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A B S T R A C T
Keywords:
Journal of Small Business Strategy
2020, Vol. 30, No. 03, 47-64
ISSN: 1081-8510 (Print) 2380-1751 (Online)
©Copyright 2020 Small Business Institute®
Entrepreneurial passion, Entrepreneurial bricolage, Wellbeing, Micro-entrepreneur, Developing countries.
Introduction
Syed Abidur Rahman1, Seyedeh Khadijeh Taghizadeh2, Mirza Mohammad Didarul Alam3, Golam Mostafa
Khan4
1Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoud, Sultanate of Oman, Al Khoud, P.O. Box: 50, P.C. 123, Muscat, Oman, syedabid728@gmail.com
2Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoud, Sultanate of Oman, Al Khoud, P.O. Box: 50, P.C. 123, Muscat, Oman, taghizadeh.nastaran@gmail.com
3United International University, United City, Madani Ave, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh, mirza@bus.uiu.ac.bd
4Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoud, Sultanate of Oman, Al Khoud, P.O. Box: 50, P.C. 123, Muscat, Oman, gmkhan@squ.edu.om
The functionality of entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial bricolage on
micro-entrepreneur’s wellbeing
APA Citation Information: Rahman, S. A., S. Taghizadeh, K., Alam, M. M. D., & Khan, G. M.. (2020). The functionality of entrepreneurial
passion and entrepreneurial bricolage on micro-entrepreneur’s wellbeing. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 30(3), 47-64.
It has been collectively and unequivocally resonated
that entrepreneurship matters for socio-economic develop-
ment and for the greater prosperity of the human civiliza-
tion (Gries & Naudé, 2011; Tata et al., 2017). Alongside,
micro-entrepreneurship ventures also play significant role
in the socio-economic development around the globe, par-
ticularly in the developing countries. Yet, the micro-entre-
preneurs in developing countries often face a diverse range
of institutional constraints and have limited access to the
required resources (Khoury & Prasad, 2016). Therefore,
micro-entrepreneurs strive to use inadequate but available
resources at hand to operate their businesses. With such
constricted milieu of the micro-entrepreneurial venture,
varied arrays of theoretical discussions have brought into
light the concept of ‘entrepreneurial bricolage’, relating
to the competency-based behavioral aspects of the entre-
preneurs at a limited resource setting (Baker & Nelson,
2005; Davidsson et al., 2017a; Kickul et al., 2018; Kwong
et al., 2019). Entrepreneurial bricolage means to make or
do something with whatever limited resources are at hand
(Baker & Nelson, 2005; Fisher, 2012). Previously, schol-
ars have identified that entrepreneurial bricolage is driven
by entrepreneurial orientation (Hooi et al., 2016), explor-
atory orientation (Guo et al., 2016). According to Cardon
and Kirk (2015), entrepreneurial passion increases entre-
preneurs’ dedication, persistence, activities, and ability to
engage fully in their venture. Further, researchers have ar-
gued that passion fuels motivation, improves mental activ-
ity, and provides meaning to everyday life (Cardon et al.,
2013). Considering the concepts and contemporary empiri-
cal relationships between entrepreneurial passion and entre-
preneurial bricolage corroborated by Stenholm and Renko
(2016), this study extends the previous work by consider-
ing subjective wellbeing as an outcome of entrepreneurial
passion and entrepreneurial bricolage. Recent empirical re-
search has started to explore the effects of passion, which
may channel through different outcomes (Murnieks et al.,
2016). Therefore, existing empirical research has investi-
gated the relationships between entrepreneurial passion and
investment outcome (Chen et al., 2009), entrepreneurial pas-
sion and employee’s organizational commitment (Breugst
This study investigates the relationships between entrepreneurial passion, entrepreneurial bricolage, and subjective wellbeing. A
total of 253 usable data were collected from the micro-entrepreneurs in Bangladesh and data were analyzed by SEMPLS3.0 em-
ploying structure equation modelling. The results indicate that subjective wellbeing is significantly predicted by entrepreneur-
ial passion and bricolage. Bricolage also found to play a mediating role between passion and wellbeing. The results of the study
validate that passionate entrepreneurs who embrace bricolage will achieve wellbeing through their ventures. The paper makes con-
tribution to the knowledge domain by bridging the concept of subjective wellbeing with entrepreneurial passion and bricolage.
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S. A. Rahman, S. K.Taghizadeh, M. M. D.Alam, & G. M. Khan Journal of Small Business Strategy / Vol. 30, No. 3 (2020) / 47-64
et al., 2012). Different from these, this study attempted to
focus on the relationship between entrepreneurial passion
and subjective wellbeing. Similarly, in recent times, re-
searchers are interested to explore different outcomes of en-
trepreneurial bricolage. For instance, Chen and Fan (2015)
have found outcome of entrepreneurial bricolage to be in-
novation speed. Fisher (2012) has explored the relationship
between entrepreneurial bricolage and firm’s growth. The
contention of this study is to move beyond the typical focus
on financial and economic outcomes that characterizes so
much entrepreneurship research and to focus more broadly
on human functioning, which can be gauged by the state of
subjective wellbeing.
Generally, entrepreneurship is an exclusive and chal-
lenging human undertaking, which is closely associated
with wellbeing (Shir, 2015). Scholars have asserted that
wellbeing is an imperative indication of socio-economic
improvement and institutes a significant social resource
(Tata et al., 2017). However, in the current unequal soci-
ety, the gap between rich and poor is accelerating in many
countries and particular segments of society are deprived of
achieving wellbeing (George et al., 2012) and micro-entre-
preneurs are not far off. Researchers have identified a great
deal of interest in micro-level entrepreneurship, beyond
monetary profit, with a role in developing society at large
(Wiklund et al., 2011), which is known as ‘subjective well-
being’. Subjective wellbeing is mostly concerned with the
approach and the reasons of experiencing a life in a positive
way, including cognitive judgments and affective reactions
(Diener, 2009).
However, there is doubt whether entrepreneurial pas-
sion in a resource constraint setting still can bring wellbeing
to the individual. Yet it is also unclear whether entrepre-
neurial passion and entrepreneurial bricolage would influ-
ence the subjective wellbeing of the micro-entrepreneurs. In
fact, there is also a dearth of empirical evidence for the role
of entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial bricolage on
subjective wellbeing in the context of micro-entrepreneurs
in a resource constrained setting, as of now and warrants
further research. Further, scholars have also pointed out that
till yet individual-level mechanisms behind involvement
in bricolage have been scantily understood (Kwong et al.,
2019). To shed light on the above issues, this empirical re-
search focuses on micro-entrepreneurs operating in cottage
industry in a developing country who assume to have entre-
preneurial passion with wide ranges constraints and limited
resources.
