Journal of Pragmatics Research Vol. 02, No. 01, (2020) pp.80-97 Website: http://e-journal.iainsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/jopr/index DOI: https://doi.org/10.1836/jopr.v2i1.80-97 80 Turn-Taking in Mata Najwa Talk Show Ragu-Ragu Perpu Episode: A Conversational Analysis Firdaus Habibi* UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta E-mail:firdaushabibi89@gmail.com Didin Nuruddin Hidayat UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta E-mail:didin.nuruddin@uinjkt.ac.id Alek UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta E-mail:alek@uinjkt.ac.id *(Corresponding Author) DOI: https://doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v2i1.80-97 Submission Track: Received: 18-03-2020 Final Revision: 03-04-2020 Available online: 12-04-2020 Corresponding Author: Firdaus Habibi firdaushabibi89@gmail.com ABSTRACT The present research aims to investigate the key features of turn taking in Mata Najwa talk show about Ragu-ragu Perpu (doubtful of rules of law). In addition, the authors propose to describe the use of turn-taking features between speaker to listener in Mata Najwa talk show. Moreover, The authors utilize a qualitative research methodology by applying a descriptive analysis in the research. To collect the data, the authors select the specific types of turn-taking occurred between. In analyzing the data, the authors implemented Jacob L. Mey analysis theory in which selected the types of turn-taking into several forms. For instance, taking the floor (starting up, taking over, interruption, and overlaps), holding the floor, and yielding the floor. The results indicated that the conversation between seven speakers during the talk show are dominated by interruptions and overlapping. It indicates that 24 utterances express the existence of interruptions, while 16 speakers show the overlapping. Moreover, the speakers tend to use several strategies to hold the talk, including verbal fillers, silent pauses, and lexical repetitions. Within the http://e-journal.iainsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/jopr/index https://doi.org/10.1836/jopr.v2i1.80-97 mailto:firdaushabibi89@gmail.com mailto:didin.nuruddin@uinjkt.ac.id mailto:alek@uinjkt.ac.id https://doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v2i1.80-97 Firdaus Habibi, Didin Nuruddin Hidayat, Alek 81 context of Mata Najwa talk show program, the host of the Mata Najwa tends to apply greetings and questions in yielding the talk to the interlocutors. In conclusion, interruption and overlapping are the two features of turn-taking mostly occurred during the conversation. Keywords: Conversational Analysis, Talk Show, Turn-taking INTRODUCTION Talk show is one of the interesting programs of a television station that explores further about a current issue in the social life. Within this context, it presents an in-depth discussion, occasionally followed by a debate, by presenting an individual or several people. Dealing with this, Edgerly, Gotlieb, & Vraga (2016) addressed that a talk show is mainly proposed to investigate an updated problem from several individuals’ perspectives who correspond to the case. Employing a talk show program, people enable to convey any kind of information, ideas, critics, and experiences of a phenomenon regarding facts and opinions. Moreover, to build the orderliness in a talk show, a moderator is needed to lead the ongoing talks and divide the speech portion for each informant in delivering the information. Thus, the audiences may notice the different points of view between one speaker to another. Therefore, a talk show indicates an interactive conversation delivering a controversial problem or a personal thought. Furthermore, the existence of talk show programs in Indonesia has been developed widely since the globalization era. It offers an opportunity to people in expressing their critical arguments about a debatable issue that occurred in a few regions in Indonesia. Also, this kind of TV program promotes an effective way to discover the huge opinions for both pro and contra values to meet the solution. Haqqu, Hastjarjo, & Slamet (2019) explained that the talk show is divided into two kinds in terms of its purposes: a serious discussion and entertainment. Notably, a serious discussion is emphasized on crucial topics to be considered, criticized, and solved. For instance, the government regulations, forest fires, president’s election, and so forth. Hence, the stakeholders are willing to reconsider the undertaken decisions after listening to the notions from the speakers comprehensively. However, like entertainment talk show is more specified to speak about various casual information, such as experiences, jokes, and gossips. Comparing to the serious talk show, the talk show is more cheerful and more enjoyable that affects the audience's sense of entertainment. To conclude, both serious discussion and entertainment are beneficial to gain the information from the speakers about a certain topic of discussion. In light of the importance of the talk show program, the TV stations in Indonesia have organized several talk show programs considering the objectives, either to clarify an issue or entertain the audiences. For instance, Mata