205 Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 2021/2/29 *Corresponding author: 2002gsa@mail.ru The Assessment Features of Noise Pollution in the Residential Area of the Subjects of the Russian Federation Received 2021/04/28 Accepted after revision 2021/09/02 The Assessment Features of Noise Pollution in the Residential Area of the Subjects of the Russian Federation JSACE 2/29 http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.29.2.29012 Gagarin Sergey Aleksandrovich*, Gagarina Olga Vyacheslavovna, Semakina Alsu Valerievna, Platunova Guzel Rashidovna, Rubtsova Irina Yuryevna Udmurt State University, Universitetskaya Ulitsa, 1/1, Izhevsk, Udmurt Republic, Russia Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering Vol. 2 / No. 29 / 2021 pp. 205-215 DOI 10.5755/j01.sace.29.2.29012 Introduction The distinctive features of the noise protection legislation at the level of 85 subjects of the Russian Federation are considered. The comparative characteristics of the time parameters “day”, “night” for working days and holidays are given. It is compared with similar indicators of other countries. 46% of subjects considered 7 am as the beginning of the “day” period; 61% considered 22 pm as the beginning of the "night" period. For the first time Russia developed the following time periods separately: “day rest”, “evening”, “weekends and holidays”. The penalty system for violation of the noise legislation is analyzed. Irkutsk region has the “smallest” fines in Russia and Novosibirsk and Belgorod regions have the “biggest” fines. Keywords: noise, law of silence, unreasonable noise, Ruhezeiten, Hausordnung. The negative impact of noise on human health is well known. Numerous scientific publications of both medical and engineering fields are devoted to this topic. This article reveals the problem of noise pollution in the territory of long-term stay of a person, i.e. an apartment. Apartment build- ings, where the issues of the rules of public behavior are of particular importance, are described in the article. The legal aspects of the problem are considered. The purpose of this article is to conduct a comparative analysis of the regulations on noise expo- sure restrictions in apartment residential buildings of Russia. Table 1 presents the results of the noise exposure thresholds for human health based on the results of the expert working group from European Regional Bureau of the World Health Organization. In Russia, the impact of intermittent noise is assessed by the maximum permissible levels (MPL) according to the equivalent and maximum indicators. Table 2 presents the maximum permissible levels of the audible noise for the inner part of housing and the area adjacent to the residential building. Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 2021/2/29 206 Table 1 Effects with sufficient evidence and thresholds for their occurrence (Night noise guidelines for Europe, 2009) Effect Signs Indicator Threshold, dB Biological effects Changes in the cardiovascular system * * Restless sleep, fidgeting during sleep LAmax,inside 32 Changes in the duration of different sleep stages, sleep structure and sleep fragmentation LAmax,inside 35 Sleep quality Waking up at night and / or very early in the morning LAmax,inside 42 Elongation of the falling asleep stage, difficulty in falling asleep * * Sleep fragmentation, reduction of sleep time * * Increase in the average level of fidgets during sleep LAmax,inside 42 Wellness Feeling of sleep disturbance LAmax,inside 42 Use of sleeping pills and sedatives LAmax,inside 40 Diseases Insomnia associated with environmental factors LAmax,inside 42 When comparing the MPL values near the house space, the night LAeq value in Russia is 45 dBA that is one of the minimum indicators in comparison with the EU member states (Table 3). The main sources of acoustic pollution in residential apartment buildings are external and internal. External sources are pri- marily represented by traffic noise. The evening time of the day is characterized by a gradual decrease in the intensity of traffic flow; therefore, the contribution of automobile noise turns out to be less significant. At the same time, the maximum noise pressure levels from the loudest types of transport - motorcy- cles - are of great importance. The noise in the building space can be caused by car alarms, which, especially at night, causes a negative reaction from the