J. Nig. Soc. Phys. Sci. 5 (2023) 1264

Journal of the
Nigerian Society

of Physical
Sciences

Solar Energy Storage by Fuel Cell Technology at
Abomey-Calavi (Benin)

Odilon Joseph Towanou, Hagninou Elagnon Venance Donnou, Gabin Koto N’Gobi∗, Augustin Enonsi Leodé, Basile Kounouhéwa

Laboratoire de Physique du Rayonnement (LPR), Physics Department, University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Abomey-Calavi, Benin Republic

Abstract

West Africa has a great amount of sunshine power, varying between 5 kWh.m−2.day−1 and 7 kWh.m−2.day−1. This power constitutes high energy
source in the region. However, several locations in that area have no access to energy because of the lack of suitable technology and projects
exploiting the source. The fundamental problem related to sun power or to renewable energies in general is the lack of efficient technology for
energy storage. Batteries are generally used for this storage, but once charged, the excess of the energy from the solar photovoltaic panels (PV)
is lost. Therefore, it is very important to find a system to recover the excess in order to optimize its use. In this context, hydrogen is considered
a very promising candidate to fulfill this function and could become a highly developed energy vector in the future. The very numerous works
undertaken over the past decade for the production of electricity by hydrogen fuel cells bear witness to this. The objective of this study is to test a
more reliable solar energy storage system by using fuel cell technology. To achieve this, three steps have been necessary: (i) make an electrolyser
using materials, (ii) produce hydrogen using a system of PV panels and (iii) convert the hydrogen produced into electricity through a fuel cell.
The results obtained indicate a production of 0.020m3 of hydrogen after 150 min with a yield of 85.86%. The production of electricity by a 2
V fuel cell gives an efficiency of 0.0042%. Even if this value is low, a part of the lost energy has been recovered. In view of these results, the
improvement of the device for converting chemical energy into electricity deserves to be deeply explored in West Africa.

DOI:10.46481/jnsps.2023.1264

Keywords: Hydrogen in Fuel Cell, Electrolysis, Energy storage, Benin

Article History :
Received: 30 November 2022
Received in revised form: 12 March 2023
Accepted for publication: 14 March 2023
Published: 22 April 2023

c© 2023 The Author(s). Published by the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license

(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

Communicated by: B. J. Falaye

1. Introduction

In recent years, issues related to the energy transition and
the carbon-free energy production have aroused several inter-
ests and reflections [1]. Indeed, fossil fuels are more than ever,
largely responsible for the pollution of the atmosphere and the
main cause of global warming. The massive introduction of

∗Corresponding author tel. no: +22997228700
Email address: kotgabin36@yahoo.fr (Gabin Koto N’Gobi)

electricity based on renewable energies such as solar energy in
the production of power has therefore become a priority for the
states. With the quick industrial advancement and decreasing
costs, they will play an important role in future energy frame-
works [2]. However, the development of these sources of en-
ergy, with an intermittent regime, requires the use of reliable
storage means in order to avoid the problem of destabilization
of the distribution network and to make this production suit-
able to consumer’s demand [1]. This has therefore led to the
emergence of storage as a crucial element in the management

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Towanou et al. / J. Nig. Soc. Phys. Sci. 5 (2023) 1264 2

of energy from renewable sources, allowing energy to be evac-
uated into the grid during peak hours when it is more valuable.
The use of energy storage techniques is then becoming increas-
ingly essential to ensure the accessibility of electrical energy
in remote regions [3]. Lead-acid batteries, which are among
the most widely used solar components, cannot withstand high
cycle rates, nor store a large amount of energy in a small vol-
ume [3]. This is why other types of storage technologies are
being developed and implemented. In this context, the hydro-
gen synthesized from this renewable electricity is considered to
be a fairly important storage vector [4]. The combination of
solar PV and fuel cell power could offer a feasible solution to
the challenge of continuous power supply, especially in geo-
graphic areas where renewable resources are abundantly avail-
able [4, 5], as in West Africa. The depletion of fossil fuel skocks
consequently places hydrogen as one of the major energy carri-
ers of the future and the electrolysis of water at low temperature
indeed offers prospects for the future with high potential [6, 7].
Discovered by Sir William Grove in 1839, the concern of the
fuel cell is not a recent technology. It has been the subject of
numerous works since centuries. Today, several researchers and
industrial companies are still working constantly, giving much
more interest to hydrogen production in order to improve en-
ergy storage’s performance.

