76 EQUALITY OF WOMEN IN RURAL HOUSEHOLD AT DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL GEOGRAPHY Hastuti7 Abstract ` The research aimed to understanding the equality of women in rural households with environmental differences geography. Research location is in Brayut and Kaliadem, village with environmental differences geograhpy. Data were collected by structured interview structured interview data were analyzed descriptively quantitatively by using frequency tables, and descriptive qualitative data analysis in-depth interviews.The results showed, Brayut has a geography conducive environment characteristics, relatively flat, dominated wetland, better accessibility, land use competition tighter and more varied economic activities. Kaliadem geography has less conducive environment, dominated by dry land scattered with steep to very steep slope, accessibility is not good, the whole household livelihood from agriculture, livestock, and utilize the resources around. On the whole household outpouring of women's time for household activities more. Kaliadem outpouring husband's time to work on the most wealthy households and the outpouring of the time most women to work in poorer households. Household decision-making activities both hamlets compared dominant role of women over the role of men. Decision-making on agriculture and livestock in the men's role more prominent Brayut compared women, and in Kaliadem women and men have a balanced role. Investment activity is more prominent in Brayut. The involvement of women in public life does not necessarily affect the role of women in decision making and domestic public domain unless decisions on household activities. Keywords: Environment geografi- Equality of Women 7 Faculty Social Sciences, Yogyakarta State University. Email:hastuti@uny.ac.id IJSS.Vol.12, No.2, September 2016 77 Introduction Injustice is still a problem until now, as the central issue in almost every nation in the world. Injustice is also experienced by women as marginalized by the dominance of the male gender. Distinction as socio-cultural construction products in each community varied, depending on the geography and history of the community of residence (Semple, 1999). Kultur patriarchal society, men as holder of power, women are placed in a weak structure as the position of women in the Marriage Act applies to most people in Indonesia (Kelompok 7, 2003). Women in households put up doing domestic work and men as breadwinners do public work. Patriarchal society culture prevailing in the Java community to familiarize women in the domestic sphere and men in the public sphere (LSPPA, 2009). Women doing housework regularly by seizing most of the time and energy of women (Brines J, 2004). Household chores can be done by any member of the household including without differences in men and women. Women who participate earn a living remain the primary responsibility of domestic work, the participation of men to do housework is still small (Dowell, L dan Massey, D, 2008). Patriarchal culture as one of the causes of injustice in the division of labor and power between men with the women that occurred in the Java community. This division of labor produces economic dependence of women on men so that women become self-sufficient (Abdullah, 2011). Variations in patterns of division of labor between the regions as well as historical factors also caused differences in geographic environment. Human history in order to meet their needs based separation of responsibilities between men with women is a form of human relationship with the environment. The division of labor developed through the years. The social environment and the physical environment have contributed in determining the division of labor and power in addition to the structure of relationships between men and women (Dowell and Massey, 2008). Research to uncover about the division of labor and the role of women in rural households with study sites in rural areas because of its people's daily lives relatively closely to the natural environment (natural landscape) and contamination with the outside world is limited. The study area is rural Javanese culture is still dominated by the influence of Islam, manifested in everyday life, including the division of labor between the role of women in rural households. The focus of the research is as follows. a. The pattern of women equality of rural households in the environmental geography differences. b. The role of women in decision-making on the domestic and public activities. The research objective is. a. Analyze the women equality in rural household between the environmental geography differences. b. Assessing the role of women in decision- making in rural households Review of Literature a. Human Geography Scope Chapman (1999) human beings to make decisions taking into account local geography condition called spatial (physical and human environment) an important part in spatial dimensions (spatial dimension) Hastuti: Equality of Women in Rural Household... 78 (Kitchin dan Tate, 2011). Chapman concept when synthesized with a view Semple, meaning geography environment includes three components, namely physiographic, humanity and accessibility. Physiographic components on the field at the local level include the local climate, landforms (landform), and hydrology. Humanitarian component includes residents, social institutions, and socio-cultural system. The spatial component by Chapman identified as distance (distance) deep serve as a further explanation of the accessibility. At the local level, detailed physiographic may be mentioned, among others, includes soil, climate, topography, mineral resources, rocks, sand, and other minerals, the availability of water, flora, and fauna. Humanitarian component includes the amount, structure, and quality of the population, social structure, social institutions, economic institutions, social activities, economic activities, as well as social and cultural systems, including religion, customs, and beliefs. The spatial component by Chapman identified as distance (distance), dimaknakan as accessibility. b.Household Division of Labor in Rural Areas. Gender is defined as the differences between women with men of values and behaviors. The concept underlying the differentiation of male and female as a biological construction grouped under the concept of nature in the socio-cultural construction as the concept of nurture. Roles and responsibilities of men and women there that can be exchanged there that can not be exchanged fornaturally as conditions remain as menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding are not interchangeable. Mangkuprawiro (2004), the division of time in the household, namely: