58 J. Indonesian Trop. Anim. Agric. 48(1):58-73, March 2023 J I T A A Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture Accredited by Ditjen Riset, Teknologi dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat No. 164/E/KPT/2021 J. Indonesian Trop. Anim. Agric. pISSN 2087-8273 eISSN 2460-6278 http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/jitaa 48(1):58-73, March 2023 DOI: 10.14710/jitaa.48.1. 58-73 Growth performance, intestinal morphology, and carcass traits in broiler chicken fed Conocarpus erectus leaf meal M. F. Al-qazzaz 1 *, A. M. Humam 1 , H. A. AI- Mashhadani 1 , O. A. Aljumaili 2 , and H. N. Ezzat 1 1 Animal production department, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq 2 Community Health Department, Anbar Technical Institute, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq *Corresponding E-mail: mohammed.far@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq Received January 16, 2023; Accepted March 06, 2023 ABSTRACT This study evaluated the effects of adding Conocarpus erectus leaf meal to the diet on the perfor- mance, carcass traits, organ weights, and intestinal morphology of broiler chicken. A total of 396 one- day-old Ross 308 broilers were assigned to nine treatments, which included 0, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 1.75%, and 2% C. erectus leaf meal addition to the broiler diet. Feed and bird weights were recorded weekly. On slaughter day, the weights of carcasses and organs were individual- ly reported using a digital scale as well as the intestine samples were pooled for tissue analysis. High levels of C. erectus leaf meal reduced (P<0.01) body weight, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio. The basal diet and 0.25% C. erectus leaf meal diet reported higher (P<0.01) body weight and body weight gain than did the other treatments. Birds fed 0.25% C. erectus leaf meal supplementation performed similarly to those fed the basal diet. Significantly, with increasing amounts of C. erectus leaf meal in the diets, there was a linear slope decrease in live weight and body weight gain as well as a linear slope rise in the values of feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Carcass trait and relative organ weights were not altered among the dietary treatments. Feeding 1% C. erectus leaf meal diet decreased (P<0.01) relative abdominal fat weight compared to birds fed the control diet. Birds fed dietary C. erectus treatments had higher (P<0.01) villus height, villus width, crypt depth, and lower villus height/ crypt depth ratio than did birds fed the control diet. In conclusion, the study indicated that feeding 0.25% C. erectus leaf meal showed no deleterious effects on the growth performance of the broiler. Growth performance and intestinal morphology were linearly reduced when broilers were fed up 2% of C. erectus meal. Keywords: Broiler, Conocarpus erectus, Intestinal morphology, Performance INTRODUCTION Phytogenic feed additives are increasingly being used in poultry diets after the use of antibi- otics as growth promoters in animal feed was banned on January 1, 2006, by the European Par- liament and the European Council. The effect of phytogenic feed additives added to poultry diets mailto:mohammed.far@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq Feeding Conocarpus erectus Leaf Meal in Broiler Chicken (M.F. Al-qazzaz et al.) 59 has been reported by many researchers (Al- Masari and Al-Himdany, 2022; Atiyah and Ha- mood, 2021). However, many plants have still not been studied for their effect as a feed addi- tive in broiler diets. Conocarpus erectus, called button man- grove and buttonwood (English), is a plant of the Combretaceae family and is native to the tropical and subtropical areas of the world. The plant is used as a folk remedy for many human diseases (Bashir et al., 2015) as well as it is effective to get ride mites in poultry farms (Rajabpour et al., 2018). Also, it is reported that numerous phyto- chemical compounds were isolated from C. erec- tus leaves such as gallic acid, ellagic acid, quer- cetin, tannin, and saponin (Ayoub, 2010; Nasci- mento et al., 2016; Tawfeeq et al., 2020). The phytochemicals are secondary metabolites that could be used as safe natural feed additive (Hashemi et al., 2008); they possess a positive effect on bird bodies in terms of health, growth, and production (Abdel-Moneim et al., 2020; Lipiński et al., 2017; Tayeb et al., 2019). Sup- plementation of plant leaf meals as feed addi- tives in poultry diets due to their content of af- fective phytochemical compounds was reported (Basit et al., 2020; Nkukwana et al., 2014; Shi- raze and Hassanabadi, 2019). The phytochemical compounds are capable to improve intestinal histomorphometry (Kamboh and Zhu, 2014; Oliveira et al., 2018), and growth performance (Luo et al., 2018). Information about the effect of C. erectus leaf meal in poultry research is ra- re. In farm animal studies, the replacement of berseem hay with up to 30% biologically treated C. erectus meal improved the body weight (BW) of rabbits (Ali et al., 2017). The silage made from the Conocarpus plant could be cheaper than imported fodder and ease feed shortfall. Addi- tionally, the performance of sheep growth was unaffected when corn silage was substituted with dried C. erectus leaves (Hoseini and Chaji, 2021). The digestion activity of Arabian sheep and some fermentation parameters could be im- proved by treating