lot of atten-
tion as a potential cathode material for rechargeable lithium-ion
batteries. It is a typical embolism compound with a covered
crystal structure that allows for the reversible intercalation and
extraction of a wide range of atomic and molecular species. The
energy storage and the charge/discharge rate are the most cru-
cial factors for electrochemical pseudo capacitor applications.
To obtain a high charge/discharge rate, a higher surface range
and simple charge conveyance are needed [20]. V2O5 xero-
gel and aerogel, which together offer large surface range, have
been travelled for numerous applications. Shenzhen Deng et
al. recently reported electrochemical performance of vanadium
oxide-based cathodes in aqueous zinc -ion batteries [21]. An
ultrasound assisted synthesis of V2O5 nanoparticles for photo-
catalyst and antibacterial activity was reported by Karthik et al
[22]. The hydrothermal method used by Muhammad Rafique et
al. for degradation of RhB dye uses highly efficient and visible
light driven Ni doped V2O5 photocatalysts [23]. Using Ar/O2
gas mixtures, Benmoussa et al. successfully fabricated V2O5
thin films on indium tin oxide coated glasses [24]. In the present
work, the deposition procedure of V2O5 films on the fused sub-
strate was carried out first. Then the V2O5 thin film deposition
on the ITO coated fused silica substrate was investigated. The
prepared thin film was characterized by the XRD, FT-IR, SEM
with EDAX and UV-visible spectroscopy. The electrical stud-
ied is measured with the V2O5 thin film deposited ITO coated
fused silica substrate as a working film.

2. Experimental Procedure

The thermal evaporation of pure V2O5 Powder (purity 99.99
percent acquired from MERCK) from an electrically heated
molybdenum boat held at 1823 K in a vacuum better than 8
x 10−6 Torr was used to creating thin coatings of V2O5 on ITO
substrates. The experimental films were deposited using a Hind
High Vacuum Coating machine. The final pressure was gener-
ated using a diffusion pump supported by a rotary pump. ITO
substrate had been thoroughly cleaned and the appropriate cov-
ers were mounted on a copper holder that was set up on a tri-
pod inside the bell jar. The distance between the source and
substrate was set in cm. The glow discharge was started to fur-
ther ionically clean the substrates in the vacuum chamber after
achieving the ultimate vacuum of 5 x 10−6 Torr and the desired
substrate temperature in the chamber and permitted to enter the
system. The substance inside the boat evaporated when the

Figure 1: Flow chart for the synthesis of V2O5 thin films through spray pyrol-
ysis method

Figure 2: XRD patterns of (a) pure V2O5 (b-c) 2 and 4 % ITO coated V2O5
thin film

power was applied, and the resulting vapours’ reaction with the
oxygen gas resulted in the deposition of a coating on the sub-

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Fathima et al. / J. Nig. Soc. Phys. Sci. 4 (2022) 1050 3

Figure 3: (a-c) SEM image (pure, 2 and 4 %) (d) EDAX of 2% molarities V2O5
thin films

Figure 4: Surface Occupancy plots of thin films (a) pure V2O5, (b) V2O5 at 2%
and (c) 4% molarities

Figure 5: FTIR spectra of (a) pure V2O5 and (b-c) V2O5 with 2 and 4 % of
molarities

strate. Using an optical pyrometer, the boat’s temperature was
measured during the deposition process. Following the mainte-

Figure 6: Optical absorption spectra of (a) Pure V2O5 thin films and (b-c) V2O5
thin films with 2 and 4 % of molarities

Figure 7: Band Gap energy of (a) Pure V2O5 thin films and (b-c) V2O5 thin
films with 2 and 4 % of molarities

nance of the substrates at the necessary deposition temperature,
the molybdenum boat with the V2O5 powder was positioned.
When the boat’s temperature reached around 1823 K, the shut-
ter covering the substrates was opened, and it remained open
during the film deposition process. Fig 1 shows the chart for the
synthesis of V2O5 thin films through spray pyrolysis method.

2.1. Characterization
In the present study, JASCO V-670 spectrophotometer was

used to record optical spectra in the range of 300-800 nm. The
crystalline phase structures of the products were examined and
studied by X-ray diffractometer (Riakgu Mini Flexell) operated
at a 40 KV and current 30 mA with Cukα (λ = 1.5406 Å). The
interaction of functional groups in the synthesized nanoparti-
cles was investigated using a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR)
spectrometer (BRUKER; RFS 27).