Authors, such as Faias et al. [8], Achkari & Fadar [3],
Ibrahim et al. [9], Ofualagba et al. [10], Zhang et al. [11],
Staffell et al. [12] , Okolie et al. [13], Yue et al. [14] found that
fuel cell technology is too expensive to compete with cheap
methods of generating and storing electricity, but its future de-
velopment and its advantages need its integration into the list of
the main suitable renewable energy sources. Other authors have
demonstrated the interest of fuel cell application in micro grid
systems, based on some attractive characteristics such as being
a clean, non-polluting and highly flexible energy resource [5].
Pellow et al. [15] estimate that energy storage with a regener-
ative hydrogen fuel cell represents an attractive technology to
reach efficient energy storage. It can lead to the development
of more sustainable, efficient and robust hybrid renewable en-
ergy systems. According to Singla et al. [4] and Belmonte et
al. [15], Benchrifa et al. [1], Derbal et al. [17], the production
of hydrogen by thermochemical cycles is more promising than
the conventional methods of reforming and gasification of fossil
resources with the advantage of having lower impact on the en-
vironment. Rabih [6] has contributed to a better understanding
of the electrochemical phenomena, responsible of the storage
and release of electricity as well as the conversion of chemi-
cal energy into electrical energy. As for Akinsola et al. [18],
they constructed a fuel cell using three different materials with
different electrodes ((Bitter leaf and Copper electrodes (BCu),
Bitter leaf and Carbon electrodes (BC) and Water leaf and Car-
bon electrodes (WC)). The authors then noticed that the cells
made from bitter leaf with a carbon electrode have the highest
open circuit voltage, short circuit current and generated power
and increase with time. It is clear that the storage of energy
from the production of hydrogen by the electrolysis of water
and its conversion into electricity via the fuel cell is a technol-
ogy which deserves special attention for its use in the optimal

evacuation of electrical energy produced from renewable en-
ergy sources. Unfortunately, in Benin, as in many West African
countries the technology is still at an embryonic stage and little
work has focused on this domain of research in order to ensure
its mastery such as the studies of Fopah-Lele et al. [19], Jumare
[20]. The objective of this study is to produce hydrogen from
the electrolysis of water in order to supply a fuel cell for the
production of electricity. The renewable energy source used is
a solar field installed to supply the Physics Department in the
University of Abomey-Calavi. The electrolyser was made using
a well-defined method with suitable materials. The quantity of
hydrogen produced according to the chosen experimental pro-
tocol is measured using a gas recorder and is stored in an air
chamber. From a proton exchange fuel cell (PEM) powered by
the air chamber, electricity is produced. Finally, the production
yields of hydrogen and electricity are evaluated.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

2.1.1. The electrolyser
The production of hydrogen from the electrolysis of water

requires the construction of an electrolyser. The material used
for this purpose is presented in figure 1. It is composed of plexi-
glass, vices, nuts, seals, stainless steel plates, a connection pipe,
end fittings, a valve and an air chamber.

2.1.2. The Gas logger
The gas recorder used during the experiment is presented

in figure 2. Its essential characteristics are as follows: Pmax =
0.5bar; Qmax = 6m3.h−1; Qmin = 0.04m3.h−1; Qt = 0.6m3.h−1.

2.1.3. The Fuel cell
Figure 3 shows the fuel cell (PHYWE, PEM fuel cell, Order

Number : 06747.00, Germany) that was used to generate elec-
tricity in this study. It is a proton exchange membrane (PEM)
battery with a voltage equal to 2 V.

2.2. Methods

The experimental protocol for the realization of the electrol-
yser, production and storage of hydrogen as well as the produc-
tion of electricity is presented in sections 2.2.1, 2.2.2 and 2.2.3.
During the experiment, we can enumerate two phases which
are not synchronized. First, hydrogen is produced and stored.
Then this gas stored at the end of this first phase is used to pro-
duce electricity. The yield calculation method for the various
operations mentioned above is set out in section 2.2.4.

2.2.1. Realization of the electrolyser
For the realization of the electrolyser, we first took the mea-

surements of various samples of materials. The cutting of the
stainless-steel plates and the plexiglass according to the dimen-
sions (1cm by 1cm by 2mn thick for the stainless-steel plates
and 13cm by 13cm by 1cm thick for the plexiglass) was carried
out. The stainless-steel plates and the two pieces of Plexiglas

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Towanou et al. / J. Nig. Soc. Phys. Sci. 5 (2023) 1264 3

Figure 1: Material used to build the electrolyser (a) Plexiglas, screws
and nuts, (b) Gaskets, (c) Stainless steel plates, (d) Connection pipe,
(e) End caps, (f) Valve and g ) inner tube

Figure 2: Gas Logger

Figure 3: Fuel cell : (a) view from the side and (b) View from the top

have been perforated. The stainless-steel plates were then ar-
ranged one after the other, leaving between them approximately
2 mm of space occupied by rubber seals serving as insulation.
Everything is held together by the two pieces of plexiglas. We
thus obtain the electrolyser illustrated in figure 4.

