www.jsser.org Journal of Social Studies Education Research Sosyal Bilgiler Eğitimi Araştırmaları Dergisi 2018:9 (3), 241-260 241 Assistance for Women with Disabilities on the Victims of Sexual Abuse in Gunungkidul, Indonesia Sriharini1, Ahmad Izudin2, Fatma Amilia3 Abstract This article aims to describe protection assistance provided for victims of sexual abuse with disabilities. This article is the result of research gathered by using the qualitative method. This method described data with interpretative and flexibility for the contextual meaning of the data. It can be found of data than for analysis with comprehensive; for that, this research used an interview to stakeholders of object data in the field with snowball technic. Key informants in this research were lawyers, psychologists, and social workers—Sapda NGO, Sigab NGO, and the Disabilities Communication Forum of Gunungkidul (Forum Komunikasi Disabilitas Gunungkidul—FKDG). For the argument, or we can mention triangulation, I was searching for field data by using the observation and documentation method. Based on the data with narrative and description of grows, so that, we can be knowing of assistance women with disabilities of sexual abuse to do which of ways, social advocating and association, psychologist treatment, transforms of networking ‘Komunitas Disabilitas (Community of Disabilities)’, and support for the regulatory affirmative action. Keywords: women; people with disabilities; sexual abuse Introduction In the millennial era, the Javanese tradition and custom still put women in the position of patriarchy and stereotypes (Langan, 2002, pp. 1–3). This tradition has been put in place for generations, thus have put women into subordinate positions in many aspects of life. In addition to that, gender role in the community is not well understood. Thus differences between biologically assigned role and domestic role are not well defined. Historically, in a patriarchal society such as Javanese society man have dominated society. This context often labeled women negatively as they have received a lower position in society as compared to men. Thus, in this context of growing doctrine of inequality between males and females have a direct influence on stereotype. Men are usually considered as fit to 1 Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University (UIN) Yogyakarta, Indonesia, email: sriharini@uin-suka.ac.id 2 Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University (UIN) Yogyakarta, Indonesia, email: ahmad.izudin@uin- suka.ac.id 3 Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University (UIN) Yogyakarta, Indonesia, email: fatma.amilia@uin-suka.ac.id Journal of Social Studies Education Research 2018: 9 (3), 241-260 lead, decision makers, stronger and smarter than women and so on (Engineer, 2004, p. 137). As a result, women have played a more significant role in the domestic area as maid, labor, even prostitute, and other informal works. This condition has indirectly made women position vulnerable to be abused. Violence against women is found in all level of society, both in domestic and public areas. Many have speculated that abuse against women is due to man dominant and superior attitude, in the same women are considered as weak, dependent, inferior, etc. Thus, abuse, intimidation, and subordination of women cannot be avoided (Heise, 1998). In addition, in this patriarchal society, women disadvantage is not only on social lives but also in front of the law on their fight for their rights. This was even more evident for women in poverty, who have minimum access for information, women with disabilities, etc. These women are often put at a disadvantage by law, policy, and regulation. This case is the implication of the inequality for the gender perspective in budgeting, and violence against women is often considered as an ordinary problem (Irianto, 2012, pp. 35–40). The defense for women in isolation and differently abled women has a growing discrimination experience. Grown of discrimination experience. Even more for women with many disadvantages – extreme poverty and women with a disability- as there have not been many actions to defend their rights. This was because society often projects women disabilities as a curse, idiocy, cripple (‘picek’: red Javanese), and so on (Ardiyantika, 2016; Maftuhin, 2016; Syafi’ie & Ali, 2014). Protection for women with a disability should refer to the law, local, national, and international law. The United Nations has been focusing on the protection of disabilities groups. The UN convention on people with disability is mentioned in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) in 2007, which was later ratified by the government of Indonesia through the Act number 19 of 2011, as the basis for protection and empowerment of people with disability. People with disability should be considered as a subject in the development and policy in each aspect just like non-disabled people. Further, the idea of inclusivity in Indonesia has been more pronounced. In the policy aspects, the inclusive of education, access for public information, have been more powerful because of the support by the Law. In each regulation, the interest of people with disabilities is always taken into consideration. In fact, in the rural and the city, many Sriharini, Izudin, & Amilia people are vying for equality in the name of ‘inclusive area’. Many regions of Indonesia, speak up for inclusive ideas, not only the infrastructure of development aspects but also the support of awareness