residents. The internal sources of noise, first of all, include repair work inside apartments. Loud music, holidays, and anniversaries are usually not regular and * This effect occurs or may occur when exposed to noise, indicators or thresholds cannot be determined. The impact of noise pollution on humans is estimated by several indicators (Night noise guidelines for Europe, 2009): Lnight,outside - average annual level of night noise outside buildings LAmax - maximum corrected noise level LAeq – equivalent corrected noise level LAmax,inside – maximum level of noise exposure in the bedroom Lden – equivalent level of weighted average daily noise Lnight – equivalent level of night noise. Table 2 Maximum permissible level of intermittent noise for accommodation area in Russia (SP 2.2.4/2.1.8.562-96, 1997; SP 276.1325800.2016, 2017; SNaR 2.1.2.2645- 10, 2010) Purpose of premises Time of day, h Equivalent noise level LAeq, dBA Maximum noise level LAeq, dBA Living rooms of apartments in buildings of category A 7.00 – 23.00 35 50 23.00 – 7.00 25 40 Living rooms of apartments in buildings of category B and C 7.00 – 23.00 40 55 23.00 – 7.00 30 45 Areas directly adjacent to residential buildings, holiday homes, nursing homes for the elderly and disabled 7.00 – 23.00 55 70 23.00 – 7.00 45 60 Table 3 Country-defined maximum equivalent levels of Lnight traffic noise in new residential areas (Night noise guidelines for Europe, 2009) EU Member States Lnight,outside France 62 Germany 49 Spain 45 Netherlands 40 Austria 50 Sweden 51 Finland 46 Hungary 55 Latvia 40 Estonia 45 Switzerland 50 207 Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 2021/2/29 are coordinated with neighbors. In contrast, the sound of working tools (perforator, electric drill and others) causes a sustained negative impact on the emotional state of neighbors. One of the objectives of this work is to quantify the noise pressure level of the indoor environment from the noise sources listed above. Literature Review The quantitative assessment of noise exposure to humans has a relatively recent history, dating back to 1956, when the USSR adopted the world's first occupational noise standards. The first UK noise abatement law was adopted in 1960 and continues to the present day. Each country that has adopted a noise law has its own version, but at the same time they are united by: (Ivanov, 2006) _ restrictions of various types of noise sources. _ prohibition of unnecessary redundant signals (for example, audio). _ system for issuing permits and certification of noisy work. _ procedure of verification, examination, and consideration of public complaints about noise sources. _ system of fines and compensations for violation of the law. The most economically developed countries adopted not only noise laws, but also applied aspects of assessing noise pollution. Since 2000, several EU directives have been adopted: _ 2000/14/EC noise - equipment for use outdoors (2000/14/EC, 2004) _ Directive 2002/49/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of the (European Union Directive 2002/49/EC, 2008) _ 2001/С 297/04 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 April 2001 on the approx- imation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the implementation of good clinical practice in the conduct of clinical trials on medicinal products for human use (2001/С297/04, 2001) _ 2003/10/ЕС European directives on safety and health at work (2003/10/ЕС European direc- tives, 2006) The World Health Organization has recommended guidelines for noise control: _ Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region, 2018 (Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region, 2007) _ Environmental Noise Directive 2014, (Night noise guidelines for Europe, 2009) In Russia, the basic principles of environmental protection from noise pollution are mentioned in the Federal laws: _ "On environmental protection" 10.01.2002 No. 7-FL (as amended dd. 30.12.2020) _ "On the protection of atmospheric air" 04.05.1999 No. 96-FL (as amended dd. 08.12.2020) _ "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population" 30.03.1999 No. 52-FL (as amended dd. 13.07.2020). The actual material reflecting the quantitative indicators of noise pressure level regulation in places of human residence and time intervals is concentrated in other regulatory documents: Sanitary standards (SP 2.2.4 / 2.1.8.562–96, 1997), Building codes