J. Nig. Soc. Phys. Sci. 5 (2023) 1263

Journal of the
Nigerian Society

of Physical
Sciences

Generation of Electricity From a Hydraulic Turbine in the
Djonou River (Benin)

Mahouton Justine Carine Adjassaa, Gabin Koto N’Gobia,∗, Hagninou Elagnon Venance Donnoua,
Clément Adéyèmi Kouchadéa, Basile Bruno Kounouhewaa

aLaboratoire de Physique du Rayonnement (LPR), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 526 Cotonou, Bénin

Abstract

The shortage of electricity in rural areas despite the hydraulic potential they possess is becoming a challenge for Benin. To date, nearly 140,000
people spread over the 42 lakeside villages of this country live in energy inaccessibility, insecurity and poverty. To overcome this situation, the
present study is therefore interested in the production of electrical energy on an experimental basis in low water periods thanks to an Archimedean
screw turbine which operates at low flow rates and height of fall on the river. Djonou located in southern Benin a few kilometers from the
University of Abomey-Calavi. The geometrical and hydraulic parameters of the screw were therefore determined and the device was modeled
using Autocard software. A prototype was then made with local recycled materials and tested on the river. The screw specifications indicate an
inside and outside radius of 0.072 m and 0.135 m. The length of the screw was set at 0.46 m for a blade radius estimated at 0.137 m. The number
of screw blades is equal to 2 with a flow rate of 0.049 m3/s. The inclination angle of the screw is 25◦. The device on the experimental site produces
a voltage of 16 V and provides a current of about 0.12 A which can power a 2 W lamp. This performance of the prototype made on a small scale
is a reliable indicator of the optimal use of this technology in the national hydraulic network of Benin to supply populations with electrical energy.

DOI:10.46481/jnsps.2023.1263

Keywords: Hydroelectricity, Flow, experimentation, energy inaccessibility, Archimedean screw, low water period

Article History :
Received: 30 November 2022
Received in revised form: 12 March 2023
Accepted for publication: 14 March 2023
Published: 21 May 2023

c© 2023 The Author(s). Published by the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license

(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

Communicated by: B. J. Falaye

1. Introduction

Technological advances associated with population growth
mean that the need for energy continues to increase. This prob-
lem is even more sensitive in rural areas where the use of con-
ventional resources often proves to be very costly. In addition,
there are several constraints, such as the geographical location
of these areas and the very high cost of connecting electricity
production sites to the conventional network, thus making the

∗Corresponding author tel. no: +22997228700
Email address: kotgabin36@yahoo.fr (Gabin Koto N’Gobi )

search for an alternative energy source essential. Recent studies
and forecasts by the International Energy Agency (IEA) alert
us and inform us that the massive use of fossil energy resources
will certainly lead to the total depletion of these reserves.

The awareness of international opinion of the need to turn to
green energies is therefore becoming more and more palpable
in terms of the fight against global warming and the protection
of the environment. The IEA explains that renewable energy
resources are like those derived from natural processes and re-
plenished at a rate faster than they are consumed [1]. They can
therefore meet the growing energy demand and are ready to

1



Adjassa et al. / J. Nig. Soc. Phys. Sci. 5 (2023) 1263 2

provide the world with a reliable energy system [2, 3]. Among
these sources, hydroelectricity is the leading source of renew-
able electrical energy with an installed global capacity of ap-
proximately 4306 terawatt hours per year, i.e. 70% of global
renewable energy production and 15.6% of global electricity
production in 2019 [4].

Unfortunately, the high cost of hydroelectric installations
makes it difficult to access in underdeveloped countries, despite
the fact that the latter are full of hydraulic resources. This is the
case of Benin which has an important hydraulic potential unex-
ploited until now. It is therefore necessary to think of means of
energy production by hydroelectricity at a lower cost [5, 6, 7].
The Archimedean screw which is a technology that makes it
possible to exploit low water flow rates and low head heights
on hydroelectric sites such as small rivers or streams [8-16] and
in areas remote areas that are difficult to access via the national
electricity grid [17] is therefore an asset for Benin. Its design
is environmentally friendly and allows fish and other aquatic
life to pass through without danger; there is no requirement for
deforestation, displacement of people and does not require con-
struction of large dams, penstocks etc. [6, 13, 14, 18, 19].

In order to improve the performance of this technology, sev-
eral investigations have been carried out in the literature. In the
work of Yulistiyanto et al. [20], Maulana et al. [13], Alkistis et
al. [19], Maulana et al. [15], Abdul et al. [9], Khan et al. [21],
Betancour et al. [22], Abdillah et al. [23], Imawati et al. [24],
Eswanto et al. [25], Erinofiardi et al. [26] the authors studied
the influence of the geometric and hydraulic parameters of the
Archimedes screw, namely the angle of inclination of the shaft,
the number of blades, the variations in flow, the slope of the
shaft , the direction of the axis of rotation, the speed of rotation,
its angle of slope, the diameter ratio between the inner and outer
diameters, the length of the axis and the pitch on the power and
efficiency of the screw. According to the work of Warjito et al.
[6], the authors believe that the Archimedes turbine has no fixed
design theory.