Najwa, Indonesia Lawyers Club, Kick Andy, and Journal of Pragmatics Research Vol. 02, No. 01, (2020) pp.80-97 Website: http://e-journal.iainsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/jopr/index DOI: https://doi.org/10.1836/jopr.v2i1.80-97 82 Hitam Putih. From these talk show programs, Mata Najwa is one of the talk shows aired by Trans 7 that still exists from 2009 to present. Moreover, it reveals many problems in Indonesia in terms of politics, social, culture, and defense. In general, several informants will be gathered to offer a response and a suggestion regarding the issue in the episode. Furthermore, to engage the audiences’ attention during the talk show program, Najwa Shihab as the host of Mata Najwa presents two different perspectives between pro and contra sides. Then, each speaker initiates to speak up about what he/she believes in. Consequently, the presence of Mata Najwa talk show in the TV program may trigger many responses from the audiences, whether agree or disagree with the speakers’ views. Those people who agree with the conclusion of Mata Najwa episode extend their positive responses through social media, including Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram as well. Hayat, Juliana, & Umber (2015) seemed to indicate that the political talk show can develop the young generation’s awareness about political issues and enrich their knowledge of the political process. Nonetheless, the individuals show negative responses when the results of the discussion possess a distinct point with them. As explained by Gautam (2015) the audiences who contradict the latest information from the program host tend to confirm that the outcomes of the talk show seem bias or incorrect. For instance, one of the controversial decrees issued by the house of the Indonesian representative has caused disparate arguments from the general public, academics, and government officials as well. Even, groups of people appeared hashtags #KitaKPK (We are the Corruption Eradication Commission) and #ReformasidiKorupsi (the reform in corruption cases) as the proof of their supports towards what has been discussed in Mata Najwa. Based on the linguistic view, the study of a conversational analysis seems relevant to conduct in the present research. The consideration of carrying out the research is based on several rationales. Firstly, it is the closest interaction between the host program and informant during the talk show. Likewise, it is related to how the informants respond to others who express the opposite meanings. Secondly, the conversational analysis contributes in the study of on- going interaction between one speaker to the interlocutors. It aims to observe how an individual http://e-journal.iainsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/jopr/index https://doi.org/10.1836/jopr.v2i1.80-97 Firdaus Habibi, Didin Nuruddin Hidayat, Alek 83 commits a communication process in a particular period. O’Reilly & Lester (2019) argued that a conversational analysis points to three components, which are exploring social activities, considering talk-in-interaction, and utilizing the theory of Jefferson in transcribing data. To be more specific, it is utilized to investigate the language performances in the communication, in terms of agreeing, rejecting, complaining, and so forth. Thus, the interlocutors understand the meaning of the conversation after obtaining the responses. Thirdly, a conversational analysis is intended to discover the natural talks and the formal discussion towards the human’s life. For example, investigating the moment when the speaker produces overload information and interrupting the discussion. Trena M. Paulus et al (2018) asserted that a conversational analysis can be utilized to find out the flow of interaction in participating individuals in the conversation. All of the phenomena in the conversation should be analyzed in-depth to measure a detailed output regarding how a person interacts with the interlocutors in organizing intonation and pauses. Therefore, researching a conversational analysis seems possible since the talk show of Mata Najwa appears to be the popular TV program in Indonesia. To obtain the main data of the conversational analysis, the authors focus on perceiving the process of turn-taking in Mata Najwa talk show. This phenomenon is often found in everyday life when someone carries out a communication. For instance, talking about a particular topic to other fellows and then responding to the statements produced by the interlocutors. To confirm the meaning of turn-taking, Ghilzai (2015) noted that it is the process of role transition between speaker and interlocutor after each of them delivers the messages. Furthermore, everyone owns a similar opportunity to involve in the conversation, whether asserting opinions, disproving information, or responding talks. Besides, Corps, Gambi, & Pickering (2018) suggested that predicting the answers from the speaker is very useful to prepare the proper responses in producing meaningful and fluent turn-taking. In consequence, people can enjoy the conversation through the process of turn-taking. Moreover, the talk show of Mata Najwa seems appealing to analyze because it consists of many interactions between