and regulations (SNaR 23-03- 2003, 2003), Codes of Regulations (SP 276.1325800.2016, 2017; SP 271.1325800.2016, 2016; SP 51.13330.2011, 2011) State standards (GOST 22283-88, 1988). Another variable that characterizes noise standards in a residential area is the time range. Taking into account the physiological need of a person for night rest, more stringent restrictions are pro- posed for this period. Until 2003, there were uniform requirements in Russia, according to which Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 2021/2/29 208 the daytime period began at 7 am and lasted until 11 pm (SP 2.2.4/2.1.8.562–96, 1997). In the EU states and other continents, differences occur not only in individual countries, but also in adminis- trative divisions, including individual cities. A number of researchers in the EU countries use the global comfort index to assess the negative impact of noise levels on humans (Luzzi et al, 2016, Luzzi et al, 2019). In addition to the WHO guidelines (European Union Directive 2002/49/EC, 2008), it is proposed to take into account new pathologies and discomfort conditions associated with noise: sleep disorders, cognitive disorders, cardiovascular diseases, pregnancy complications. In addition to medical indications, the list of noise sources taken into account was expanded: it was proposed to additionally take into account the so – called "movida" - the sound landscape of urban centers. This is the noise of leisure: con- certs, discos, parties, etc., thereby justifying the right to rest. Dietz T., Stern P. (Dietz T et al, 2008) propose to involve the interested party (the public) in environ- mental assessment and decision-making based on a five-stage procedure: information, consulta- tion, involvement, cooperation, empowerment. A significant and large-scale project on the problems of sound insulation in urban residential build- ings was the TU0901 project (Rasmussen et al, 2014), which was attended by about 90 experts from 29 European countries. The acoustic assessment of buildings is based on their preliminary classification according to the functions performed in them: residential buildings, school buildings, office buildings and commercial buildings, hotels, hospitals and others. When considering the problems of noise pollution in apartment buildings, the following equip- ment was used: _ EKOFIZIKA-110A Basic set-110A – 110A-Noise meter, spectrum analyzer factory number BA16020. Information on entering data into the Federal Information Fund for Ensuring the Uniformity of Measurements, entry number 68002222 (Results of SI. PCT metrology verifi- cations, 2021) _ Larson-Davis acoustic calibrator CAL 200 Model. The noise sources were: tools for indoor repair work (Makita GA4530 angle grinder (98 dB), Makita HR2470X15 rotary hammer (105 dB), CROWN ST10127-13C impact – free drill (95 dB); external noise sources-Scher – Khan M20 car alarm (100 dB at a distance of 1 m), the noise of single motorcycles on deserted night roads Honda CB500F road motorcycle when driving at a speed of 100-110 km/h (maximum sound pressure level of 105 dBA at a distance of 7.5 m. Modeling of acoustic pollution propagation was carried out using the Ecolog-shum 2.4.6.6023 soft- ware module (developed by Integral St. Petersburg). Materials and Methods Results of the Study General Characteristics of the Legal Regulation of Noise Exposure in the Residential Area of Russia The main material for the analysis was the differences in the regulatory legal acts of the subjects of the Russian Federation, dedicated to the problems of noise in the area of human residence. The article considers 85 subjects located in different geographical conditions (from St. Petersburg to Primorsky Territory), with different economic levels of development (from Moscow to the Khan- ty-Mansiysk Autonomous District), territories where worship services and other religious rites and ceremonies are performed within the framework of canonical requirements. "ConsultantPlus" system helped to analyze legal documents of 85 subjects of the Russian Federation concerning measures of restrictions on excessive noise and measures of administrative influence of violators. The comparison was made based on 13 features that appear in the regional “Laws of Silence”. 