society to be more sensitive to people with disabilities. From the awareness for people with disabilities movement, creative ideas emerge from all over Indonesia, including Jogjakarta (Maftuhin, 2017). In Indonesia, the issue of people with a disability still appears in the existing debate discourses. The term also appears in series of forums organized by the National Commission on Human Rights held in the framework of ratification of the CRPD. Workshop on “Disabled Persons” in order to encourage the ratification of the International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which was attended by experts (linguistic, socio-cultural, legal, human rights, psychology), representatives of government agencies (Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Law and Human Rights, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, etc.), activists, NGOs, and the general public, it was agreed that the term “disabled” needs to be changed for various reasons (Joko, Kinasih, & Mas’udah, 2013; Ro’fah, 2010; Thohari, 2013). The change of term above, generally for people in Indonesia, especially in Gunung kidul sub-regency of Yogyakarta, is still seen as a negative term or derogative stigma. With such negative stigma, we still find cases of violence for disabled women who are raped by a handful of people until the woman becomes pregnant and gives birth to a child. Then, as a fact, in this case, is still unclear. This problem is commonly found in several areas in Indonesia and Yogyakarta, at least in the regency of Gunungkidul. The story of the biological father’s uncertainty for the child born from the womb of the disabled mother becomes a chronic problem. This became an issue in a city that supposed to become the prototype of a disability-friendly city. Regardless of things mentioned above, the stigma against women with disability is still evident. Thus, in this study, we would like to investigate assistances provided for sexually abused women with disability. In the literature review, prior to discussing the term Disability, we would like to clarify some of the developmental perceptions and dominant paradigms in defining this term. In the literature review of the last four decades, the term ‘disability’ is often associated with a medical model. This model is the result of social structure discriminatory treatment for people with disability. As disabled people are categorized as a group that has ‘difference in ability’ to do Journal of Social Studies Education Research 2018: 9 (3), 241-260 something more productive (Bolt, 2005; Howe, 2000; Hutchison, 1995; Llewellyn & Hogan, 2010; Makoto, 2005; Suharto, 2016). The term “differently disabled” or “differentiated capability” terminology implies a social construction that understands disability with disablement (Ardiyantika, 2016; Syafi’ie & Ali, 2014). This condition legitimates activists from various circles in the world, thus causing the defensive movement for the disabled. Since the 1960s, literature has shown that the mention of the term disabled is an international issue known as ‘people with disabilities’ that encourage policy-friendly disabilities (Ro’fah, 2010). According to Ro’fah, the international policy drawn up in a series of declarations refers to the 1971 Declaration on the Right of Mentally Retarded People, the 1975, Declaration on the Right of Disabled Person, followed with the International Year of Disabled program from 1981, 1983 to 1990, Sundberg Declaration 1981, UN Standard Rule on the Equalization of Opportunities for Person with Disabilities 1993, Salamanca Statement 1994 and the final ratification of the Convention of the Right of Persons with Disabilities 2007. Underpin the defense of the disable is inseparable from the 1948 Declaration of Human Rights and Anti- racism Discrimination 1965 (Ro’fah, 2010, pp. 13–14). Referring to the Declaration of Human Rights, the friendly international movement of people with a disability gave rise to a new approach to the world of disability. Precisely in the 1970s, where important change figures are questioning disability discourse popping up. British social scientists as well as social activists such as Tom Shakespeare, Michael Oliver, and C. Barnes, loudly sued orthodoxy long ago, that people with disability are a “distorted” or “abnormal” human, and the dominant assumption that disability is purely a medical matter. For example, defects are social problems rooted in the structure of society. For this reason, this paradigm is called the social model. Prior to birth as a theory named social model and written in his books Mike Oliver (1983, 1990, 1996), Barnes (1991), and Vic Finkelstein (1980, 1981) the social idea of the model was first carried by the organization Disable UK, UPIAS , in the manifesto of ‘The Fundamental Principles of Disability’ in 1976. In this manifesto is clearly seen the main ideology of social models, that disability is actually caused by social structures, not by physical or mental deficiencies or abnormalities that individuals have (Ro’fah, 2010, p. 18). This paradigm shift triggered a new movement of activists to fulfill the rights of the disabled. In the United States, the struggle for the meaning of disability to seize his rights Sriharini, Izudin, & Amilia continued to surge until the adoption of the American Disability Act (ADA) in 1990. In the British, a similar movement sparked a pro-disabled group to change the stereotyped view of the word ‘disabled’ to ‘disabled people’ or ‘people with disabilities’. While in Indonesia, the