Figure 4: Electrolyser : (a) view from the top, (b) view from the side

2.2.2. Production of hydrogen by the electrolysis of water
A very specific protocol was followed for the production of

hydrogen:

• Measure a mass m= 4g of sodium bicarbonate in a tank;

• Add 1.5 l of water to the same tank, shake to homogenize;

• Carry out the assembly by placing a voltmeter in paral-
lel with the terminals of the electrolyser to measure the
electrical voltage;

• Measure current intensity over time;

• Close the circuit and start the stopwatch;

• During the experiment, check and note the value of the
voltage U and the intensity I;

• Measure the amount of gas produced using the gas log-
ger;

• Estimate production time.

The electrolyser is powered by a mini solar field made up of
8 power solar panels of 180 Wc each installed on the roof of
the Physics Department. The current supplied by this source
varies during the day. Figure 5 shows the assembly carried out
as well as the the power source of the electrolyser. Under the
effect of gravity, the mixture contained in the tank (1) reaches
the level of the electrolyser (5) thanks to the connection pipe
(3). This mixture undergoes the action of electric current to
form a gaseous mixture consisting essentially of hydrogen and
oxygen. This gaseous mixture reaches the bottom of the bottle
containing water (7) where part of the oxygen dissolves, but the
hydrogen which cannot dissolve rises to the surface creating
bubbles. It thus continues on its way through the gas meter (8)
to be finally stored in the air chamber (2).

2.2.3. Production of electricity by the fuel cell
The production of electricity by the fuel cell takes place in

several stages. It is:

• Perform the purge (supply the cell with hydrogen for a
few seconds to remove impurities from the cell);

• Close the lower fuel cell valves;

• Connect the hydrogen tank to the pipe on the anode side;
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Towanou et al. / J. Nig. Soc. Phys. Sci. 5 (2023) 1264 4

Figure 5: : Hydrogen production and storage system: (1) Electrolytic
solution tank, (2) Air chamber, (3) Connection pipe, (4) Multimeter,
(5) Electrolyzer, (6) Current clamp, (7) Bottle containing water, (8)
Gas logger

• The pipe on the cathode side is supplied with oxygen
from the air

The fuel cell is therefore supplied at the anode by the hydrogen
produced and at the cathode by the oxygen in the air. The latter
mounted in series with a resistor allowed us to know the vari-
ation of the voltage and the intensity produced by the battery
as a function of time. Figure 6 presents an overview of the test
bench made for the production of electricity.

2.2.4. Estimation of the efficiency of the electrolyser and the
fuel cell

During electrolysis of water, the amount of hydrogen re-
leased responds to Faraday’s first law which states that the
amount of substance released during electrolysis at an electrode
is proportional to time and electric current. The amount of elec-
tricity (Q) carried by a current (I) for a duration (∆t) is given by
equation 1:

Q = I × ∆t (1)

The experiment lasted for ∆t =150 minutes for a average current
evaluated at I = 1.64 A and an average voltage of U = 37 V. The
hydrogen production yield is given by [21]:

r1 =
V (H2ex perimental)

V (H2theorical)
(2)

V (H2ex perimental) is the volume of hydrogen produced by the
electrolyser. The theoretical hydrogen volume V (H2)theorical
is evaluated as follows:

V (H2theorical) =
nQVm

zF
(3)

Vm is the molar volume (Vm = 24L.mol−1 ), F the Fara-
day constant, F = 96,500C.mol−1 and z is the number of
electrons necessary to produce a gas molecule. For hydrogen
(2H+ + 2e− → H2), z = 2,n is the number of positive plates
of the electrolyser. In the case of this study n is equal to 7.
The efficiency of the fuel cell is given by the ratio between the
energy supplied (E f ) by the cell and that received (Er ) during
electrolysis:

r2 =
U I∆t
U p IPt

(4)

Up is the average voltage of the fuel cell evaluated to 0.5
V and Ip the average current (0.1A), t is the duration of the
electricity production experience by the fuel cell (480s).

Figure 6: : Electricity production by the fuel cell

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Results

3.1.1. Evolution of hydrogen production
The volume of hydrogen produced noted during the experi-

ment enabled us to collect data on the evolution of this produc-
tion over time. These data made it possible to obtain the figure
7.