47% out of 85 subjects of the Russian Federation have special legislation to protect against exces- sive noise inside housing and surrounding areas. In most cases, the Law of Silence regulates the 209 Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 2021/2/29 time interval for lim- iting excessive noise and the conditions for its application. In addition, in order to comply with the re- quirements in such a law, an administrative resource is required, which will be fulfilled with the help of sys- tem of fines and re- strictions. As a rule, these are the laws "On Administrative Offenses ..." or "Code of Administrative Of- fenses" for individu- al subjects. Table 4 presents the main dif- ferences that are typ- ical for the regulation of excessive noise in the subjects of the Russian Federation. Table 4 Time period of restrictions on excessive noise for the subjects of the Russian Federation (Gagarin et al, 2020) Time Interval Generalization Notable differences Weekdays Day from 6-00 – 22% from 7-00 – 46% from 8-00 – 28% from 9-00 – 4% Primorsky Territory from 9–00 to 21-00 Republic of Mordovia from 6-00 to 23-00 Lunch break (rest) from 12-00 – 2% from 13-00 – 32% none– 66% Khabarovsk Territory from 13- 00 to 15-00 on weekdays, fines are not imposed Evening from 19-00 – 1% from 20-00 – 4% from 21-00 – 9% none – 86% Repair and construction works are not carried out. Night from 21-00 – 7% from 22-00 – 61% from 23-00 – 32% Weekends and holidays Day from 6-00 – 18% from 7-00 – 20% from 8-00 – 16% from 9-00 – 20% from 10-00 – 22% from 11-00 – 2% from 12-00 – 1% Penza region - Friday and Saturday according to the schedule from 6-00 to 23-00 Magadan Region - silence mode from 21-00 to 11-00. Night from 18-00 – 1% from 20-00 – 1% from 21-00 – 4% from 22-00 – 59% from 23-00 – 35% The repeatability of time intervals in the "Laws of Silence" showed that on working days of the week, the "day" period in most cases (46%) coincides with the all-Russian period at 7-00. Most regions of Russia (61%) consider 22-00 as the beginning of the "night" period. For the first time, in Russia, some subjects (45%) introduced restrictions on repair and construction work at lunchtime and in the evening. If the middle of the day coincides with a number of foreign countries (13-00 in 32% of Russian regions), then the evening period for Russia is mainly legally confirmed at 21-00, while in many countries this interval begins at 19-00. For weekends and holidays, the relative majority (59%) also considers 22-00 as the night period. While the beginning of the day has a significant range from 6-00 to 12-00, but 10-00 prevails, the repeatability of which was 22%. Further we consider the legal component of the legislation "on silence". The main documents are special law, for example, "On ensuring peace and quiet of citizens in the territory of the Samara region", "On ensuring peace and quiet of citizens on the territory of the Udmurt Republic" and similar ones. 47% of the considered subjects of the Russian Federation have such laws. Other normative legal documents include the Law "On Administrative Offenses", "Code of Administrative Offenses" and others. The system of penalties for violating the silence regime is also noticeably different. Most of the subjects have developed a punishment system that takes into account a more severe penalty for repeated violations. The minimum 300 rubles penalty for citizens is provided in the Irkutsk region, the maximum 3500 rubles is in the Belgorod region, the average is 1000 rubles in Russia. Officials are punished more severely: 500-1000 rubles in the Irkutsk region, 25,000-50,000 rubles in St. Petersburg, the national average - 5,000-10,000 rubles. The highest amount of the fine is applied Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 2021/2/29 210 to legal entities: 1000-2000 rubles in the Irkutsk region, 50,000-200,000 rubles in St. Petersburg , the national average - 15,000-20,000 rubles. The regulatory acts of the subjects of the Russian Federation provide for cases when it is allowed to temporarily exceed the level of permissible noise. There are generally accepted exceptions, for example, pyrotechnic actions during the New Year celebrations, the prevention of offenses, the prevention and elimination of the consequences of accidents, natural disasters, and other emer- gencies, urgent work related to ensuring the personal and public safety of citizens in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. The analysis of the regulatory documents of the subjects of the Russian Federation showed a