to make a living or to help earn a living; managing the household, namely cooking, cleaning the house, preparing food, care for children, washing household utensils and clothing; social activities in the community; educational activities; personal and leisure time activities are held. According Oppong (1991), there are seven women's roles in the household are distinguished in the area of reproduction, production and social is the duty as parents, duties as breadwinners, duty as a wife, domestic tasks, tasks kinship, duty as a member of society and individuals.Women in the Java community is defined as a wife and mother (Baret in Hanum, 2003). This role can be used to justify a reduction in the freedom of women to move outside the home such as activities in the community and even participate for a living. The role of women in the social power is a function of the ability of women acquire strategic resources in the household and society (cf. Stoler, 1987). The ability to access and control over resources more freely in the social layer with the acquisition of capital in the form of material and immaterial, education, skills, experience, economic, social. Dowell and Massey (2008), geography environmental factors such as economic resources have a strong connection to his wife's role in the household. Accessibility to the workplace is an important factor associated with working wives ability to earn income. Customs and traditions is a cultural value system of a community does not immediately change to reflect the new cultural value system. There is a link between the role of a wife with a job that provides income. IJSS.Vol.12, No.2, September 2016 79 Approach and How to Research a. Approach The earth is not homogenous, found environmental factors of geography as a differentiator of the phenomenon. Factors in the study of the space can be absolute, relative, and cognitively. The concept of space in geography divided by the analysis of differentiation area to show the difference variation of the phenomenon. On the basis of the concept of human relationships and the environment, the main focus of this research is the differentiating factor of human behavior with geographic environment. The study emphasizes the importance of human differences in living quarters that will form different patterns of behavior "how man lives and how he makes living". Therefore, based on field observations, research areas represent two different geographic environments, ie wetlands land areas and drylands land area. The differences are assumed to be reinforced with different accessibility. Accessibility is an important concept in geography srtudi more than just distance. The same distance can have different accessibility due to differences in the availability and quality of the means of connecting. Accessibility provide facilities and opportunities in social economic life of the person, including openness to information or ideas from the outside. Environmental geography in this study provides a setting at the meso level. The assumptions built at the meso level tested through spatial analysis at the micro level. The focus of research at the micro level determine the division of labor and decision-making husband and wife domestic sphere and the public sphere, covering the aspects of domesticity, social, economic and productive. Moreover areal differentiation, at the micro level is also analyzed the factors detailed variations in social economic characteristics of husband and wife. An underlying assumption that the different characteristics of the social economy will form a pattern of division of labor and roles in decision-making. b. How to Research Selected Hamlet Brayut, Donoharjo village, sub-district Ngaglik and village Kaliadem, Glagaharjo village, Cangkringan. The study population throughout amount 45 women in Brayut, amount 30 women Kaliadem. The research data in the form of primary data and secondary data. The primary data of demography, division of labor, and the role of husband and wife in the decision. Secondary data were also obtained from relevant agencies. Quantitative and qualitative data collection with the understanding no distinction shall be made exclusively (see: Brannen, 2002; Bungin, 2003; and Moleong, 2005). The first phase of data collection using interview guide to the entire population. The research approach geography environment. Differences in geography environmental implications on different activities will generate revenue followed the variation of work later led to differences in the division of labor and roles in decision- making.Spatial analysis is the analysis by comparing or explaining certain aspects of two or more different locations condition. In this study took two different geographic environments emphasizing the importance of human habitation of space difference in shaping differences in activity patterns and behavioral 'how man lives and how he makes living ". Another consideration is the ease and Hastuti: Equality of Women in Rural Household... 80 accessibility that provides economic development opportunities of human social life and openness to information and ideas from the outside. Data analysis is quantitative descriptive subject to analyze primary data and secondary data related to demographic variables included age, occupation, education, land tenure, income, and utilization of transportation facilities, communications, health. Analysis of qualitative descriptions to explain matters related phenomena research of in-depth interviews than antarstrata conditions in each hamlet. Analysis of qualitative data from interviews conducted in the field until investigators poured in narrative form. Analysis of qualitative data according to Miles and Huberman (2003) carried out with data reduction, presentation and verification. Environmental Geography in Relation to The Social Economy The main physiographic geography environment and accessibility have a direct impact on the social economic activities of the population. Geography environment, accessibility, social and economic conditions of the study area there is a difference between Brayut and Kaliadem. Differences in economic conditions of the social views of the income per capita of population. Revenue per capita per year at much higher Brayut compared Kaliadem. Brayut with geography and relative accessibility of the environment as well as provide opportunities conducive social economic activities vary. Varied activities affect the expansion of revenue sources. Diversifying income sources to give a real contribution to household income associated with per capita income, as happened in Brayut. Revenue per capita per year in Brayut reached 4.39 million. Kaliadem with geography environment and