Longevity and Productive Lifetime Traits of Cow under Subtropical Condition (O. Almasri et al.) 89 J I T A A Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture Accredited by Ditjen Riset, Teknologi dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat No. 164/E/KPT/2021 J. Indonesian Trop. Anim. Agric. pISSN 2087-8273 eISSN 2460-6278 http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/jitaa 48(2):89-100, June 2023 DOI: 10.14710/jitaa.48.2. 89-100 A comparative study between Shami and Holstein cows for longevity and productive lifetime traits under subtropical conditions O. Almasri * 1 , S. Abou-Bakr 2 , M. A. M. Ibrahim 2 , and M. A. A. Awad 2 1 General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Damascus, Syria. 2 Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt. Corresponding E-mail : obaidaalimasri@gmail.com; obaidaalimasri@post.agr.cu.edu.eg Recieved February 19, 2023; accepted May 07, 2023 ABSTRACT This study aimed to compare the longevity and productive lifetime traits between Shami and Hol- stein cows under subtropical conditions, in addition to assess the effect of age at first calving (AFC), first lactation milk yield (FLMY), year and season of first calving on the studied traits in both breeds. The available data included 495 records for Shami and 1129 records for Holstein from birth to disposal date during the period from 1982 to 2014.The studied traits were lifespan (LS), productive life (PL), cow efficiency index (CEI), number of calvings (NC), lifetime milk production (LMP), total lactation periods (TLP), lifetime daily milk production (LDMP), and total dry periods (TDP). The least squares means of LS, PL, CEI and NC were 96.3±1.80 months, 73.2±2.80 months, 64.9±0.008 % and 4.3±0.12 calving for Shami cows in respective order. The corresponding figures for Holstein cows were 66.1±1.81 months, 43.5±2.81 months, 56.4±0.012 % and 3.5±0.19 calving, respectively. The means of LMP, TLP, LDMP and TDP were 7713±563.38 kg, 787±33.43 days, 2.7±0.13 kg and 890±25.55 days for Shami cows and 14406±875.77 kg, 1049±51.96 days, 5.9±0.20 kg and 275±39.72 days for Hol- stein, respectively.The effect of breed was highly significant (P<0.01) on all studied traits. Cows for both breeds with AFC less than 24 months had more PL and NC. Also, cows with the highest average FLMY had the highest LMP, LDMP and TLP. It could be concluded that under the subtropical condi- tions, Shami cows exhibit superiority for longevity traits compared to Holstein ones. Keywords: Dairy cows, Longevity, Productive lifetime traits, Syria INTRODUCTION Indigenous cows are characterized by low productive performance compared to Holstein ones (Belay et al., 2012). However, indigenous cows play a pivotal role in the conservation of genetic biodiversity of ecosystems and increase the profit for small farmers due to their longer longevity traits, in addition to their adaptation to harsh environmental conditions especially during higher ambient temperatures and heat waves (Jonkus et al., 2020). In context, Mekonnen et al. mailto:obaidaalimasri@gmail.com 90 J. Indonesian Trop. Anim. Agric. 48(2):89-100, June 2023 (2020) indicated that Holstein cows reared in tropical and subtropical environments produced less milk yield by 40-60% than those reared in mild and comfortable conditions. The number of cows in Syria reached one million heads, the majority of them are Holstein cows, whereas, the total number of Shami cows was close to one thousand head representing about 0.1 % of the total cattle population in Syria (Annual Agricultural Statistical Group, 2018). The Shami cows are characterized by high pro- ductive and reproductive performances, as well as high resistance to many diseases such as Bru- cella and foot and mouth diseases (Awad et al., 2022). Longevity and productive lifetime traits are considered the most crucial traits that influence the economic costs of dairy farms. The longevity traits of cattle are defined as the time from its birth date to the culling date (Dallago et al., 2021). The natural lifespan of cattle may reach 20 years, but they were culled as