This research contributes by introducing a novel re-
search framework. It pays attention on entrepreneurial pas-
sion as a driver for entrepreneurial bricolage and subjective
wellbeing. It will add knowledge by realizing entrepreneur-
ial bricolage as a predictor for subjective wellbeing, and the
mediating relationship of entrepreneurial passion to subjec-
tive wellbeing via entrepreneurial bricolage. It contributes
by introducing subjective wellbeing as a novel outcome for
entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial bricolage in the
context of micro-entrepreneurs of a resource-constrained
country.
Literature Review and Hypothesis Development
Entrepreneurial Passion and Subjective Wellbeing
The word ‘passion’ has attracted much attention among
the management and entrepreneurship scholars (Fisher et
al., 2018; Murnieks et al., 2016). As a general term ‘pas-
sion’ is a strong inclination to engage someone in certain
activities (Aiken et al., 2018). Numerous scholars across
different domains and disciplines defined the term ‘pas-
sion’, but three basic charteristics are common in all defi-
nitions. Passion is (1) associated with an intensive positive
feeling, (2) controls behavioral tendency of individuals, and
(3) considered as a target-specific construct (Cardon, 2015;
Chen et al., 2015). However, acknowledging all the defini-
tions, Cardon et al. (2009) have defined the term ‘entrepre-
neurial passion’, a part of motivation and being treated as
a positive effect, as “consciously accessible intense posi-
tive feelings experienced by engagement in entrepreneurial
activities associated with roles that are meaningful and sa-
lient to the self-identity of the entrepreneur” (p. 517). In the
current study, the authors consider entrepreneurial passion
not as a trait, but rather as behavior of the entrepreneurs,
which is in agreement with Ho and Pollack (2014). Based
on this conceptualization of entrepreneurial passion, three
different role identities were developed, as entrepreneurs
comprehend passion differently for their various activities,
including inventing (opportunity identification), founding
(business creation), and developing (business growth) (Car-
don et al., 2009; Mueller et al., 2017).
Passion for inventing refers to activities accompanied
by searching for new market opportunities, creating new
products and/or services, and dealing with product proto-
types (Cardon et al., 2009). Passionate entrepreneurs for
inventing are actively involved and dedicated in exploring
new opportunities, feeling interest to discover new product
and/or service ideas, and relentlessly searching for solutions
to address the existing problems (Breugst et al., 2012). Pas-
sion for founding reflects the entrepreneur’s passion for ac-
tivities related to the establishment of a company. It focuses
on the process of formation activities, including gathering
and accumulating necessary resources for establishing a
new venture, actual establishment of the venture, grabbing
initial sales or hiring employees, and trying to become a
parent of the newly created venture (Cardon et al., 2009).
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S. A. Rahman, S. K.Taghizadeh, M. M. D.Alam, & G. M. Khan Journal of Small Business Strategy / Vol. 30, No. 3 (2020) / 47-64
Entrepreneurs who are passionate for founding demonstrate
positive affect when they involve themselves in the activi-
ties dedicated to the creation of a new venture, and specif-
ically, to have a sense of feelings of psychological owner-
ship of the firm that they have created (Breugst et al., 2012).
Passion for developing focuses on post-establishment activ-
ities of a venture in the light of care, growth, and expansion.
Entrepreneurs who are passionate for a developing venture
show positive affect when trying to enhance existing ven-
tures beyond their early survival by involving themselves in
the strategy formulation (acquiring new customers), as well
as business optimization (Murnieks et al., 2016).
While discussing the mental wellbeing of the entre-
preneurs, Stephan (2018) clearly noted with surprise that
there is no study so far linking entrepreneurial passion di-
rectly to the wellbeing of the entrepreneurs although could
be expected. However, Vallerand et al. (2007) predicted that
harmonious passion of individuals may have an effect on
wellbeing and later Briki (2017) validated that harmonious
passion predicts wellbeing while obsessive passion does
not. In another study, Philippe et al. (2009), argued that peo-
ple who are passionate about an activity should experience
higher levels of hedonic (subjective) wellbeing than indi-
viduals who do not engage in such a type of activity in their
life, resulting in making a difference in their life.
Passion for inventing, passion for founding, and pas-
sion for developing may lead the micro-entrepreneurs to a
state of satisfaction and understand the meaning of life. As
such, we believe a diverse range of passion may work as a
stimulus for wellbeing. Though there might be a possibility
of predominance of each type of passion over each other
towards the wellbeing. Nevertheless, the passion for invent-
ing, founding, and developing may lead to the realization
that the micro-entrepreneurs are worthwhile in the society.
In the study of Vallerand et al. (2007) argued that while
passion may ensure dedication toward the activity, it may
also be associated with positive subjective wellbeing of
an individual, depending on the type of passion involved.
Reasoning the assertion as well, this study also argues
that different ranges of passion craft optimism among the
micro-entrepreneurs towards life and create a belief that
micro-entrepreneurs can contribute to the happiness and
wellbeing of themselves and others. Taking up these logi-
cal consequences and considering holistic meanings of en-
trepreneurial passion and subjective wellbeing, the authors
believe there could be statistical relationships between en-
trepreneurial passion and subjective wellbeing. Hence, the
authors hypothesize that:
H1a. Entrepreneurial passion for inventing has a positive in-
fluence on subjective wellbeing of the micro-entrepreneurs.
H1b. Entrepreneurial passion for founding has a positive in-
fluence on subjective wellbeing of the micro-entrepreneurs.
H1c. Entrepreneurial passion for developing has a positive
influence on subjective wellbeing of the micro-entrepre-
neurs.
Entrepreneurial Passion and Entrepreneurial Bricolage
A recent study conducted in Finland by Stenholm and
Renko (2016) has revealed the mediating role of entre-
preneurial bricolage between entrepreneurial passion and
entrepreneurial survival. The research has also drawn out
the association of entrepreneurial passion as antecedent of
entrepreneurial bricolage as a novel attempt. According to
Acs et al. (2011) studying entrepreneurship across countries
is always a vital attempt. Therefore, it would be interest-
ing and reasonable to test the same relationship at the re-
source-constrained context and it will contribute to the gen-
eralizability of the relationship.