At the end of the 150 min of water electrolysis, a volume
of 0.02 m3 of cumulative hydrogen was produced. This accu-
mulation can be adjusted by simple linear regression. Three
production accumulation phases can be reported (0-50min; 50-
100min; 100-150min). During the first 50 minutes, the cu-
mulative volume of hydrogen has a lower slope evaluated at
8.8×10−5m3.min−1. The hydrogen production at the end of this
period is estimated at 0.0044 m3 according to the graph in fig-
ure 7. The following 50 min show a less marked linearity in
the hydrogen production with a higher slope of the cumula-
tion estimated at 1.12.10−4m3.min−1. Indeed, between 50 and
80 min, there is an increase in the accumulation of hydrogen
evaluated at 39.73%. But between 80 and 90 min there is a
sudden jump in the total from 0.0073 m3 to 0.0096 m3 evalu-
ated at 23.95%. From 90 min to 100 min, there is a very slight
increase in the cumulative gas production (0.096 to 0.01 m3).
During the last phase (100 min to 150 min), the production of
hydrogen doubled. It went from 0.01 m3 to 0.02 m3 with a
slope of 2.10−4m3.min−1. We therefore observe an increase in
the evolution slope of the cumulative hydrogen production from
8.8.10−5m3.min−1 to 2×10−4m3.min−1 during the three phases.
The instantaneous quantity of hydrogen produced and stored is
not constant but therefore increases over time. These results are
confirmed by the work of Rabih [6].

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Towanou et al. / J. Nig. Soc. Phys. Sci. 5 (2023) 1264 5

Figure 7: : Evolution of the volume of hydrogen produced as a function
of time

3.1.2. Variation of the intensity of the current at the level of the
electrolyser

During the hydrogen production phase, the intensity passing
through the electrolyser varied as a function of time. Figure 8
illustrates this variation over the duration of the experiment.

There is a fluctuation of the intensity of the current over
time. It reaches its peak after 60 min of experimentation around
2.4 A. The lowest value of the intensity of the current after the
start of the operation is 1.2 A observed after 140 min of hydro-
gen production. This variation in the intensity of the current at
the level of the electrolyser would be due to the intermittence
of the sunshine which does not prevent the evolution of the pro-
duction of hydrogen over time. During the experiment, it was
also noticed that a decrease in the intensity of the current low-
ers the production and that an increase leads to an increase in
the production. This observation is true because the volume of
hydrogen produced at each moment depends on the quantity of
electricity. Moreover, in the work of Yue et al. [14], the authors
state that a higher current defines a higher hydrogen production
rate.

3.1.3. Production of electricity through the fuel cell
During the experiment, the supplied current and the volt-

age at the terminals of the fuel cell were measured. The data
collected made it possible to obtain the graphs in figure 9.

The voltage and the current intensity measured from the fuel
cell show a variation in the form of a bell over time. These two
electrical quantities evolve in an increasing way for a period of
about 120 s where they reach their peak evaluated at 1.019 V
and 0.25 A. After 120 s, the voltage and the intensity decrease
until they cancel out after 480 s. As a result, a strong correlation
is observed between these two electrical quantities. The voltage
across the terminals of the fuel cell is therefore a linear function
of the intensity of the current. These results are consistent with
the work of Saı̈sset et al. [22] and Soldi et al. [21].

3.1.4. Efficiency of water electrolysis and power generation
The values of the efficiency of the water electrolysis oper-

ation, of the electricity production by the fuel cell and of the

Figure 8: : Current intensity as a function of time

Figure 9: : Electrical quantities measured during the production of elec-
tricity by the fuel cell as a function of time, a) Voltage produced by the
fuel cell and b) Intensity produced by the fuel cell

whole system are presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Hydrogen and electricity production efficiency

Hydrogen
production

Electricity
production

Fuel cell

(Electrolyser) (Fuel cell) electrolyser
Yield (%) 85.86 0.0042 0.36

The efficiency values of water electrolysis were estimated
at 85.86%; that of the fuel cell at 0.0042% and the one of the
electrolyser-fuel cell at 0.36%. These values are quite low, in
particular those of the cell and consequently of the electrolyser-
fuel cell system. This could be due to the different losses
recorded during the process of transforming chemical energy
into electrical energy.

3.2. Discussion

The electrolysis of water efficiency values and the produc-
tion of electricity by the fuel cell are compared with the results
obtained in other similar studies encountered in the literature.
The different yield values observed are summarized by authors
in Table 2.