accessibility that is less good and less conducive to productive economic activities become an obstacle populated source of revenue income. Sources of income are limited in resource utilization around the makeshift activities so that income earned less than adequate. Constraints that affect household income in Kaliadem inadequate by the very low income per capita per year is only 1.03 million. Average income per capita per year in Brayut much higher reaches more than four times the revenue per capita per year in Kaliadem. Associated with the physiographic conditions as the environmental aspects of geography, geography environment conducive for farming activities (crops and livestock) can be seen in Brayut. Brayut had a mean crop farming income reached 1.12 million per year. Kaliadem as a hamlet with geography environment less conducive for farming activities had a mean crop farming income is only 0.28 million per year. Production of crop farming in higher Brayut compared in Kaliadem. Geography conducive environment more development opportunities outside of farming activities. Household income derived from activities outside the farm in the hamlet with geography environment conducive significantly higher compared hamlet with geography environment less conducive. Average earnings beyond farming in Brayut reached 14.7 million per year, in Kaliadem average farm earnings beyond just 2.16 million per year. It was as a result of environmental geography of the aspects of accessibility as an important aspect for the population to be able to perform activities of social economy. Opportunities economically IJSS.Vol.12, No.2, September 2016 81 active population is more varied social heavily dependent on the accessibility of the area. Brayut have better accessibility compared Kaliadem. Brayut opportunities in economic activity outside farming and farming activities more open and varied compared in Kaliadem. Social economic conditions observed on the percentage of poor households, in Brayut only 11.6 percent, reaching 27.3 percent in Kaliadem. However, seen from household income, poor households in the higher Kaliadem compared in Brayut. Besides, the average income of poor households is very small income inequality in Brayut very real. In Kaliadem household income distribution is relatively more evenly. It is a common phenomenon in rural areas with different geographic environments including differences in social economic means both hamlets. Brayut gain in education and health facilities by the number and quality of infrastructure and facilities more with better conditions. In Kaliadem there are obstacles to reach educational and healthcare facilities with the amount and quality of the facilities is more limited. Equality of Women Domestic The equality of women in the household to see the outpouring of time to do the work according to the proportions, types and kinds of work. Equality of women is strongly influenced by the prevailing value system in society, that domestic work is considered to be the main task of the women, if the men doing housework just help. Women time to household activities is longer than the men with the characteristics of the division of labor and the pattern is almost the same in the two villages. Geography environment less effect on the marital division of labor in household activities. Differences marital division of labor due to their value system in society. In Brayut outpouring men’s time for agricultural activities more compared outpouring women time. Marital division of labor for agricultural activities is almost the same among poor households, moderately priced, and the rich outpouring man's time in agricultural activities more compared outpouring women time. Agricultural activities in Brayut more intensive, men conduct land preparation, irrigation, fertilization, plant maintenance, and pest eradication. In Brayut the greater the revenue earned from farming is not necessarily more time outpouring of women for agricultural activities. Households that dominate the wider agricultural land as happens in most households rich in Brayut, to manage his farm many utilize wage labor. Owners of agricultural land in the richest households Brayut exploit some time to try out farming. In contrast to the outpouring Kaliadem time on farming activities is directly proportional to the revenue earned. Kaliadem outpouring in time for agricultural activities is an important factor in contributing to the household income among poor households, moderately priced, and the rich outpouring almost the same time. This phenomenon shows no environmental effect of geography on the division of labor agricultural activities, especially from the aspect fisiografinya. In the hamlet with geography environment conducive differences in the division of labor is more real, man do the work heavier and wife doing farm work lighter the planting, harvesting, and post- harvest. Hamlet with geography environment less favorable for agricultural activities, without distinction women began to land Hastuti: Equality of Women in Rural Household... 82 management, post-harvest. Expended time women for agricultural activity per unit area in Brayut much more compared in Kaliadem, agriculture Brayut optimally managed compared in Kaliadem. Equality of women seen from the outpouring of women to the ranch activities have different patterns with agricultural activities. In Brayut outpouring men's time for farming activities reach two to three times that of the outpouring of time women. In Kaliadem outpouring women time for a longer farming activities compared outpouring men's time, although the difference is only small. Outpouring of time married to operations in Kaliadem nearly seven-fold compared in Brayut. Raising livestock is the main activity that made a footstool for income households in Kaliadem so that cattle have a higher economic value as a source of primary income households. In Brayut livestock have economic functions as a way of investing is also used for land preparation despite not raising livestock as the bedrock source of income of many households in Brayut. This phenomenon shows no link between the division of labor farming activities with environmental geography. Kaliadem geography environment more conducive to the development of the farm because of the availability of green fodder. In Brayut farm activities necessary for the higher costs to buy fodder for limited land in Brayut constraint obtain green fodder. Equality of women in social activities in Brayut required outpouring man’s time is almost twice on the entire household. Expended time women for social activities between Brayut with Kaliadem there is a difference, namely the outpouring of women for social