3. Results and Discussions

3.1. XRD analysis
The structural analysis of ITO-coated V2O5 thin films with

two different molarities was carried out by XRD as shown in
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Fathima et al. / J. Nig. Soc. Phys. Sci. 4 (2022) 1050 4

Figure 8: Electrical studies of pure and ITO (2 and 4%) coated V2O5 thin films

Table 1: Structural parameters of pure and ITO (2 and 4%) coated V2O5 thin film

S. No Sample Average crystallite
size ( D) X10−9m

Average Dislocation
density (δ) X1014m2

Average Microstrain
( ε) X10−3m

1 Pure 32.0 1.0087E+15 0.00113
2 2% 29.5 1.14061E+15 0.00122
3 4% 26.8 1.38471E+15 0.00134

Table 2: Vibrational Assignments of Thin films (Pure V2O5 thin films, V2O5 with 2, 4% of Molarity)

S/N Vibrational Assignments (cm−1) Inference References
a b c

1 421 421 421 Metal oxide stretching vibrations [30]
2 1412 1412 1412 CH2 - Bending Vibration of Carbon chain [33]
3 3199 3199 3199 OH-Stretching Vibration [32]

Table 3: Absorption and Band gap of pure and 2 and 4 % ITO coated V2O5 thin
tilms

Composition Absorbance Bandgap (eV)
Pure V2O5 362.8 2.18

2% 361.3 2.42
4% 360.5 2.89

Fig 2. The diffraction peaks at 2θ = 21.50◦, 30.71◦, 38.41◦ and
45.7◦correspond respectively to reflections from planes (101),
(400), (211) and (002) indicating the formation of orthorhom-
bic crystal structure of V2O5 which is agreed with the JCPDS
card No.: JCPDS No.: 89-2482 [25]. Other peaks are due to the
ITO coated glass substrate. As can be seen in all XRD spectra,
the peaks are enhanced with different molarity as a sign of im-
proved crystallinity (Fig 2).

Rathika et al. [26], synthesized V2O5 thin films de-
posited by the spray pyrolysis method and reported a similar
orthorhombic structure [26]. The obtained high intense peak at
35.5o corresponds to plane values (201) respectively. The aver-
age crystallite size can be calculated from the Debye Scherrer

equation [27-28].

D =
kλ

β cos θ
(1)

where λ is wavelength (1.54 Å), k is Scherrer’s constant, β is
full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the diffraction spectra,
and θ is diffraction angle. Due to the ionic radius of V2O5, the
average crystallite size of the thin films decreases from 32 to
26.8 nm with increasing molarities. With an increase in mo-
larity percentage, the minute peaks disappear in comparison
to pure V2O5. Furthermore, together with V2O5 peaks, VO2
peaks are also observed in the XRD pattern of the undoped
film, which may due to high deposition temperature [29]. As
molarities increase, the average dislocation density and average
microstrain of thin films are linearly increased.

3.2. SEM with EDAX
Surface morphology of prepared V2O5 thin films with dif-

ferent molar concentrations (2 & 4%) coated on ITO substrate.
All the micrographs are taken at different magnifications. Fig-
ure 3 (a-c) shows the stacked layers of V2O5 with a brick-like
arrangement with the whole agglomeration of the particles un-
defined in the pure V2O5 thin film. But under 2 percent of

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Fathima et al. / J. Nig. Soc. Phys. Sci. 4 (2022) 1050 5

Table 4: Electrical parameters of pure and ITO (2 and 4%) coated V2O5 thin films

Sample Resistivity (ρ)(Ω cm) Conductivity (σ)(Ω cm)−1 Mobility (µ)(cm2/Vs)
Pure 2.1x10−3 4.61x102 2 x101

2% 6.81x10−4 1.42x103 4.24x101

4% 2.08x10−3 4.75x102 3.9 x101

molarity, the thin film shows rough morphology with uniform
aggregated grain structure. On further increases in molar per-
centage, the material forms crumbled paper-like morphology
in the sheet-like layer arrangement. The increased molar con-
centration forms a smooth arrangement on comparing the ob-
tained results of 4 % and can be utilized for further character-
ization and application. However, at 2% molarity, the crystal
grain boundaries become blurred again, indicating crystal dis-
solution. As a result, it was proposed that the optimum mo-
larity for better crystal quality of V2O5 films is between 2 and
4%. Increased molarity may result in significant loss of oxygen
concentration as well as several key elements of the film, dete-
riorating the crystal structure. High molarity, in fact, increases
the rapid diffusion of V2O5 into the substrate layers, which can
easily modify the characteristics of the transparent electrode.
The presence of significant amounts of vanadium and oxygen
on the deposited film was confirmed by elemental composition
analysis of the film using EDAX in 2% molarity of ITO coated
V2O5 thin film (Fig 3d). According to EDAX analysis, no fur-
ther impurity contamination was discovered on the film.