Several theories and design-simulation procedures have
therefore been developed for this turbine by certain authors
such as Alonso-Martinez et al. [10], Saroinsong et al. [11],
Purece, and Corlan [12], Dellinger et al. [14], Slaboch et al.
[18], Fiardi [27], Siswantara et al. [28], Yulianto et al. [29],
Dragomirescu [30], Thombare et al. [31], Rosly et al. [32],
Abdullah et al. [33], Muller [34], Yulianto et al. [35], Rohmer
et al. [36], Simmons et al. [37], Erinofiardi et al. [38], Yoosef-
Doost and Lubitz [39], Hedia et al. [40] followed by an on-site
or laboratory experimentation phase discussed by some authors.
Ubando et al. [41] for their part have examined different meth-
ods of manufacturing Archimedean screw turbines such as the
3D printing method still in their early stages of development
and additive manufacturing as having a relatively lower envi-
ronmental impact than conventional manufacturing of turbine
blades. Gogoi et al. [5] and Kumar et al. [6] meanwhile have
shown that the electrification scenario in rural areas can be im-
proved specially where there is a continuous flow of a river or
a canal with small water flow by the installation of the low-cost
Archimedes screw turbine. Darmono and Pranoto [42] inves-
tigated the numerical analysis of the effect of the number of

threads on the turbine blades by the computational fluid dy-
namics method and ANSYS FLUENT software. Velásquez et
al. [43] used a gravitational vortex hydraulic turbine (GWVHT)
to determine the optimal position (h) of the slide to increase the
efficiency of the hydroelectric plant using computational fluid
dynamics (CFD). This hydroelectric technology is low head and
has a vertical channel to extract energy from water vortices.

Based on these findings and to demonstrate the feasibility of
using this technology in Benin, this study aims to carry out and
experiment with the Archimedes screw on a small scale on a
river in southern Benin near the University of Abomey-Calavi.
In a specific way in a first time, the geometrical and hydraulic
parameters are determined. Then a design of the system un-
der Autocard followed by a realization of the device with local
materials of recovery are made. Finally, on-site experimenta-
tion will make it possible to ensure the operation of the turbine
and to identify a few electrical quantities. This test, which con-
stitutes a first experience of an Archimedean screw turbine in
Benin, will be carried out during low water periods when the
water levels are low in order to better assess the efficiency of
the device.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Study site

The Djonou River is located in the south of Benin in the
commune of Abomey-Calavi, Arrondissement of Godomey
and about 1 km from the University of Abomey-Calavi. It
crosses the Houédonou bridge to reach Lake Nokoué, which
is the largest lake in Benin. It can be located at longitude
2◦18′44.291”E and latitude 6◦24′529”N. This area is character-
ized by two rainy seasons (April-July; October-November) and
two dry seasons (December-March; August-September). The
average interannual rainfall in the study area is 1100 mm [44].
This site was chosen to test the prototype that will be produced
with the aim of producing electricity to supply a domestic load.
Figure 1 provides an overview of the study region and its loca-
tion in Africa.

2.1.2. Data used
Various measurements were carried out on the study site

during the low water period in order to determine the mini-
mum hydraulic parameters of this river. The data collected are,
among other things, the speed of the water flow and the depth
of the river. The depth varies according to the bathymetry. To
assess the flow in the absence of a measuring device, we had
defined distances on the water several times and placed a light
polystyrene object on it which will have to cover these pre-
defined distances. The movement of the object between two
positions was timed. Note that this measurement was carried
out several times in order to reduce measurement errors. From
these two parameters, we estimated the average speed of water
flow. From the section of the Archimedes screw the flow rate of
the water will be determined. Table 1 gives some experimental
values of the hydraulic parameters of the Djonou River during
the low water period.

2



Adjassa et al. / J. Nig. Soc. Phys. Sci. 5 (2023) 1263 3

Figure 1: Geographical location of the Djonou River in Godomey in Benin. Location in Africa

Table 1: Some experimental values of hydraulic parameters

Land length Speed of Depth of
close (m) flow (m/s) the lake (m)
0.5 0.62 0.80
1 0.65 1.25
1.5 0.71 2.5
2 0.79 3.5
2.5 0.83 4
3 0.96 4.8
4 1.25 5

2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Geometric and hydraulic parameters

To determine the geometrical and hydraulic parameters of
the Archimedes screw, certain characteristics will be fixed to fa-
cilitate the study. In Figure 2, the screw parameters are shown.