much earlier than their expected life, due to their low milk production (Najafabadi et al., 2016). Whereas, the actual productive life of dairy cattle ranges between 3 to 4.5 years (El Sabry and Almasri, 2022), moreover, the highest milk yield and re- lated outcomes happen at the fifth and sixth pari- ty (Horn et al., 2012). The intensive selection for milk yield in the Holstein breed reduces its longevity traits, in- creases the replacement costs, and increases its sensitivity to climate change and harsh environ- ment compared to local breeds that characterized by their high adaptation to extreme conditions (Dallago et al., 2021). Previous studies had been showed that longevity and productive lifetime traits are complex traits that affected by several factors such as age at first calving (Nilforooshan and Edriss, 2004), health (Shabalina et al., 2020), conformation score (Miglior et al., 2017), nutrition and management practices (Fuerst- Waltl et al., 2018), and replacement heifers costs (Kamaldinov et al., 2021). The aims of this study were to compare the longevity and productive lifetime traits of Shami and Holstein cows under subtropical conditions; and to study the effect of breed, age at first calv- ing (AFC), first lactation milk yield (FLMY), year and season of first calving on studied traits of Shami and Holstein cows. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethical Statement Ethical approval was not necessary for this study because the study did not involve direct animal handling and the data were obtained from an existing database in the governmental farms. Data Collection Data used in this study were collected from two Syrian stations during the period from 1982 to 2014. The first set of data was 495 records of Shami cows. The second set of data contained 1129 records of Holstein cows. Both stations are belonging to the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Syria. Each record included data of age at first calving, first lactation milk yield, lifespan, productive life, lifetime milk pro- duction, lifetime daily milk production, lactation periods, total drying periods and the number of calvings for each cow under study. Herd Management Cows in the two stations were kept under almost the same conditions. Cows were reared under a free housing system in semi-closed sheds. Cows were fed commercial concentrates (16 % protein), hay, and fresh green fodders whenever available. Roughages were provided to the cows twice a day. Water was available all the time. For Shami heifers, natural services were done for the first time at age 18 months with more than 250 kg of body weight. Regarding Holstein cows, heifers were artificially insemi- nated at an average age of 13-15 months with a more than 350 kg of body weight. Rectal palpa- tion was used to detect pregnancy in all cows after two months of insemination date. The ma- chine milking was used in both stations twice daily. Milk yield was recorded twice monthly to calculate the monthly and the total milk produc- Longevity and Productive Lifetime Traits of Cow under Subtropical Condition (O. Almasri et al.) 91 tion for each cow. The drying period for Hol- stein cows was about 60 days before calving, whereas Shami cows were dried spontaneously. Studied Traits The studied traits were calculated according to Sawa et al., (2019) and Almasri et al., (2020) as follows: 1- The longevity traits: 1.1. Lifespan (LS, months) = disposal date – birth date. 2.1. Productive life (PL, months) = disposal date – first calving date. 3.1. Cow efficiency index (CEI, %) =productive life/lifespan *100. 4.1. Number of calvings (NL, calving) = total number of calvings during the productive life of a cow. 2- The productive lifetime traits: 1.2. Lifetime milk production (LMP, kg) = the cumulated total milk yield produced through the productive life of a cow. 2.2. Total lactation periods (TLP, days) = the sum of all full lactation periods during the cow’s productive life. 3.2. Life daily milk production (LDMP, kg) = lifetime milk production per number of days during the total lactation periods. 