147
Journal of Pragmatics Research
Vol. 3, No. 2 (2021), pp.147-159
E-ISSN: 2656-8020
Website: http://e-journal.iainsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/jopr/index
Integrating Politeness Principles and Strategies in
Counselling Technique: A Phenomenological Study
Syafryadin Syafryadin
1
*
Universitas Bengkulu, Indonesia
*Corresponding Author
Email: syafryadin@unib.ac.id
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v3i2.147-159
Copyright © the Author (s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
How to Cite: Syafryadin, S. (2021). Integrating Politeness Principles and Strategies in Counselling Technique: A
Phenomenological Study. Journal of Pragmatics Research, 3(2). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v3i2.147-159
Submission
Track:
Received:
17-06-2021
Final Revision:
03-09-2021
Available online:
06-09-2021
ABSTRACT
Politeness is an important academic topic. An action must be taken to prevent
rudeness. As a result, this study investigates how counseling techniques can modify
students' behavior to be more courteous by implementing politeness tactics and
concepts. Furthermore, the purpose of this study is to determine why counseling
strategies may alter students' perspectives. The research was conducted using a
phenomenological study using an observation checklist and interview guideline.
The instruments were triangulated for validity. Data collection, data
condensation, data display, and conclusion were all used in the data analysis. The
findings revealed that Counselling Technique could have an impact on the
outcome. The findings revealed that Counselling Technique had the ability to
change students' conduct to become more polite. The students used negative
politeness methods to consult with the instructors during its execution.
Furthermore, students used all of the politeness standards, including the tact
principle, generosity principle, modesty principle, approval principle, compassion
principle, and agreement principle. In summary, the counseling strategy could be
employed to help pupils with their behavioral issues
Keywords: Politeness principles, strategies; counselling technique,
Phenomenological study
mailto:syafryadin@unib.ac.id
http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v3i2.147-159
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v3i2.147-159
148
INTRODUCTION
Politeness is still an important issue of research since 10 or 15 years ago. Politeness is a
form of good attitude to apply in our life. However, it can cause a conflict if the people broke the
rule of politeness. According to Brown and Levinson (1987), politeness is a fundamental thing in
using a language based on social context that used to maintain the success of communication in a
society. Besides, politeness could guide the positive character of the speaker in behaving toward
someone because it shows the respect between communicant and communicator.
The problems that occurred in a society whether in the world and in Indonesia, many
students still disobey politeness rules in interacting to other people or older person, especially this
issue happens between students to the teacher or students to lecturers. Based on the observation,
many students did not know how to be polite to the lecturer when texting to the lecturer. In this
part, students did impoliteness texting to lecturers, such as deciding time by her or himself, force
lecturer to consult and did not write the name. One of the alternative solutions to change the
behaviour of the students is Counselling because counselling technique is a technique that can be
used to assist the students become better understanding about the theory and practice (Stone,
2005). The purpose of counselling technique is to give awareness about core values that lead the
students to the real actions or alter the students’ attitude. This counselling technique is expected to
cope the students’ problems in terms of politeness.
Many researchers had conducted the research on politeness topic. Those researches could
be classified into three main themes namely politeness types, politeness principle and the effect of
culture and linguistic choice on politeness. Some researchers aimed to analyse the types of
politeness strategies whether in oral or written form, such as speech, novel, movie and teaching
process. The results showed that politeness strategies occurred in those forms namely positive
politeness, negative politeness, bald on record, off-record politeness strategies.
However the dominant part is depended on the form whether written or spoken (Safitri,
Mujiono, Herawati, 2015; Ryabova, 2015; Rosari, 2016; Nailah, 2016; Eshghinejad & Moini,
2016; Kravchenk & Pasternak, 2016; Marlina & Selfia, 2016; Syah, et al., 2017; Kamlasi, 2017;
Agbaglo, 2017; Putri, et al., 2018; Pratiwi, et al., 2018; Marlina & Sibarani, 2018; Nur & Rosa,
2019; Meiratnasari, et al., 2019; Mahmud, 2019; Kuzhevskaya, 2019).