The geometric parameters of an Archimedean screw are:

• the outer radius Ra

• the inner radius Ri

• the pitch of the screw S

• the total length L

• the threaded length Lb

• the number of blades N

• the inclination of the screw β

The hydraulic parameters are:

• the inflow Q

• the geodesic head H

In the work of [45], the author asserts that the screw per-
forms well when the angle of inclination varies from 22◦ to
45◦ We therefore fixed the value of this angle at β = 25◦. The
number of blades used for the design of the turbine is fixed at

N equal to 2 referring to the work of Maulana et al. [14] who
showed that turbines with two blades have a more inclined pres-
sure distribution so that it has better stability. The length of the
screw Lb is taken equal to 0.46 m. The geodesic drop height is
set at 0.3 m depending on the topography of the site. Finally,
the outer radius Ra is 0,135m.

In order to determine the various geometric parameters of
the screw, the determination of the radius ratio (ρ), the incli-
nation ratio (λ), the volume ratio (v) and the volume ratio per
revolution (λ.v) is paramount [8, 16, 17, 28, 45]:

ρ =
Ri
Ra
. (1)

λ =
S v tan (β)

2ΠRa
. (2)

V =
Vu tan (β)
ΠRa2 S v

, (3)

where Ri is the inner radius in m; S v denotes the surface in
mm2. Vu, the volume of the displaced fluid per revolution (m3),
is a function of (λ.V ) [12, 46] and given by :

Vu =
2Π2R3a (λ.V )

tan β
. (4)

The radius ratio ρ must of course be between 0 and 1 [46].
Table 2 is a summary of the different values of these parameters
depending on the number of blades.

From Eq.(1), we can deduce the inner radius Ri(m) :

Ri = ρRa. (5)

The pitch S (m) which constitutes the distance between the
blades is determined using the inclination ratio λ contained in
table 2 [16, 36, 46]:

S =
2piRaλ
tan (β)

. (6)

The determination of the distance between the trough and the
screw S sp (m) is given by Eq. (7) [36, 46]:

S sp = 0.0045
√

2Ra. (7)
3



Adjassa et al. / J. Nig. Soc. Phys. Sci. 5 (2023) 1263 4

Figure 2: Representation of the hydraulic and geometric parameters of an Archimedean screw micropower [45]

Figure 3: Modeling of the Archimedean screw rod

Figure 4: Modeling of the (a) central shaft of Archimedean screw and (b) the threads around the shaft Archimedean screw

The dimensions of the trough R (m) are a function of the outside
radius of the auger and the distance between the trough and the

auger:

R = S sp + Ra. (8)

The hydraulic parameters of the Archimedean screw are deter-
4



Adjassa et al. / J. Nig. Soc. Phys. Sci. 5 (2023) 1263 5

Figure 5: (a) Built-in support of the Archimedean screw trough and (b) Modeling of the Archimedean screw contained in the trough

Figure 6: Archimedean screen: (a) Prototype of the Archimedean screw made and (b) measurement of the tension during the experiment on the
site

Table 2: Archimedean screw ratio parameters for different numbers of blades
[47]

Number of Radius the inclination Volume (m) Volume ratio
blades ratio ratio ratio per revolution
(N) (ρ) (λ) (V) (λ.V )
1 0.5358 0.1285 0.2811 0.0361

2 0.5369 0.1863 0.2747 0.0512

3 0.5357 0.2217 0.2697 0.0588

4 0.5353 0.2456 0.2667 0.0655

5 0.5352 0.2630 0.2647 0.0696

mined by Eqs. (9-15). The volume flow Q(m3/s) is calculated
by:

Q = S vV. (9)

With S v the area of the right session in (m2) and V the average
speed of the fluid flow (m/s). The flow rate Q of water flowing
through an Archimedean screw can be broken down as follows
[28, 36]:

Q = Qe + Q f + Qs, (10)

where Qe is the effective Q f water flow, the leakage rate be-
tween the trough and the blades and Qs the leakage rate due
to overfilling. When the screw is under filled or at the opti-
mal filling point, the flow rate Qs is zero. Several flow rates
are involved in determining the operating flow rate of the screw

Qe. The most commonly used leakage flow model is that estab-
lished for the Archimedes screw pump. The leakage rate Q f is
given by equation (11) [34, 46] :

Q f = 5S spRa
√

2Ra. (11)

The axial transport speed is given by equation (12) [12, 48]:

Cax =
S n
60
, (12)

where n(r pm) is the rotational speed of the Archimedean screw
which is given by [28, 46]:

n =
56

(2Ra)
2
3

, (13)

with Cax as the axial speed in m.tr/s, and P is the pitch of the
screw. The average wetted surface S moy (m2) orthogonal to the
axis of the screw is defined in order to express the flow rate Qe
as a function of Cax:

S moy =
Vu
S N

. (14)

N is the number of blades or threads of the turbine. The flow
rate Qe is then given by [12, 48]:

Qe =
nVu N

60
. (15)

5



Adjassa et al. / J. Nig. Soc. Phys. Sci. 5 (2023) 1263 6

2.2.2. Mechanical and electrical power
The mechanical power of the screw shaft Pm is determined

from Eq. (16) [12, 16, 33]:

Pm = ηtρwater gQH, (16)

where ηt is the efficiency of the screw. In the case of this
study, the efficiency of the screw is taken as 92% [32]. H is
the geodesic drop height. The torque of the Archimedes screw
M (N.m) is given by Eq. (17):

M =
60Pm
2Πn

. (17)

The electrical power Pe of an Archimedean screw turbine is
determined as follows:

Pe = ηg Pm. (18)

where ηg is the generator efficiency (95%).

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Results

3.1.1. The characteristics of the Archimedean screw
In Table 3, the dimensions of the Archimedean screw are

summarized.

Table 3: Archimedean screw dimension

Settings Description Dimension

Ri Inner radius (m) 0.072

Ra Outer radius (m) 0.135

S Pitch (m) 0.0107

β Angle of inclination of the screw 25

S sp distance between the auger and the trough (m) 0.0023

S v surface of the trough (m2) 0.0592

R radius of the trough (m) 0.137

n rotational speed (rpm) 134

N number of blades 2

Cax axial speed (m.tr/s) 0.023

Vu per revolution (m3) 0.0053

V water velocity (m/s) 0.83

Lb screw length 0.46

S moy average wet surface (m2) 0.46

Q f the leak rate (m3/s) 0.000806

Qe effective water flow (m3/s) 0.0236

Qs the overfill flow (m3/s) 0.024

Q river flow (m3/s) 0.049

H drop height (m) 0.30

Pm mechanical power (W) 133

M the torque at the screw (N.m) 9.48

Pe theorical electrical power (W) 126

The values observed in this study were compared with those
obtained by other authors in the literature who have designed
and experimented with the Archimedean screw (Table 4).

The geometric and hydraulic characteristics of
Archimedean screws collected in the works of Brada,
1993, 1999 [49, 50], Lashofer et al. [51, 52, 53], Lubitz et
al. [54], Lyons [55], Yulistiyanto et al. [20], Maulana et al.
[12], Saroinsong et al. [8], Alonso-Martinez et al. [7], Khan,
et al. [17], Rohmer et al. [36], Erinofiardia et al. [38] and
Dellinger et al. [48] indicate that the interior and exterior
radius of the Archimedean screw vary respectively from 0.030
m to 0.525 m and from 0.055 m to 0.265 m. The pitch of the
screw is between 0.054 m and 1.22 m with a number of screw
blades ranging from 1 to 10. The angle of inclination of the
screw is generally chosen between 17◦ and 45◦ The length
of the screw and the water flow rate can reach 5.3 m and 1.2
m3/s respectively. Drop heights varying from 0 to 2.5 m are
encountered with rotation speeds of up to 395 rpm. Except for
the pitch of the screw, these parameters are similar and close to
those obtained in this study. These values therefore confirm the
results of the present study.

3.1.2. Modeling of the Archimedean screw under Autocard
The Archimedean screw is the main element of this design

because it is the basis for the production of electrical energy.
But it is really essential to know that it is she who produces
the mechanical energy thanks to the potential energy of the wa-
ter which causes the latter in its rotation. Figure 3 gives an
overview of the design of the Archimedean screw rod in Auto-
card.

Figures 4 and 5 show the modeling of the Archimedean
screw shaft, the threads around the screw shaft, the incorporated
support of the trough and the contained Archimedean screw re-
spectively. in the trough.

3.1.3. Practical realization
The description of the essential elements having partici-

pated in the realization of the device is as follows:

• Nets: We used number 45 polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to
make the threads (blade) of the screw, taking into account
the geometric parameters mentioned. Similarly, we used
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) number 16 with its covers to
make the central axis of the screw on which we place the
threads of the screw. PVC was used not only because it is
light and easy to move with a small amount of water on
its surface, but also because its maintenance will be very
simple compared to other materials such as aluminum;

• Drive shaft: We used a metal rod for the screw drive shaft.
It connects the screw to the generator via other elements
in order to transmit the rotation speed to the generator;

• Bolts: They allowed us to fix certain elements of the tur-
bine to their different locations without friction. The el-
ements fixed by the bolts are among others: the shaft of
the turbine, the bicycle chainring and the driving tooth;

• Speed multiplier: we used a number 12 bicycle cog that
we attached to the shaft of the screw to drive the generator
with a chain and another motor cog with a radius smaller

6



Adjassa et al. / J. Nig. Soc. Phys. Sci. 5 (2023) 1263 7

Table 4: Comparacian de las especificaciones para cada diseao del sistema.