disability movement is relatively new, when the government ratified the 2007 Convention of the Right of Persons with Disabilities into Law no. 19 of 2011 on Indonesia government. The struggle was not over. Disability activists continue to struggle for the passing of definite legislation. As a result, Law no... of 2016 on the Right of Persons with Disabilities is endorsed and becomes a strong legitimacy of ‘disable’ gets the same rights as ‘non-disable’ (Maftuhin, 2016; Shakespeare & Watson, 2002; Wilson & Lewiecki-Wilson., 2001). With such a long struggle the disability activists are not necessarily accepted by the society. Currently, the term ‘disability’ or ‘special needs’ is still a trend among civitas academic. Moreover, according to Maftuhin, ‘people with disabilities’ in the academic discourses have many who use the word ‘people with disability’ although still struggling to replace the word ‘disabled’. From this theoretical perspective, I can conclude that the development of the world of disabilities has gradually received special attention from all societies. The shifting of the paradigm from the medical model to the social model is tangible evidence of acts that accommodate the ‘people with disabilities’ group. So that, I am using with this perspective to explaining the cases of women with a disability on the violence of sexual abuse. Method This study used qualitative methods equipped with literature, in-depth interview, and field observation (Alsa, 2007, p. 51; Mushkina, Novikova, & Ukraintseva, 2017; Svetlana et al., 2018). The qualitative method has been basic procedural routine involves four stages (Berg, 2004, pp. 197–198): - identifying the question research - gathering information data from field note - analyzing and interpreting the information of data - sharing the result with the participants or key information Whereas strategic samples in this research used the inductive and holistic approach to gathering data (Marshall, 1996, pp. 523–524). Furthermore, work in this study is going on six months in the regency of Gunungkidul area with took of 5 (five) sampling from cases of sexual Journal of Social Studies Education Research 2018: 9 (3), 241-260 abuse against women with disabilities. The choice of 5 (five) sample from this area, according to information on the interview process with sources, namely mediator, broker, advocator, and facilitator. According to sources, the location of sexual abuse for women with disabilities to be Semin district with 1 (one) case, Ponjong district with 2 (two) cases, Wonosari district with 1 (one) case, and Gedang Sari district with 1 (one) case. Data collecting through the in-depth interview just as follows: - counselor and lawyers team from Integrated Center of Empowerment of Women and Children in the Regency of Gunungkidul; - lawyers from SIGAB (Sasana Integrasi dan Advokasi Difabel NGOs); - social workers from the Advocacy Centre for the Disabled, Women, and Children (Sentra Advokasi Perempuan Difabel dan Anak—SAPDA NGOs); - Social Workers from the Social Service of Gunungkidul Regency; - the leaders of the Integrated Center of Empowerment for Disabilities ‘Mitra Sejahtera’ in Gunungkidul Regency of Yogyakarta; - the family of sexual abuse victims. In addition to the selection of places of samples, the validity of the research results is also maintained by the use of various types of data sources, which later became information for the analysis in the research results. The use of various data sources, or those in the literature better known as triangulation, is an attempt to ensure the authenticity and reliability of the data. Triangulation itself can simply be described as a technique of examining the validity of data by utilizing the use of something else outside the data for checking purposes or as a comparison against existing data (Dorfman & Baleva, 2014; Moleong, 2010, p. 173). For other diggings of information, also looking for secondary data related with the issues of sexual abuse for women with disabilities from another institution, just like from government on Special Regency of Yogyakarta (DIY), the Capital of Government of Gunungkidul Regency, NGOs, Social Organizations and so on. In addition, data collecting based on the website become one of reference in this study. Result and Discussion The Cases of Violence Incidents The cases of violence against women in the Gunungkidul are still high. These cases are rising of, indirectly, caused by low awareness of people to appreciate women. This condition has Sriharini, Izudin, & Amilia become the specter of people. In the middle of women struggle to have equal position the men, in fact, still leaving many cases problems for women. Gunungkidul, a mountainous area with the almost entire rocky region, and the quality of the community are still low on understanding the meaning of gender. Due to a narrow understanding of gender, early marriage was rife in this region. The case advocated by Rifka Annisa in 2013-2014 recorded the violence against women amounting to 580, with 44 rape cases (Annisa, 2015). In the process of advocacy by Rifka Annisa, the program implemented in preventing cases of women violence in 2016 established the Community of Mothers (Komunitas Ibu). The community of Mothers forum is a cooperation program between Gunungkidul governments with Rifka Annisa, as a practical study of the program is implemented in Ngalang district, Gedangsari Village. Like the research conducted by Istiqomah, Rifka Annisa runs a Community Mother program with a routine meeting