C. erectus leaves with the bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acineto- bacter sp (Mohammadabadi et al., 2020). Stud- ies evaluating the effects of adding C. erectus leaves to broiler diets are scarce. Therefore, the objective of the current study is to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of C. erectus leaf meal in a broiler diet on the growth perfor- mance, carcass traits, organ weights, and intestinal morphology of broilers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental Diets The fresh leaves of C. erectus were collected daily from trees in Baghdad city, Al-Mansour Street, and immediately dried inside a shadow room for three days. The dried leaves were stored in polyethylene bags before vacuum sealing. The dried leaves were ground using an electric grind- er (Model No. TG-1678) before these were add- ed to the treatment diets at numerous levels to choose the best level that could achieve the top result. Regarding the treatments, the first treat- ment consisted of a basal diet (Table 1). The se- cond until the ninth treatment consisted of in- creasing levels (0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, 1.50%, 1.75%, and 2%) of C. erectus added to the basal diet, respectively. Management of Birds A total of 396 one-day-old Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned to nine treatments after individual weighing using a digital scale. Each treatment consisted of four groups with 11 birds each. The birds of each group were housed in a single-floor cage. The experiment was performed in a closed house provided with artificial light using electric bulbs. Continuous ad libitum feed- ing and water were provided during the experi- mental days. A completed vaccination program was likewise applied for the birds according to standard veterinary practice. The experiment was performed according to the committee approval of the University of Baghdad 111/19/10/2021. Growth Performance Body weight (BW) and feed intake (FI) of the birds were measured weekly using a digital scale, and thereafter body weight gain (BWG) file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_6#_ENREF_6 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_6#_ENREF_6 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_11#_ENREF_11 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_15#_ENREF_15 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_52#_ENREF_52 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_52#_ENREF_52 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_12#_ENREF_12 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_47#_ENREF_47 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_47#_ENREF_47 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_58#_ENREF_58 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_29#_ENREF_29 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_1#_ENREF_1 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_37#_ENREF_37 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_59#_ENREF_59 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_16#_ENREF_16 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_48#_ENREF_48 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_55#_ENREF_55 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_55#_ENREF_55 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_34#_ENREF_34 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_49#_ENREF_49 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_40#_ENREF_40 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_8#_ENREF_8 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_31#_ENREF_31 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_31#_ENREF_31 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_45#_ENREF_45 60 J. Indonesian Trop. Anim. Agric. 48(1):58-73, March 2023 and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated. The proximate composition (moisture, crude fi- ber, crude protein, ash, and ether extract) of C. erectus leaf meal was determined according to standard procedures (George, 2016). Carcass Traits and Organ Weights The treatment birds that underwent treat- ments (two birds from each replicate) were se- lected for being slaughtered at the end of the ex- periment. Carcass weights of the slaughtered birds were recorded using digital scales. The dressing percentage was calculated according to the formula: (carcass weight / BW) × 100. Rela- tive breast muscle weight was calculated accord- ing to the formula: (breast weight / BW) × 100. Relative organ weights of the tract, heart, liver, gizzard, spleen, abdominal fat, and bursa of fab- ricius were calculated by dividing the organ weight individually over the BW(Alqazzaz et al., 2019). Intestinal Morphology Samples (5 cm/sample) were collected from the birds’ duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of the intestine. The samples were immediately rinsed with phosphate buffer saline and then placed in boxes containing 10% formalin. The samples were washed with distilled water after, and the morphology analysis was performed according to the method described by Bancroft and Gamble (2008). They were tested using a light micro- scope (Future Win Joe microscopic imaging pro- gram). Five replicate slides per intestine were evaluated as part of the treatment. Villus height (VH) of the sample referred to the distance be- tween the tip of the villus and the villus crypt junction. Crypt depth (CD) referred to the