Authors Inner Outer Screw Threaded Number Screw Debit Drop Rotation
radius radius pitch length of blades inclination (m3/s) height speed

(m) (m) (m) (m) (◦) (m) (rpm)
Brada [49, 50] 0.525 0.265 1.05 5.3 3 26-34 0-0.35 1.8-2.2 48-79

Lashofer et al. [51, 52, 53] 0.403 0.18-0.22 0.8-1.2 3 3-5 18-32 0.02-0.22 0.5-1.7 20-80

Lubitz et al. [54]; Lyons [55] 0.038 0.078 0.117-0.2 0.584 3 17-35 0.0004-0.0012 0.14-0.28 0-280

Yulistiyanto et al. [20] 0.076 0.142 0.22 - 2 35 0.00364 - -

Maulana et al. [16] 0.077 0.143 0.287 2 - - 0.025 - 295

Saroinsong et al. [12] 0.030 0.055 0.132 0.055 3 30 - - 395

Alonso-Martinez et al. [11] 0.032 0.56 0.972 3.20 3 22 1.2 < 2 73.2

Abdullah et al. [33] 0.07 0.13 0.07 1 1 30-45 - - -

Khan, et al. [21] 0.426 0.80 1.22 5.2 1-10 - 0.82 2.2 -

Rohmer et al. [36] 0.21 0.42 0.96 - 3 30 0.15 2.5 -

Erinofiardia et al. [38] 0.032 0.142 0.054 0.646 1 22 0.0012 0.25;0.38;0.41 106

Dellinger et al. [48] 0.052 0.09 0.192 0.40 3 18-30 0.001-0.004 0-0.35 -

Present study 0.072 0.135 0.0107 0.46 2 25 0.049 0.30 134

than that of the bicycle. Thanks to this association, the
transmission ratio will be 8, which means that when the
Archimedes screw turns once, the generator turns eight
times in order to have a high rotation speed, hence the
speed multiplier effect;

• Driving chain: We used the power chain not only because
these links are better suited to our system but also be-
cause it is available;

• Generator: It receives the mechanical work provided by
the screw to produce electrical energy continuously. We
used a generator with 40 W power, 310 V DC voltages,
1500 rpm rotation speed and 0.129 A current;

• Trough: the trough is the most important element for the
safety of auger users. It is the one that will inhabit the
Archimedes screw and will also reduce the sound noise
produced by the Archimedes screw. We incorporated the
trough as well as the deflector in an aluminum support in
order to facilitate the movement of the turbine.

Figure 6 shows a display of the multimeter (voltage) when
the screw is moving following the flow of water on the Djonou
river. During the experimental phase, the device was able to
power a 2 W electric lamp under a voltage of 16 V by supply-
ing a current of approximately 0.12 A. The power produced is
estimated at 1.92 W for a flow rate of 0.049 m3/s.

3.2. Discussion

By comparing the electrical quantities obtained in this study
with the experiments carried out in the literature on similar and
small-scale devices, we note in the work of Yulistiyanto et al.
[20], Fiardi et al. [27], Maulana et al. [16], Saroinsong et
al. [12], Abdullah et al. [33] that the authors obtained output
powers estimated respectively at 16.23 W (61.61%); 0.098W;
116.10 W (0.025 m3/s; 55%); 16.97W (350 rpm); 9.03 W (2.06
10−3 m3/s; 72%). Similarly, the experimental performances of

the screw turbine for very low head hydroelectric resources are
presented in the work of Erinofiardia et al. [38]. The screw
turbine with an outer diameter of 142 mm and a water flow
of 0.0012 m3/s with a head of 0.25 m, can produce a maxi-
mum power of 1.4 W with an efficiency 49% at 22◦ bank angle.
These different powers recorded on small-scale Archimedean
screw turbines are corroborated by the results obtained in this
study. However, some power values are higher than the val-
ues presented for this study. The optimal determination of the
height of fall, the length of the screw using the angle of inclina-
tion and the investigation of the relationship of the input speed
to the angular speed of a wheel on the yield, could therefore
avoid the overflow leaks noted on our device (leakage rate at
overfilling evaluated at 0.024 m3/s) due to loading and thus im-
prove the performance of the turbine produced.

4. Conclusion

In this study, an Archimedean screw hydraulic turbine was
designed, built and tested on the Djonou River in Benin. The
characteristics of the device made from local recycled materi-
als made it possible to measure a few electrical quantities, in
particular the voltage and the intensity of the current. The main
results of this work can be summarized as follows:

• The geometrical parameters of the Archimedes screw tur-
bine indicate an internal and external radius evaluated re-
spectively at 0.072 m and 0.135 m. The number of screw
blades is equal to 2 with the radius of the trough esti-
mated at 0.137 m. The threaded length is 0.46 m for an
inclination angle of 25◦;

• The hydraulic parameters give a flow rate of 0.049 m3/s
for a fall height of 0.3 m;

• The theoretical maximum electrical power of the device
is 126 W. During the experimental phase on site, the de-
vice produced a voltage of 16 V and provides a current

7



Adjassa et al. / J. Nig. Soc. Phys. Sci. 5 (2023) 1263 8

intensity evaluated at 0.12 A which made it possible to
power a lamp of 2W for a flow of 0.049 m3/s. The ex-
perimental power is estimated at 1.92 W.