the moderator and the informants and also between a speaker to another. To sump up, turn-taking is the major concern in the present research. The existing studies confirm strong evidences that the issue of turn-taking remains a concerning topic to discuss in the conversational analysis. Some researchers have established the importance of turn-taking in a conversation. For instance, in research by Khoddamy Pour & Yazd (2015) turn-taking was believed as a gainful aspect to engage the participants in the communication process, decrease misunderstanding, and abstain from the humiliation. Within this context, Subiyanto (2017) pointed out that the utilization of the turn-taking process in the Journal of Pragmatics Research Vol. 02, No. 01, (2020) pp.80-97 Website: http://e-journal.iainsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/jopr/index DOI: https://doi.org/10.1836/jopr.v2i1.80-97 84 Indonesian language tends to alternate speakers repeatedly, take turns in communication, and more than one individual talk in a period. Despite the usefulness of turn-taking in boosting the conversation has been raised, it has not proceeded completely in classroom discussion because the the the students only acquired a small portion of talks comparing to the teacher’s talk (Karasa, 2017) From the presented explanations, the authors intend to conduct research a conversational analysis to overcome the gaps by promoting the turn-taking process in the political talk show of Mata Najwa. Specifically, this research aims to investigate the key features of turn-taking in Mata Najwa talk show about Ragu-ragu Perpu (feeling doubtful towards the rules of law). Also, the authors propose to describe the use of turn-taking features between the speaker to the listener in Mata Najwa talk show. Finally, researching conversation analysis of turn-taking in Mata Najwa talk show especially in the episode of Ragu-ragu Perpu (feeling doubtful towards the rules of law) is interesting even it will be a novel issue in the Indonesian context. RESEARCH METHOD The authors utilized a qualitative research methodology in conducting the research. As explained by Ruark & Fielding-Miller (2016) a qualitative methodology is beneficial for the researchers to obtain the data comprehensively and produce an in-depth analysis. Further on, they can gain the detailed information by interpreting the data from observations (Rahman, 2016). Moreover, the research applied a descriptive analysis by identifying the conversation in Mata Najwa talk show. To find out the information of the turn-taking process, this research investigated the utterances delivered by six invited speakers and a moderator in the full episode of Ragu-ragu Perpu which provided by Narasi Newsroom YouTube channel. Another point to remember that the talk show was held on Thursday, October 5th, 2019 and consisted of four parts within different core points to discuss. Besides, the research involved the process of collecting the data by selecting the types of turn-taking occurred between Najwa Shihab, Johnny G Platte, Arteria Dahlan, Supratman Adi http://e-journal.iainsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/jopr/index https://doi.org/10.1836/jopr.v2i1.80-97 Firdaus Habibi, Didin Nuruddin Hidayat, Alek 85 Agtas, Prof. Emil Salim, Feri Amsari, and Jayadi Hana as well. Likewise, the authors carried out several stages to collect the data of the research. For instance, the authors started to download the video of Mata Najwa talk show with a duration of one hour for nineteen minutes. Then, the video would be watched rigorously by noticing the way each speaker answered the questions from the moderator. Furthermore, the authors tried to transcribe all of the information included in the episode of Ragu-ragu Perpu (doubtful of the rules of law). Therefore, the author divided the talks into several key terms of turn-taking to fulfill the objective of this research. To analyze data, the research implemented Jacob L. Mey (2001) analysis theory in which selected the types of turn-taking into several forms. For instance, taking the floor (starting up, taking over, interruption, and overlaps), holding the floor, and yielding the floor. What is more, certain procedures were followed to specify what kind of turn-taking indicated in Mata Najwa talk show Ragu-ragu Perpu (doubtful of the rules of law) episode in terms of marking the expressions, interpreting the codes, writing the findings, and concluding the results of turn- taking that had been found in the conversation. RESULTS &DISCUSSION After analyzing the conversation in Mata Najwa talk show, particularly in the episode Ragu-ragu Perpu (doubtful of the rule of law), the authors found several prominent points related to the key features of turn-taking. Moreover, providing markers on the sentences was utilized to simplify the process of data analysis. For instance, the symbol (//)was used for interruptions, the symbol ([ ]) for overlaps, the symbol (.) for small pauses, the symbol of ( ) for rise or fall for the intonation (Forrester, 2002). Also, the authors undertook the codes for the speakers who produced the utterences, such as Najwa Shihab (NS), Jhonny G Platter (G), Arteria Dahlan (A), Supratman Adi Agtas (SA), Prof Emil