Journal of Social Political Sciences JSPS Vol. 2, No. 1, Feb, 2021 ISSN: 2715-7539 (Online) 30 PRACTICE OF RACISM IN SOUTH AFRICA POST-APARTHEID Suhanto1, Riesa Zhouneil2 1 Department of International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Science Universitas Nasional, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2 Department of International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Science Universitas Nasional, Jakarta, Indonesia, 1 Email: suhanto@civitas.unas.ac.id 2 Email: riesa.zhounell@civitas.unas.ac.id Abstract: This paper aims to describe: First, the background of the rise of apartheid politics in South Africa. Second, the implementation of apartheid politics in South Africa in 2016- 2019. Third, the reaction to the implementation of apartheid politics in South Africa in 2016- 2019 and fourth, South Africa after the apartheid period. These four descriptions are to answer the main problem of the occurrence of racist practices in post-apartheid South Africa. The research method uses qualitative with international relations science approach. This research is a descriptive-analytic study, a research that uses a pattern of describing the state of empirical facts with descriptive arguments that are relevant. Then, the results of the description are followed by analysis to draw analytic conclusions. To identify and discuss this problem, the author uses the concept of national identity and racist theory and ethnicity theory. The results of this study indicate that: First, the emergence of apartheid politics in South Africa, was motivated by three things namely historical background, racial background of white supremacy and economic background. Second, the implementation of apartheid politics in South Africa in 2016-2019 was systematically institutionalized and contained in discriminatory laws and applied in various aspects of life, especially in the social, political and economic fields. Third, the reaction to the implementation of apartheid politics in South Africa in 2016-2019 came from within the country and abroad. Fourth, the situation in South Africa after apartheid is the emergence of Xenophobia and its impact on the economic, social and political fields. The practice of racism in South Africa still exists where they still consider racial and skin differences to be very strong and whites still feel they are superior to blacks. This has caused South Africa to be underdeveloped in the economic, political and social fields. Keyword : South Africa, Apartheid, Racism, Xenophobia Submission : Nov, 20th 2020 Revision : Jan 30th 2021 Publication : Feb 28th 2021 Journal of Social Political Sciences JSPS Vol. 2, No. 1, Feb, 2021 ISSN: 2715-7539 (Online) 30 INTRODUCTION Apartheid in the Afrikans word means "separation". Starting from the colonialism era in the early 1900s and even when South Africa declared its independence, racial segregation still occurred in South Africa. That said, Apartheid took place during the 20th century in South Africa. Apartheid distinguishes rights and obligations in social, political and economic life in South Africa by dividing society according to race; black, white, mixed, and Indian. At the beginning of the emergence of Apartheid ideology in South Africa in 1948, this was supported by the South African National Party (NP). In this paper, actually the separation of development which is differentiated based on racial factors aims to ensure that each race has independence and freedom of expression (in terms of culture), but this is not the case. Apartheid enacted laws that forced various racial groups to live and develop separately, but not equally. Apartheid stopped all intermarriage and social integration between races. In fact, making friends between the races can raise suspicion. Even worse, Apartheid actually harmed the majority of the black population because their skin color (race) was not the same as the races of those in power, namely whites. Opponents of the Land Law formed the "South African National Native Congress", which is now known as the African National Congress (ANC). The ANC was formed in 1912 by leaders and representatives of community and church organizations and community leaders in Bloemfontein to defend their rights and freedoms. This has been triggered since the discovery of diamonds and gold in South Africa. The founders of the ANC agreed that since then the government made regulations and taxes that are deliberately designed to get people to leave their land, especially the Land Law which prohibits Africans from buying, renting and using land, except in remote areas. (Engler, Mark. 2003) The trigger for a racist ideology like Apartheid is racial superiority and fear of other races. The phenomenon of racism that occurs around the world is rooted in a race that feels superior or better than other races. This happens to all races around the world. Furthermore, "fear" became the main reason why Apartheid occurred in South Africa. As a minority group, the white race is afraid of losing their jobs, culture and language. This is an explanation of the way the white race at that time. (Crompton, Samuel. 