depth of the invagination between the two villi. Meas- urements were conducted using a Winjoe ocular Table 1. Composition of Experimental Diets Ingredients (%) Starter Period (0-14 d) Grower Period (15-25 d) Finisher Period (26-35 d) Yellow corn 48.00 48.00 48.00 Wheat 9.70 12.80 15.00 Soybean meal 33.00 29.10 25.50 Protein concentrate A 5.00 5.00 5.00 Corn oil 2.00 3.10 4.50 Limestone 1.10 1.10 1.10 Dicalcium phosphate 0.80 0.50 0.50 Salt 0.20 0.20 0.20 Vitamin and mineral premix B 0.20 0.20 0.20 Calculated analysis Crude protein (%) 23.10 21.60 20.04 Metabolic energy (kcal/kg) 3001.00 3101.00 3208.50 Methionine (%) 0.56 0.48 0.46 Lysine (%) 1.30 1.21 1.11 Calcium (%) 0.94 0.87 0.86 Phosphorus (%) 0.50 0.44 0.44 A Provided per kilogram of diet: crude protein 40%, crude fat 5%, crude fiber 2.26%, calcium 5%, phosphorus 4.68%, lysine 3.85%, methionine 3.7%, methionine and cystine 4.12% ,sodium 2.4%, energy 2107 kcal/kg, vit A 200000 I.U., vit D 60000 I.U., vit E 600 mg., vit K 50 mg, vit B1 60mg, vit B2 140 mg, vit B6 80 mg, folic acid 20 mg, biotin 100 mg, iron 1 mg, copper 200 mg, manganese 1.6 mg, zinc 1.6 mg, niacin 700 mg/kg, pantothenic acid 147 mg/kg, vit b12 400 mg/kg, choline, Iodine 20 mg, Selenium 5 mg, antioxidant (BHT) 900 mg. B Supplied per kg diet: Vitamin A 4000 I.U., Vitamin D3 750I.U., Vitamin E 500 mcg, Vitamin k3 500 mcg, Vitamin B1 HCl 250 mcg, Vitamin B2 250 mcg, Vitamin B6 HCl 100 mcg, Vitamin B12 4 mcg, Calcium-D- Pantothenate 2 mcg, Niacin 3 mcg, Folic Acid 25 mcg, Manganese Sulphate 200 mcg, Zinc Sulphate 75 mcg, Ferrous Sulphate 250 mcg, Copper Sulphate 20 mcg, Cobalt Sulphate 5 mcg. file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_24#_ENREF_24 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_9#_ENREF_9 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_9#_ENREF_9 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_14#_ENREF_14 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_14#_ENREF_14 Feeding Conocarpus erectus Leaf Meal in Broiler Chicken (M.F. Al-qazzaz et al.) 61 micrometer(Al-Rubaee et al., 2020). Chemical Analysis Total Phenolic Content. The Folin- Ciocalteu method described by Singleton and Rossi (1965) was performed with a slight modi- fication to determine the total phenolic content in the C. erectus leaf samples. At 50°C–55°C, sam- ples of C. erectus leaf were extracted with 300 ml ethanol using a Soxhlet extractor for 3–4 h. The samples were filtered using No. 1 filter pa- per before drying using an evaporator and then kept in storage at 4°C. A sodium carbonate solu- tion of 20% was prepared for the next step. In a 5 ml tube, the aliquot extract sample (150 μl) was mixed with a Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (500 μl) and sodium carbonate (1.5 ml) using a vortex mixer. The mixture was diluted up to 10 ml with distilled water. The tubes were allowed to stand for 2 h before the absorbance was scanned at 765 nm. A standard calibration curve of gallic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) was used as the standard to estimate the phenolic amount in C. erectus leaf meal, as expressed in mg gallic acid equivalent per g dry weight. Total Flavonoid Content. The aluminum chloride colorimetric technique was applied to determine the total flavonoid content in C. erec- tus leaf samples according to the method de- scribed by Laouini and Ouahrani (2017). Tannin Content. Tannin content in the C. erectus leaf samples was determined according to the method described by Abdelkader et al. (2014) with slight modifications. Briefly, 2 g of extract was blended with ethanol (80%) before heating in a water bath. The process was fol- lowed by filtering before ferric chloride was add- ed to the filtrate. Tannin content in the sample was inferred from the indicator of dark-green color. The filter process was repeated after mix- ing 1 ml of the extract with 2 ml of sodium chlo- ride (2%). The final volume was mixed with 5 ml of 1% gelatin solution before the absorption was scanned at 540 nm. Saponin Content. The double extraction gravimetric method was applied to determine saponin content in the C. erectus leaf samples according to the procedure described by Har- borne (1973) with a slight amendment. Briefly, the samples (5 g/sample) of C. erectus leaf meal were added to the flask containing 50 ml of etha- nol (20%) with mixing. The mixture was held in a water bath at 55°C for 90 min and then filtered through Whatman filter paper (No. 42). After- wards, the residue was mixed with 50 ml of 20% ethanol and heated at 90°C until the volume was reduced to approximately 40 ml. The samples were vigorously shaken with 40 ml of diethyl Table 2. Result of Phenolic Compounds and Proximate Analysis of C.erectus Leaf Meal Phenolic Compounds Content Total phenolic (mg gallic / gm) 271.80 Total flavonoid (mg rutin / gm) 68.00 Tannin (%) 58.50 Saponin (%) 9.45 Glycoside (%) 11.90 Gallic acid (ppm) 235.80 Apigenin (ppm) 98.70 Catechin (ppm) 104.80 Quercetin (ppm) 217.90 Proximate analysis Moisture (%) 5.23 Crude protein (%) 6.31 Ether extract (%) 4.30 Fiber (%) 13.05 Ash (%) 70.45 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_7#_ENREF_7 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_56#_ENREF_56 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_56#_ENREF_56 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_36#_ENREF_36 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_2#_ENREF_2 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_2#_ENREF_2 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_28#_ENREF_28 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_28#_ENREF_28 62 J. Indonesian Trop. Anim. Agric. 