The values of the production of hydrogen efficiency by the
electrolysis of water proposed in the studies of Soldi et al. [21]
and Laurencelle [24] are between 63 and 85%. These values are

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Towanou et al. / J. Nig. Soc. Phys. Sci. 5 (2023) 1264 6

Table 2: Comparison of hydrogen and electricity production yields

Authors Efficiency of Fuel cell Overall
(Electrolyser) (%) Efficiency (%) performance

(%)

Yilanci et al.. [7] - - 0.88-9.7
Soldi et al. [21] 68.05-85.02 - 4.36-4.99
Tsakiris [23] - 59 23
Ogawa et al. [28] - 40-55 -
Giddey et al. [30] - 35-45 -
Gautam and
Ikram [26]

- 50-60 -

Ceran [27] - - 25-45
Pellow et al. [15] - 47 30
Töpler and
Lehmann [32]

- 40 -

Hodges et al. [31] - 55 35-39

quite close to that obtained in the present study which is 85.8%
and thus confirm our results. In view of these results, the exper-
imental protocol adopted for the realization of the electrolyser
can be validated. Several other authors such as Tsakiris [23],
Laurencelle [24], Cheung et al. [25], Gautam and Ikram [26],
Pellow et al. [15], Ogawa et al. [28], Giddey et al. [30], Labbé
[29], Hoogers [31], Töpler and Lehmann [32], Hodges et al.
[33], Stolten et al. [34], Srinivasan [35] studied the power gen-
eration efficiency of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
The values proposed by these authors vary from 35% to 60%
and are much higher than the yield obtained in this study, eval-
uated at 0.0042%. It is therefore noted that the greatest losses
observed are concentrated during the conversion of chemical
energy into electrical energy via the fuel cell. They could be
due to the fact that the electrolyser cells do not produce hydro-
gen at the storage pressure. According to the work of Yilanci et
al. [7], Soldi et al. [21], Tsakiris [23], Laurencelle [24], Ceran
[27], Pellow et al. [15], Hodges et al. [33], Stolten et al. [34]
the overall efficiency of electricity production from the proton
exchange fuel cell is between 0.88% and 39%. This yield, even
though low, is much higher than the yield of the present study
estimated at 0.36% and is due to the very low yield observed
at the level of the battery. However, it should be noted that ac-
cording to Achkari and Fadar [3], even if the idea of storing
energy in hydrogen is not desirable by the authors due to the
low yield of the technology, they are convinced that the fuel
cell is still likely to play a role in the future due to the large
storage potential. Research efforts will undoubtedly lead to its
large-scale use in the years to come. The system proposed in
this study deserves to be improved in order to increase the effi-
ciency of the conversion of chemical energy into electrical en-
ergy. This involves, for instance, reviewing the heat exchange
between the electrolyser cells and their environment, monitor-
ing the increase in the operating temperature of the electrolyser
and of the battery, which is generally a source of malfunction
in system and gas storage pressure.

4. Conclusion

In the present study, electricity was produced by a fuel cell
fueled by hydrogen obtained by the electrolysis of water. An
experimental protocol was followed both for the realization of
the electrolyser and for the production of hydrogen and elec-
tricity. The yields of these different operations were evaluated
and compared with those proposed in the literature. The main
results are as follows:

• After 150 min of experimentation, a quantity of 0.02 m3
of hydrogen gas has been produced and the evolution
curve of this production follows a simple linear regres-
sion;

• The voltage variation curve as a function of the intensity
of the current measured at the terminals of the fuel cell is
a linear function;

• The gas and electricity production yields are evaluated
at 85.86% and 0.0042% respectively. The overall effi-
ciency of the electrolyser-fuel cell system is estimated at
0.36%. These values except those of the electrolyser are
quite low and much lower than those encountered in the
literature.

In short, a part of the energy lost by renewable energy sys-
tems via batteries can be recovered. The low yield obtained
shows that it is necessary to improve the whole system, possibly
size and design a fuel cell or optimize the storage of the hydro-
gen produced. Significant research and development efforts re-
main to be provided in order to improve the performance of our
system and to identify applications that are well suited to their
use. Hydrogen, as a storage element and as a fuel, offers a con-
crete solution to the intermittency of renewable energy sources,
energy losses in batteries and the depletion of fossil resources
while respecting the environment.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Bachelor School in Renewable En-
ergy of the Faculty of Science and Technology (FAST) at the
University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC) through the ”Laboratoire
de Physique du Rayonnement (LPR)” and the Abomey-Calavi
University’s MasterCard foundation program for funding our
participation to the 3rd German-West African Conference on
Sustainable and Renewable Energy Systems (SusRES) at the
University of Kara (Togo).

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