This experimentation, which constitutes a pilot phase which
will result in large-scale production, requires improvements in
order to increase the performance of the Archimedes screw, par-
ticularly in terms of its geometric parameters. In the future, we
are therefore thinking of modifying the geometry of the screw
in order to study its impact on electricity production.

Acknowledgments

The authors of this article sincerely thank the Bachelor
school in renewable energies of the Faculty of Science and
Technology (FAST) of the University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC)
through the “Laboratoire de Physique du Rayonnement (LPR)”
and the MasterCard of Abomey-Calavi University for funding
our participation to the 3rd German-West African Conference
on Sustainable and Renewable Energy Systems SusRES at the
University of Kara in Togo.

References

[1] S. I. Akinsola, A. B. Alabi, M. A. Soliu, & T. Akomolafe, “Optimization
of Method and Components of Enzymatic Fuel Cells”, Nig. Soc. Phys.
Sci. 1 (2019) 143.

[2] A. A. Willoughbya, A. O. Sogea, O. F. Dairoa, O. D. Olukannib, E. U.
Durugboc , W. S. Michaela & T. A. Adebayod, “Fabrication and Char-
acterization of a Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell using Natural Dye Extract of
Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) as Photosensitizer”, J. Nig. Soc. Phys.
Sci. 3 (2021) 287.

[3] M. S. Su’ait, M. Y. A. Rahman & A. Ahmad, “Review on polymer elec-
trolyte in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs)”,Solar Energy 115 (2015)
452.

[4] S. Naranjo-Silva, D. Punina-Guerrero, J. Barros-Enriquez, J. Almeida-
Dominguez, J. Alvarez del Castillo, “Hydropower Development in Three
South American Countries: Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador”, Journal of
Energy and Environment 14 (2023) 102.

[5] P. Gogoi, M. Handique, S. Purkayastha & K. Newar, “Potential of
Archimedes Screw Turbine in Rural India Electrification: A Review”,
ADBU Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (AJEEE) 2
(2018) 30.

[6] U. Kumar, P. Singh & A.C. Tiwari, “Suitability of Archimedes Screws for
Micro Hydro Power Generation in India”, International Journal of Ther-
mal Technologies 6 (2016) 273.

[7] P. Punys & L. Jurevicius, “Assessment of Hydropower Potential in
Wastewater Systems and Application in a Lowland Country Lithuania”,
Energies 15 (2022) 5173.

[8] Budiarso, Warjito, Dendy Adanta dan M.H. Gumelar Syafei, “Develop-
ment of Archimedes Turbine Research: Review Article”. Budiarso dkk /
Prosiding SNTTM XVI, (2017) 177.

[9] O. S. Abdullah, W. H. Khalil, A H. Kamel & A. J. Shareef, “Investigation
of Physical and Numerical Model of Archimedes Screw Turbine”, Journal
of Power and Energy Engineering, 8 (2020) 26.

[10] A. C. A. Salam, J. M Issac & B. Markose, “Numerical study of
archimedean screw turbine”, International Research Journal of Engineer-
ing and Technology (IRJET) 5 (2018) 2401.

[11] Alonso-Martinez, J. L. S. Sierra, J. Jo. del Coz Dëaz and J. E. Martinez-
Martinez, “A New Methodology to Design Sustainable Archimedean
Screw Turbines as Green Energy Generators”. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public
Health 17 (2020) 9236.

[12] T. Saroinsong, R. Soenoko, S. Wahyudi & M. N. Sasongko. “Fluid Flow
Phenomenon in a Three-Bladed Power-Generating Archimedes Screw
Turbin”, Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 9 (2016)
72.

[13] C. Purece & L. Corlan, “Archimedean screw as fish-friendly turbines for
harnessing hydropower potentia”, E3S Web of Conferences 286 (2021)
02007-1.

[14] M. I. Maulana, A. Syuhada & M. Nawawi, “Blade Number Impact On
Pressure And Performance Of Archimedes Screw Turbine Using CFD”.
The 3rd International Conference on Industrial, Mechanical, Electrical,
and Chemical Engineering AIP Conf. Proc. 1931 (2018) 030037-1.

[15] G. Dellinger, P-A. Garambois, M. Dufresne, A. Terfous, J. Vazquez &
A. Ghenaim. “Numerical and experimental study of an Archimedean
Screw Generator”. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science
49 (2016) 102002-1.