48(1):58-73, March 2023 ether in a separate funnel. Re-extraction was ap- plied until the aqueous layer color became clear. Saponins were extracted using 60 ml of normal butanol. After the samples were washed with 5% aqueous sodium chloride solution, these were dried in a pre-weighed evaporation dish using an evaporator and then held in the oven at 60°C and reweighed after cooling in a desiccator. Saponin content in the samples was determined according to the following formula: Saponin content (%) = (W2 – W1 / Wt.) × 100 W1 = weight of the dried dish W2 = weight of the dried dish + sample Wt.= weight of the sample Glycoside Content. The method of Solich et al. (1992) with a slight amendment was ap- plied to determine glycoside content in the C. erectus leaf samples. The samples (10 g/sample) were macerated repeatedly in methanol (80%) at room temperature for 24 h. The extracted sam- ples were concentrated under a vacuum after mixing with 10 ml of Baljet’s reagent, which was freshly prepared from 95 ml of 1% picric acid and 5 ml of 10% NaOH. After 1 h, 20 ml of distilled water was added to each sample. The samples were scanned at 495 nm using the Shi- madzu UV/VIS spectrophotometer model 1600A (Kyoto, Japan). The standard curve was made with different concentrations (12.5–100 mg/L) of 10 ml of securidaside. Glycoside content in the sample was expressed as mg of securidaside per gm of dried extracts. Individual Phenolic Compounds. The phenolic compounds (gallic acid, apigenin, cate- chin, and quercetin) of C. erectus leaf samples (10.0 g) were extracted by ethanol (70%) using the Brason B-220 Ultrasonic Bath (Smith-Kline Company, USA) at room temperature for 1 h (Mladenovic et al., 2011). The samples were dried at 40°C after the solvent was removed by a rotary evaporator under a vacuum (Slovenia). The extract samples were stored at 4°C in glass bottles to protect them from oxidation until anal- ysis. Reversed phase HPLC analysis was con- ducted on the samples using a Sykamn HPLC chromatographic system equipped with a UV detector for quantification of individual phenolic compounds. The temperature of the column (Zorbax Eclipse Plus-C18-OSD 0.25 cm, 4.6 mm) was 30°C with a mobile phase involving eluent A (methanol) and eluent B (1% formic acid in water (v/v)). The conditions (initial 0–13 min, 40% B; 14–20 min, 50% B; and flow rate of 0.7 ml/min) of the mobile phase were performed using the gradient system. The volume of the injected samples and the standard were both 100 μl. The photodiode array absorption spectrum was scanned at 280 nm. Statistical Analysis The treatments were assigned using a com- pletely randomized design, and the collected data were subjected to analysis using the general line- ar models of the Statistical Analysis System (version 9.4). The differences among means were compared using Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD). The simple linear regression model was used to describe the relationship be- tween independent variables of growth perfor- mance with dependent variables of C. erectus levels in the diets. RESULTS The results of proximate analysis of the C. erectus leaf meal showed that the moisture, crude protein, ether extract, fiber, and ash contents were 5.23%, 6.31%, 4.3%, 13.05%, and 70.45%, respectively (Table 2). In the same table, the re- sults of quantitative phytochemical analysis of C. erectus leaf meal were total phenolic (271.8 mg/ g), total flavonoid (68 mg/g), tannin (58.5%), saponin (9.45%), glycoside (11.9%), gallic acid (235.8%), apigenin (98.7ppm), catechin (104.8 ppm), and quercetin (217.9ppm). The growth performance of birds fed dietary treat- ments of C. erectus meal is revealed in Table 3. In the starter period, FI, BWG, FCR, and BW were not affected significantly by the addi- tion of different levels of C. erectus in broiler diets. In the grower period, the dietary treatments of C. erectus meal did not affect FI. Significant- ly, BWG was lowered (P<0.01) when broiler file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_57#_ENREF_57 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_57#_ENREF_57 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_44#_ENREF_44 Feeding Conocarpus erectus Leaf Meal in Broiler Chicken (M.F. Al-qazzaz et al.) 63 T a b le 3 . G ro w th P e rf o rm a n c e o f B ir d s F e d D ie ta ry T re a tm e n ts o f C . e re c tu s L e a f M e a l D ie ta ry T re a tm e n ts ( % ) V a ri a b le s P -v a lu e S E M 2 1 .7 5 1 .5 1 .2 5 1 0 .7 5 0 .5 0 .2 5 0 S ta rt e r p e ri o d ( 0 -1 5 d ) 0 .3 3 2 0 .8 1 3 0 5 .4 6 2 9 3 .2 7 3 0 0 .8 5 2 8 9 .7 0 2 9 3 .7 9 2 7 7 .8 8 2 8 5 .7 0 3 0 4 .3 3 2 7 2 .3 0 F I (g ) 0 .0 8 9 .7 6 2 5 7 .6 6 2 5 2 .3 8 2 6 3 .1 1 2 7 3 .3 5 2 6 6 .3 2 2 6 0 .8 1 2 6 1 .7 2 2 6 4 .1 4 2 5 0 .7 5 B W G ( g ) 0 .1 8 0 .0 7 1 .1 8 1 .1 6 1 .1 5 1 .0 6 1 .1 0 1 .0 6 1 .0 9 1 .1 5 1 .0 8 F C R 0 .0 8 9 .7 6 2 9 7 .9 4 2 9 2 .6 6 3 0 3 .3 9 3 1 3 .6 3 3 0 6 .6 0 3 0 1 .0 9 3 0 2 .0 0 3 0 4 .4 2 2 9 1 .0 3 B W ( g ) G ro w e r p e ri o d ( 1 6 -2 5 d ) 0 .1 5 7 9 .7 8 1 4 2 8 .1 0 1 3 1 1 .0 9 1 3 6 3 .2 2 1 3 0 9 .7 0 1 2 6 2 .7 9 1 3 2 8 .4 2 1 2 7 9 .2 1 1 3 2 9 .3 4 1 2 7 1 .7 6 F I (g ) < 0 .0 1 2 8 .8 8 8 6 8 .2 7 d 8 9 6 .8 2 c d 9 2 0 .0 0 b c d 9 