Salim (PE), Feri Amsari (FA), and Jayadi Hana (JH). Then, an investigation had resulted certain findings, as follow: Key Features of Turn-taking Based on the investigation of turn-taking process in Mata Najwa talk show, the result indicated that there were various kinds key features of turn-taking. Furthermore, the table below showed the number of each type of turn-taking. Table 1.1. Types of Turn-taking in Mata Najwa Talk Show No Types of Turn-taking Total 1 Taking the floor a. Starting up 11 Journal of Pragmatics Research Vol. 02, No. 01, (2020) pp.80-97 Website: http://e-journal.iainsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/jopr/index DOI: https://doi.org/10.1836/jopr.v2i1.80-97 86 b. Taking over 14 c. Interruptions 24 d. Overlapping 16 2 Holding the floor a. Verbal fillers 8 b. Silent pause 1 c. Lexical repetition 4 d. A new start 0 3 Yielding the floor a. Prompting (greeting) 5 b. Giving up 1 c. Appealing 0 Total 84 The Use of Turn-taking in Mata Najwa Talk Show Taking the floor In Mata Najwa talk show of Ragu-ragu Perpu (doubtful of the rule of law) episode, the authors discovered some utterences indicating the existence of taking the floor which occured between the moderator to the speaker and the speaker to the others. It played the important role in generating the communication in the turn-taking process. Based on the result of the research, at least, there were four types of taking the floor found during the conversation, such as starting up, taking over, interruptions, and overlaps. These features were often produced naturally in the on-going discussion and it would influence the flow of the talks. Here were the continued explanation of these three features of taking the floor. Starting up Within the context of turn-taking, the conversation in a talk show is normally opened by a moderator throughout a hesitant start or a clean start. Based on an in-depth analysis, Najwa Shihab utilized a clean start to initiate the talk show about a doubtful of the rule of law. For instances, it can be clearly seen from the excerpt 1 below. http://e-journal.iainsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/jopr/index https://doi.org/10.1836/jopr.v2i1.80-97 Firdaus Habibi, Didin Nuruddin Hidayat, Alek 87 Excerpt 1 NS : Baik, jadi sudah jelas. Tapi, saya penasaran.apa maksudnya ketua partai NasDem mengatakan tentang impeach? Apakah NasDem mengancam presiden? (Well, it is clear. But, I wonder. What is the leader of NasDem meaning when he said about the impeachment? Does NasDem threat the president?) J : Eee..., salah tidak. Yang pertama, begini dulu Nana ya. Eee.... wrong or not. The first thing that should be considered..... Furthermore, NS as the host of Mata Najwa indicated a good starting point through introducing the speakers who represented the political parties and non-political parties. It aimed to familiarize all of them to other speakers and audiences. Moreover, the moderator proposed a good preparation in opening the talks without pauses or fillers. On the other word, she mentioned a clean start by the utterences Well and But, I wonder. However, the interlocutor responded with a hesitant answer because he seemed to adjust the next ideas that would be delivered. In this case, he produced the utterence eee....before continuing the speech. Then, the informant carried out a clarification about the statement of NS on the previous conversation. Another format of starting up were found in the conversation between Najwa Shihab and Arteria Dahlan. It might be observed from the Excerpt 2, as follow: Excerpt 2 NS : Saya ingin lempar ke Bang Arteria Dahlan. PDIP melihatnya seperti apa? Bagaimana menerjemahkan ini? I want to give the opportunity to Mr. Arteria. How does PDIP party view this phenomenon? Can it be impeached? How can you translate it? AD : Yes. PDI Perjuangan, partai tua,.... Yes, PDIP as the oldest party, ........ (the explanation is still continued) In this case, NS showed a different form of starting up from the previous discussion. Notably, she started the conversation by offering a statement aimed to give an opportonity to AD in extending his point of view. For instance, uttering a sentence I want to give the opportunity to Mr. Arteria to expose the next dialog. It provided a confirmatory evidence that the modetarator always utilized a clean start to begin the discussion. In addition, the interlocutor conveyed a clean start which represented his readiness in the conversation. Therefore, each speaker in the Mata Najwa talk show used diverse forms, terms to start of what they were willing to discuss. Journal of Pragmatics Research Vol. 02, No. 01, (2020) pp.80-97 Website: http://e-journal.iainsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/jopr/index DOI: https://doi.org/10.1836/jopr.v2i1.80-97 88 Taking Over Another type of taking the floor is taking over which related to the response from the interlocutor towards the questions given. Regarding to the analysis of the talk show, the authors found a number of strategies in taking over a conversation. The example of taking over could be investigated from the excerpt 3 and excerpt 4. Excerpt 3 NS : Oke. Ketika berbicara, presiden menangkap kekhawatiran itu? Okay, when you talked to the president, did