process, up to 12 times a year. Ngalang Village is selected because it has a high prevalence of violence against women. The main factor in violence against women is the rampant cases of early marriage. The main cause of the rampant case of early marriage in Ngalang Village is because most of the population in this area has a low level of education, with farming as their daily routine, so that the economic quality of the population is categorically poor. In addition, also due to low understanding of adolescent reproductive health. Thus, cases of rape and unwanted pregnancies are rife. The case of an unmarried pregnancy caused by rape, if not dealt through the legal domain, is generally dealt through the mediation of a family with marriage as the solution and it is assumed that the man who impregnates the woman is accountable. This is the social construction of the village community. Is it generally the same in all areas in Gunungkidul? This concept is as generalized by the results of Nurul Sa’adah Andriani’s work, with the title of his work “Kebijakan Responsif Disabilitas: Pengarusutamaan Manajemen Kebijakan di Level Daerah, Nasional dan Internasional”. The impact of the generalization of this concept, pregnancy outside of marriage is very vulnerable to cases of Domestic Violence (Andriani, 2016). Reflecting on the above case according to Andriani, such as when I confirm the case to the victim’s family, it is true that marriage failure is often caused by the economic condition of Journal of Social Studies Education Research 2018: 9 (3), 241-260 the man who could not be able to meet their daily needs. In a state of unemployment, the lives of both partners can only be facilitated and fulfilled by the female family. This case if the discourse on the discourse of violence against women is categorized as economic violence, where a man cannot fulfill his duties as head of the family. From various sources of information, the causes and main factors of violence against women in Gunungkidul can be grouped as; (1) low quality of education, (2) poor understanding of adolescent reproduction, (3) community social construction, (4) gender awareness, (5) early marriage, and (6) poverty. So, what about the reality of cases of violence against women in Gunungkidul. Table 1 below presented data collected on type of abuse happened over the course of 2013-2017. Table 1. The number of Sexual Abuse for Women with people of Disabilities in Five Year Ago in the Regency of Gunungkidul No. Type of Abuse 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total 1. Psychic 5 10 11 10 2 38 2. Mental 12 8 13 17 7 57 3. Sexuality 20 21 18 40 18 117 4. Neglect - 1 2 - 8 11 TOTAL 223 Sources: Integrated Service Center for Women and Children Empowerment the Regency of Gunungkidul, 2017. The amount of violence presented above, the source I obtained from the Department of Women Empowerment, Family Planning, and Child Protection Gunungkidul Regency with the technical institute of Integrated Service Center for Women and Children Empowerment. Data on and neglect of women in the last five years show a stable amount. In fact, the number of sexual violence against women surprised me, more than 100 cases. This indicates that women in Gunungkidul are very vulnerable to sexual abuse cases. Sexual violence is still a problem in the contemporary era. Moreover, in the midst of the rapid development of information technology awareness of sexual violence is still much more needed as public knowledge of sexual violence is just physical contact. Based on the definition of the “Equal Employment Opportunity Commission”, the story of a person’s sexual experience told to others, then the person who is told is not happy and reporting, it is included in the act of sexual harassment (Kirnandita, 2015). Sriharini, Izudin, & Amilia The issue of sexual violence, it is always identical that the victims are women. This is indirectly due to the social construction that is still inherent in society. Violence for women with disabilities not only occurs due to sexual assault or rape but also sometimes ‘physical contact’ that is inevitable. This condition occurs because the self-acceptance from families and the environment for women with disability is still lacking. Awareness of positions for those with disabilities is still underestimated. The defense for this group suffered discrimination and was hampered by the prevailing legal rules. In Law no. 7 of 1984 on the elimination of violence against women, still slightly offense women’s groups with disabilities. After a long silence, a paradigm to defend the interest of the victims come from groups of persons with disabilities. Law no. 8 of 2016 on Persons with Disabilities, is the answer to cases of discrimination against these vulnerable groups. Chapter 9 paragraphs 1 and two expressly state that the disability group, not only men as well as women, are equal before the law and are recognized as the subject. For this reason, activists, academics and community groups who continue to defend the rights of PwDs remain enthusiastic and optimistic about social security and justice for all societies. Simultaneously, NGOs, Government, and Organizing of Civil Society are voicing justice and prosperity for persons with disabilities, especially for women with disabilities. From cases handled by several related stakeholders in Gunungkidul, there was a variety of violence against women with disabilities. Although relatively small compared to cases of violence against normal women, but persons with disabilities