discrepancy on a number of points: _ Performing divine services, other religious rites, and ceremonies within the framework of the canonical requirements of the respective denominations. It is allowed to exceed the noise level. It is found in the legislation of 43% of the considered subjects of the Russian Federation. _ When carrying out cultural and sports events in accordance with the procedure established by the current legislation. It is allowed to exceed the noise level. It is found in the legislation of 17% of the considered subjects of the Russian Federation. Requirements for the Assessment of Noise Exposure in a Residential Area in Other Countries The formation of legislation to limit the noise load at the present stage originates in the UK with the adoption of the national law in 1960. This initiative was supported in other countries: United States (1972), Netherlands (1979), France (1985), Spain (1993) and Denmark (1994), Egypt (1994), etc. A number of countries have specific features, for example, Australia, USA have the condition “un- reasonable noise” that is the noise that is clearly heard from another apartment or room during protected hours and does not require confirmation by instrumental methods (USA, New Jersey). In Germany, there is the concept of Ruhezeiten that is the time during which any noise is strictly prohibited. Usually it is from 10:00 pm to 7:00 am the next day, but these rules can be changed at Table 5 Time period of excessive noise restrictions for different states. (European Union Directive 2002/49/ EC, 2008; Night noise guidelines for Europe, 2009; Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region, 2018; U.S. Noise Pollution and Abatement Act of 1972, 1972; Shiro Kawashima 1995, Alice et al, 2019) Country / State, City Time Interval Workdays Weekends and holidays “day” “night” “day” “night” Germany 7-00 – 22-00 22-00 – 7-00 8-00 – 22-00 22-00 - 8-00 Australia 7-00 – 22-00 22-00 – 7-00 9-00 – 22-00 22-00 - 9-00 Finland 6-00 – 22-00 22-00 – 6-00 Great Britain 8-00 – 22-00 22-00 – 8-00 Spain Madrid 7-00 – 23-00 23-00 – 7-00 8-00 – 23-00 23-00 - 8-00 Switzerland 8-00 – 22-00 22-00 – 8-00 Italy 6-00 – 22-00 22-00 – 6-00 Israel 7-00 – 20-00 20-00 – 7-00 7-00 – 17-00 17-00 - 7-00 China 8-00 – 21-00 21-00 – 8-00 India 8-00 – 22-00 22-00 – 8-00 Sweden 7-00 – 22-00 22-00 – 7-00 Poland 6-00 – 22-00 22-00 – 6-00 Algeria 8-00 – 22-00 22-00 – 8-00 USA / Florida 6-00 – 23-00 23-00 – 6-00 10-00 - 22-00 22-00 – 10-00 USA / Georgia 7-00 – 22-00 22-00 – 7-00 the meeting of the house resi- dents. The Peoria, Illinois Noise Act (sections 15-75 and 15-77) permits the seizure of vehi- cles that emit excessive sound caused by audio devices. Standards of 14 countries were considered to compare the requirements for noise restrictions in the area of peo- ple's residence. When comparing the time in- tervals in Tables 4 and 5, we conclude that there are no fun- damental differences between the subjects of the Russian Federation and the countries under consideration. In Russia, we can see a large amplitude in the time range of the begin- ning of the daily period – from 6-00 to 9-00. 211 Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 2021/2/29 Modeling of Acoustic Wave Propagation in the Apartment Building The instrumental equipment determines the characteristics of three types of noise sources: per- forator, car alarm, and motorcycles driving at high speed at night. Object Noise pressure levels, dB, in octave bands with geometric mean frequencies in Hz LAeq LAmax Measuring (calculation) distance R (m) 31.5 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 Sources of constant noise Perforator 1.0 99.0 102.0 107.0 104.0 101.0 101.0 98.0 92.0 91.0 105.0 Sources of intermittent noise Motorcycle 7.5 71.5 78.0 73.5 70.5 67.5 67.5 64.5 58.5 46.0 71.9 105.0 Car alarm system 1.0 84.0 87.0 92.0 89.0 86.0 86.0 83.0 77.0 76.0 90.0 100.0 The Ecolog-Shum program was used to simulate the propagation of acoustic waves to the sur- rounding area. This is shown in Fig. 1 and 2. The movement of noisy cars (motorcycles) at night is episodic and does not occur regularly, so only the maximum noise level was considered in the calculations. In the course of the experiment, the road section adjacent to the residential building at a distance of 23 meters was taken into ac- count. The upper part of Fig. 1 shows that at the level of the windows (closed), the LAmax