4.2. Total dry periods (TDP, days) = the sum of all full dry periods during the cow’s produc- tive life. Statistical Analysis In order to determine the effect of breed, AFC, FLMY, and year and season of first calving on the longevity and productive lifetime traits, heif- ers were classified into five groups according to their average of AFC and FLMY depending on the standard deviation distribution of them. Analysis of variance was conducted using the General Linear Model (GLM) of XLSTAT 2020.3.1.27 software. The statistical model was as follows: Yijklmn= µ + Bi + Aj+ Tk + Rl + Sm + eijklmn Where: Yijklmn: observation on the n th animal for the stud- ied traits, µ : the overall mean, Bi: the fixed effect of the i th breed, (i=1, 2), where, 1=Shami cows and 2= Holstein cows, Aj: the fixed effect of the j th age at first calving (j=1, 2, 3, 4 and 5), where, 1<24, 2= 24– 27.9, 3= 28–31.9, 4= 32–35.9 and 5≥ 36 months, Tk: the fixed effect of the k th first lactation milk yield (k=1, 2, 3, and 4), where, 1≤1200 kg, 2= 1200-1999, 3= 2000-2799 and 4≥2800 kg, Rl: the fixed effect of the k th year of first calving (l= 1, 2 and 3); where 1<1200, 2= 1200- 1999, and 3= 2000-2799, and 4 ≥ 2800 kg. Sm: the fixed effect of the m th season of first calv- ing (m= 1, 2, 3 and 4), where, 1= winter (December to February), 2= spring (March to May), 3= summer (June to August), and 4= autumn (September to November), and eijklmn: random error assumed N I D (0, σ 2 e ). RESULTS The Longevity Traits The results in Table (1) indicated that Shami cows had higher lifespan (LS), productive life (PL), cow efficiency index (CEI) and number of calvings (NC) than Holstein ones, and the differ- ences were highly significant (P< 0.01). The PL and CEI were significantly affected by AFC. They were higher for cows of AFC <24 months. The LSM of PL and CEI were 60±4.53 months and 69.1±0.016 %, and then decreased gradually till reached 48.7±2.71 months and 52.6±0.014 % for cows had AFC ≥36 months. The effect of FLMY on LS, PL and CEI was not significant. However, the FLMY affected significantly (p<0.01) NC. It was the highest (4.3 calving) for cows produced milk less than 1200 kg in their first lactation compared to those pro- duced milk more than 1200 kg. The LS, PL, CEI and NC were highly sig- nificantly affected (P< 0.01) by the year of the first calving (Table 1). It could observe that the means decreased gradually with progressing groups of the first calving. The analysis did not show any significant effect for the season of first 92 J. Indonesian Trop. Anim. Agric. 48(2):89-100, June 2023 calving on LS, PL, CEI and NC (Table 1). The Productive Lifetime Traits The results in Table (2) indicated that Hol- stein cows had higher lifetime milk production (LMP), total lactation periods (TLP), lifetime daily milk production (LDMP) and shorter total dry periods (TDP) compared to Shami ones.The TLP, LDMP and TDP were significantly affect- ed by AFC. However, the LMP was not affected by AFC (Table 2). Cows calved for thefirst time at<32 months had higher LDMP, TLP, and shorter TDP compared to those calved for the first time at ≥ 32 months. The effect of FLMY on all productive life- time traits was highly significant (P<0.01). Cows had high FLMY produced the highest LMP, TLP and LDMP, and the shortest TDP compared to other cows (Table 2) All productive lifetime traits (LMP, TLP, LDMP and TDP) were highly significant (P<0.01) affected by the year of first calving. However, the effect of the season of first calving on these traits was not significant except LDMP. The LDMP was lower (4.1 and 4.2 kg) in the summer and spring seasons compared to 4.4 kg in both winter and autumn seasons (Table 2). DISCUSSION The Longevity Traits The significant results of Shami cows for lifespan, productive life, cow efficiency index and number of calvings compared to Holstein ones is due to that Shami cows had more ability to tolerate and adapt to Syrian subtropical envi- ronmental conditions. This result agrees with those of Gandini et al. (2007) who reported that the indigenous Reggiana cows had LS (71 months) and PL (48 months) longer than