Other studies identified politeness principles in their research. Their findings were almost
same about obey the rules of politeness and break the rules of politeness principle. For example, in
their research occurred politeness principle, such as Generosity, modesty, Approbation,
agreement, sympathy, and tact principle), but it also broke the principles (Elmianvar &
Kheirabadi, 2013; Karim, 2016; Liu, 2017; Samsi, 2018; Mufliharsi & Pratiwi, 2019; Ruantika,
2019; Rosyida, et al., 2019).
Furthermore, there were researchers who wanted know the effect of culture and linguistic
choice on politeness strategy. The results showed that culture, linguistic choice has an impact on
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the way of people to another people, and it influences the level of politeness and its strategy
(Ghounane, Mortad, Rabahi, 2017; Fitriah & Hidayat, 2018).
Referring to problems and relevant studies, the current research has a distinction from the
previous ones because the current study wants to rise the issue of impoliteness that happens to the
students by training or mentoring the students to be more polite to whom they speak. Surely, this
research is opposite to the previous studies that only identified and analysed the types of politeness
strategies and principle and effect to the culture. Therefore, this research aims to portrait the
students’ and lecturers’ counselling technique experience on politeness during journal
consultation. The research questions are (1) How counselling technique change students’
impoliteness to be politeness in doing journal consultation? (2) Why counselling technique could
change students’ attitude to be politeness in doing journal consultation?
Politeness
Politeness is one of the pragmatics aspects that show the attitude of the speaker. Moreover,
politeness will guarantee the relationship among speakers because it will keep the relation among
interlocutors. Politeness is in relation to the social lives. It will also save the speakers’ face (Yule,
1996). Thus, in my poin of view, politeness is a attitude that can be done by speaker or listener.
This will lead the speaker or listener to have social value in the society. It means that it will keep
the relationship among speakers.
Types of Politeness Strategies
According to Yule (1996), there are several types of politeness. Those are positive
politeness, negative politeness, bald on record and off the record. Firstly, A Positive politeness
strategy is one of the politeness strategies that lead the speaker to achieve a common goal, even
friendship via expressions. In this strategy, the speakers’ relation is close. See the example 1.
Example 1
A: How about letting me use your rule?
B: Hey, my bro, I‘d appreciate it if you’d let me use your rule?
Secondly, negative politeness strategy is one of politeness strategies that show the save the
face of the speaker. In this strategy, there is a gap between the speaker 1 and speaker 2. The
example can be seen in example 2.
Example 2,
A: Could you lend me a ruler?
B: I am sorry to bother you, but could I ask you for a ruler or something?
Off record is one of the strategies in which the statements are not directly addressed to
other speakers. The example can be seen in example 3.
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Example 3,
A: Uh, I forgot my ruler
B: hmmmm, I wonder where I put my pen.
Bald on record is one of the strategies that the statement of the speaker is directly
addressed to another speaker. The example can be seen in example 4.
Example 4,
A: Give me a ruler
B: Lend me a ruler
Politeness principle
According to Leech in Chaer (2010), there are six politeness principles. Those are tact, generosity,
approbation, modesty, agreement, sympathy. The first, Tact principle is one of the principles that
show the wise of speaker to say and give benefits to the speaker. For example, you know I really
do think you ought to sell that old car. It’s costing more and more money in repairs and it uses ip
far too much fuel. The second, generosity principle is one of the principles that minimize benefit
to self and maximize cost to self. For example, it is not my business really, but you look so much
nicer in the green hat than in the pink one. If I were you, I would buy that one. The third, modesty
principle refers to appreciation. It means that the speaker tends to show respect by saying praises
to the communicant. According to Watts (2003), modesty can be defined as one of the principles
that minimize dispraise to others. For example, Dear my brother, I would like to thank to you
because you have helped me. The fourth, modesty is almost the same as approbation. In this
principle, the speaker reduces dispraise of self and maximizes praise of self. For example, Well
done! What a wonderful painting! I hope I can do it the same. The fifth, agreement principle is a
principle that reduces disagreement between self and others. For example, I know we haven’t
always agreed in the past and I don’t want to claim that the government acted in any other way
than we would have done in power, but we believe the affair was essentially mismanaged from
the outset. The sixth, sympathy is a principle that minimizes the antipathy and increase the
sympathy to others. For example, Despite very serious disagreements with you on a technical
level, we have done our best to coordinate our efforts in reaching an agreement, but have so far
not been able to find any common ground. In short, those politeness principles were important to
be known and implemented by speakers. It is because if we have known the politeness principle, it
will cause good relationship between one speaker to another speaker.