need extra attention from all. Why we need more attention? The perpetrators of sexual harassment and rape see that their behavior is legally flawed and weakly presented in front of the court. Therefore, issue of disability is increasingly familiar to us. As the result of perpetrators of sexual crimes for women with disabilities, victims feel angry, embarrassed and humiliated. When victims report to the authorities, there are some officers who do not believe, because people with disabilities differ from normal sexual violence cases in general. Those who report being discriminated against because, during interrogation, the victim often responded with a laugh and smile. With so many difficulties in collecting cases of sexual violence against women with disabilities, at least every stakeholder who defends this group is able to create new mechanisms to protect them. The strategy of ‘picking up the ball’ from cases handled, whether referrals from NGOs, CBOs, communities, the government of Gunungkidul able to collect and report cases of Journal of Social Studies Education Research 2018: 9 (3), 241-260 sexual crimes against women with disabilities. At least, from 2016 to 2017, there are 5 cases from each sub-district in Gunungkidul handled and completed. Let’s look at the data on cases of violence against women with disabilities below. Table 2. The Cases of Violence Against for Women with People of Disabilities In Gunungkidul Regency 2016-2017 No. Incident Type of Disabilities Place of Incident Type of Violence Services Process of Advocacy The Count of Cases 1. January 2017 Mentally retarded (RM), Paraplegia Hidrosefalus Decubitus Wonosari Raped Medical, Support of Law, Counseling Not Finished 1 2. April 2017 Mentally retarded (RM), Karangmojo Raped Support of Law, Counseling, Rehabilitation Finished 2 3. February 2016 Mentally retarded (RM), Paraplegia Hydrocephalu s Decubitus Ponjong Raped Support of Law, Counseling, Rehabilitation Finished 1 4. March 2016 Deaf and Speaking Disability Semin Raped Support of Law, Counseling, Rehabilitation Finished 1 Source: P2TP2A Gunungkidul of Regency, October 2017. From the data presented above, let’s look into the background of cases arising from each victim of sexual violence and rape of persons with disabilities. For example, the case occurred in March 2016 in Semin Sub-district with the victim has deaf and speaking disability. In this case is the perpetrator who lives near the location of the incident-village. Starting from an introduction through social media, Facebook, with a short introduction ranging from 3 weeks, then they met and date. Rape with a threatening tone cannot be avoided by the perpetrators of sexual crimes. In the legal team’s remarks, this incident was done three times, causing the victim to be pregnant and detected pregnancy after seven months’ gestation. Social Advocacy and Assistance Advocators for women with disabilities have been victims of sexual abuse must do the action of defending. The steps of advocacy for action are the litigation process by bringing the Sriharini, Izudin, & Amilia case of victims for women with disabilities to become sexual abuse in the court session. In the assembly for all cases of sexual abuse are revealing. The subject of victims is court session until the object of cases as well as legal formal with the support of cases in the punishment of imprisonment of the perpetrator.i Five cases recorded in this research for all the victim’s cases have been brought to the Court of Session. Lawyers, psychologists, and empowers are voicing of defending victims in search of an objective fact. Facilitators have advocated the cases of sexual abuse for people with disabilities, especially for women who are in needs of law advocacy. Therefore, problems of disabilities are new cases for women who need help defending their rights as the victims. The framework is organized according to the case offense that appears in front of the court. The winning strategy at the court was carefully arranged. Counselors create a case- winning scheme by dividing work tasks. First, the legal team looks for authentic facts from sexual crimes cases. Second, the team of psychologists intervened the victim personally. Third, the empowerment team continues to intervene on what potentials can be developed after the judge's decision in the hearing. The mechanism of work is doing two aspects, i.e., the offering of solution strategy through hotline service and waiting report from the society or networking institution, for example, an accusation from SIGAP, SAPDA, Social Workers, and any networking community of disabilities has created by social service in Gunungkidul Regency. Through communication of sectoral institution, the case of the crime of sexual abuse for people with disabilities can be resolved quickly. The process of law advocacy is not an easy task. This is because social construction and stereotype against people with disabilities still occur. The view of the sociological approach becomes three reasons, i.e., cultural, structure, and relational aspect. For culture aspect, the women with disabilities in patriarchy culture have divided the society, therefore paradigm within the people that violence cases are often neglected. In structure aspect, the society view that the men still in dominant, so that people with disabilities are unable to defend themselves. Meanwhile, in the aspect of relational context, the people with disabilities still facing subordination and exploitation (Sulaeman, 2015, pp. 27–30). Without