Vallerand et al. (2007) argued that being passionate for
an activity leads individuals to devote themselves profusely
to their activity, letting the individuals to continue even in
the face of difficulties. In a challenging environments with
limited resources, entrepreneurs have three alternatives: (1)
outsourcing resources, (2) dodging new challenges through
downsizing, or (3) behaving as a ‘bricoleur’ with the no-
tion of ‘creating something out of nothing’ (Fisher, 2012).
Passionate entrepreneurs try to avoid the second option out-
lined above, as they are more likely to recognize themselves
as entrepreneurs having a sense of psychological ownership
of the firm (Breugst et al., 2012) which is central to their
self-identity (Murnieks et al., 2016). Unlike traditional en-
trepreneurs, when confronted with environmental challeng-
es, passionate entrepreneurs view the situation positively.
Rather than giving up or avoiding the problems, they are
likely to clinch them enthusiastically and try to come up
with solutions using their inherent creativity to reinforce
their self-identity as an entrepreneur (Cardon & Kirk, 2015;
Powell & Baker, 2014; Stroe et al., 2018). Since its incep-
tion, the concept of bricolage was adopted and applied in
numerous fields of study (Davidsson et al., 2017b), as well
as to a variety of phenomena like law-making (Hull, 1991).
From an organizational perspective, the application of this
concept has also been widely used in a number of phenom-
ena, including new product development (Wu et al., 2017),
technology innovation in SMEs (Ferneley & Bell, 2006),
and entrepreneurship (Baker & Nelson, 2005). Baker and
Nelson (2005) identified three basic elements of bricolage -
‘making do’, ‘the resources at hand’, and ‘the combination
of resources for new purposes’ –, which are in general appli-
cable in various scholarly fields. In addition, Gundry et al.
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S. A. Rahman, S. K.Taghizadeh, M. M. D.Alam, & G. M. Khan Journal of Small Business Strategy / Vol. 30, No. 3 (2020) / 47-64
(2011) have opined that bricolage encompasses the creative
espousal and manipulation of humans, both social as well as
financial capital resources, to overcome problems or pursue
impending opportunities. Rather than searching for ‘right’
resources, bricoleurs try to find workable solutions by using
a hands-on approach and hence turn the rules of resources
from ‘should’ to ‘could’ (Senyard et al., 2009).
Mageau et al. (2009) have documented that highly pas-
sionate individuals are less likely to give up. In the context
of least developed country, a bricoleur entrepreneur may
have passion for inventing new products, processes, and op-
portunities through continuous searching and scanning. The
passion for creating a new firm, nurturing a new business
perhaps opens up the scope to instill the entrepreneurial
bricolage. It may also happen that strong passion for de-
veloping the business and employees facilitates to create a
bricolage. The philosophy of the capability approach theory
contemplated with greater significance that people should
have freedom or capabilities to choose the life they want
to lead (Sen, 2004). With the lens of capability approach
theory, hence, it is believed that if micro-entrepreneurs pos-
sess passion for inventing, founding, and developing, they
can surely make things with the limited resources and what-
ever they have in their hands. Considering the context of
the current study and above discussion, the authors strongly
believe that:
H2a. Entrepreneurial passion for inventing has a positive
influence on entrepreneurial bricolage.
H2b. Entrepreneurial passion for founding has a positive
influence on entrepreneurial bricolage.
H2c. Entrepreneurial passion for developing has a positive
influence on entrepreneurial bricolage.
Entrepreneurial Bricolage and Subjective Wellbeing
Bricolage refers to the entrepreneurial behaviors that
‘make do’ by exploiting resources at hand to face new chal-
lenges (Baker & Nelson, 2005; Salunke et al., 2013). Sen-
yard et al. (2014) defined bricolage as a fundamental means
of creative re-joining of resources for a unique purpose. The
capability of utilizing limited resources may also contribute
to the flourishing of individual life. From a socio-psycho-
logical perspective, the capability of doing something with
a specific utility and achieving the desired objectives incul-
cates the happiness within an individual, which is a repre-
sentation of subjective wellbeing (Diener, 2009). Therefore,
understanding this, there is a possibility that entrepreneurial
bricolage may contribute to the subjective wellbeing of the
entrepreneur. The synergy of creativity, limited resource
utilization, and capability apparently links with the central
theme of the capability approach theory. In addition, while
promulgating the capability approach theory, Sen (2004) ar-
gued that this theory roams around the concept of improv-
ing living conditions of individuals by not only monetary
terms but also actively engaging in society and respect of
others. Hence, understanding the theoretical sphere of capa-
bility approach theory and literature related to entrepreneur-
ial bricolage and subjective wellbeing, the authors shoulder
on the novel hypothesis that:
H3. Entrepreneurial bricolage has a positive relationship
with subjective wellbeing of the micro-entrepreneurs.
Entrepreneurial Bricolage as Mediator between Entre-
preneurial Passion and Subjective Wellbeing
Passionate entrepreneurs are unlikely to give up the ef-
forts despite limited resources (Türk et al., 2019) to make
their living standard better. On the other hand, entrepreneur-
ial bricolage paves the way towards a firm’s growth (Baker
et al., 2003). Looking from the individuals standpoint, it is
important to see beyond the monetary value that includes
the wellbeing of the individuals (Diener et al., 2017). In de-
veloping countries, most of the entrepreneurs lack advanced
or even adequate resources (Naudé, 2010; Rahman & Das,
2005). For the micro-entrepreneurs, in fact, there is a more
relevant and vicious situation where they possess very lim-
ited resources to carry out ventures. Strong entrepreneurial
passion leads the micro-entrepreneurs to achieve a sense
of self-worth in society through the capability of creating
something despite having limited resources. It is believed
that the capability of creating something new with limited
resources changes the living standard of the micro-entrepre-
neurs and is backed by entrepreneurial passion for invent-
ing, founding, and developing. For example, in Bangladesh,
a substantial number of poor women in a rural village came
out of poverty and lead a better life in society as they had
the strong entrepreneurial passion to use whatever small
amount of resources they have around them (such as handi-
crafts with mud or bamboo). Theorizing the pragmatic fact,
the authors believe that entrepreneurial bricolage must have
a role between the entrepreneurial passion and subjective
wellbeing, which is a novel concept in the domain of mi-
cro-entrepreneurship study. Hence, the authors claim:
H4a. Entrepreneurial bricolage mediates the relationship
between entrepreneurial passion for inventing and subjec-
tive wellbeing.