6 6 .6 4 a b 9 3 1 .1 2 b c d 9 2 0 .7 6 b c d 9 5 2 .9 7 a b c 1 0 0 6 .0 0 a 9 5 5 .2 4 a b c B W G ( g ) < 0 .0 1 0 .1 0 1 .6 4 a 1 .4 6 a b 1 .4 8 a b 1 .3 5 b 1 .3 6 b 1 .4 4 a b 1 .3 4 b 1 .3 2 b 1 .3 3 b F C R < 0 .0 1 3 3 .0 8 1 1 6 6 .2 1 d 1 1 8 9 .4 9 c d 1 2 2 3 .3 9 b c d 1 2 8 0 .2 7 a b 1 2 3 7 .7 3 a b c d 1 2 2 1 .8 5 b c d 1 2 5 4 .9 7 a b c 1 3 1 0 .4 2 a 1 2 4 6 .2 7 a b c B W ( g ) F in is h e r p e ri o d ( 2 6 -3 5 d ) 0 .3 1 4 5 .3 2 1 3 5 3 .1 3 1 3 3 7 .2 6 1 3 6 8 .3 0 1 4 1 7 .5 3 1 3 7 4 .2 0 1 3 3 7 .0 3 1 3 6 1 .2 5 1 3 8 7 .7 7 1 3 5 9 .1 3 F I (g ) 0 .0 3 5 2 .0 4 7 4 5 .1 6 7 8 3 .8 5 8 2 5 .6 1 8 2 9 .8 5 8 5 3 .6 1 7 5 6 .8 1 7 9 2 .4 2 8 3 2 .8 5 8 5 9 .8 5 B W G ( g ) 0 .1 2 0 .1 2 1 .8 2 1 .7 0 1 .6 5 1 .7 1 1 .6 1 1 .7 9 1 .7 4 1 .6 7 1 .5 8 F C R < 0 .0 1 5 1 .8 7 1 9 1 1 .3 7 d 1 9 7 3 .3 3 d c 2 0 4 9 .0 0 a b c 2 1 1 0 .1 2 a b 2 0 9 1 .3 3 a b c 2 0 1 8 .8 6 b c d 2 0 4 7 .3 9 a b c 2 1 4 3 .2 7 a 2 1 0 6 .0 6 a b B W ( g ) O v e ra ll p e ri o d 0 -3 5 d 0 .0 4 8 1 .8 8 3 0 8 6 .6 8 2 9 4 1 .6 3 3 0 3 2 .3 7 3 0 1 6 .9 2 2 9 3 0 .7 7 2 9 4 3 .3 4 2 9 2 6 .1 6 3 0 2 1 .4 4 2 9 0 3 .3 3 F I (g ) < 0 .0 1 5 5 .6 5 1 8 8 1 .1 6 c 1 9 4 3 .1 2 b c 2 0 1 8 .7 9 a b 2 0 7 9 .9 1 a 2 0 6 1 .1 2 a b 1 9 8 8 .6 5 a b c 2 0 1 7 .1 8 a b 2 1 1 3 .0 6 a 2 0 7 5 .8 5 a B W G ( g ) < 0 .0 1 0 .0 4 1 .6 4 a 1 .5 1 b 1 .5 0 b 1 .4 5 b c 1 .4 2 b c 1 .4 8 b c 1 .4 5 b c 1 .4 3 b c 1 .3 9 c F C R 0 .4 5 1 .5 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 2 .2 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 M o rt a li ty r a te (% ) M e a n s w it h in th e sa m e ro w w it h d if fe re n t su p e rs c ri p ts (a ,b ,c ,d ) a re si g n if ic a n tl y d if fe re n t; m e a n s w it h in th e sa m e ro w w it h n o su p e rs c ri p ts a re n o t si g n if ic a n tl y d if fe re n t. F I, f e e d i n ta k e ; B W G , b o d y w e ig h t g a in , B W , b o d y w e ig h t; F C R , fe e d c o n v e rs io n r a ti o ; S E M , st a n d a rd e rr o r o f th e m e a n . 64 J. Indonesian Trop. Anim. Agric. 48(1):58-73, March 2023 diets were accompanied by rising levels of C. erectus meal. Also, the birds receiving 2% C. erectus showed the lowest BWG, whereas the birds receiving 0.25% C. erectus showed the highest BWG. In addition, birds fed 0.25% C. erectus meal diet had higher BWG compared with birds fed 0.75%,1%, 1.5%,1.75%, and 2% of C. erectus meal diets. There were no signifi- cant differences among BWG of birds fed 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1.25% C. erectus meal diets. Also, the birds fed 0%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, and 1.5% C. erectus meal diets had a similar BWG. In the same line, the BWG was comparable among birds fed 0%,0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, 1.5%, and 1.75% C. erectus meal diets. Moreover, there were no significant differ- ences among BWG of birds fed 0.75%, 1%, 1.5%, 1.75%, and 2% C. erectus meal diets. Sig- nificantly, the effect of the dietary treatments on BW was as similar to their effect on BWG in this period. The poorer (P<0.01) FCR was accompa- nied by enhancement levels of C. erectus in broiler diets. The birds fed 2% of C. erectus re- ported the worst FCR among dietary treatments. Also, the FCR was similar among birds fed 0%,0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, 1.5%, and 1.75% C. erectus diets. Also, no significant dif- ferences were observed among the FCR of birds fed 0.75%, 1.5%, 1.75%, and 2% of C. erectus meal. In the finisher period, dietary treatments did not affect (P>0.05) FI, BWG, and FCR. However, BW was lowered (P<0.01) in birds that received high levels of C. erectus meal com- pared to birds that received low levels of C. erec- tus meal in their diet; the birds fed 2% of C. erectus meal had the lowest BW. In the overall period, the dietary treatments had no impact on FI and mortality rate. Significantly, higher BWG (P<0.01) was observed in birds fed 0%, 0.25%, and 1.25% of C. erectus meal diets compared with birds fed 1.75% and 2% of C. erectus meal diets. There were no significant differences among BWG of birds fed 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, and 1.5% C. erectus meal in the diet. Also, similar differences were noted in BWG of birds fed 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.5%, and 1.75% C. erectus meal diets. Moreover, the BWG was comparable in birds fed 0.75%, 1.75%, and 2% C. erectus meal diets. The birds fed high levels of C. erectus meal had poor (P<0.01) FCR compared with birds fed low lev- els of C. erectus meal in the diet. No significant differences were noted among FCR of birds fed 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, 1.5%, and 1.75% of C. erectus diets. Also, the levels 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, and 1.25% of C. erec- tus meal had a similar FCR values. The birds fed 2% of C. erectus meal reported the highest FCR value whereas the birds fed basal diet had the lowest value. The FI, WG, LW, and FCR depended on C. erectus meal levels in the diet were studied (Table 4). There was a negative linear regression (P<0.01) for WG and LW with an increase of C. erectus levels in the diets. The value of the slope coefficient of WG was -79.60, and the same val- ue for LW. Also, There was a positive linear re- gression (P<0.01) for FI and FCR values with an increase of C. erectus levels in the diets. The val- ue of the slope