blaming the social structure above, in fact, for the cases of sexual abuse crime for people with disabilities still needs a new role model to solve these problems. Further, in fact, Journal of Social Studies Education Research 2018: 9 (3), 241-260 the research revealed that the problem of crime for people with disabilities still in need of advocacy in the court. The common issue arises confrontative advocacy in the court, where the victim of sexual abuse cannot form fully coherent responses to the questions being asked in the court, and another reason is depression of suffered by them. In turn, lawyers must work extra hard to prove an objective fact in front of a judge. In the process of truth confrontation, commonly, lawyers have only presented the victim family who can think objectively. It is not uncommon that members of the victim’s family give up in front of the judge. This context will impact the verdict cases, so that, the sentence if often less than prescribed by the law and below the objective of the facts. The incident of sexual abuse crime in Semin, where the members of the victim’s family during the court confrontation stated that they would like the case to be closed. The incident has exactly hampered by the court process, which impacted verdict in front of the court for the subject. Actually, the court process can be three trials, but the members of the victim’s family want the case to be concluded so that there is only one trial session. Although, the verdict of the victim should be more than twenty years imprisonment, the verdict imposed on the perpetrator by the judge is only twelve years imprisonment. This experience, of course, disappointed the legal team. Their struggle for defending people living with disability is sometimes hampered by the patriarchal culture of a society which considers that victims of sexual violence especially those with disabilities are destined by God. They consider the case that happened to their family is limited to fairness. Problems that arise in the advocacy of litigation process does not reduce the tension of defenders of people with disability. This is evident when the intervention that they conduct is beyond the trial process. The next step is referring the victim to a safe house. This reference is made with two options. The first option, the victim is referred to the safe house located in Yogyakarta City; Rekso Dyah Utami. The second option returned to the family with mentoring. Of the cases that arise, few were referred to Rekso Dyah Utami. The reason is that strict rules make the victim cannot be immediately reconciled, so the alternative is to refer to the family with assistance. At the time of this mentoring process, a new team of psychologists works full time. The task of the escort team, if the verdict is legally dropped by the judge, then the task is completed. Further follow-up from the team of psychologists. If handled by a psychologist, this is what is Sriharini, Izudin, & Amilia called non-litigation assistance. In the non-litigation facilitation process, the companion is tasked with ensuring that the victim is perfectly safe and psychologically secure and well received by the community. Psychological Handling for Women as Victims of Sexual Crimes Why women with a disability are become victims of sexual crimes? This was because of the psychological forces of perpetrators and sociologists due to the determination of culturally patriarch society (Abel, 1996, pp. 72–73). Therefore, handling the case of women disability as victims of sexual violence needs a more comprehensive coverage. In the psychological handling, in general, the companion using the Standard of Procedure (SOP) that has been previously set up. Handling of cases of sexual crime victims requires a comprehensive psychological approach. A psychological approach can be seen, at least, that there are four references, namely catharsis, debriefing, self-recovery, and development phase. Based on this conceptual reference, the facts in the field show that psychologists should have applied these approaches. Although it is yet to be optimally implemented due to the limited human resources available. In the process of catharsis, which is done by visiting the victim? Psychologists come to the victims to console the sadness they are building in, which in this step including the psychologist speaking to families of the victims. The psychologists that visit women with disabilities who are victims of sexual violence, in the area of the study are the field facilitator of Sapda. The NGO actively interacts directly with victims, along with psychologists from P2TP2A. They collaborate carefully and consistently. The first step to do is trauma healing therapy, how victims are invited to talk, entertained, and nurturing all forms of victims fears. As a Psychologist, the companion of Sigab NGO, Tutik, giving stimulants of therapy so that the victims do not get drowned in the pain of what the victims are experiencing. While the psychologist from P2TP2A, Arum used to greet, record, examine the victim's family, do an initial assessment to the victim, and make a report on what suffered by women with disability victims of sexual violence. After the initial identification was done, the team of psychologists immediately rushed to continue their work by coordinating and building networks and advocacy to relevant parties; prosecutors, police, local sub-district heads, local village heads, and influential community figures at the scene of the case. Journal of Social Studies Education