Counseling technique
Counseling technique is a technique that assists someone to solve their problems. Stone (2005: 85)
defined counseling technique as an ongoing process for development. He also added that
counseling is one of the elements of the coaching, where coaching as means to increase the
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performance of the people. The communication process is one of the keys of the counseling
because the communication as tool for the counselor and client to negotiate. In this case, it can be
analogy for student and lecturer. There are three practices that becomes the communication as
means of counseling. Those are (1) communicate openly, directly, and honestly, (2) practice active
listening, (3) probe and question. The first, communicate openly, directly and honestly means that
everything must be communicated by the lecturer to students if the students have problem. The
second, practice active listening refer to creating small discussion with the students in which the
lecturer listen the students’ problems and vice versa the students listen to the lecturer advices. The
third, probe and question mean that the lecturer as a counselor (in this context) investigated the
student by asking the open ended question to find out the information of the problem and what is
really happening to the student.
RESEARCH METHOD
Qualitative research is a research type that explains about the phenomenon and
phenomenological study is one of kinds of it. Thus, a Phenomenological study with observation
checklist and interview guideline was employed to conduct the research. The phenomenology
study is a research design that describes and interprets an experience by determining the meaning
of the experience by the people who have participated in the event (Ary, Jacobs, Sorensen, &
Razavieh, 2010: 471).
There were two lecturers and fifteen students who became participants of this study
because only two lecturers who guided students to do consultation about journal and only 15
students who wanted to submit their final paper to Journal in period of September in one of the
journals in English Education Study program, University of Bengkulu. Moreover, the sampling
technique used purposive sampling because the researcher aimed at looking the experience of
lecturers in changing the students’ impoliteness to be more polite during consultation.
The research ethic was undertaken by getting permission to the head of study program.
Surely, the validation of interview guideline and observation checklist was undertaken by doing
triangulation to enhance the trustworthiness. The instruments were made based on the indicator of
politeness principle and strategies. The procedures of data collection were (1) Contacting the head
of study program and participants of the research to participate, (2) gathering the data through an
observation, (3) interviewing several students about the counseling technique to change their
behaviors, (4) interviewing lecturers in relation to the topic of the research, (4) Achieving the data
of interview and observation.
The qualitative data were analyzed by using a theory adopted from miles, Huberman,
Saldana (2014). The steps of data analysis were data collection, data condensation, data display,
and conclusion. The first, data collection refers to the data were obtained by the researcher from
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instruments. The second, data condensation means that the data gathered were selected and
focused based on the research objectives.
Hence, the researcher opted the transcript of the interview and observation sheet that
relates to answer the research questions. The third, data display is a data that been organized and
displayed to support the research. In this stage, instruments results (interview transcript and
observation checklist) were deeply analyzed to strengthen the findings of the research. The fourth
step is a conclusion. The researcher concluded the data analysis from the data reduction until data
display. This stage was essential to know whether the data analysis had answered the research
questions or not.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results
How counseling technique change students’ impoliteness to be politeness in doing journal
consultation?
To answer the first research question, the researcher used an observation checklist and
interview. Based on the observation checklist for lecturer and students, the researcher found that
lecturers had used a counseling technique in improving the students’ politeness. In the first
meeting of the consultation about English journal, the lecturer did not use a counseling technique;
they just check the template and the content of journal directly. After looking at the students’
behavior that did not show the politeness to the lecturers, the lecturers altered their technique
during consultation, the lecturers did not only mentor, but also counsel the students. Referring to
observation checklist, lecturers explained the theory of principle of politeness and politeness
strategies. Hence, students knew the theory. The students’ responses were good. The students
understood and implemented the theory in the next meeting. The students’ texted the lecturers in
politeness way. The screen can be seen in following figure 1 and Figure 2.