activities in Kaliadem nearly twice as large in Brayut. This indicates that in Kaliadem stronger social cohesion Brayut. Kaliadem still a community with community character that characterizes the region that have less favorable accessibility. There linkages geography environment with social activities, regions with less favorable accessibility of the outpouring of the time a women for more social activities regions with favorable accessibility. Role of Women in Decision Making The role of women in the decision making domestic realm include household activities, investing, home improvement, and on children. The role of women in the public domain decision making activities include agriculture, livestock, and social. The role women in the decision making domestic realm are not directly related to the geography of the physiographic environment and accessibility. Factor value system in the form of habit (custom) is still stronger influence on the role of women in the decision making process at household both hamlets research. In two villages with environmental differences that physiographic geography and accessibility, the role of women and men in the domestic domain decision making about the same, but different to the public sphere of agriculture and animal husbandry. Brayut wife in a lesser role in the decision making process of agriculture and animal husbandry. Kaliadem with a low household income forces men and women must work together to earn revenue. The role of women in the decision making is not always related to the economic contribution in the household. The role of women in making investment decisions, home improvement, and on children in areas with different IJSS.Vol.12, No.2, September 2016 83 geographic environments almost as though in areas with geographic environment unfavorable for economic reasons forced women provide more time to earn revenue. In the hamlet with advantageous geography environment, women does not always come to make a living mainly on households that are economically more capable, more wives participate freely determine selection for a living or not. On the whole household without distinction of poor households, moderately priced, and rich both in Brayut and in Kaliadem women's role in household decision- making activities are very prominent. The investment made each household is closely linked with the economic capacity. Most households in Brayut have the ability to better economic impact on a lot more opportunities to invest so that the role of women in making investment decisions in Brayut seemed more prominent on the entire household. There is a link between investment in environmental geography, environmental geography better impact on the ability of the household economy, the opportunity to invest a lot more to do. The role of women in making investment decisions more prominent in environmental geography Brayut with better which has a less favorable geographic environment. Men's role in making decisions about home improvement is more dominant in Brayut. Home improvement related to the availability of funds means associated with economic viability, communally nothing to do with environmental geography. In Brayut with geography environment more conducive to have the ability better economy so that it has a greater opportunity for home improvement compared Kaliadem, the women’s role in decision making in the home improvement is more prominent Brayut. The role of women in making decisions about the child include planning the number of children, prepare for labor, health care, related education and child marriage. Decisions about the child associated with thinking and bylaws, means associated with the economic capacity of households. Economic capabilities relating the availability of resources for income, is closely related to environmental geography. Decision-making about children in two villages of the study had about the same character means less environmental geography affect the roles of women in making decisions about the child. Differences role in making decisions about children are more affected by the continuation of biological functions, from preparing for the birth until the child has not been independently women’s role in decision- making is more prominent despite joint decision stands out in making decisions about the child. In agricultural activities, the effect of physiographic and accessibility are more conducive in Brayut compared in Kaliadem seen from cultivated plants. Decision-making for operations in Brayut more prominent role. In Kaliadem conducting farm women from finding forage fodder also conduct all activities without different ranch. Load heavier women in Kaliadem must complete the household chores which is a consequence of the prevailing social norms and must participate to make a living for economic reasons. Conclusions and Implications Environmental impact on socio economic geography. Subsequent impact on Hastuti: Equality of Women in Rural Household... 84 the division of labor women in household activities, social and productive economy. This division of labor associated with the process of decision-making women in the domestic sphere and the public. Environmental geography wetlands together form the social economic conditions of the area better compared dry land. Environmental geography wetlands include soil fertility, water availability, and topography. These factors support the emergence of social variation in Brayut economic activity so as to have a better household income compared Kaliadem. The development of social economic activities are more diverse and provide better income in Brayut have the effect of creating interconnections with off-farm economic activities. Environmental importance of geography in creating the prosperity of society is strengthened by accessibility. Brayut have better accessibility compared Kaliadem. Accessibility Brayut which includes aspects of distance and network quality road connecting Brayut with service centers of economic, social, and technological aspects that facilitate diffusion of new ideas and insights in the village. The analysis at the micro level geography shows that environmental factors play an important role in shaping the social economic conditions of society, but a lesser role in shaping the cultural aspects of society. In this study it appears that the economic difference between the two villages is not accompanied by differences in cultural values of society, especially related to the position and the role of women in the division of labor and decision-making. Women and men both have a common research hamlet in placing and share decision-making role in the domestic sphere and the public. 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