Research 2018: 9 (3), 241-260 The next step is to conduct regular meetings with victims and their families, to get support from other volunteers who can provide support. In this process, the team of psychologists, conducting small discussions, makes a work plan of what will be intervened to each of the victims handled. The number of discussions between the team and the victim is about two times to 3 regular meetings. This action is done in the framework of debriefing, the result is a reaction to the case being handled, whether it requires professional personnel or not. In general, from almost all cases handled, it certainly requires professionals. Moreover, when the cases are handled until dragged into the realm of law. Of course, a team of psychologists needs help directly from an advocate or legal team, having to defend clients or victims at the trial table. After determining who the designated professional team is, the psychologist team immediately acts resilient to the victim in relation to what ability can be developed in the victim to eliminate the trauma, suffering or problems faced by the victim. In this process, of course, the ideal achievement is, the victim becomes optimistic and no longer chained by the problems at hand. The next phase, when successful resilience is to maintain a healthy and constructive psychosocial potential. Where the victim is able to resolve the conflicts that are being faced, in addition to being re-accepted by the community-further is the victim can be well received by the community? As told by Tutik, when the rape case was completed in Ponjong area, the team of psychologists cooperated with NGO Sapda, where their team performed the ceremonial to the victims so that the surrounding community would receive it well. Confrontation with the local community was done. In addition, there are two times the Sapda team provide direct assistance in the form of drugs and clothing for the victim initials 'N'. Of course, this action has a positive impact on the victim. Moreover, so next, all cases are almost identical when the psychological counseling process is conducted (FGD, November 18, 2017). The Building of Networking for Disability Community Sexual crimes cases in Gunungkidul are high. This can be caused by various factors that drive the actions of the perpetrators to commit crimes. In addition to psychological factors or personality of the perpetrator, also often due to the patriarchal culture of the society that is still quite high. With these two simple reasons, the government is overwhelmed by action to prevent the occurrence of sexual crimes. Basically, activities are focused on children and women issues. Sriharini, Izudin, & Amilia However, over time, in an effort to realize a more comprehensive social protection, the community, government, and people with disabilities are not left behind. Through NGOs associations in Yogyakarta, community groups that have a concentration on defending the disabilities—Cikal, Sapda, Rifka Annisa, and Sigab—continue to make awareness to the community through information that stereotypes and discrimination to persons with disabilities are wrong. Awareness-raising forums through ‘Mother Community’ or ‘Ibu’, ‘Father Community’ or ‘Bapak’, and other communities are not quietly talking about the importance of socialization of PwDs. In addition, through the official namely Social Service Gunungkidul of Regency, also did the same thing, where the association of people with disability in this region is encouraged. The Disability Communication Forum of Gunungkidul (Forum Komunikasi Disabilitas Gunungkidul—FKDG), is a clear proof of the commitment of the government and the people to resolve the various cases affecting the disabilities immediately. The existence of this institution as a coordination center for the protection and fulfillment of the rights of disability, so that when there is a case can be resolved quickly. Institutions formed by regulator of Gunungkidul Regency and this community, one form of the realization of the presence of the government, resolved various cases affecting groups of persons with disabilities. Institutions of persons with disabilities are launched in mid-September 2014. With this declaration, at least each sub-district has each designated coordinator. The team from FKDG, at least being an organization capable of bridging the public interest with the government-catalyst. The existence of this institution becomes one of the effective roles because its existence can directly coordinate with various related stakeholders; both Social Services, Women’s Empowerment, Child Protection and Family Planning, Community and Village Empowerment, NGOs, State Affairs, Police, District and Village Government. Actions taken can accommodate the issue of PwDs. Moreover, the activist movement of disability advocates has consistently voiced their aspirations in every government regulation. Since the launch and declaration of communication forums of persons with disabilities, there are at least 45 FKDG board members. Social advocacy action continues to be an issue that is echoed. Through this group, the majority of people with disabilities are for the government to accommodate their interests. For them, the government in carrying out every development Journal of Social Studies Education Research 2018: 9 (3), 241-260 program, the disability is not only an object but a subject so that full participation can be realized. Involving disability groups in every process of determining regional development programs, the