he apprehend that worry? PE : Beliau menangkap. Jadi beliay berkata soal saya adalah semua partai mendukung RUU KPK itu (He apprehended. So, he said to me that all of the parties supported the revision of the decree(the explanation is still continued) Excerpt 4 NS : Oke bang Feri. Saya ingin bertanya, beralasan tidak kekhawatiran presiden kalo kita tadi menangkap tadi presiden khawatir tidak didukung oleh Fraksi partainya? Okay Mr Feri, I would like to ask, It is reasonable or not, the president are getting worry if he won’t be supported by the fraction parties? FA : Sangat, sangat beralasan mbak Nana karena hal ini berkaitan dengan hal ihwal kegentingan yang memaksa. It is very reasonable because it is related to the matter of the urgency forces. (the explanation is still continued) Based on these two examples, it could be said that the interlocutors answered the questions from the host of Mata Najwa talk show directly and followed up the information by explaining the continued arguments. It meant that both of them acknowledged what NS asked without decribing an unnecessary idea in the early turn. To be more specific, PE & FA took the turn immediately when they obtained yes/no questions. For instance, did he apprehend that worry? and Is it reasonable or not? Nonetheless, they did not mentioned yes/no answer towards the question, but they tended to carry on the conversation with the stated utterences, such as he http://e-journal.iainsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/jopr/index https://doi.org/10.1836/jopr.v2i1.80-97 Firdaus Habibi, Didin Nuruddin Hidayat, Alek 89 apprehended and it is very reasonable. In conclusion, they attempted to present the information appropriately regarding the speaker’s curiosity. Interruptions The process of turn-taking in Mata Najwa generated many interruptions between the speaker and the interlocutors. To establish this kind of turn-taking, the author discovered several parts of the conversation which contained the interruptions during the talk show. The following evidences might be looked at from the excerpt 5 and excerpt 6. Excerpt 5 PE : Karena itu, beliau tidak mau mensahkan duli dan mencari jalan keluar untuk .....// (Consequently, he don’t want to establish it and find out a solution to....//) J : Untuk mencari jalan, lain lagi Prof. Yang tadi saya bilang, ada 3 jalurnya To find out a solution, It’s different discussion, Prof. As I said before, there are three ways. From the excerpt 5, the evidence showed that the second speaker interrupted the first speaker when he had not completed yet the explanation of the talk. In this case, J tried to align the statement of PE without giving a space to express the comprehensive ideas. To be more specific, J alerted on what PE asserted because the statement was not match to his opinion. Looking forward to the expert 5, J argued that the president would be able to establish the degree and would like to find the solution. However, when he maintained the talk, J suddently interrupted the conversation with the rise intonation. Therefore, the audiences could not undertand the meaning of PE’s speech fully. Excerpt 6 J : Yang tepat itu pembuat undang-undang dan daya, bukan partai politik. Tapi pembuat undang-undang (.).... The correct one is the former of of the rules, not the power. But, the former of the rule (.)// NS : Pembuat undang-undang // The former of the rule...// Another form of the interruption investigated in Mata Najwa talk show program was available on the Excerpt 6. It seemed to indicate that the main speaker purposed to tell an information, but the listener was too impressive about the next explanations. As the result, NS Journal of Pragmatics Research Vol. 02, No. 01, (2020) pp.80-97 Website: http://e-journal.iainsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/jopr/index DOI: https://doi.org/10.1836/jopr.v2i1.80-97 90 interrupted the communication process when J paused the talk for awhile in the middle of delivering the ideas. Overlapping Overlapping was the ultimate kind of taking the floor analyzed in Mata Najwa talk show. It happened when both of the speakers took the turn together in the same period. Importanly, the authors provided the example of overlapping throughout Excerpt 7. Excerpt 7 A : Selain itu, saya ingin katakan juga kepada yang mendesak-desak presiden. Presiden gak usah khawatir. Didesak, ditekan, diapakan. Gak usah khawatir [seperti peristiwa reformasi 1998) Beside that, I would like to say to those people who urge the president. The president should not need to be urged and pushed like [like the reformation era in 1998] NS : [Tidak usah dengarkan kata rakyat, dengarkan saja Parpol, begitu?] [It means that the president shouldn’t need to listen the societies’ aspiration? should he only need to listen to the political parties perspectives?] The excerpt 7 pointed that there was an overlapping conversation between A and NS in Mata Najwa talk show. Within this phenomenon, NS took the turn to speak even though A still maintained the talk. It happened because NS would respond what had been A said without waiting the complete speaking. Also, overlapping was used to measure A’s idea that should be clarified. Therefore, both of them spoke together in an equal