Figure 1. Before using counseling
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Figure 2. After using counseling
Based on figure 1, it shows the student did not indicate the politeness when texting to the
lecturer because the students did not greet, did not write the name, write thanks. As a result, the
lecturer did not know who texted. Directly, it broke the politeness principle. Moreover, in the
second screenshot, the student directly decided the time to consult about journal. This may be
impolite because the student seems to force the lecturer to meet, even though the student write
their name, greet, and say thank.
However, in figure 2, the students had changed their behavior after the lecturers gave
counseling to the students. The lecturers informed polite principle and politeness strategies, such
as positive, negative, bald on record, and off the record politeness strategies. Thus, students could
understand the politeness. In figure 2, it can be seen that, the students used politeness strategy
namely negative politeness, for instance, the students greet (Assalamualaikum), the content of the
message is good, write “thanks” to the lecturers (terima kasih atas pengertiannya).
Referring to the observation checklist, the lecturers had applied the counseling technique,
and the students also had implemented the politeness principle and politeness strategies during the
consultation to the lecturers. The students used a negative politeness strategy to consult with the
lecturers. Moreover, the students followed politeness principles, such as tact principle, generosity
principle, modesty principle, approbiation principal, sympathy and agreement principle. For more
details, the examples of students’ and lecturers’ conversation can be seen in table 1.
Table 1. Conversation between Lecturer and students
Politeness principles Conversations Accepted/ broken
Tact Principle Conversation between lecturer (L) and
student (S)
S: Pak, saya sudah merevisi yang kemarin.
Ini pak hasil revisinya mohon untuk dicek
kembali.
L: Okay. Ini sudah bagus, namun ada
beberapa hal yang harus diperbaiki lag
bagian findings and references.
Based on the conversation, the students
followed the tact principle because the
student did not cut the lecturer’ explanation
and still silent to hear it. The student is also
polite.
The principle Accepted
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Modesty principle L: Okay. Kamu harus revisi dulu lagi ya
beberapa catatan sir.
S: Ya Sir. Terima kasih. Saya akan segera
merevisi.
Based on the conversation, students showed
their modesty to the lecturer by saying thank
to the lecturer.
The principle accepted
Approbiation
principle
L: …ini kamu revisinya banyak. Kamu harus
kerja keras untuk perbaiki background
sampai references.
S: Iya sir. Maaf sir. Insya Allah saya akan
memperbaikinya
Referring to the conversation, student
received the correction or feedback with
good attitude. He did not reject the comment
of the lecturer
Principle accepted
Generosity principle S: Assalamualikum
L: Waalaikumsalam
S: How are you,sir?
L: I am fine. What about you?
S: I am fine too sir.
L: Have a sit!
S: Thank you sir. Sir, I am Andini. I have
revised my article sir.
Based on the conversation,
The students showed the generosity by
saying “Assalamualaikum”, thank you”. The
lecturer also showed it by responses in polite
way and asks the student to sit.
Principle accepted
Agreement principle L: Kamu harus revisi lagi artikel kamu ini,
research methodology, findings,
discussionnya masih banyak yang kurang.
Bisa ya?
S: Siap sir. Bisa.
L: Good.
S: Sir, nnt misalnya kalau saya udah revisi,
kira kira kapan saya bisa dating lagi sir
untuk revisi
L: Hmm.. besok bisa jam 10 ke kantor ya.
S: SIap sir. Terima kasih sir.
The conversation showed the accepted
agreement principle because there is
agreement between lecturer and students in
terms of revision and schedule in doing
consultation.
Principle accepted
Why counseling technique could change students’ attitude to be politeness in doing journal
consultation?
To answer research question number 2, the researcher used an interview to several students
to know their reasons about counseling technique that can change their attitudes to be more
155
politeness. For more details, the interview transcript and the analysis could be seen in excerpt
below.
Excerpt 1
Researcher : Why counseling technique could change your behavior to be more polite?
Students 1 : Hmm…I think this counseling is very useful for me to change behavior because
counseling technique could give me a lesson about how to behave to the lecturer,
and other people.