2007) The abolition of Apartheid in 1994 led to the development of a new, inclusive national identity and the strengthening of state-boundary immigration policies. Despite South Africa's protective approach to immigration, the downsizing and closure of mines, and rising unemployment, migrants from across the continent believe the country has good job opportunities. The liberation of South Africa from racist tyranny and national reconciliation that followed was the result of the struggle of the South African people and international action assisted by organizations such as the United Nations for nearly half a century. While the racist minority Journal of Social Political Sciences JSPS Vol. 2, No. 1, Feb, 2021 ISSN: 2715-7539 (Online) 31 regime was replaced by a non-racial democratic Government, and racist laws were abolished outright, the task of eliminating the residue of Apartheid and its effects was left to the new government. (Savitri, Imar. 2013) METHOD In compiling this research, supporting and complementary data is needed which is an attempt to answer what, who, where and when. So it can be said is an attempt to report what happened. To be able to answer that, it is necessary to apply a methodology, namely the procedures used in describing, explaining and predicting phenomena, and how knowledge about the phenomenon of international relations is obtained. The research approach used by the author is a qualitative approach, because problems related to humans are fundamentally dependent on observation. (Mas’oed, Mochtar. 1990) According to Bogdan and Taylor (in Moleong) defines qualitative methodology as a research procedure that produces descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words from people and observable behavior. Thus this approach is directed at the setting and the individual holistically (intact). (Moleong, 2006) This research is descriptive-analytic, this research uses a pattern of depicting empirical facts accompanied by descriptively relevant arguments. Then, the results of the description are followed by analysis to draw analytical conclusions. The background to the practice of racism that occurred in South Africa began with the entry of European merchant ships, then the invasion of the British state which made South Africa a colony which later became the beginning of the emergence of Apartheid. The author links Apartheid with white supremacist theory. The end of Apartheid and the social and political conditions after Apartheid in South Africa were explained by using the national identity theory and ethnicity theory used in this study. Data analysis technique is a technique used to draw conclusions from the data used is a deductive technique, namely analyzing general things into specific ones. This analysis aims to describe the things that exist, so that the results of the research the data obtained can provide support for the theory used. This analysis technique can also be referred to as analytical descriptive technique. (Miles, Matthew. 1992) RESULT AND DISCUSSION In Post-Apartheid, the people of South Africa (especially black people) faced difficult times as a result of Apartheid politics which had oppressed and exploited them for years. Therefore, the government after Apartheid has a heavy duty to create a situation that allows all groups, whether white or black, to develop themselves in various areas of life so that they can live properly. (Nell, I. 2009) In recent years attacks of Xenophobia have been on the rise, becoming an area of significant concern especially in the growing influx of foreigners in South Africa. Several elements are responsible for the Xenophobic attacks witnessed in South Africa over the past few years, Journal of Social Political Sciences JSPS Vol. 2, No. 1, Feb, 2021 ISSN: 2715-7539 (Online) 32 notably the widespread attack in 2008 carried out by several South Africans against African immigrants and local residents. (Nel, J. 2005) The specific nature of such attacks, mostly aimed at foreigners, has an impact on community security and highlights the extent and nature of violence in South Africa as a whole. Considering the fact that South Africa managed to emerge from decades of racial exclusion in the Apartheid regime to equality and democratic recognition, it raises many questions why Xenophobia should occur now in South Africa? Is that just a manifestation of racism? Is it because Xenophobia is common in societies undergoing transition? Is it because of the liberal nature of South African foreign policy? Is it only part of the historical dynamics of contemporary development? Is this the result of cultural differences and inequalities in society? What, in fact, is the cause and effect and which is the best route for this problem? Xenophobia is a crime against humanity that involves aspects such as dislike, fear, mistrust or intolerance of strangers, which are often expressed in the form of hostility towards outsiders. Xenophobia is classified as a 'hate crime', defined as the extreme expression of prejudice through criminal acts committed against people, property, or even organizations, either because of the group they belong to or with whom they belong. recognize. This violent anti-foreigner practice is a worldwide problem, in large part due to the rapid globalization of societies, which is driving the migration of people, especially from developing and less developed countries in search of greener pastures. (Hendricks, C. 2017) The emergence of South Africa on top of decades of racial segregation and the transition to democracy is hailed and seen as the start of a new era and accompanied by high hopes. However, this transition is fraught with ambiguity, especially as the country is embroiled in a number of difficult issues that require urgent attention. Since becoming a democratic society, South Africa has been exposed to global developments, thus opening its doors and especially its economic sector to the world, and in turn paving the way for an influx of foreigners in search of work, trade opportunities, shelter (in the case of refugees), time leisure and education (visitors / tourists and students) etc. This influx of migrants was accompanied by Xenophobic sentiment and hatred, practiced not only by the public, but also by government officials. In light of South Africa's political, economic and social transformations and changes, its constitutional framework was adopted based on the principles of human rights, the achievement of equality and social justice, tolerance and non-discrimination, what remains clear is the fact that racial-based discrimination still prevails. These factors and others