hope, of course, is huge. Where casual cases affecting people with disabilities are not neglected, so when there is a case that affects this group can be immediately followed up. Communities and networks of disability organizations in Gunungkidul become important stakeholders in addressing issues of discrimination-including cases of sexual violence against women with disabilities. Encourage for Affirmative Action in the Regulation It is time for the government and relevant stakeholders to change the way in which cases are resolved. As a policymaker, the government has time for the direction of social welfare improvement from curative-rehabilitative to preventive-promotive. Where is the settlement of cases with the needs-based mechanisms experienced by the victims with disabilities? Why do we need to change the paradigm of dealing with the problems of PwDs? Let’s look briefly handling the case in this country. During this time the handling of cases of disability is more oriented to problem-solving, not based on need. Although not a mistake, the approach of this model often leads policy makers and social development actors more towards a reactive approach. The impact of such models, social service programs is designed to solve existing problems; just tackle the downstream region only. In line with Anderson's theory of “iceberg” or “Iceberg theory,” this concept sees that problems arise only on the surface, not seeing the underlying problem, necessarily at the root of the problem (Anderson, 1984). In some cases we can find, when a social worker behaves like a 'garbage man' who daily goes around the housing complex without responding to the source of the waste. In the same way, the planned and executed programs are only downstream or centralized, without thinking of why the 'garbage' arises every day. In fact, the problem of multidimensional disability, handling requires an integrated approach not only focus on the symptoms of the problem but viewed from the various determinants that influence it. Such a social problem-solving perspective, sometimes only prevention and development are now widely practiced in developed and developing countries. Sriharini, Izudin, & Amilia In responding to the handling of the model case above, it is time for the government to change the mindset from stigmatization to Human Rights. Where the planned program is charitable to help poor families. The recipients of social services are provided with money, life support services, benefits, charity, and others. The labeling of this model program is like a doctor healing a client who is suffering from a stubborn ‘cancer’ of four stadium, appeasing clients, many doctors give sedatives. However, after the sedative is lost, the effect will be felt by the client changes 360 degrees, will certainly return to feel pain. Looking at the analogy of such a model, it is time for the government to make a change of perspective in planning the program for groups of people with disabilities. Where the program should lead to the fulfillment of rights, need-based empowerment, holistic cross-sectoral, and integrated handling. On the basis of a paradigm shift in handling the cases as mentioned above, it is necessary to encourage a friendly study of service and protection issues for PwDs. One of these is affirmative action and tries to change the stereotypical mainstream of society by encouraging friendly activities for people with disabilities. Conclusion As the results of research conducted in Gunungkidul, efforts to protect the community, in fact, is still a crucial phenomenon. The problem of the phenomenon of sexual abuse that affects women with disabilities has not been so massive for handling cases for this group. The declaration of the Disability Communication Forum of Gunungkidul (Forum Komunikasi Disabilitas Gunungkidul-FKDG) conducted by the local regent, in solving the various cases that emerged has not been effective. Government support for this group has now become mainstream in regulation and policy. Ultimately, the government continues to reduce cases of neglect and violence for women with disabilities. Government as an important stakeholder in the aspect of regulation, resolution of cases of sexual violence for women with disabilities should work harder. This can be done by building synergy between the government and the role of civil society, especially the activists of people with disabilities. As a result, the participation of people who have empathetic and sympathetic feelings about the fate of disability becomes the main capital of solving cases of sexual violence. As is known from the results of this study, the assistant process carried out by the counterpart of the case became the starting point for the settlement suffered by the victim. For example, that has Journal of Social Studies Education Research 2018: 9 (3), 241-260 been done, the process of psychological handling, social advocacy, the building of networking for the disability community, and encourage for affirmative action in the regulation. References Abel, K. (1996). 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Retrieved November 2, 2016, from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/nov/22/language-of-disability- stereotypes-disabled-people i In this cases, lawyers can reveal five cases of depending on the court. The subjects of sexual abuses have in the jail. They are crouch in the jail around ten years (the cases of Semin), twelve years (the cases of Ponjong and Karangmojo), and fourteen years (the cases of Wonosari).