H4b. Entrepreneurial bricolage mediates the relationship
between entrepreneurial passion for founding and subjec-
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S. A. Rahman, S. K.Taghizadeh, M. M. D.Alam, & G. M. Khan Journal of Small Business Strategy / Vol. 30, No. 3 (2020) / 47-64
tive wellbeing.
H4c. Entrepreneurial bricolage mediates the relationship
between entrepreneurial passion for developing and subjec-
tive wellbeing.
Method
The research was conducted among micro-entrepre-
neurs in Bangladesh, who usually are engaged in retailing
business and operating businesses with limited resources.
This study has employed a quantitative research approach,
and a structured survey questionnaire was developed for
data collection.
Measures
The measurement items were adapted from prior stud-
ies using a five-point Likert scale, ranging from 1=strongly
disagree to 5=strongly agree. All constructs and the items
were adapted from extant literatures and were modified to
suit the purpose of this study. Items related to measuring
entrepreneurial passion for inventing (five items); entrepre-
neurial passion for founding (five items), and entrepreneur-
ial passion for developing (four items) were drawn from
(Cardon et al., 2013). Our central focus of defining and
measuring entrepreneurial passion is based on the article by
Cardon et. al. (2013). In this article, the authors have clearly
mentioned that “in other words, we must demonstrate that
the measurement of entrepreneurial passion is distinct from
other cognitive and affective variables that play a role in en-
trepreneurship, and that it casts new light on the factors and
processes that foster entrepreneurship” (p.374).
Entrepreneurial bricolage (eight items) were adopt-
ed from (Senyard et al., 2009). Entrepreneurial bricolage
means to make or do something with whatever limited re-
sources are at hand (Baker & Nelson, 2005; Fisher, 2012),
which is also distinctive theoretically.
To measure subjective wellbeing, items (eight) were
adopted from Diener et al. (2010) which has been estab-
lished to assess the flourishing, positive and negative feel-
ings of individuals. According to Diener (2009), subjective
wellbeing is mostly concerned with the reasons of experi-
encing a life in positive way, including cognitive judgments
and affective reactions.
Procedures
Back to back, translation between Bengali and English
of the questionnaire was carried out to ensure clarity and
accuracy of the translated items. Later the authors conduct-
ed pre-testing using the debriefing method of personal in-
terviews. Based on the remarks and suggestions by experts
during pre-testing, the questionnaire was modified.
Study Setting and Data Collection Method
This research warrants a study setting, where nascent
entrepreneurs are operating with limited resources. There-
fore, the research was conducted among micro-entrepre-
neurs engaged in cottage industry in a developing country
like, Bangladesh. Cottage industry deals with goods and
services, which are produced with limited resources in the
rural area by nascent entrepreneurs, rather than in a well-
planned manufacturing plant (Rahman & Kumar, 2018).
Although the micro-entrepreneurs of cottage industry are
present in a scattered manner throughout the country, in the
absence of proper sampling frame, the authors have pur-
posively chosen five administrative districts of Bangladesh
(such as Manikgonj, Khulna, Moulvi Bazar, Narayangonj,
and Rajshahi) where the cottage industries are more concen-
trated. However, in selecting a micro-entrepreneur for this
study purpose, authors have considered two major issues
especially pertinent to bricolage practices in the literature –
i) Micro-entrepreneurs with less than five years of business
experience (Davidsson et al., 2017a), and ii) entrepreneurs
with less than ten working employees.
In each selected area, a total of 100 questionnaires
were distributed with the assistance of two well briefed
enumerators; hence totaling 500 by means of judgmental
sampling. In the data collection process, this study utilized
the drop-off/ pick-up (DOPU) method, due to the respon-
dents’ geographic location and communication infrastruc-
ture inadequacy. Rahman et al. (2017) have also carried out
a similar method in a study with similar research setting.
At the initial phase, in total 302 questionnaires out of 500
were returned. However, 49 responses were discarded due
to incompleteness and presence of outliers. Finally, 253 re-
sponses were retained for further analyses with an effective
response rate of 50.6%. In the meta-analysis, Rutherford et
al. (2017) stated that survey samples drawn from entrepre-
neurs will have possibility of lower response rates than sur-
veys of other individuals and found a mean of 39% response
rate in the entrepreneurship research.
Data Analysis
In the initial analysis phase, the authors used SPSS to
identify errors, missing values (using multiple imputation),
non-response bias, and common method bias.
Non-Response Bias
To assess the potential non-response bias, all the vari-
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S. A. Rahman, S. K.Taghizadeh, M. M. D.Alam, & G. M. Khan Journal of Small Business Strategy / Vol. 30, No. 3 (2020) / 47-64
ables included in this study were subjected to analysis of
variance (independent two-group unpaired t-test) test com-
paring early respondents (120 respondents) and late respon-
dents (133 respondents). The result of the test (Appendix
B) indicates that nonresponse bias is unlikely to be a major
problem in the present data and the homogeneity between
early and late data was established.
Common Method Bias
As data were collected from a single source, it is im-
portant to check common method variance, as recommend-
ed by Podsakoff et al. (2003). In this study, the extent of
common method bias was assessed with three tests and
focused on both procedural and statistical remedies before
and after data collection. First, the procedural method was
used by including fun facts with the questionnaire (Appen-
dix A). The procedural technique also has been used in the
study of Ayyagari et al. (2011). For the statistical remedies,
this study used two methods; Harman’s one-factor test, and
correlation matrix. Second, Harman’s single factor test was
conducted by entering all the principal constructs into a
principal component factor analysis (Podsakoff & Organ,
1986; Rahman et al., 2015). The findings indicate that the
first factor explains 41.8% of the variance, which is less
than 50%, as per the recommendation by Podsakoff et al.
(2003). Further, seven factors explain 78.2% of the cumu-
lative variance, which is higher than the suggested value
of 50%. Third, this research ran correlation matrix test as
suggested by Pavlou et al. (2007), to determine whether the
constructs have extremely high correlation (more than 0.90)
or not. Any highly correlated variables are evidence of com-
mon method bias (Bagozzi et al., 1991). As shown in Table
1, none of the constructs were so highly correlated (highest
correlation is r = .723). Therefore, like nonresponse bias,
common method bias is not a major concern in this study.