continue to present challenges facing South Africa today. However, visualizing some of the challenges through the lens of Xenophobic attitude, can be classified as socio-economic and political problems, resulting more specifically from the lack of service provision by government officials, among other reasons. (Obademi, O. E. 2016) This problem is addressing the social and economic problems resulting from the Apartheid atrocities. The following is a description of the situation of racism in post-apartheid South Africa, especially in the economic, political and social fields of South Africa. Journal of Social Political Sciences JSPS Vol. 2, No. 1, Feb, 2021 ISSN: 2715-7539 (Online) 33 In Economic Field The most obvious motives put forward for the socio-economic causes of Xenophobia are unemployment, poverty and inadequacy or lack of service delivery which are largely politically linked. Unemployment is a social problem related to the situation of not having a job. Poverty is a universal phenomenon and a culture-bound concept with various definitions. In addition, poverty connotes the occurrence of people living in deprivation due to insufficient income or lack of access to basic human needs such as food, clean water, sanitation, health, shelter, education and information. However, despite the high unemployment rate in South Africa, the influx of foreigners has continued to increase; among them are legal and illegal immigrants and refugees fleeing war or instability in their own countries and in search of a better life. For example, many African countries are currently faced with socio-economic and political problems such as in neighboring Zimbabwe. This has resulted in many Zimbabweans and other Africans coming to South Africa in search of refuge and greener pastures, adding to the current pressure on already limited resources. (Matsinhe, D. 2011) The mere fact of unemployment breeds poverty, which explains the dissatisfaction of the local population and their classification, and hostility to, foreigners as job thieves. They complain about degree holders roaming the streets without jobs because companies have given jobs to foreigners. Regarding the social and economic factors of Xenophobia, using the 'scapegoat' theory in which it is explained that feelings of dissatisfaction and frustration due to deprivation and poverty are linked to lack of resources and jobs, causing anger among the local population. Filled with this anger and frustration, the locals, who make up the majority of the population, tend to seek targets to blame. In this case, foreigners who were truly a minority of the population became the scapegoats who were the targets of the fighting. This is especially so in light of the fact that they are perceived as a threat and as part of the cause of the hardships of the local population and their dangerous economic situation. Coupled with the unemployment and poverty factors are also aspects of service delivery which, although it is a socio-economic cause, mostly come from the political sector. (Burns, J. 2016) In Political Field The acute situation of Xenophobia in South Africa, especially with regard to the provision of insufficient services, is completely the responsibility of the Government. While it is true that the needs of all can never be met, the Government, although not directly blamed, has contributed to attacks on foreign nationals. This is because hostility as described by the Human Science Research Council (HSRC) is an expression of citizen frustration over the slow pace of service delivery, consultation, housing and administration in particular, as well as the corruption and humiliation of government officials, especially in the Police and at the Ministry of Home Affairs. (Reilly, J. 2001) The inefficient service delivery system that has sparked socio-economic conflict in South Africa has demonstrated the inability of the Government to faithfully serve the people. In light of this, Journal of Social Political Sciences JSPS Vol. 2, No. 1, Feb, 2021 ISSN: 2715-7539 (Online) 34 the Government is also blamed for Xenophobic attacks. Whereas, most of the South African Government departments tend to spend a small amount of the year budget which is allocated to them for the purpose of serving communities and bringing development to various communities. The Joint Parliamentary Budget Committee reported that eight government departments including 'Internal Affairs, Health and Transport' failed to provide the information requested by the Committee in a timely manner. In terms of budget allocations, charges were filed against the national government department for not spending its capital expenditures. (Neocosmos, M. 2018) According to the Report, in the third quarter of the 2007/2008 financial year, eighteen departments had spent less than fifty percent and four less than twenty percent of the allocated resources. With the inability to manage financial allocations effectively by government departments, the Government is also blamed for not taking seriously matters relating to job creation and economic development. Other causes include structural or institutional discrimination, the Ministry of Home Affairs' weakness to grant refugee status to asylum seekers, the presentation of illegal immigrants, and South African border issues. In this regard, questions arise about the attitude of the South African Government towards foreign nationals, especially the way these foreigners are handled by the Ministry of Home Affairs regarding their legal status. This involved the very slow processing of foreigners' applications for legal status where, in the end, the majority were denied refugee status. The delay by the Ministry of Home Affairs has resulted in the unjustified arrest and detention of immigration refugees. Moreover, in line with the political factors causing the ill-treatment of foreign nationals by South African