those of Holstein ones in Italy (65 and 38 months, respec- tively). The authors attributed that to the fertility traits which were better in indigenous Reggiana cows compared to those of Holstein, therefore, the Holstein cows were culled early. Also, Cielava et al. (2017) found that the LS of Latvian indigenous Brown cows was 111 months longer than that of crossbred Holstein black and white cows (94 months). Moreover, Zhang et al. (2021) stated that the Holstein cows in China had shorter PL (27 months). This is due mainly to the intense genetic improvement in milk production of Holstein cows which ad- versely affected the longevity traits. Garcia- Peniche et al. (2006) reported that the CEI was significantly affected by breed. The CEI for Jer- sey cows (48.2 %) was higher than that of Hol- stein ones (45.9 %) in US. The significant effect of AFC on both PL and CEI is due to that cows calved for the first time early started their PL early compared to those calved lately, in addition, cows calved late- ly had poor reproductive and productive perfor- mance, so they were culled early. These results agree with those of Morales et al. (2017) on Ret- inta cows in Spain, Török et al. (2021) on Hun- garian Holstein and Medina et al. (2022) on Honduras Holstein cows. Conversely, Adamczyk et al. (2017) found that Holstein cows calved for the first time at < 24 months had a shorter PL (64.8 months) com- pared to those calved lately at > 31 months (70.8 months). Also, Valchev et al. (2020) indicated that Bulgarian Holstein cows calved for the first time at ≤ 24 or ≥ 37 months had the shortest PL (48.4 and 46.8 months, respectively), whereas, the PL was the highest (58 months) when the AFC for those cows ranged from 28 to 30 months. The authors attributed that heifers at this age have appropriate mature and fit body condi- tion score for life. On the other hand, Vukasi- novic et al. (2001) and Niforooshan and Edriss (2004) indicated that the PL was not significant- ly affected by AFC for Switzerland cows and Holstein cows in Iran, respectively. However, the insignificant effect of AFC on LS and NC is in accordance with those of Mészáros et al. (2008) on Slovak Pinzgau cows and Morales et al. (2017) on Retinta cows in Spain, who did not find any significant effect of AFC on LS. Conversely, Cooke et al. (2013) and Török et al. (2021) indicated that Holstein cows in the UK and Hungary had significantly the longest LS when they calved for the first time Longevity and Productive Lifetime Traits of Cow under Subtropical Condition (O. Almasri et al.) 93 early (< 26 months), compared to those calved lately (more than 28 months). While, Kalińska et al. (2019) and Valchev et al. (2020) reported that the Holstein cows in Poland and Bulgaria that calved for the first time at < 24 months had the shortest LS (56 and 73 months, respectively) compared to 67.2 and 88 months, respectively for those calved for the first time at >30 months. Moreover, Froidmont et al. (2013) and Medina et al. (2022) reported that the Holstein cows in Belgium and Honduras that calved for the first time lately at > 38 months had significantly the longest LS (81.5 and 120 months, respectively) compared to 72.3 and 73 months for those calved earlier (<30 months). The significant effect of FLMY on NC may be due to the negative correlation between milk production and fertility. This result agrees with that of Sawa and Bogucki (2017) who indicated that the Holstein cows produced milk yield be- tween 7001 and 9000 kg in their first parity had the highest NC (3.09) compared to other ones that produced more than 9000 kg. Conversely, Sawa and Krezel-Czopek (2009) did not find any significant effect for FLMY on NC in Polish Holstein cows. Table 1.Least squares means and their standard errors (LSM±SE) of longevity traits 1 Within each classification, means not followed by the same letter differ significantly at the 5 % level; Total number of records = 1624; ** (P< 0.01); NS = not significant Classification 1 Number of records Lifespan (LS, months) Productive life (PL, months) Cow efficiency index (CEI, %) Number of