decreases to 90 dB. Double-glazed windows are practically not obstacle for acoustic waves, and for a short time the noise level in the living room reaches more than 85 dB. In the lower part, the option of gradual attenuation of noise at a considerable distance is considered. More than 300 meters is necessary for the noise from high-speed riding of motorcycles to reach a level below 70 dB. Table 6 Characteristics of noise sources Fig. 1 Propagation of the maximum noise level from the motorcycle (s) when driving at a speed of more than 100 km / h system The Ecolog-Shum program was used to simulate the propagation of acoustic waves to the surrounding area. This is shown in Figures 1 and 2. The movement of noisy cars (motorcycles) at night is episodic and does not occur regularly, so only the maximum noise level was considered in the calculations. In the course of the experiment, the road section adjacent to the residential building at a distance of 23 meters was taken into account. The upper part of Figure 1 shows that at the level of the windows (closed), the LAmax decreases to 90 dB. Double-glazed windows are practically not obstacle for acoustic waves, and for a short time the noise level in the living room reaches more than 85 dB. In the lower part, the option of gradual attenuation of noise at a considerable distance is considered. More than 300 meters is necessary for the noise from high-speed riding of motorcycles to reach a level below 70 dB. Figure 1 (Figure 1). Propagation of the maximum noise level from the motorcycle (s) when driving at a speed of more than 100 km / h A more frequent source of exposure to intra-neighborhood noise is car alarms. The option of placing a car in an open guest parking lot 12 meters away from an apartment building is considered. The initial noise intensity of 100 dB, measured 1 meter away from the source, taking into account the short duration of the signal in the model and the spherical acoustic wave type, is considered as LAmax 78 dB. Further to the window opening, it decreases to 60 dB. In the case of an open window, the maximum noise level should not exceed 40 dB (according to Russian standards). Figure 2 in the lower part shows that at a distance of 60 meters from the car, the permissible maximum noise level in front of the residential building is reached. With the windows open, this distance will be more than 300 meters to achieve a safe level of 40 dB. A more frequent source of exposure to intra-neighborhood noise is car alarms. The option of plac- ing a car in an open guest parking lot 12 meters away from an apartment building is considered. The initial noise intensity of 100 dB, measured 1 meter away from the source, taking into account the short duration of the signal in the model and the spherical acoustic wave type, is considered as LAmax 78 dB. Further to the window opening, it decreases to 60 dB. In the case of an open window, Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 2021/2/29 212 the maximum noise level should not exceed 40 dB (according to Russian standards). Fig. 2 in the lower part shows that at a distance of 60 meters from the car, the permissible maximum noise level in front of the residential building is reached. With the windows open, this distance will be more than 300 meters to achieve a safe level of 40 dB. Fig. 2 Propagation of maximum noise level from car alarms Figure 2 (Figure 2). Propagation of maximum noise level from car alarms The propagation of noise during repair work is not typical and depends on factors such as the area and volume of the room where the work is carried out, the reverberation time, the density and geometric dimensions of the obstacle wall. These conditions affect the sound insulation index Rw, dB, which in Russia varies from 50 to 54 and depends on the category of the house. In the course of the experiment, the operation of perforator with an intensity of 105 dB was considered. If we consider compliance with all technical standards when building a house, then even the minimum level on the opposite side will be at least 50 dB of audible noise. Table 2 presents that LAeq is defined as 25 - 30 dBA. Discussions The European Noise Control Guidelines provide thresholds for night noise levels in sleeping rooms (LAmax, inside) and outside (Lnight, outside). Table 1 shows that “restlessness in sleep” and “micro-awakening” were the most sensitive indicators of noise exposure at