Table 1
Correlation matrix of measures
SL Constructs Mean SD 1 2 3 4
1 Entrepreneurial bricolage 3.552 0.708
2 Subjective wellbeing 3.944 0.466 0.647**
3 Passion for inventing 3.675 0.553 0.723** 0.328**
4 Passion for founding 3.681 0.556 0.668** 0.399** 0.466**
5 Passion for developing 3.953 0.641 0.679** 0.346** 0.511** 0.453**
Note: **p < 0.01, SD = Standard Deviation
The demographic profile indicates that 30% of the re-
spondents are between 21 and 30 years old, followed by
50.6% of the respondents being in the age range of 31 to
40. In terms of gender, 59.7% of the respondents are male,
and 40.3% are female entrepreneurs. The majority of the re-
spondents (43.1%) have five family members, 30.8% of the
respondents have more than five family members. The au-
thors asked the respondents the number of years they have
been involved in this business. About 62.8% of them have
been operating a business for one to five years.
Results
The authors used the structural equation model (SEM)
with partial least square approach using SmartPLS 3.0 soft-
ware to assess the measurement model and structural model
(Ringle & Wende, 2005).
Assessment of Measurement Model
The quality of the measurement model was assessed
for construct validity and reliability of the items through
convergent validity and discriminant validity.
In convergent validity, factor loadings of the items,
composite reliability (CR) and average variance extracted
(AVE) are used to assess validity of the data, as recommend-
ed by (Hair et al., 2017). While checking the item loading,
five items (EPF5, WB2, WB4, WB6, WB8) were dropped
due to low factor loading. The factor loading of all other
items were more than 0.6, the AVE of all the variables were
higher than 0.5, and the CR was above 0.7 as per the rule of
thumb. Therefore, the findings show the required presence
of convergent validity of the measurement model. Table 2
provides the details of convergent validity.
We have assessed discriminant validity to examine
whether two conceptually different concepts exhibit suffi-
cient difference (Henseler et al., 2009). In this research, two
criterion are put forward to assess discriminant validity -
the heterotrait-monotrait ratio of correlations (HTMT) and
cross loadings (Hair et al., 2017; Henseler et al., 2015). First
criterion is, if the HTMT value is greater than the HTMT.85
value of 0.85 (Kline, 2015), or the HTMT.90 value of 0.90
(Gold et al., 2001), then discriminant validity is question-
able. As shown in Table 3, all values are below the threshold
level, HTMT.90, and the HTMT Inference shows that the
confidence interval did not give a value of one on any of
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S. A. Rahman, S. K.Taghizadeh, M. M. D.Alam, & G. M. Khan Journal of Small Business Strategy / Vol. 30, No. 3 (2020) / 47-64
Table 2
Results of convergent validity
Code Variables/Items Loading AVE CR
Entrepreneurial Passion for Inventing 0.613 0.887
EPI1 It is exciting to figure out new ways to solve unmet market needs that can be commercia-
lized.
0.856
EPI2 Searching for new ideas for products/services to offer is enjoyable to me. 0.780
EPI3 Feel energized when developing product prototypes 0.732
EPI4 I am motivated to figure out how to make existing products/services better 0.818
EPI5 Scanning the environment for new opportunities really excites me. 0.719
Entrepreneurial Passion for Founding 0.692 0.90
EPF1 Establishing a new company excites me 0.916
EPF2 Owning my own company energizes me 0.820
EPF3 I love creating a new firm 0.752
EPF4 Trying to convince others to invest in my business motivates me 0.832
EPF5 Nurturing a new business through its emerging success is enjoyable Dropped
Entrepreneurial Passion for Developing 0.642 0.898
EPD1 I really like finding the right people to market my product/service to 0.719
EPD2 Assembling the right people to work for my business is exciting 0.878
EPD3 Pushing my employees and myself to make our company better motivates me 0.799
EPD4 I enjoy commercializing new products/services 0.912
Entrepreneurial Bricolage 0.625 0.937
EB1 I am confident of my ability to find workable solutions to new challenges by using exis-
ting resources
0.684
EB2 I gladly take on a broader range of challenges than others without resources would be able
to
0.738
EB3 I use any existing resources that seems useful to responding to a new problem or opportu-
nity
0.840
EB4 I deal with new challenges by applying a combination of existing resources and other
resources inexpensively available to my business
0.640
EB5 When dealing with new problems or opportunities I take action by assuming that I will
find a workable solution
0.870
EB6 By combining existing resources, I take on a surprising variety of new challenges 0.838
EB7 When I face new challenges, I put together workable solutions from our existing resources 0.765
EB8 I combine resources to accomplish new challenges that the resources are not originally
intended to accomplish
0.871
Subjective Wellbeing 0.559 0.833
SWB1 I lead a purposeful and meaningful life 0.704
SWB2 My social relationships are supportive and rewarding Dropped
SWB3 I am engaged and interested in my daily activities 0.784
SWB4 I actively contribute to the happiness and well-being of others Dropped
SWB5 I am competent and capable in the activities that are important to me 0.861
SWB6 I am a good person and live a good life Dropped
SWB7 I am optimistic about my future 0.620
SWB8 People respect me Dropped
54
S. A. Rahman, S. K.Taghizadeh, M. M. D.Alam, & G. M. Khan Journal of Small Business Strategy / Vol. 30, No. 3 (2020) / 47-64
The R2 value of subjective wellbeing is 0.488 and en-
trepreneurial bricolage is 0.708, which is above the 0.26
value as suggested by Cohen (1988), indicating a substan-
tial model. Table 4 shows the results of f2, following the
guideline provided by Cohen (1988), the effect size of 0.02,
0.15, and 0.35, respectively, represent small, medium, and
large effects. The results show that there are large, medium,
and small effects sizes on the endogenous constructs of this
study. Finally, the authors assessed the predictive relevance
of the model through the blindfolding procedure. Hensel-
er et al. (2009) encourage using this measure to assess the
research model’s predictive capability. Based on the blind-
folding procedure, the result indicates that the Q2 values for
subjective wellbeing (Q2 = 0.253) and for entrepreneurial
bricolage (Q2 = 0.409), are more than 0. This result suggests
that the model has sufficient predictive relevance.