[16] M. I. Maulana, A. Syuhada & R. Kurniawan, “Experimental Study on the
Effect of Flow rate on the Performance of Two-Blade Archimedes Screw
turbine”, Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal
Sciences 61 (2019) 10.

[17] D. P. Sari, M. A. Ade Saputra, I. Syofii & D. Adanta, “A Study of The
Developing Archimedes Screw as A Turbine”, Journal of Advanced Re-
search in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 87 (2021) 151.

[18] P. E. Slaboch & J. Coday, “Design and analysis of small-scale horizon-
tal archimedean screw for electric power generation”, Proceedings of the
ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition
IMECE Florida USA (2017) 1.

[19] A. V. Stergiopoulou, V. G. Stergiopoulos, D. I. Tsivolas & A. S.
Stylianou. “Two innovative experimental archimedean screw energy mod-
els in the shadow of archimedes”, 5th International Conference on
Experiments/Process/System Modeling/Simulation/Optimization 5th IC-
EpsMsO Athens (2013) 641.

[20] B. Yulistiyanto, Y. Hizhar & Lisdiyanti, “Effect of flow discharge and
shaft slope of archimides (screw) turbine on the micro-hydro power
plant“, Dinamika TEKNIK SIPIL 12 (2012) 1.

[21] A. Khan, A. Khattak, A. Ulasyar, K. Imran & M. A. Munir, “Investiga-
tion of Archimedean Screw Turbine for Optimal Power Output by Varying
Number of Blades”. Proc. of the 1st International Conference on Electri-
cal, Communication and Computer Engineering (ICECCE) Swat, Pak-
istan (2019) 978-1.

[22] J. Betancour, L. Velásquez, L.Y. Jaramillo, E. Chica & A . Rubio-
Clemente, “Application of a central composite face-centered design in the
optimization of an Archimedean hydrokinetic turbine”, 19th International
Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality. (ICREPQ’21).
Almeria (Spain) 19 (2021) 418.

[23] H. F. Abdillah, O. Dinaryanto & B. Jalaali “Manufacturing process and
experimental study of a small scale archimedes hydro powerplant by vary-
ing the number of blade“, Angkasa Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Teknologi 14
(2022) 65.

[24] I. Imawati, M. Febiansyah, E. K. Garuda Novtrianda & H. Mubarok
“Portable Pico-hydro Power Plant with Archimedes Screw Turbine in
Pelangi Reservoir of Universitas Islam Indonesia”, Jurnal Teknik Elek-
tro 14 (2022) 132.

[25] E. Eswanto, H. Hasanb & Z. M. Razlan “An Analysis on Performance
of Pico-hydro with Archimedes Screw Model Viewed from Turbine Shaft
Angle”, International Journal of Engineering, Transactions A: Basics 36
(2023) 10.

[26] E. Erinofiardi, R. Koirala, N. Shiwakoti & A. Date “Sustainable Power
Generation Using Archimedean Screw Turbine: Influence of Blade Num-
ber on Flow and Performance”, Sustainability 14 (2022) 15948-1.

[27] E. Fiardi. “Preliminary Design of Archimedean Screw Turbine Proto-
type for Remote Area Power Supply”, Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and
Aerospace -Science and Engineering, 5 (2014) 30.

[28] A. I. Siswantara, M. H. G. Syafei, M. A. Budiyanto, H. Pujowidodo, C. D.
Widiawaty & G. G. Ramdlan Gunadi, “Design procedure of archimedes
hydro turbine. Journal of southwest jiaotong university”, 56 (2021) 335.

[29] Yulianto, B. Priyadi, Fathoni & H. Sucipto. “Design and Testing of Screw
Turbines for Flat Flow with Uneven Blade Distances”. American Journal
of Engineering and Applied Sciences 12 (2019) 10.

[30] A. Dragomirescu. “Design considerations for an Archimedean screw hy-
dro turbine”, IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 664
(2021) 012034-1.

[31] S. P. Thombare, V. D. Nichit & P. K. Hire, “Power Generation by Screw
Type Turbine”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer
and Communication Engineering ISO 3297 6 (2017) 230.

[32] C. Z. Rosly, U. K. Jamaludin, N. S. Azahari, M. A. N. Mu’tasim, A. N.

8



Adjassa et al. / J. Nig. Soc. Phys. Sci. 5 (2023) 1263 9

Oumer & N. T. Rao. “Parametric study on efficiency of archimedes screw
turbine”, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 11 (2016)
10904.

[33] O. S. Abdullah, W. H. Khalil, A. H. Kamel & A. J. Shareef, “Investigation
of Physical and Numerical Model of Archimedes Screw Turbine”, Journal
of Power and Energy Engineerin 8 (2020) 26.

[34] G. Möller. “Simplified theory of Archimedean screws”, Journal of Hy-
draulic Research 47 (2009) 666.