night - they constituted the threshold value LAmax, inside 32 - 35 dB. Noise load requirements for Russia are LAeq 25 dBA for high comfort houses of category A and LAeq 30 dBA for apartments with lower comfort level of category B (SP 2.2.4/2.1.8.562–96, 1997). These standards do not include office space - toilet room, kitchen, and hallway. According to the Guidelines (Night noise guidelines for Europe, 2009), noise in the area adjacent to residential buildings is responsible for the quality of sleep: “use of sleeping pills”, The propagation of noise during repair work is not typical and depends on factors such as the area and volume of the room where the work is carried out, the reverberation time, the density and geometric dimensions of the obstacle wall. These conditions affect the sound insulation index Rw, dB, which in Russia varies from 50 to 54 and depends on the category of the house. In the course of the experiment, the operation of perforator with an intensity of 105 dB was considered. If we consider compliance with all technical standards when building a house, then even the minimum level on the opposite side will be at least 50 dB of audible noise. Table 2 presents that LAeq is de- fined as 25 - 30 dBA. The European Noise Control Guidelines provide thresholds for night noise levels in sleeping rooms (LAmax, inside) and outside (Lnight, outside). Table 1 shows that “restlessness in sleep” and “micro-awakening” were the most sensitive indica- tors of noise exposure at night - they constituted the threshold value LAmax, inside 32 - 35 dB. Noise load requirements for Russia are LAeq 25 dBA for high comfort houses of category A and LAeq 30 dBA for apartments with lower comfort level of category B (SP 2.2.4/2.1.8.562–96, 1997). These standards do not include office space - toilet room, kitchen, and hallway. According to the Guidelines (Night noise guidelines for Europe, 2009), noise in the area adja- cent to residential buildings is responsible for the quality of sleep: “use of sleeping pills”, “sleep disturbance” “insomnia” - the threshold value Lnight, outside -40–42 dB. Taking into account, in most cases, the impossibility of observing such a strict criterion of the noise level, the members of the working group (Night noise guidelines for Europe, 2009) proposed 2 variants of the norms: the recommended level of night noise Lnight, outside = 40 dB and the intermediate target indicator Lnight, outside = 55 dB. Most EU member states, except for France, have adopted this standard (see Table 3). Russia did not support the recommended level, but the adopted value of the night standard was significantly ahead of the target - 45 dBA. As mentioned earlier, the time intervals for restricting excessive noise for Russia (subjects of the Russian Federation) and other countries are not fundamentally different. Discussions 213 Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 2021/2/29 After the introduction of the" Law of Silence " in 40 subjects of the Russian Federation, the rights of residents in apartment buildings to favorable conditions have improved. The most effective mech- anism in this case was the system of fines. It makes possible to influence the unauthorized actions of neighbors in the house, but weakly protects against excessive external noise. ConclusionsProblems caused by excessive noise in places where people live are no less important than diffi-culties caused by occupational noise. If noise was originally considered as an effect of unavoidable human disturbance, then with the adoption of the first laws of silence since the 1970s, this issue has shifted from the field of psychology to a serious environmental problem. Industrial noise is relatively easy to control and therefore can be regulated. Significant difficulties arise with house- hold noise. There are contradictions between the" freedom " of a person in private life and forced communication with neighbors. The solution to this problem currently lies in the area of improving legislation. In Russia there is no federal law of noise now. There are sanitary standards, but they also differ in many federal subjects. It applies to the time interval for the action of standards in the periods: "day", "evening", "night". The physiological needs of a person suggest a duration of up to 10 hours (to ensure sleep protec- tion for 80% of the population), but on average, people spend 7.5 hours in bed. (Night