coefficient of FI was 51.99, and 0.08 for FCR. The effect of dietary treatments of C. erec- tus meal on carcass traits and relative organ weight is revealed in Table 5. Carcass weight and relative weight of organs were similar among treatments of C. erectus meal supplementation, Table 4. Linear Regression of Growth Performance on C. erectus Levels in Broiler Diets Intercept Slop Parameters Estimate Estimate SE P-value R-Square FI (g) 2926.07 51.99 22.80 0.02 0.13 WG (g) 2089.40 -79.60 17.18 0.01 0.38 LW (g) 2129.68 -79.60 17.18 0.01 0.38 FCR 1.39 0.08 0.01 0.01 0.53 FI = feed intake; BWG = body weight gain, BW = body weight; FCR = feed conversion ratio Feeding Conocarpus erectus Leaf Meal in Broiler Chicken (M.F. Al-qazzaz et al.) 65 T a b le 5 . R e la ti v e C a rc a ss T ra it s a n d O rg a n W e ig h ts o f B ir d s F e d D ie ta ry T re a tm e n ts o f C . e re c tu s L e a f M e a l V a ri a b le s D ie ta ry T re a tm e n ts ( % ) 0 0 .2 5 0 .5 0 .7 5 1 1 .2 5 1 .5 1 .7 5 2 S E M P - v a lu e C a rc a ss ( g m ) 1 6 6 7 .2 5 1 6 5 4 .7 5 1 5 8 7 .2 5 1 7 1 0 1 6 2 7 .2 5 1 6 9 9 .2 5 1 5 6 9 .2 5 1 6 5 9 .2 5 1 6 3 5 .2 5 7 9 .4 9 0 .2 4 B re a st ( % ) 2 9 .7 7 2 8 .7 8 2 9 .9 6 3 1 .0 6 3 0 .2 9 3 2 .3 3 2 8 .8 2 9 .6 5 2 9 .8 7 1 .4 9 0 .0 6 D re ss in g ( % ) 7 5 .2 5 7 4 .2 5 7 4 .7 5 7 5 .7 5 7 5 7 7 7 4 7 6 7 6 .2 5 2 .0 5 0 .5 2 T ra c t (% ) 4 .5 3 5 .9 3 4 .7 4 .1 7 4 .9 8 4 .3 5 4 .0 2 4 .1 9 4 .7 5 1 .0 6 0 .4 9 H e a rt ( % ) 0 .5 6 0 .5 2 0 .5 0 .4 5 0 .4 5 0 .4 6 0 .5 1 0 .4 9 0 .5 1 0 .0 5 0 .1 1 L iv e r (% ) 2 .1 9 1 .7 2 2 .0 1 1 .8 5 2 .0 5 1 .8 3 1 .8 5 2 .0 1 1 .9 1 0 .2 4 0 .2 6 G iz z a rd ( % ) 1 .6 6 1 .8 1 1 .9 4 1 .7 1 1 .5 6 1 .4 3 1 .6 2 1 .6 1 .6 6 0 .2 3 0 .1 9 S p le e n ( % ) 0 .1 1 0 .1 2 0 .1 0 .0 9 0 .1 0 .0 7 0 .1 1 0 .0 9 0 .1 2 0 .0 2 0 .3 9 A b d o m in a l fa t (% ) 0 .9 8 a 0 .6 4 a b 0 .8 8 a b 0 .7 7 a b 0 .5 6 b 0 .6 6 a b 0 .8 8 a b 0 .8 3 a b 0 .7 6 a b 0 .1 4 < 0 .0 1 B u rs a o f fa b ri c iu s( % ) 0 .0 6 0 .0 6 0 .0 7 0 .1 2 0 .1 1 0 .0 7 0 .0 7 0 .0 7 0 .0 8 0 .0 4 0 .4 0 M e a n s w it h in t h e s a m e r o w w it h d if fe re n t su p e rs c ri p ts ( a , b ) a re s ig n if ic a n tl y d if fe re n t; m e a n s w it h in t h e s a m e r o w w it h n o s u p e rs c ri p ts a re n o t si g n if ic a n tl y d if fe re n t; S E M , st a n d a rd e rr o r o f th e m e a n . 66 J. Indonesian Trop. Anim. Agric. 48(1):58-73, March 2023 excluding abdominal fat (P<0.01). Birds fed 1% of the C. erectus diet had lower (P<0.01) relative abdominal fat weight than did birds fed the basal diet. There was a lack of differences because the dietary treatments of C. erectus meal supplemen- tation excluded the treatment supplemented with 1% C. erectus meal in terms of relative ab- dominal fat weight. The intestinal morphology of birds fed dietary treatments are shown in Ta- ble 6. Dietary treatments of C. erectus meal in- creased VH in the intestines of birds. Birds fed 1.25% and 2% C. erectus meal diets revealed a significant (P<0.01) rise in VH of the birds’ in- testine compared to birds fed the control diet. Birds fed a 2% C. erectus meal diet had higher VH compared to birds fed diets containing 0%, and 1.75% of C. erectus meal. There were no significant differences among VH of birds fed 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, and 2% C. erectus meal diets. Furthermore, VH was similar in birds fed levels of 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.5%, and 1.75 % of C. erectus meal. Birds fed dietary treatments of C. erectus meal also had significantly increased (P<0.01) CD com- pared with birds fed the control diet. No signifi- cant differences among CD of birds fed 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.5%, and 1.75% of % C. erectus meal diets. Also, the birds fed 0.25%, and 2% of C. erectus meal diets had similar CD. In addi- tion, the intestine of birds fed 0.25%, and 1% of C. erectus diets had higher (P<0.01) VW com- pared with birds fed 0%, 0.5%, 1.25%, 1.75%, and 2% of C. erectus meal diets. There was a lack of differences among VW of birds fed 0.25%, 0.75%, 1%, and 1.5% C. erectus diets. Furthermore, the birds fed levels of 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.25%, 1.5%, and 2% of C. erectus meal had similar VW. In addition, the birds fed 0%, 0.5%, 1.25%, 1.75%, and 2% of C. erectus diets had the same VW. Dietary treatments of C. erectus meal significantly lowered (P<0.01) the VH/CD ratio compared with the control diet. There were no significant differences between birds fed 0% C. erectus meal and birds fed 1.25% C. erectus meal on VH/CD ratio. Also, a similar VH/CD ratio was observed in birds fed 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, 1.5%, and 1.75% of C. erectus meal di- ets. In addition, birds fed diets supplemented with C. erectus meal at 0.5%, 0.75%,1%, 1.5%, and 1.75% had the same VH/CD ratio. No signif- icant differences among the VH/CD ratio of birds fed 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.75%, and 2% C. erectus meal. DISCUSSION The formulation of broiler diets with phyto- genic additives is critical. Few studies have eval- uated C. erectus meals in animal diets. In this study, the results of the phytochemical analysis Table 6. Morphology Indicators of Birds Fed Dietary Treatments of C. erectus Leaf Meal Dietary Treatments (%) VH (μm) VW (μm) CD (μm) VH/CD ratio (μm.