Testing Mediating Effect
The most widely used method is the causal steps
approach (Baron & Kenny, 1986), which requires the re-
searcher to assess each of the paths in the model and then
determine whether a variable functions as a mediator by de-
termining if certain statistical criteria are met. In structural
equation modelling (SEM), the mediation in path models
can be assessed by examining the relationship of the direct
link between two latent variables and the indirect link via
the potential mediator variables (path from the predictor
to the mediator and path from the mediator to the endog-
enous variable) (Eberl, 2010). According to Hayes (2009)
and (Preacher & Hayes, 2008), mediation is considered to
occur while the indirect relationship between independent
and dependent variables comes out to be significant. In this
regard, to test the requirements of mediation effect, a t-test
via non-parametric procedure bootstrapping was conduct-
ed. In the non-parametric PLS path modelling approach, a
non-parametric bootstrapping procedure was administered
to test the significance of the mediating effect, as suggested
by (Hair et al., 2017).
The results show that all three indirect relationships
were proven to be significant. The analysis on mediating
effect revealed the importance of entrepreneurial bricolage
on the relationship between entrepreneurial passion for in-
venting (t-value=8.459), founding (t-value=6.313), and de-
veloping (t-value=6.39) with subjective well-being. H4a,
H4b, and H4c therefore were supported. The results are
shown in Table 4.
Table 3
Results of heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT)
1 2 3 4 5
1 EP for
Developing
2 EP for Founding 0.561
3 EP for Inventing 0.615 0.427
4 Entrepreneurial
Bricolage
0.759 0.647 0.815
5 Subjective
Wellbeing
0.474 0.525 0.391 0.776
Entrepreneurial Passion = EP
the constructs. As for the second criterion based on cross
loading, the loading of each indicator must be greater as
compared with the rest of its cross loadings to ascertain dis-
criminant validity (Götz et al., 2010; Hair et al., 2013). The
results show that all the items are loaded highly with their
respective theoretically defined construct (see Appendix C)
indicating that discriminant validity was ascertained.
Assessment of Structural Model
In order to assess the structural model (path relation-
ship), the R2 value, standard beta, t-value via a bootstrapping
procedure with a resample of 5000, the predictive relevance
(Q2), and the effect size (f2) were considered as suggested by
Hair et al. (2017). Table 4 and Figure 1 illustrates the results
of path relationships, R2, f2, and Q2.
H1a, H1b, and H1c predict significant effects of entre-
preneurial passion for inventing, founding, and developing
on subjective wellbeing. The results revealed that entre-
preneurial passion for inventing with β = 0.113, p < 0.05;
entrepreneurial passion for founding with β = 0.334, p <
0.01, and entrepreneurial passion for developing β = 0.228,
p < 0.01. These variables have a direct positive relationship
with subjective well-being. Therefore, H1a, H1b, and H1c
are supported.
H2a, H2b, and H2c predict significant effects of entre-
preneurial passion for inventing, founding, and developing
on entrepreneurial bricolage. The results revealed that en-
trepreneurial passion for inventing with β = 0.462, p < 0.01;
entrepreneurial passion for founding with β = 0.258, p <
0.01, and entrepreneurial passion for developing β = 0.323,
p < 0.01. These variables have a direct positive relationship
with entrepreneurial bricolage. Therefore, H2a, H2b, and
H2c are supported.
H3 predicts that entrepreneurial bricolage has signif-
icant positive relationship with subjective well-being. The
results supported H3 with β = 0.650, p < 0.01.
55
S. A. Rahman, S. K.Taghizadeh, M. M. D.Alam, & G. M. Khan Journal of Small Business Strategy / Vol. 30, No. 3 (2020 / 47-64
Table 4
Results of structural model
Hs Path Relationship Std.
Beta
Std.
Error
t-value Decision R2 f2 Q2 VIF
Direct Relationship
H1a EP for inventing -> Subjective Wellbeing 0.113 0.056 2.039* Supported 0.488 0.106 0.253 2.157
H1b EP for founding -> Subjective Wellbeing 0.334 0.059 5.66** Supported 0.583 1.531
H1c EP for developing -> Subjective Wellbeing 0.228 0.064 3.576** Supported 0.032 1.958
H2a EP for inventing -> Entrepreneurial bricolage 0.462 0.054 8.54** Supported 0.708 0.525 0.409 1.415
H2b EP for founding -> Entrepreneurial bricolage 0.258 0.034 7.628** Supported 0.167 1.312
H2c EP for developing -> Entrepreneurial bricolage 0.323 0.047 6.896** Supported 0.229 1.593
H3 Entrepreneurial bricolage ->Subjective Wellbeing 0.650 0.038 17.26** Supported 3.430
Mediating Effect
H4a EP for inventing -> Entrepreneurial bricolage -> Subjec-
tive Wellbeing
0.301 0.036 8.459** Supported
H4b EP for founding -> Entrepreneurial bricolage -> Subjec-
tive Wellbeing
0.168 0.027 6.313** Supported
H4c EP for developing -> Entrepreneurial bricolage -> Sub-
jective Wellbeing
0.210 0.033 6.399** Supported
Entrepreneurial passion = EP, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05
56
S. A. Rahman, S. K.Taghizadeh, M. M. D.Alam, & G. M. Khan Journal of Small Business Strategy / Vol. 30, No. 3 (2020) / 47-64
Discussion
In the current study, the authors have attempted to val-
idate the relationships among the variables of entrepreneur-
ial passion, entrepreneurial bricolage, and subjective well-
being in a resource-constrained setting. Hence, the authors
set out to study the direct relationships of these constructs
and the indirect relationships of entrepreneurial passion and
subjective wellbeing, where entrepreneurial bricolage plays
vital mediating role. The current study validates the empir-
ical link of entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial bri-
colage with subjective wellbeing.
One of the novel findings to emerge from our study is
the positive influential role of three dimensions of entrepre-
neurial passion on subjective wellbeing. Previously, schol-
ars have demonstrated that passion provides meaning to
everyday work and effects feelings for activities that high-
light the self-identity of entrepreneurs (Cardon et al., 2009).
Such self-identity, which is engraved in passion, eases the
way towards achieving subjective wellbeing. Briki (2017)
has argued that people are passionate when they would ex-
perience a sense of control over their activity and keenly
accept other activities due to the psychological intrinsic
needs, resulting in the experience of positive emotions and
wellbeing. When entrepreneurs are passionate with any of
their activities, particularly regarding entrepreneurial ven-
ture, this may fuel motivation, enhance mental activity, and
provide meaning to their everyday work and life. When
the micro-entrepreneurs possess the passion for inventing,
it creates an excitement to solve the unmet market needs,
which can be commercialized. Having such excitement,
motivation for inventing creates a sense of meaningful and
purposeful life for the micro-entrepreneurs even though
having resource limitations.