societies is the strong disparity between the Government and civil society. (Matzopoulus, R. 2019) Typically, the South African Immigration Act 2002 explicitly demonstrates the performance of immigration control within the highest applicable standards of human rights protection; As such, its integration policy mandates the Government and civil society to work together to reduce Xenophobia and ensure the implementation of proper immigration procedures. However, this did not happen because the relationship between the Government and civil society had created an atmosphere of dissent and rebellion. The reason for this split is the unsatisfactory manner in which the Ministry of Home Affairs and other government offices are responding to immigration issues, leading the public to believe they must take matters into their own hands against migrants. In addition, the majority of the South African population is not informed of the status of various migrants and a common misconception is that all immigrants come to South Africa with the aim of benefiting from the country's comparative democratic and economic nature and political stability. (McKnight, J. 2017) Looking at the political causes of Xenophobia at the time, the main political question that arose was: "Why are foreigners always the first target of the working class in times of economic Journal of Social Political Sciences JSPS Vol. 2, No. 1, Feb, 2021 ISSN: 2715-7539 (Online) 35 upheaval?". Based on the mood of the working class, refugees are generally used as a political pendulum by the Government. This is because they are hardworking and the Government is usually patient with foreigners when the country's economy develops. However, when the economy is in decline, refugees are the easiest targets to blame. The political rationale for Xenophobia is thus correlated with factors: the country's failure to achieve human development together with poor services and deteriorating infrastructure and continued poverty all give meaning to Xenophobic attacks and the violence that accompanies them. This bottom line of all Xenophobic practices in South Africa by local residents and other communities has had serious implications for the country as a whole. These implications follow the line of socio-economic impacts and consequences. In Social Field The conflict that occurred between indigenous groups and immigrants where there has been a separation since the national ruling in South Africa. For example, conflicts that occurred, such as the separation of settlements and the facilities and facilities received by natives and immigrants. After Apartheid politics there are still social problems that arise in South Africa. This is a very basic security problem as seen from the very high social crime rate. There is a social gap, such as in education that occurs in society, this occurs due to Apartheid politics, black people do not get proper education than whites. In every social group there are always seeds of conflict between individuals and individuals, groups and groups, individuals or groups and the government. This conflict is usually non- physical. But it can develop into a physical impact, violence and is not violent. Likewise with the conflict that occurred in South Africa. the conflict occurs for a variety of different causes. Conflicts between social classes, namely conflicts that occur between different social classes, such as between the rich and the poor and others. (Biekpe, N. 2018) Based on the conceptual point of view of the causes of conflict, conflicts that occur in South Africa are caused by differences between members of society, both physically and mentally, or differences in abilities, convictions and feelings, which cause conflicts or clashes between them. Differences in social status: such as the gap between the rich and the poor, the old generation and the younger generation and the like. The conflict is also rooted in the domination relationship itself which basically already contains structural violence, because it is not an equal relationship, but is characterized by the dominant superiority of one party and dependence on the other. If this domination then results in direct repression by powerful parties in the social sphere, or too large differences in control of assets and economic income, then sooner or later resistance will emerge from those experiencing depression or dependence. Following then a conflict between the party in control and the party who feels controlled, which if it escalates, can develop into violence. (Peberdy, S. 2009) The success of immigrants in mastering various sectors of life both economically, education is said to be a "triggering social jealousy" factor. In the current context, the seeds of conflict that Journal of Social Political Sciences JSPS Vol. 2, No. 1, Feb, 2021 ISSN: 2715-7539 (Online) 36 have begun to grow in indigenous communities against the immigrants tend to point to the social disparities between the two, so that from this gap it creates jealousy. Of course, this is a "trigger axis" for conflicts that can erupt at any time. If you look back, in the case of the conflict in South Africa that has occurred so far, although many say that the cause is the issue of clashes between indigenous people and immigrants, this is then used as the reason that social jealousy is still attached to the community. (Adjai, Carol. 