period without pauses. Holding the Floor Holding the floor was the second strategy of the turn-taking process included in the episode of Ragu-ragu Perpu (doubtful the rule of law) which carried out in various terms. In this strategy, the speaker tended to keep the turn by utilizing small pause or filler, then holding back the talks. Furthermore, it was familiar to use a temporary pause in the middle of the conversation that commonly found in everday life. In order to clear up the analysis of holding the floor in http://e-journal.iainsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/jopr/index https://doi.org/10.1836/jopr.v2i1.80-97 Firdaus Habibi, Didin Nuruddin Hidayat, Alek 91 Mata Najwa talk show, the authors presented some utterences that emerged during the communication process. It could be searched from the excerpt 8. Excerpt 8 NS : Lembaga Survei Indonesia melakukan polling, eeee, bertanya kepada publik Apa hasilnya? The survey institution in Indonesia carried out a polling, eeee, asking to the public, what was the result? JH : Yah, bertanya ke publik itu kan penting. Dan kita juga paham bahwa ada pro dan kontra di publik, gitu kan. eeee tetapi kita lihat fenomena yang ada itu, sepertinya eeee, penolakan terhadap revisi UU KPK.... Yeah, asking to the public is important thing. I think all of the speakers agree that the voices of public is prominent and we understand about pro and contra between them. eeee... but, the current phenomenon eeee.. is about a denial of the revision. Based on the excerpt 8, the two speakers used small pauses to move to another point. In this situation, NS and JH holded their turns by pausing their talks for awhile throughout a particular utterence before continuing the speech. Moreover, it could be identified that both of them produced the similar kind of pause, eeee, which was prevalent in Indonesian context. Comparing to the previous examples, the speakers limited themselves to interrupt when either NS or JH proposed an idea. Another evidence was illustrated in excerpt 9. Excerpt 9 NS : Anda percaya bisa sejauh itu kalau Perpu dikeluarkan? Do you believe that the serious impact happen if the establishment of rule happen? J : Di Indonesia ini, politik apa yang tidak bisa. Bung Karno dijatohkan, Pak Harto dijatohkan, Gusdur dijatohkan. Semuanya bisa. In Indonesia, what kind of politic that cannot be carried out. Bung Karno was impeached, Mr. Harto was impeached, Gusdur was impeached. All of the presidents are possible. The excerpt 9 revealed a different strategy to hold the talk. It seemed to indicate that the interlocutor did a repitition of the word impeached for three times in defining the facts. Furthermore, it was administrated to convince the audiences about what to be conveyed. Although some words were repeated for several times, the speaker still continued the talk. Journal of Pragmatics Research Vol. 02, No. 01, (2020) pp.80-97 Website: http://e-journal.iainsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/jopr/index DOI: https://doi.org/10.1836/jopr.v2i1.80-97 92 Yielding the Floor After discussing about taking the floor and holding the floor, the turn-taking process also focused on the process of yielding the floor. In the context of conversational analysis, yielding the floor concentrates to give the full opportunity to the interlocutor to take the turn by responding the statement from the modetaror. Furthermore, it might be in the form of greeting, questioning, appealing, and giving up. Moreover, the sample of yielding the floor can be scanned from the excerpt 10. Excerpt 10 NS : Ada SekJen Partai NasDem Johnny G. Platte. Selamat malam bang Johnny. There is the General Secretary of NasDem party, Johnny G. Platte. Good night, Mr Johnny. J : Selamat malam Good night. DISCUSSION The process of turn-taking is one of the prominent aspects observed in conversational analysis that is closely related to human’s life. It can commonly be investigated in speech, political debate, talk show, academic conference and even daily conversation (Ghilzai & Baloch, 2016). Unconsciously, people have implemented a number of strategies of turn-taking in their communication processes. In a conversation, the individuals sometimes attempt to organize the proper time to speak and to respond, while some others tend to interrupt in the middle of the conversations. As conseptualized by James L. Mey (2001), turn-taking can be identified throughout some key features, such as taking the floor, holding the floor, and also yielding the floor. Moreover, each of the type possesses a slight difference, but it owns a specific characteristic between one to another. Furthermore, a conversation between two people or more is flowed very dynamic. It can be begun with a starting point throughout fillers and small pauses found in the early of speaking. http://e-journal.iainsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/jopr/index https://doi.org/10.1836/jopr.v2i1.80-97 Firdaus Habibi, Didin Nuruddin Hidayat, Alek 93 Moreover, to initiate the talk, an individual should give a signal to the listener as an acknowledgement. It aims to break the silences into the interactive communication. Koudenburg, Postmes, & Gordijn (2017) believed that the utilization of starting