This study has found that passion for inventing sig-
nificantly influences subjective wellbeing. Passion for in-
venting denotes the state of the entrepreneur to actively
search for new things that will stimulate desire to carry out
the venture. Micro-entrepreneurs in the cottage industry
are always looking forward to maintaining or expand their
business. The motivation and excitement to solve the unmet
market needs by figuring out how to make existing prod-
ucts/services better encourages the micro-entrepreneurs to
achieve hedonic (subjective) wellbeing. In addition, while
the micro-entrepreneurs search for innovative ideas for
products such as handicrafts, households products for cot-
tage industry, the effort offers enjoyment. Such motivation,
excitement, and enjoyment assist the micro-entrepreneurs
to achieve a state of wellbeing. Similarly, this study also
suggests passion for founding significantly influences the
attainment of wellbeing among micro-entrepreneurs in the
cottage industry in a resource constraint setting. Entrepre-
neurs who are passionate for founding demonstrate positive
affect when they involve themselves in venture activities
Figure 1. Results of Structural Model
**p < 0.01, *p < 0.05
57
S. A. Rahman, S. K.Taghizadeh, M. M. D.Alam, & G. M. Khan Journal of Small Business Strategy / Vol. 30, No. 3 (2020) / 47-64
(Breugst et al., 2012). In developing countries where re-
sources are inadequate, micro-entrepreneurs of the cottage
industry are constrained by some limitations, though they
give their best effort to overcome their economic difficul-
ties. However, owning a venture usually excites the mi-
cro-entrepreneurs across any industry because it is a driver
for economic uplift. Further, owning a business gives the
micro-entrepreneurs a sense of control and independence,
which facilitates shaping wellbeing. It is believed that such
confidence and satisfaction over the activities stimulates the
state of wellbeing among micro-entrepreneurs in this cur-
rent setting of research. Further, the study has revealed that
passion for developing has a meaningful relationship with
subjective wellbeing. Passion for developing bares the pos-
itive move of the entrepreneurs to go beyond mere survival
(Cardon et al., 2009). The sense of improving any activi-
ty falls under the premise of wellbeing. In fact, micro-en-
trepreneurs are motivated enough to convince others to be
engaged in his/her own business that also gives a strong in-
dication of wellbeing. Indeed, their wellbeing indicates the
existence of persuasive ability among the micro-entrepre-
neurs in the cottage industry. Therefore, it is quite justifiable
that the passion for developing significantly influences the
wellbeing of the micro-entrepreneurs.
The relationships between the dimensions of entrepre-
neurial passion and entrepreneurial bricolage were tested
before in a Finnish context (a developed country) (Sten-
holm & Renko, 2016). This study validates these previously
tested relationships but in different context and in a more
precise way. However, the results of this study reassure that
entrepreneurial passion strongly influences enacting brico-
lage even in the context of micro-entrepreneurs of a less
developed country as opposed to a developed country. This
study is also in the same line with a recent evidence that
suggest that effects of passion are channeled through en-
trepreneurial behaviors (Murnieks et al., 2016), our results
show that bricolage behaviors of the micro-entrepreneurs
operating in the cottage industry are necessary for passion
to impact on wellbeing of those entrepreneurs. The result
can be comprehended with the assertion made by Vallerand
et al. (2007) who argued that basically passion leads indi-
vidual to engross themselves into the activities, and contin-
ue to do what they are doing in a difficult and constrained
situation. It is a very pragmatic result because due to the
high extent of passion, micro-entrepreneurs in the cottage
industry in Bangladesh are operating their venture even
with limited resources. Cottage industry requires creativity
with passion as they are producing products (e.g. clay made
toys, crockeries, jute made bags, handbags, wallet, toys,
decorations pieces) with the raw materials which are avail-
able at hand such as bamboo, jute, clay. It’s only possible to
create something with limited resources, if the individuals
have strong passion towards work and to create something.
That’s why presumably, micro-entrepreneurs in the cottage
industry kept on producing with the bricoleurs behavior.
Another novel attempt in this study was made to estab-
lish the relationship of entrepreneurial bricolage and sub-
jective wellbeing. Perhaps it is an interesting revelation that
the resilience of creating something with limited resources
can also lead towards attaining wellbeing. The current result
provides evidence that to achieve wellbeing, individuals
should have the capability of creating something even with
constrained resources. According to Easterlin et al. (2010)
happiness of individuals represents the wellbeing that goes
beyond monetary value. Entrepreneurial bricolage, which is
driven by strong entrepreneurial passion leads to the state
of happiness and represents the subjective wellbeing of the
micro-entrepreneurs. Having the sense of confidence on
one’s own ability, facing immediate challenges, and com-
bining existing limited resources paves the way to see life
in a meaningful way, to relate to society, and to contribute
to societal development. Most importantly, this relationship
resonates the concept of the capability approach theory,
where individuals functioning and having happiness were
determined by the capability to do something that will give
those individuals freedom to maneuver their own course of
action.
Perhaps the novel and utilitarian finding to appear from
the current analysis is the mediating role of entrepreneurial
bricolage; between passion for inventing, passion for found-
ing, passion for developing and subjective wellbeing. These
are important findings in a sense that they specify a unique
mechanism through which the effects of entrepreneurial
passion are channeled to the wellbeing. The passionate mi-
cro-entrepreneurs use bricolage to further underpin their en-
trepreneurial identities and end up with social connectivity
with the elements in the society. Once the micro-entrepre-
neurs possess the passion for inventing, founding, and de-
veloping, they will tend to form positive attitudes regarding
the availability of resources. For example, in the rural areas
of Bangladesh, there are a number of poor women who have
a strong passion to create small-scale business ventures re-
lated to cottage industry. They have successfully come out
of poverty and achieved wellbeing despite having limited
resources. Even in India, researchers have found that ru-
ral micro-entrepreneurs have achieved a state of wellbeing
through utilizing existing resources driven by strong entre-
preneurial passion (Ghosh & Bhandari, 2014).
Practical Implications
This study strongly benefits academicians, practi-
58
S. A. Rahman, S. K.Taghizadeh, M. M. D.Alam, & G. M. Khan Journal of Small Business Strategy / Vol. 30, No. 3 (2020) / 47-64
tioners, policy makers, and other entrepreneurial advocates.