calvings (NC, calving) Breed ** ** ** ** Shami 495 96.3 b ±1.80 66.1 b ±1.81 64.9 b ±0.008 4.3 b ±0.12 Holstein 1129 73.2 a ±2.80 43.5 a ±2.81 56.4 a ±0.012 3.5 a ±0.19 Age at first calving (AFC, months) NS ** ** NS <24 32 82.5±4.51 60.0 b ±4.53 69.1 e ±0.016 4.1±0.30 24-27.9 769 85.0±1.86 58.6 b ±1.87 64.1 d ±0.012 4.1±0.13 28-31.9 544 84.8±1.60 55.5 b ±1.61 61.0 c ±0.011 3.9±0.11 32-35.9 177 84.7±2.28 51.2 a ±2.29 56.4 b ±0.014 3.7±0.15 ≥36 102 86.9±2.70 48.7 a; ±2.71 52.6 a ±0.014 3.6±0.18 First lactation milk yield (FLMY, kg) NS NS NS ** <1200 260 90.1±3.85 60.3±3.86 62.2±0.016 4.3 b ±0.26 1200-1999 168 82.4±2.85 52.4±2.86 59.6±0.012 3.9 ab ±0.19 2000-2799 131 82.2±2.33 52.2±2.33 59. 8±0.010 3.7 a ±0.16 ≥2800 1065 84.2±2.41 54.3±2.41 61. 0±0.010 3.6 a ±0.16 Year of first calving (groups) ** ** ** ** 1982-1992 397 90.1 c ±1.91 60.3 c ±1.92 62.4 b ±0.008 4.2 b ±0.13 1993-2002 623 86.4 b ±1.77 56.4 b ±1.78 61.5 b ±0.008 4.0 b ±0.12 2003-2014 604 77.9 a ±1.99 47.8 a ±2.00 58.0 a ±0.008 3.4 a ±0.13 Season of first calving NS NS NS NS Winter 428 84.7±1.96 54.8±1.96 60.7±0.008 3.9±0.132 Spring 361 84.7±2.00 54.7±2.00 60.6±0.008 3.8±0.135 Summer 418 84.8±1.95 54.8±1.96 60.6±0.008 3.8±0.131 Autumn 417 84.9±1.99 54.9±2.00 60.6±0.008 3.9±0.134 94 J. Indonesian Trop. Anim. Agric. 48(2):89-100, June 2023 The non-significant effect of FLMY on LS, PL and CEI agrees with those of Brzozowski et al. (2003) for Polish cows and Petrović et al. (2019) on Simmental breed in Serbia. On the other hand, Haworth et al. (2008) reported that dairy cows produced less than 30 liters of milk/ day in the first lactation had longer LS. Also, Jankowska et al. (2014) indicated that Polish Holstein cows produced <5000 to 10000 kg of milk in their first lactation and had longer LS (63 months) than those produced< 5000 or > 10000 kg of milk in the first lactation, where their LS was 59.4 and 53.2 months, respectively. They attributed to cows that produced high milk yield in the first lactation had poor reproductive per- formance, thus they were culled early and their LS was shorter. Whereas, Marinov et al. (2020) reported that the Bulgarian Holstein cows had Table 2. Least squares means and their standard errors (LSM±SE) of productive lifetime traits Classification 1 Lifetime milk production (LMP, kg) Total lactation periods (TLP, days) Lifetime daily milk production (LDMP, kg) Total dry periods (TDP, days) Breed ** ** ** ** Shami 7713 a ±563.38 787 a ±33.43 2.7 a ±0.13 890 b ±25.55 Holstein 14406 b ±875.77 1049 b ±51.96 5.9 b ±0.20 275 a ±39.72 Age at first calving (AFC, months) NS ** ** ** <24 10969±1412.62 956 ab ±83.82 4.6 b ±0.32 729 c ±64.07 24-27.9 11833±583.36 977 b ±34.61 4.6 b ±0.13 604 bc ±26.46 28-31.9 11256±501.64 942 ab ±29.76 4.3 ab ±0.11 567 ab ±22.75 32-35.9 10470±715.46 875 a ±42.45 3.9 a ±0.16 514 a ±32.45 ≥36 10771±844.79 842 a ±50.13 3.9 a ±0.19 497 a ±38.31 First lactation milk yield (FLMY, kg) ** ** ** ** <1200 10980 a ±1204.46 913 ab ±71.47 3.6 a ±0.27 714 c ±129.53 1200-1999 9219 a ±892.54 833 a ±52.96 3.8 a ±0.20 589 bc ±60.24 2000-2799 10149 a ±728.57 885 a ±43.23 4.1 a ±0.17 552 ab ±43.66 ≥2800 13891 b ±753.33 1042 b ±44.70 5.6 b ±0.17 473 a ±43.66 Year of first calving (groups) ** ** ** ** 1982-1992 11410 b ±597.95 977 b ±35.48 4.1 a ±0.136 678 c ±27.12 1993-2002 11494 b ±554.20 993 b ±32.88 4.3 a ±0.126 574 b ±25.13 2003-2014 10275 a ±622.82 785 a ±36.96 4.5 b ±0.142 495 a ±28.25 Season of first calving NS NS ** NS Winter 11585±612.66 932±36.35 4.4 b ±0.140 582±27.79 Spring 10859±625.32 915±37.10 4.2 a ±0.143 586±28.36 Summer 10603±610.11 908±36.20 4.1 a ±0.139 579±27.67 Autumn 11192±623.60 918±37.0 4.4 b ±0.142 581±28.28 1 Within each classification in the same column means followed by different letters differ significantly; ** (P< 0.01); NS = not significant Longevity and Productive Lifetime Traits of Cow under Subtropical Condition (O. Almasri et al.) 95 FLMY up to 4000 kg and more than 10000 kg had the shortest PL (32.4 and 33.6 months, re- spectively) compared to 36 months for those had FLMY around 4000-8000 kg milk. The authors observed that cows with low