up can build a smooth social interaction to other people alhough some pauses occured. What is more, the communication is continued to take the portion of the talk from the speaker to the interlocutors. This means that the interlocutor tends to offer the synchronous response regarding the questions asked. Importantly, based on the result, the research discovered that the starting up existed eleven times, while the taking over occured fourteen times in Mata Najwa talk show program. It means that both speakers and interlocutors tend to adjust various strategies to start the conversation and respond the questions. By contrast, the research by Anwair (2016) only resulted a few number of starting up and taking over in whole of interation that happened once and three times respectively. Thus, the speakers paid a little attention to the starting up and taking over. In addition, the process of communication in Mata Najwa talk show seems to follow with the existance of interruptions. The findings pointed that the interruptions during the conversation are carried out twenty-four times. It stresses that the talk show is dominated by the intteruption case. Tao (2018) argued that the power of interruption often found in the political talk show. However, it also can be observed in an entertainment talk show, including Hitam Putih and Kick Andy. Furthermore, a research by Mohajer & Mohd. Jan, (2018) revealed that the male speakers employed many interruptions to convey the ideas, compliment the other talks and so forth. By contrast, Faizah & Kurniawan (2016) proved that the female speakers were dominant to interrupt the conversation rather than male speaker. In fact, both male and female speakers express the interruption utterences in their talks in Mata Najwa Talk Show. On the other side, the phenomenon of turn-taking often presented the overlapping in the ongoing interaction. It indicates when the speaker and the interlocutor talk together in a similar time without giving any opportunities to complete the speaking. Furthermore, Prihastuti & Yusuf (2019) reported that overlapping can be divided into two types, which are competitive overlapping and non-competitive overlapping. In its implementation, the competitive overlapping often shows the high volume of the speech with the lauder tone. Moreover, it is generally found before one of the speaker finish a talk. On the other hand, the non-competitive overlapping seems more polite rather than competitive overlapping because of no any willingness to compete the speaker’s speech. In addition, Wells et al., (2019) informed that the overlapping generally is intended to convey several purposes, which are proposed to collaborate the ideas to the current speaker, represent the respectful to what individuals utter, and complete Journal of Pragmatics Research Vol. 02, No. 01, (2020) pp.80-97 Website: http://e-journal.iainsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/jopr/index DOI: https://doi.org/10.1836/jopr.v2i1.80-97 94 the speaker’s statements.. Based on the research finding, Mata Najwa talk show program is also dominated by overlapping case. It can be said that most of the overlapping in Ragu-ragu Perpu Episode are produced as competitive overlapping without any proper opportunity to take the turn. Also, it aims to collaborate the ideas between one speaker to other speakers. CONCLUSION By using James L. Mey theory, it can be concluded that the strategies of turn-taking in Mata Najwa pointed some evidences. Firstly, the conversation between seven speakers during the talk show are dominated by interruptions and overlapping. It indicates that 24 utterences express the existance of interruptions, while 16 lucutors show the overlapping. Based on a deeper analysis, the speakers interrupt the conversation because of some cases, such as a incompability ideas to another speaker and a curiosity to the next information. On the other hand , the overlapping mostly happens because another informant are willing to give a clarification to the current speaker’s ideas. Secondly, the speakers tend to use several strategies to hold the talk, including verbal fillers, silent pauses, and lexical repetitions. Majority of them utilize verbal fillers in the middle of the conversation, such as ya, eee, nah, tapi and so forth. These fillers is familiar with Indonesian context which commonly found in everyday interaction. Furthermore, they also repeat some words to keep their turn. For instance, dijatohkan (was inpeached), tidak mungkin (impossible), mengapa (why), and kami tau (we know). In the other words, the utilization of fillers and repetitions will facilitate the speakers to organize their speech. Thirdly, the process of turn-taking is related to how the speaker gives the opportunity to the interlocuter to take the turn. Within the context of Mata Najwa talk show program, the host of the Mata Najwa tends to apply greetings and questions in yielding the talk to the interlocutors. Moreover, this descriptive qualitative research allows the other researchers to gain their knowledge about how to identify what kind of turn-taking occured within the conversation. http://e-journal.iainsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/jopr/index https://doi.org/10.1836/jopr.v2i1.80-97 Firdaus Habibi, Didin Nuruddin Hidayat, Alek 95 Likewise, it enhances the readers’ competencies in understanding the turn-taking since the beginning part of the talks up to the end. REFERENCES Anwair, S. (2016). A Study of Turn Taking in Extensive Readng Lecture at English Study Program of Halu Oleo University. 