μm) -1 0 336.99 c 56.92 c 62.08 c 5.53 a 0.25 395.13 abc 77.83 a 137.40 a 2.95 d 0.50 382.36 abc 63.25 bc 102.13 b 3.74 cd 0.75 398.60 abc 69.55 ba 92.84 b 4.39 bc 1.00 393.53 abc 79.37 a 95.72 b 4.26 bc 1.25 424.56 ab 60.01 bc 91.08 b 5.08 ab 1.50 365.77 bc 69.17 ab 88.64 b 4.39 bc 1.75 343.51 c 57.74 c 87.10 b 3.99 bcd 2.00 433.62 a 60.76 bc 149.12 a 2.95 d SEM 56.85 9.57 20.27 0.95 P-value <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Means within the same row with different superscripts (a,b,c,d) are significantly different; SEM = standard error of mean; VH = villus height; VW = villus width; CD = crypt depth; VH/CD = villus height/ crypt depth. Feeding Conocarpus erectus Leaf Meal in Broiler Chicken (M.F. Al-qazzaz et al.) 67 did not agree with Hoseini and Chaji (2021) who reported higher contents of crude protein (10.5%) and crude fiber (26.1%) and lower con- tents of ether extract (0.95%), ash (13.3%), and tannin (54%) in C. erectus meal than did the re- sults of the current study. This discrepancy could result from different soil properties, as well as climate and environmental changes in the plant- ed area. In this study, the active compounds (phenolic compounds, flavonoid, tannin, sapo- nin, glycoside, gallic acid, apigenin, catechin, and quercetin) of C. erectus leaf meal were simi- lar to previous studies that detected the phenolic compounds, saponins, flavonoids, and tannins in the aqueous and ethanolic extract of C. erectus (Afifi et al., 2021; Nascimento et al., 2016). Studies showed that various secondary metabo- lite components, such as saponins, tannins, alka- loids, phenolics, and flavonoids, are available in many parts of plants, particularly medicinal plants (Amal et al., 2009; Cutter, 2000), and are known to be antioxidants, antimicrobials, and anti-inflammatory (Ibrahim et al., 2006; Lo and Chung, 1999; Thompson and Collins, 2013; Wang et al., 2015; You et al., 2014). It has been reported that environmental factors influence the active compound of the same species of plant (Florou-Paneri et al., 2019). The supplementa- tion of natural feed additives such as phenolic compounds may essentially affect production performance in poultry (Mahfuz et al., 2021). In the present study, diets supplemented with in- creasing levels of C. erectus meal decreased the growth performance of broilers without signifi- cant effect on FI for 0–35 days. The similar FI among treatments indicated that adding C. erec- tus meal up to 2% did not affect palatability. Phytogenic compounds that were added to the diet may affect the animal FI negatively (Greathead, 2003). Hoseini and Chaji (2021) observed no adverse effects on FI in lamb-fed diets containing 50% silage or dried leaf of C. erectus. In the current study, low performance was recorded in birds fed a high level of C. erectus meal in the diet. The increase of C. erectus meal in the diet linearly declined the BW and WG of broiler chicken. This could be due to the high polyphenol content in C. erectus meal may play a role in reducing nutrient utilization, thus affect- ing negatively BW and WG. Brenes et al. (2008) reported a negative effect on poultry perfor- mance when using a high concentration of poly- phenol compounds in the diet. The inhibition of digestive enzymes because of polyphenol com- pounds were reported (McDougall et al., 2005; Yilmazer-Musa et al., 2012; You et al., 2011), and this could be by the capability of polyphenol compounds in forming complexes with proteins in the digestive system (Horigome et al., 1988). This complexation led to a decline in the protein and amino acid digestibility thus negatively ef- fect on BW and WG (Ortiz et al., 1993). An ear- lier study mentioned that decreasing the activity of the digestive enzyme may be due to the capa- bility of polyphenol compounds to form insolu- ble complexes by binding the nutrients of feed and endogenous proteins in the gut (Horigome et al., 1988). In another study, Cengiz et al. (2017) reported that high tannin dosage may cause an- tigrowth in broilers, which could be attributed to the protein-binding capacity, and can reduce nu- trient digestibility in birds fed a diet containing a high dose of polyphenol compounds. The type and dosage of the polyphenol compounds as well as the combination with other compounds could affect the absorption and assimilation the nutri- ents in the bird intestine (Martel et al., 2010). Also, Chamorro et al. (2013) mentioned that the content of polyphenol compounds in grape seed extract added to a diet at 5% decreased WG in the birds. . A similar study carried out by Goli- omytis et al. (2014) observed that adding 0.5–1 g/kg of dietary quercetin in the diet did not affect the BW of the broiler. In the current study, an increase of C. erectus meal by up to 2% in the diet led to a decrease in the FCR. The present findings are in agreement with those of Goli- omytis et al. (2014) who reported increasing lev- els of dietary quercetin in the diet from 0.5 g/kg to 1 g/kg led to a decrease in the FCR of the broiler. Feeding birds a 1% C. erectus meal diet lowered the relative abdominal fat weight com- file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_31#_ENREF_31 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_4#_ENREF_4 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_47#_ENREF_47 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_10#_ENREF_10 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_21#_ENREF_21 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_33#_ENREF_33 