Referring to excerpt 1, the student’s reason is the counseling technique could change their
behavior because counseling is very useful for him/her and counseling can give a lesson about
behavior
Excerpt 2
Researcher : Why counseling technique could change your behavior to be more polite?
Students 2 :The reason eee the counseling technique could change my behavior because in
counseling technique, the lecturer guide me to know the good role model in
behaving.
Based on excerpt 2, the reason of student 2 shows the benefits of counseling technique where, the
student is guided by the lecture in good behavior. Besides, the lecturer also becomes the role of
students in behaving during a journal consultation.
Excerpt 3
Researcher : Why counseling technique could change your behavior to be more polite?
Students 3 : I think counseling technique helps me a lot about how to behave to the lecturer or
another person because in counseling technique, the lecturer explains to me about
the importance of politeness.
In excerpt 3, the reason of the student 3 is a counseling technique that could help the student how
to be polite to the lecturer. Besides, in counseling technique, the lectuer tells about the importance
of politeness.
Excerpt 4
Researcher : Why counseling technique could change your behavior to be more polite?
Students 3 : Eeee because in counseling technique gives a lesson for me about the way we
behave to another people. And if I do mistakes in behaving, the lecturer as a
counselor could correct my attitude because attitude is more important than
intelligence.
In excerpt, the reason is almost the same as the other students; this counseling technique has a
benefit to treat the student to be more behave.
156
Excerpt 5
Researcher : Why counseling technique could change your behavior to be more polite?
Students 3 : Because counseling technique could teach me the way I behave to other people.
In excerpt 5, the student’s reason is that counseling technique could teach and help the student to
behave to other people.
DISCUSSION
Based on the findings, the discussion of this study comprised of the counselling technique
that change students’ impoliteness to be politeness in doing journal consultation and the reason
counselling technique change students’ attitude to be more politeness in doing journal
consultation. Firstly, the implementation of counselling technique to the students during journal
consultation could give an impact on students’ behaviour. In counselling technique, the students
are taught about politeness theory that involves politeness principle and strategy. The students
implemented the politeness strategies in doing journal consultation. The students used negative
politeness strategies because students did a consultation to the lecturer, where the lecturer is the
older person than the students.
Besides, the students respected the lecturer during consultation from the beginning until
the end of the consultation. The use of negative politeness is in line with the theory by Yule (1996)
who stated that negative politeness is one of the strategies where there is a gap among speakers. In
the other words, the gap means that the speakers have different status namely as a lecturer and a
student. Moreover, this finding is supported by relevant studies which researched on politeness.
The results of their research showed that dominant strategy used is a negative politeness because
negative politeness strategy because this strategy could give more respect to the people (Marlina
& Sibarani, 2018; Nur & Rosa, 2019; Meiratnasari, et al., 2019; Mahmud, 2019; Kuzhevskaya,
2019). Another first finding was the obey of politeness principle by the students. In this aspect,
students have applied the politeness principle in doing conversation to the lecturers, hence the
flow of the conversation and politeness happened among speakers. This politeness principle is
important to keep the relationship among interlocutors. As Ruantika (2019) stressed that politeness
principle must be obeyed to have a good attitude in doing a conversation. By knowing the
politeness principle, the students know the rules in behaving especially speaking to another
speaker.
Secondly, the reason counselling technique could change the students’ behaviour. Based
on the interview, most of the students stated that counselling technique could alter their attitude to
be more polite because in counselling technique, they got many inputs about rules of politeness
and politeness strategies. Moreover, the lecturers always gave good role model for the students. It
means that the lecturers showed good example in behaving to other people either in terms of
speaking or gestures. Thus, the students could imitate the lecturers’ good attitude. This finding is
157
in line with Stone (2005) who stated that counseling technique is a technique that could help the
people to change their behavior.
CONCLUSION
Overall, Counselling Technique could influence the students’ behaviour to be more polite. In its
implementation, the students had applied negative politeness strategies to consult with the
lecturers. Moreover, students also employed all principles of politeness namely tact principle,
generosity principle, modesty principle, approbations principal, sympathy and agreement
principle. Furthermore, the students had strong reason why the counselling technique could
change their attitude. It is because Counselling technique could guide and assist them being more
polite person. Consequently, their personalities become better.
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