noise guide- lines for Europe, 2009) For most countries and subjects of the Russian Federation, 15 - 16 hours are allotted for the night period of the day (due to the restrictions of external noise exposure). Sanitary standards, taking into account the negative noise impact in Russia, are confirmed by medical indications and correspond to similar requirements in other countries. The main problem is their compliance. If noise from neighbors can be regulated using administrative legislation (re- publics, regions, territories), then the impact of traffic noise at the moment is often an unsolvable problem. Previously, the main types of sources of noise pollution in apartment buildings and the surround- ing area were considered. Reducing the severity of these problems found a solution in the legisla- tive initiatives of some subjects of the Russian Federation, for example: _ within six months from the date of the cadastral registration of an apartment building, it is not allowed to carry out reconstruction, redevelopment, repair work (Moscow region). _ turning off the sound signal of the triggered vehicle alarm daily and around the clock (Nizhny Novgorod region). _ failure by the driver or the owner (owner) of the vehicle to repeatedly (two or more times) triggered security alarm (Samara region); _ construction works are not allowed, except for driving and vibrating piles, other work that creates noise above the permissible norm (Samara region). _ performance of work, the suspension of which is impossible due to production and technical conditions (continuously operating organizations and individual entrepreneurs) (Republic of Dagestan). Another problem related to household noise relates to the area of proving a violation of noise legislation. In Russia, penalties can be applied if excessive noise is confirmed by an accredited laboratory, which is difficult to implement in practice. In this regard, the experience of the US state of New Jersey is interesting - when it is not required to invite a specialized laboratory. With regard to Russia, this can be replaced by modern recording devices (for example, smartphone) with the participation of neighbors. It will also be effective to confiscate a vehicle by the municipal author- ities if the residents of the house are often disturbed by car alarm, as in the US state of Illinois. Noteworthy is the experience of Germany-Ruhezeiten-house rules, when the residents of the house can clarify the rules of the internal order of residence. Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 2021/2/29 214 Night noise guidelines for Europe. 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References 215 Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 2021/2/29 GAGARIN SERGEY ALEKSANDROVICH Senior Lecturer Udmurt State University, Department of Ecology and Nature Management Main research area Environmental pollution, acoustics Address Universitetskaya st. 1/1, Izhevsk, Udmurt Republic, Russia E-mail: 2002gsa@mail.ru GAGARINA OLGA VYACHESLAVOVNA Candidate of Geographical Sciences, Associate Professor Udmurt State University, Department of Ecology and Nature Management Main research area Mathematical modeling of natural processes Universitetskaya street 1, Izhevsk city 7+3412916433 E-mail: olgagagarina@mail.ru About the Authors SEMAKINA ALSU VALERIEVNA Candidate of Geographical Sciences, Associate Professor Udmurt State University, Department of Ecology and Nature Management Main research area Environmental mapping, atmospheric air pollution Address Universitetskaya st. 1/1, Izhevsk, Udmurt Republic, Russia E-mail: alsen13@list.ru PLATUNOVA GUZEL RASHIDOVNA Candidate of Biological Sciences, аssociate Professor Udmurt State University, Department of Ecology and Nature Management Main research area Hydrobiology. Ecology, geobotany, soil science, hydrobotany, populations, biomorphologists Address Universitetskaya st. 1/1, Izhevsk, Udmurt Republic, Russia E-mail: dyukina-guzel@yandex.ru RUBTSOVA IRINA YURYEVNA Candidate of Geographical Sciences, Associate Professor Udmurt State University, Department of Ecology and Nature Management Main research area Medical and environmental assessment of the territory, chemical and physical pollution of the environment Address Universitetskaya st. 1/1, Izhevsk, Udmurt Republic, Russia E-mail: irrubcov@mail.ru This article is an Open Access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).