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_39#_ENREF_39 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_39#_ENREF_39 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_60#_ENREF_60 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_62#_ENREF_62 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_66#_ENREF_66 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_22#_ENREF_22 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_41#_ENREF_41 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_27#_ENREF_27 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_31#_ENREF_31 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_17#_ENREF_17 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_43#_ENREF_43 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_65#_ENREF_65 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_67#_ENREF_67 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_30#_ENREF_30 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_51#_ENREF_51 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_30#_ENREF_30 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_30#_ENREF_30 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_19#_ENREF_19 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_42#_ENREF_42 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_20#_ENREF_20 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_26#_ENREF_26 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_26#_ENREF_26 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_26#_ENREF_26 file:///G:/JITAA-layouting%20page/2023_March_JITAA/Al%20Qazzaz.docx#_ENREF_26#_ENREF_26 68 J. Indonesian Trop. Anim. Agric. 48(1):58-73, March 2023 pared to birds fed the basal diet. This could be due to the polyphenol compounds in C. erectus meal (Krogdahl, 1985) hindering the digestive enzyme. Researchers reported that a high level of gallic acid and quercetin inhibited pancreatic enzymes such as lipase and α-amylase (Ganjayi et al., 2017). Also, it could be due to the high tannin content that could bind biliary salts and be a barrier to effective fat digestion in poultry (Krogdahl, 1985), with a decline in fat absorp- tion. In addition, investigators reported that broiler diets supplemented with leaf meal as a source of polyphenol compounds led to a de- crease in the relative abdominal fat weight of broilers (Santoso and Sartini, 2001). In vitro and in vivo studies likewise mentioned that phenolic compounds have been revealed to possess anti- obesity effects (Hsu and Yen, 2008). By contrast, Goliomytis et al. (2014) were unable to detect significant effects among birds fed diets supple- mented up to 1 g/kg of dietary quercetin. It has been proven that dietary polyphenol compounds have exhibited anti-obesity properties (Liu et al., 2019). Villus height, CD, and VW can be used to evaluate the integrity and nutrient absorption of the gastrointestinal system (Wright, 2008; Xu et al., 2003). Feeding C. erectus diets increased VH, CD, and WH in the intestine of birds. The long VH led to an increase in the expression en- zymes of brusher border, nutrient transport sys- tems, and absorptive surface area, thus improv- ing the digestive and absorptive function (Caspary, 1992). The polyphenolic compounds of C. erectus meal could stimulate epithelial cell mitosis resulting in longer VH in the intestine of birds. The relation between VH and activated cell mitosis was reported by Kamboh and Zhu (2014). Also, the proper villus structure refers to better digestion and absorption(Bai et al., 2020). . The increase in the CD of birds fed C. erectus diets referred to a decrease in the number of in- testinal epithelial mature cells thus an accelera- tion of villus renewal, which led to a decline in the upper function of the small intestine. The influence of intestinal mucosa integrity on CD value was reported by Sayrafi et al. (2011). The intestinal mucosa damage could be due to the presence of toxic agents in C. erectus meal. Nas- cimento et al. (2016) reported low acute toxicity in Swiss albino mice treated with an aqueous extract of C. erectus leaf. Shallower VH and CD have been associated with the presence of toxins in the diet (Girgis et al., 2010). Contrast results were reported by Moreno-Mendoza et al. (2021) who mentioned that diets supplemented with 1.5% moringa leave meal improved the villus traits of the broiler. Omar et al. (2020) reported high VH, VW, and CD in birds-fed diets supple- mented with phenolic-rich onion (Allium cepa L.) extract. In addition, the decreasing VH/CD ratio in birds that received C. erectus meal led to a decrease in the digestive capacity of the nutri- ents, and poorer growth performance in the birds. This could be due to the negative influence of polyphenol compounds on mucus secretion (Akbarian et al., 2013). The VH/CD ratio is a morphological indicator of intestinal digestive capacity, and a higher ratio refers to superior gut health and a greater capability for absorption in broiler chicken (Abolfathi et al., 2019). Unlike results that indicated dietary polyphenol-rich grape products effectively increased the VH, and VH/CD ratio in broiler jejunum (Viveros et al., 2011). CONCLUSION Dietary treatment of 0.25% C. erectus meal had no negative effect on growth performance. By contrast, high levels of C. erectus negatively influenced growth performance and, intestinal morphology. 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