2010) Conflict is a social symptom that always exists in social life, so that conflict is inherent, which means that conflict will always exist in every space and time, anywhere and anytime. In this view, society is an arena of conflict or an arena of ongoing conflict and integration. Therefore, conflict is a symptom that always fills every social life. The things that encourage conflict and integration are the similarities and differences in social interests. In every social life there is not a single human being who has exactly the same thing, whether from the elements of ethnicity, interests, will, will, goals and so on. DISCUSSION Apartheid politics is a politics in South Africa that legalizes racism against the black race by the white race. Apartheid politics occurred in Francois Malan's regime which he passed through law. This in turn led to restrictions and barriers to the rights of the black race. The black race was treated badly at that time. Apartheid politics caused many bad consequences for the black race, such as the expulsion of the black race on a large scale from their homes and relocation in residential segregation. The black race did not just stand by. They fought many forms of resistance to try to fight for the rights of blacks and to eradicate Apartheid politics. Apartheid politics experienced by the black majority in South Africa can be used as an experience for all of us to learn to love differences, recognize universal human rights and pluralism because all people are born free and equal in dignity and rights. Therefore, distinguishing humans based on color, race or ethnicity is a rejection of this equation and also a form of injustice. As human beings with dignity, we are obliged to fight against racial discrimination based on skin color, against all forms of racial control, injustice and inhuman domination in order to uphold justice, freedom and equality. CONCLUSION The background for the emergence of Apartheid politics in South Africa consists of three things, namely historical background, religious background and economic background. The historical background that led to the emergence of Apartheid politics, has to do with the history of Dutch (Boer / Afrikaner) settlement in South Africa. The Boers who settled in South Africa were the first settlers to break away from their homeland and consider South Africa their only homeland. They have the ambition to maintain the existence and supremacy of white people, so that their position as a minority group is not eliminated by the majority. Journal of Social Political Sciences JSPS Vol. 2, No. 1, Feb, 2021 ISSN: 2715-7539 (Online) 37 Religious background, due to the assumption that white people are God's chosen people and that black people are a race of very low value. This assumption was used by those who were pro Apartheid, and supported by the Dutch Reformed Church to legalize the Apartheid ideology through false theological views. Economic background, because the white government wanted to control the wealth of natural resources in South Africa by exploiting the economy both for natural and human resources. Apartheid politics in South Africa in 1948-1990 was applied to various aspects of the life of the South African people, especially in the social, economic, political and educational fields. Apartheid application in these fields is carried out by stipulating various kinds of racial regulations which are systematically institutionalized and set forth in discriminatory laws. The situation in South Africa after Apartheid. In the political field, there are ethnic clashes between black people, especially between the African National Congress (ANC) led by Nelson Mandela and the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) led by Mangosuthu Buthelezi. In the economic field, the people of South Africa live in poverty. In the social sphere, unemployment and crime have increased, illiteracy has increased, and most of the South African population has contracted AIDS. The South African government under the leadership of Nelson Mandela seeks to overcome the legacy of Apartheid by seeking improvements or changes in the political, social and economic fields, as evidenced by granting political rights, seeking protection of workers' rights through social insurance, providing social assistance free to Apartheid victims and trying to deal with socio-economic problems by forming an institution called the Reconstruction and Development Program and forming a humanitarian commission called the Truth and Reconciliation Committee led by Bishop Mpilo Desmond Tutu . The aim is to resolve political, social and ethnic conflicts through national reconciliation demonstrated by a process of forgiveness, advancing towards the development of a new, democratic, just, modern, united and harmonious South Africa which is then followed up with rehabilitation efforts for the victims. Thus, through national reconciliation and rehabilitation, inter-racial relations are restored and united to build a democratic South Africa without distinction of color. National reconciliation is enforced, because the victory of democracy is not an arena for revenge for white citizens. National reconciliation means that both white and black people should live side by side peacefully, have the same rights and obligations as full citizens of South Africa, thereby creating a situation that can support the achievement of peace in South Africa and become members of an increasingly global citizen. civilized. The racial conflict in South Africa then also attracted international attention. The practice of racism in South Africa still exists today where they still consider racial and skin differences to be very strong and whites still feel they are superior to blacks. This has caused South Africa to be underdeveloped in the economic, political and social fields. Black people seemed to be other Journal of Social Political Sciences JSPS Vol. 2, No. 1, Feb, 2021 ISSN: 2715-7539 (Online) 38 people in their country, people of color seemed to be unwelcome guests. In addition, all workers other than white workers seem to be migrant workers in their own country. The reason for the persistence of racism in South Africa is that the upholding of white supremacy is based on three factors: the need for cheap labor, the desire for social control, and the fear of rebellion. 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