[35] Yulianto, A. Komarudin, B. Priyadi, Subiyantoro & Fathoni, “Design of
Turbine Screw Model for Pico-Hydro”, American Journal of Engineering
Research (AJER) 6 (2017) 130.

[36] J. Rohmer, D. Knittel, G. Sturtzer, D. Flieller & J. Renaud, “Modeling and
experimental results of an Archimedes screw turbine”, Renewable Energy
94 (2016) 136.

[37] S. Simmons, G. Dellinger, A. A. Aliabadi & W. D. Lubitz, “Dynamic
overflow leakage in Archimedes screw generator”, Proceedings of the
Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering International Congress
2021 CSME Congress Charlottetown PEI Canada (2021) 1.

[38] E. Erinofiardia, A. Nuramalb, P. Bismantolob, A. Datea, A. Akbarzadeha
, A. K. Mainilb & A. F. Suryonob, “Experimental study of screw turbine
performance based on different angle of inclination”, Energy Procedia 1st
International Conference on Energy and Power RMIT University, Mel-
bourne, Australia 110 (2017) 8.

[39] A. YoosefDoost & W. D. Lubitz, “Archimedes Screw Design: An An-
alytical Model for Rapid Estimation of Archimedes Screw Geometry”,
Energies 14 (2021) 7812-1.

[40] A. I. Hedia, E. M. Mouris & O. Shehata, “Design and analysis of Ana-
lytical Model of an Archimedes Screw Turbine”, International Journal of
Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering 8 (2022) 58.

[41] A. T. Ubando, I. A V. Marfori, M. S. Peradilla, C. L. Sy, A. M. A. Calap-
atia & W.-H. Chen,“Sustainable Manufacturability of Archimedes Screw
Turbines: A Critical Review”, J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 6 (2022) 161-1.

[42] B. Darmono & H. Pranoto, “Archimedes Screw Turbines (ASTs) Perfor-
mance Analysis using CFD Software Based on Variation of Blades Dis-
tance and Thread Number on The Pico Hydro Powerplant”, International
Journal of Advanced Technology in Mechanical, Mechatronics and Ma-

terials (IJATEC) 3 (2022) 18.
[43] G. L. Velásquez, A. Rubio-Clemente & E. Chica,“Runner optimal posi-

tion in a gravitational water vortex hydraulic turbine with a spiral inlet
channel and a conical basin”, 20th International Conference on Renew-
able Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ’22) 20 (2022) 143.

[44] F. Afouda, P. M. Adéogou, I. Salako & I. Yabi, “Instabilité intra-
saisonnière des pluies de la grande saison agricole dans la commune de
Kétou au Bénin”, Revue de géographie du laboratoire Leédi 2 (2014) 26.

[45] G. Dellinger, “Etude expérimentale et optimisation des performances hy-
drauliques des vis d’Archimède utilisées dans les micros centrales hy-
droélectriques”. Thèse Science politique. STRASBOURG : école Doc-
torale MSII (2015).

[46] S. A. Raza, “Genarating electricity by using sewage water”. Thesis sub-
mitted to the graduate school of applied sciences: Near East University,
Nicosia (2015).

[47] C. Rorres, “The Turn of the Screw: Optimal Design of an Archimedes
Screw”, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 126 (2000) 72.

[48] G. Dellinger, A. Terfous, P.-A. Garambois & A. Ghenaim, “Experimental
investigation and performance analysis of Archimedes screw generator”,
Journal of Hydraulic Research, Taylor & Francis 54 (2016) 197.

[49] K. Brada, “Einaches kleinkraftwerke mit schneckenturbine zur be-
trieblichen stromerzeugung”, MM. Maschinenmarkt 99 (1993) 30.

[50] K. Brada, “Wasserkraftschnecke ermöglicht stromerzeugung über
kleinkraftwerke”, MM. Maschinenmarkt 105 (1999) 52.

[51] A. Lashofer, W. Hawle & B. Pelikan, “State of technology and design
guidelines for the archimedes screw turbine” In Hydro (2012). Walling-
ton, Surrey, U.K.

[52] A. Lashofer, W. Hawle, and B. Pelikan, “Betriebsbereiche und wirkungs-
grade der wasserkraftschnecke. Wasserwirtschaft” 103 (2013) 29.

[53] A. Lashofer, F. Kaltenberger & B. Pelikan, “Does the archimedean screw
turbine stand the test ? Wasserwirtschaft”, 101 (2011) 310.

[54] W. D. Lubitz, M. Lyons & S. Simmons, “Performance model of
archimedes screw hydro turbines with variable fill level”. Journal of Hy-
draulic Engineering, 140 (2014) 04014050-1.

[55] M. W. K. Lyons, “Lab Testing and Modeling of Archimedes Screw Tur-
bines”. PhD thesis, The University of Guelph (2014).

9