FLMY were culled early. The reported tendency for shorter PL of cows with very high FLMY of more than 10000 kg is an indicator of exhaustion of young cows with high first lactation productivity. Also, the significant effect of periods of the year of first calving on LS, PL, CEI and NC may be due to the differences in management practic- es from one period to another. These results are in the same line with Sawa and Bogucki, (2010) on Holstein cows in Poland, Froidmont et al. (2013) on Holstein cows in Belgium, and Singh et al. (2018) on crossbred cows (Friesian × Sa- hiwal) in India. The uneffect season of the first calving on all longevity traits could be due to the resem- blance of feedstuffs in their quality and quantity as well as may be due to the uniform manage- ment practices among different seasons. This result is in accordance with those of Salem and Hammoud (2019) on Friesian cows in Egypt, Froidmont et al. (2013) on Holstein cows in Bel- gium, and Kučević et al. (2020) on Serbian Hol- stein cows. On the other hand, Petrović et al. (2019) observed that season significantly affect- ed CEI. It was the highest (59.49 %) in summer season and the lowest (57.31 %) in autumn one. The Productive Lifetime Traits The superiority of Holstein cows over Shami ones for LMP, LDMP, and TLP with shorter TDP is due to that Holstein cows were exposed to an intensive genetic selection, which increased their productive performance com- pared to Shami cows, which were not subjected to any genetic improvement program. These re- sults were confirmed by Cielava et al. (2017) who found that the black and white Friesian cows had LMP (37916 kg) and LDMP (13.2 kg) more than those of native Brown cows in Latvia (35188kg and 10.4 kg, respectively). The significant effect (P<0.01) of AFC on TLP, LDMP and TDP agrees with that of M'hamdi et al. (2010) who observed that Hol- stein cows in Tunisia that calved early had the longest TLP compared to those calved lately. Also, Sung et al. (2016) found that Holstein cows of AFC between 24 and 28 months had longer TLP (1143 days) than those calved either at < 24 months (1046 days) or > 28 months (1111 days) in Korea. Regarding the LDMP, Sawa et al. (2019) found that the Holstein cows that calved early at ages between 24.1 and 26 months had significantly higher LDMP (21.9 kg) than those calved at ages more than 32 months (19.5 kg) in Poland. Also, Eastham et al. (2018) found that cows had AFC around 22 months pro- duced higher LDMP (15.2 kg) than those of 36 months AFC (12.8 kg) in the UK. Kalińska et al. (2019) indicated that the Polish Holstein cows that calved for the first time between 24 to 27.9 months had the highest LDMP (9.1 kg) com- pared to 7.8 kg for those calved for the first time at > 29.9 months.On the other hand, Salem and Hammoud (2019) indicated that the LDMP was not significantly affected by AFC in Friesian cows in Egypt. There is no significant differences for LMP among cows that calved in different AFC; how- ever, the cows that calved at AFC between 24- 31.9 months had the greater LMP. This result agrees with that of Kučević et al. (2020) for Hol- stein cows in Serbia. Conversely, Froidmont et al. (2013) reported that Holstein cows in Bel- gium that calved for the first time at 22-26 months produced significantly the highest LMP (29340 kg) compared to the other ones that calved lately. Also, Teke and Murat (2013) found that the highest LMP was observed when the AFC was 23 months and the lowest LMP was recorded when the AFC was less than 21 months, or more than 43 months of Holstein cows in Tur- key and the differences were significant. In Ko- rea, Sung et al. (2016) found that Holstein cows of AFC ranged between 24-28 months produced 34000 kg LMP higher than those calved either < 24 months (32000 kg) or > 28 months (33000 kg) and the difference was significant. Also, Hutchison et al. (2017) reported that the cows had AFC < 24 months had significantly higher 96 J. Indonesian Trop. Anim. Agric. 