Academician may help aspiring students to explore their
self-identities, salient capabilities, which may facilitate
attaining wellbeing. Students in the developing countries
then might be expectant to pursue business ideas that are
more strongly driven by entrepreneurial passion despite
having limited resources. The result of this study is very
much relevant and pivotal for policy makers, especially in
the least developed countries and developing countries. Pol-
icy makers should align their national and social strategies
to develop a setting of entrepreneurial passion among the
unemployed segments of society along with those who are
micro-entrepreneurs. In fact, poverty eradication programs
may consider this result to develop their module and set a
strategic goal and course of action. Furthermore, non-gov-
ernment organizations (NGOs) can garner better awareness
about the role of entrepreneurial passion and provide appro-
priate training to enhance the capabilities of creating some-
thing out of nothing. The findings may contribute to large
private organizations that are enthusiastic to participate in
poverty eradication initiatives. These private organizations
may realize that by offering appropriate resource based sup-
port to the micro-entrepreneurs and thus craft a win–win
situation.
Inherently our study is not without limitations. Meth-
odologically, there are few limitations. Due to the political
unrest in the research setting in Bangladesh, many of the
respondents could not participate in the survey. All the mea-
sures employed in the study were self-report in nature. The
authors have tested the common method bias, which does
not indicate the presence of biasness issues. Still, to reduce
the risks of such influences as common source and method
bias via statistical techniques, future research could employ
alternative designs, such as gathering data from multiple
sources. The research is based on micro-entrepreneurs in-
volved in cottage industry and the sample is drawn from the
base of the economic pyramid segment. This can be over-
come by widening the scope of the research by using a larg-
er and more diverse population sample, including responses
from small-medium entrepreneurs and micro-entrepreneurs
based in different industries, such as agriculture, and light-
weight engineering.
Conclusion
Through this study, the authors have highlighted mech-
anisms of passion, bricolage, and wellbeing. Passionate en-
trepreneurial bricoleurs tend achieve wellbeing and chart a
way out of poverty. This study in fact is one of the first to
establish that creating something out of few things can lead
to achieving wellbeing. The study reveals that the micro-en-
trepreneurs have strong passion to carry out business ven-
tures even with the limited resources and they can change
their future and eventually, lead a life of wellbeing.
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S. A. Rahman, S. K.Taghizadeh, M. M. D.Alam, & G. M. Khan Journal of Small Business Strategy / Vol. 30, No. 3 (2020) / 47-64
Appendix A
Procedural Remedies
• Respondents were assured anonymity and privacy
• Respondents were told that there was no right or wrong answers
• Fun facts were introduced for separating of the theories as procedural remedies (see below table)
Fun facts Remark
Do you know that there are 649 hairs in your eye-brow? Placed after demographic section in the questionnaire.
Do you know that you can move a tanker with your one
finger if you take one apple each day?
Placed between the measurement items of Entrepreneurial
Passion for Inventing and Entrepreneurial Passion for Foun-
ding
Do you know that crocodile sweats when they are under
water?
Placed after the measurement items of Entrepreneurial Pas-
sion for Developing
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Appendix B
T-Test
Group Statistics
Late_Early N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
eb Early respondents 120 3.5574 .69903 .06381
Late respondents 133 3.5472 .71795 .06225
wb Early respondents 120 3.9524 .47084 .04298
Late respondents 133 3.9356 .46240 .04009
epi Early respondents 120 3.6850 .53870 .04918
Late respondents 133 3.6662 .56768 .04922
epf Early respondents 120 3.6850 .56608 .05168
Late respondents 133 3.6767 .54978 .04767
epd Early respondents 120 3.9317 .61930 .05653
Late respondents 133 3.9714 .66248 .05744
Independent Samples Test
Levene’s Test
for Equality
of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig.
(2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
eb Equal Variances
Assumed
.021 .885 .114 251 .909 .01021 .08927 -.16561 .18602
Equal Variances
Not Assumed
.114 249.536 .909 .01021 .08915 -.16537 .18579
wb Equal Variances
Assumed
.027 .870 .287 251 .775 .01683 .05872 -.09883 .13248
Equal Variances
Not Assumed
.286 247.357 .775 .01683 .05878 -.09894 .13260
epi Equal Variances
Assumed
.230 .632 .270 251 .787 .01883 .06977 -.11857 .15624
Equal Variances
Not Assumed
.271 250.352 .787 .01883 .06958 -.11820 .15587
epf Equal Variances
Assumed
.301 .584 .118 251 .906 .00831 .07020 -.12995 .14657
Equal Variances
Not Assumed
.118 246.673 .906 .00831 .07031 -.13017 .14679
epd Equal Variances
Assumed
.730 .394 -.492 251 .623 -.03976 .08088 -.19905 .11952
Equal Variances
Not Assumed
-.493 250.677 .622 -.03976 .08060 -.19850 .11897
64
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Appendix C
Cross-Loadings
Item\Construct EB EPI EPF EPD SWB
eb1 0.684 0.420 0.532 0.542 0.491
eb2 0.738 0.450 0.488 0.485 0.500
eb3 0.840 0.659 0.512 0.673 0.471
eb4 0.640 0.541 0.401 0.445 0.329
eb5 0.870 0.525 0.430 0.555 0.541
eb6 0.838 0.565 0.413 0.516 0.720
eb7 0.765 0.512 0.374 0.559 0.488
eb8 0.871 0.755 0.395 0.543 0.490
epi1 0.599 0.856 0.167 0.472 0.210
epi2 0.616 0.780 0.269 0.393 0.359
epi3 0.522 0.732 0.397 0.394 0.164
epi4 0.615 0.818 0.290 0.392 0.238
epi5 0.466 0.719 0.282 0.427 0.173
epf1 0.516 0.264 0.916 0.391 0.362
epf2 0.405 0.303 0.820 0.377 0.339
epf3 0.449 0.277 0.752 0.373 0.243
epf4 0.521 0.334 0.832 0.428 0.309
epd1 0.449 0.336 0.472 0.719 0.108
epd2 0.633 0.473 0.470 0.878 0.437
epd3 0.596 0.586 0.339 0.799 0.136
epd4 0.649 0.424 0.510 0.912 0.414
wb1 0.366 0.105 0.032 0.106 0.704
wb3 0.566 0.282 0.319 0.430 0.784
wb5 0.514 0.226 0.295 0.114 0.861
wb7 0.461 0.283 0.494 0.395 0.620
Note: EB = Entrepreneurial Bricolage,
EPI = Entrepreneurial passion for Inventing,
EPF = Entrepreneurial passion for Founding,
EPD = Entrepreneurial passion for Developing,
WB = Subjective Wellbeing