3.2.1. Surface Occupancy plots
Figure 4 (a-c) depicts Surface Occupancy Plots (SOP) of

thin films. Using Image J software, the surface occupancy plot
of the deposited thin films was plotted. Furthermore, the ag-
glomeration was increased as traced in Fig 4(b) as a result of
the increased particle accumulation density, as evidenced by
scanned SEM images. The interactive 3D image as seen in
Fig 4 (c) had sheet-like particles uniformly distributed over the
scanning surface area.

3.3. Functional group analysis

Figure 5 shows the FT-IR spectrum of pure V2O5 produced
at two different mole percentages (2% and 4%). The absorp-
tion of IR in molecular vibrations further confirms the pres-
ence of functional groups in thin films. A vibrational frequency
of 421 cm−1 represents the stretching vibration of the metal-
oxygen link [30-31]. The strong, intense peak at 3199 cm-1
is caused by water molecules stretching vibration O-H bonds
[32]. An initial precursor contained nitrate ions, as evidenced
by the peak at, 1412 cm−1 caused by nitrate stretching vibration
(NO3−) [33].

3.4. UV-Visible analysis

A UV-Vis spectrum of samples of pure V2O5 at two dif-
ferent molarities is shown in Fig 6, and a band gap calculation
is shown in Fig 7. As the molarity rises, the absorbance falls.
Transmittance drops abruptly between 300 nm and 800 nm due
to absorption of most incoming photons. The Fig 6 shows the

region of fundamental absorption edge for ITO coated V2O5
thin films with absorbance values of 364.8, 361.3, and 360.5
at pure, 2% and 4% molarities. As crystalline size decreases,
the absorption edge shows a red shift in wavelength, which in-
dicates a shift on the lower energy side [34-35]. ITO-coated
V2O5 thin films with different molarities have different optical
properties depending on their microstructure and growth condi-
tions.

The optical band gap energies are 2.18, 2.42 and 2.89 eV
for pure and ITO coated V2O5 thin films at different molarity,
respectively. According to the Brus equation [36], the band
gap energies increase with increasing molarities. As a result
of quantum size effects [37], the bandgap widening in V2O5
thin films is even greater at low growth temperatures, where
grain sizes are relatively small (≤50 nm). Moreover, the mean
crystal dimension decreases, resulting in a smaller band gap
due to quantum size effects [38]. A vacancy in the lattice of
V2O5 thin films creates lower absorption bands in the optical
spectrum due to oxygen vacancies between two V-O layers. The
disordered atomic arrangement causes this oxygen vacancy.

3.5. Electrical Studies

At room temperature, the Hall-effect was used to measure
the transport parameters. Fig. 8 depicts the alteration of elec-
trical transport characteristics as a function of films. Vanadium
ions exhibit various semiconducting properties as a result of
their various oxidation states, which is explained by the pro-
cess of a 3d unpaired electron hopping from a V4+ to a V5+

ion. It is evident from Fig. 8 that the thin film’s conductivity
rises as a result of the creation of O vacancies, which is what
is referred to as a low mobility n-type semiconductor. Doping
has a significant impact on the material’s mobility overall. The
mixed-phase of V2O5 may be the cause of the low electrical
conductivity of the undoped film in this instance. For 2% of
the molar concentration, the resistivity and mobility of the thin
films increase gradually and then decrease for 4% of the molar
concentration, while the conductivity values are inversely pro-
portional to the resistivity phenomenon, i.e., it decreases (for
2% of molar concentration) and then increases (for 4% of mo-
lar concentration).

4. Conclusion

Spray pyrolysis method was successfully used to prepare
V2O5 and ITO coated V2O5 nanoparticles. The XRD pattern
depicts the peaks of the orthorhombic V2O5 thin films that were
prepared. The average crystallite size of Pure V2O5, doped
with 2 and 4% molarities, is 32, 29 and 26 nm, respectively.
The size of the crystallites reduces as the molar percentages

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Fathima et al. / J. Nig. Soc. Phys. Sci. 4 (2022) 1050 6

increase. The FT-IR spectra display the proper bond bands
found in the processed materials. While the optical spectra
show their corresponding absorption spectra with their respec-
tive band gaps, indicating that the produced material is a semi-
conductor indirectly. Furthermore, with 4% molar concentra-
tion, the SEM/EDAX micrographs show that the synthesised
thin films were formed in the shape of crumbled paper. Sur-
face occupancy plots, on the other hand, reveal that sheet-like
particles are consistently dispersed across the scanning surface
area. As a result, the current work reveals that increasing the
percent of molarities in V2O5 thin-films created using spray py-
rolysis improves their optical and electrical properties, allowing
the prepared samples to be used for useful optical and electrical
applications.

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