1(2), 1–14. Chalak, A. (2017). Analysis of Turn Taking and Repair Strategies among Male and Female Iranian Intermediate EFL Learners. 4(2), 1–9. Corps, R. E., Crossley, A., Gambi, C., & Pickering, M. J. (2018). Early preparation during turn- taking: Listeners use content predictions to determine what to say but not when to say it. Cognition, (V), 77–95. Corps, R. E., Gambi, C., & Pickering, M. J. (2018). Coordinating Utterances During Turn- Taking: The Role of Prediction, Response Preparation, and Articulation. Discourse Processes, 55(2), 230–240. Edgerly, S., Gotlieb, M. R., & Vraga, E. K. (2016). “That show really spoke to Me!”: The effects of compatible psychological needs and talk show host style on audience activity. International Journal of Communication. Faizah, I., & Kurniawan, E. (2016). A Study of Interuption and overlaps in Male-Female Conversations in the Talk Show Mata Najwa. Barista, 3(1), 25–36. Gautam, J. (2015). Effects of News Talk Shows in Voting Behavior. Journal of Mass Communication & Journalism, 5(6), 1–3. Ghilzai, S. A., & Baloch, M. (2016). Conversational Analysis of Turn taking Behavior and Gender Differences in Multimodal Conversation Shazia Akbar Ghilzai December 2015. Perspectives in Language, Linguistics and Media, 1, 1–13. Haqqu, R., Hastjarjo, S., & Slamet, Y. (2019). Teenagers’ Entertainment Satisfaction in Watching Talk Show Program through Youtube. Jurnal The Messenger, 11(1), 38–45. Hayat, N., Juliana, A. W., & Umber, S. (2015). Role of political talk shows in creating political awareness among Pakistani youth: A case study of general elections 2013. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 23(1), 1–19. Karasa, M. (2017). Turn-taking and silent learning during open class discussions. ELT Journal, 1–11. Khoddamy Pour, F., & Yazd, A. L. (2015). Turn Taking in Conversation Analysis. International Journal of Educational Investigations Available Online @ Journal of Pragmatics Research Vol. 02, No. 01, (2020) pp.80-97 Website: http://e-journal.iainsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/jopr/index DOI: https://doi.org/10.1836/jopr.v2i1.80-97 96 Www.Ijeionline.Com, 2(6), 58–63. Koudenburg, N., Postmes, T., & Gordijn, E. H. (2017). Beyond Content of Conversation: The Role of Conversational Form in the Emergence and Regulation of Social Structure. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1–22. Lestary, A., Krismanti, N., & Hermaniar, Y. (2018). Interruptions and Silences in Conversations: A Turn-Taking Analysis. PAROLE: Journal of Linguistics and Education, 7(2), 53–64. Mohajer, L., & Mohd. Jan, J. (2018). Building solidarity through interruption in face-to-face interaction amongst Iranian Men. GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies, 18(2), 46– 58. Mustikaningtyas, Z., Setiawan, D., & Lisdawati, I. (2019). Analyze Turn Taking In Talk Show About. 2(4), 489–493. O’Reilly, M., & Lester, J. (2019). Applied conversation analysis for counselling and psychotherapy researchers. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 4–8. Prihastuti, Y. S., & Yusuf, F. N. (2019). Conversation Analysis: Turn taking marker in Catatan Najwa (Setia Pengacara Setya, Part 1). Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 523–528. Rahman, M. S. (2016). The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches and Methods in Language “Testing and Assessment” Research: A Literature Review. Journal of Education and Learning, 6(1), 102–112. Ruark, A., & Fielding-Miller, R. (2016). Using qualitative methods to validate and contextualize quantitative findings: A case study of research on sexual behavior and gender-based violence among young Swazi women. Global Health Science and Practice, pp. 373–383. Subiyanto, A. S. (2017). Turn-Taking in Colloquial Indonesian. Nusa: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa Dan Sastra, 12(4), 238–248. Tao, Y. (2018). Interruption Elicits Laughter: Cooperative and Intrusive Interruptions in a http://e-journal.iainsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/jopr/index https://doi.org/10.1836/jopr.v2i1.80-97 Firdaus Habibi, Didin Nuruddin Hidayat, Alek 97 Chinese Talk Show Host’s Conversation. Studies in English Language Teaching, 6(4), 287–311. Trena M. Paulus, University of Georgia, Amber N. Warren, University of Nevada, R., Jessica N. Lester, & Indiana University. (2018). Using Conversation Analysis to Understand How Agreements, Personal Experiences, and Cognition Verbs Function in Online Discussions. Language@internet. Wells, B., Beeston, A. V., Bradley, E., Brown, G. J., Crook, H., & Kurtić, E. (2019). Talking in Time: The development of a self-administered conversation analysis based training programme for cochlear implant users. Cochlear Implants International, 20(5), 255–265. Https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tET4zcTGA3c&t=3630s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tET4zcTGA3c&t=3630s