48(2):89-100, June 2023 LMP (25184 kg) than those of 20783 kg for the cows had AFC > 30 months. Sawa et al. (2019) reported that Holstein cows with AFC between 22.1-26 months pro- duced LMP> 25 000 kg which was significantly higher than that of 19095 kg for the cows with AFC > 32 months. Medina et al. (2022) found that the Holstein and Brown Swiss cows in Hon- duras that calved early at < 30 months scored the highest LMP (14290 kg and 15979 kg, respec- tively) compared with those calved lately (> 42 months),whereas the values were 10840 kg and 10411 kg, respectively, and the differences were significant. Kalińska et al. (2019) indicated that Polish Holstein cows that calved for the first time at the age < 24 and > 28 months had significantly the lowest LMP; however, the cows that calved between 24 and 28 months produced the highest LMP. The effect of FLMY on LMP, LDMP, TLP and TDP was highly significant. This is due to that the cows started their productive life with high FLMY, achieved better productive perfor- mance through their subsequent lactations till culled from the herd. These results agree with those of Tekerli and Koçak (2009) on Holstein cows under subtropical conditions, Sawa and Krezel-Czopek (2009) on Holstein Friesian cows in Poland, and Musingi et al. (2022) on Sahiwal cows in Kenya. The significant effect of year of the first calving on productive lifetime traits in this study may be due to variations in management policies and environmental conditions through different years. These results agree with those of Beri- hulay and Mekasha (2016) on Holstein Friesian cows in Ethiopia, Froidmont et al. (2013) on Holstein cows in Belgium, Petrović et al. (2019) on Simmental cows in Serbia, and Manzi et al. (2020) on the Ankole cow and Ankole crossbred cows of Rwanda. Additionally, the effect of the season of first calving on all productive lifetime traits was not significant except on LDMP. This is due to there were no differences in feedstuff and climate con- ditions among different season. Whereas, the significant effect of the season of first calving on LDMP may be attributed to the cows calved in winter and autumn having high LMP and NC. This result agrees with that of Berihulay and Mekasha (2016) on Holstein cows in Ethiopia. Conversely, Froidmont et al. (2013) reported that Holstein cows in Belgium that calved for the first time during the spring season produced signifi- cantly the lowest LMP (26243 kg); however, the highest LMP (27705 kg) was recorded during the summer season. Also, Kučević et al. (2020) indi- cated that the effect of the season of first calving on LDMP was not significant on Serbian Hol- stein cows. However, in India, Singh and Singh (2016) reported that Sahiwal cows that calved in summer had lower TLP (1471 days) than those cows that calved in winter (1602 days). CONCLUSION It could be concluded that under the sub- tropical environmental conditions, Holstein cows are more sensitive to high ambient temperatures and harsh environments compared to Shami cows. Therefore, Holstein cows may have lower values for lifespan, productive life, cow efficien- cy index, and number of calvings compared to Shami cows. Consequently, Shami cows are con- sidered promising local genetic resources that could guarantee more economic efficiency and suitability in the long term than Holstein cows, especially for smallholder farmers. Thence, Shami cows should be subjected to sustainable genetic improvement for their productive and reproductive performance along with the suitable management practices. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are grateful to the Islamic De- velopment Bank (IsDB) for their financial sup- port to the first author and for providing neces- sary facilities for conducting this work. CONFLICT OF INTEREST There are no conflicts regarding the publica- tion of this manuscript. Longevity and Productive Lifetime Traits of Cow under Subtropical Condition (O. Almasri et al.) 97 REFERENCES Adamczyk, K., J. Makulska, W. Jagusiak and A. Weglarz. 2017. Associations between strain, herd size, age at first calving, culling reason and lifetime performance character- istics in Holstein-Friesian cows. 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