Effect of an industrial chemical waste on the uptake

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J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 82 (0) 1–11 (2017) UDC

JSCS–4381 Original scientific paper

Optimization of vanadium-oxide catalyst for the oxidation of
3-methylpyridine into nicotinic acid

PAVEL VOROBYEV, TATYANA MIKHAILOVSKAYA, OLGA YUGAY*, LYUDMILA

SAURAMBAEVA, ANNA SEREBRYANSKAYA, NIKOLAY CHUKHNO

and RAYA KURMAKYZY

A.B. Bekturov Institute of Chemical Sciences JSC, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan

(Received 20 December 2016, revised 9 February, accepted 13 February 2017)

Abstract: Upon modification of V2O5 with SnO2 or ZrO2, increase in the

activity and selectivity of the vanadium-oxide catalyst in the vapor-phase

oxidation of 3-methylpyridine into nicotinic acid were observed. It was shown

that the promoting effects of SnO2 and ZrO2 were the result of increases under

their influence of the proton affinity of the vanadyl oxygen and decreases in the

enthalpy of deprotonation of the methyl group of the substrate, connected by a

nitrogen atom with the Lewis acidic center (vanadium ion). The given

characteristics were calculated by the Density Functional Theory quantum-

chemical method. Modification of binary V2O5–SnO2 and V2O5–ZrO2–

catalysts by TiO2 addition resulted in a further increase in the nucleophility of

the vanadyl oxygen and, as a consequence, an increase in the catalytic activity

and selectivity for nicotinic acid formation.

Keywords: quantum-chemical method; oxidation; promoting effect; V2O5;
SnO2; ZrO2.

INTRODUCTION

Nicotinic acid holds an important place among pyridine carboxylic acids,1

based on which a number of medicinal preparations are obtained. Nicotinic acid

is also used in the production of premixes in cattle breeding.

At present nicotinic acid is obtained industrially by a liquid-phase oxidation

of 3-methylpyridine by inorganic oxidizers or by hydrolysis of nicotinic acid

nitrile, formed upon ammoxidation of 3-methyl- or 2-methyl-5-ethylpyridines.

Earlier, a catalyst for ammoxidation of 3-methylpyridine into nicotinonitrile,2

which has been patented in 38 countries, was developed. This catalyst operates at

the “Lonza” plant in Guangzhou (China). The disadvantages of this method are a

two-stage process and the formation of harmful liquid wastes and gas emissions,

containing ammonia.

* Corresponding author. E-mail: yu.ok@mail.ru

doi: 10.2298/JSC161220023Z

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2 VOROBYEV et al.

A vapor-phase oxidation of methylpyridines by air oxygen on oxide catalysts

is the most useful method for obtaining pyridine carboxylic acids. Increasing

demands for nicotinic acid and its derivatives have promoted the interest of

researchers to study the direct vapor-phase oxidation of 3-methylpyridine into

nicotinic acid and to search for efficient catalysts for this process.3–6

Thus, on a V2O5–TiO2–Na2O catalyst with a V:Ti:Na atomic ratio of

100:20:1.15 at 400 °С, the maximum conversion of 3-methylpyridine into

nicotinic acid was up to 94 % with a selectivity of 51 %.7

The vapor-phase oxidation of 3-methylpyridine was studied on vanadates of

Y, Bi, Co, Fe, Mn,8 and also Cr and Al.8,9 It was shown that the largest total

yield of nicotinic acid and pyridine-3-carbaldehyde attained 69 % at 350 °С on

the Cr0.5Al0.5VO4 vanadate.

This paper considers an experimental study of a number of catalysts,

containing V2O5 and Sn, Zr and Ti dioxides in the vapor-phase oxidation of 3-

methylpyridine. With the purpose of interpretation of the experimental results, a

quantum-chemical study of the effect of oxide-modifiers upon the nucleophilic

properties of the active oxygen connected with vanadium and the mobility of

hydrogen of the methyl substituent of the initial substance chemisorbed on the

catalyst surface was performed. The development of a one-stage heterogeneous

catalytic process for the oxidation of 3-methylpyridine into nicotinic acid would

enable the creation of new, more efficient, ecologically friendly and safe methods

for the production of vitally important medicinal preparations.

EXPERIMENTAL

Materials

The initial 3-methylpyridine after drying and distillation had the characteristics,

corresponding to the pure substance: boiling T / 140 °C (692 mm), d4
20 = 0.9566, nD

20 =

1.5050.

The catalysts with different contents of V2O5 and oxide-modifiers SnO2, TiO2 and ZrO2

were prepared by mixing the initial oxides in the required molar ratio. Further, the obtained

charge was pressed into tablets and calcined at 650–800 °С in an airflow for 2 h. The cooled

catalysts were ground into grains with a size of 3–5 mm and 0.1 L was transferred to the

reactor.

Synthesis experiments

The study of vapor-phase oxidation of 3-methylpyridine was performed in a flow-type

unit with a metallic reactor of length 1000 mm and diameter 20 mm, simulating an element of

an industrial contact machine. The feeding rate of 3-methylpyridine was 36 g per 1 L of

catalyst per hour. The molar ratio of the reagents 3-methylpyridine:О2:Н2О was 1:14:90. The

reaction products were captured in air-lift type scrubbers.

Analysis of 3-methylpyridine oxidation products

The 3-methylpyridine was determined by a chromatographic method with a flame-

ionization detector. The column was filled with sorbent 10 % Lucopren G 1000 on

Chromatone N-AW-HMDS (0.20–0.25 mm). The column temperature was 140 °С, the

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OPTIMIZATION OF 3-METHYLPYRIDINE OXIDATION CATALYST 3

vaporator temperature was 230 °С) and helium was the gas carrier. A 0.1 % benzonitrile

solution was used as the internal reference. Nicotinic acid was determined by KOH

potentiometric titration using a universal ionomer pH-150MI.

The products of deep oxidation were analyzed by a chromatographic method with a

thermal conductivity detector. Activated carbon «AG-5» (0.250.50 mm) was the adsorbent
for the determination of СО, Polysorb-1 (0.16−0.20 mm) for the determination of СО2. The

temperature of the column-heating oven was 40 °С. In all experiments, the balance of the

determined substances contributed 95−100 % of the total.

Computing details for quantum-chemical modeling

The active sites on the surface of the vanadium-oxide catalysts were simulated by

clusters that contain tetrahedral coordinated ions of vanadium. The sizes of the V5+ vanadium

cation, as is know from the literature,10 allow both a tetrahedral and octahedral configurations.

In this research on the influence of oxide-promoters, an initial V4O10 cluster was used and one

or two fragments of oxide-promoter molecules were sequentially added to this V4O10 cluster.

While studying the influence of the oxide-promoters on the deprotonation of CH3– groups,

clusters with two atoms of vanadium were used to alleviate the calculations. It is considered

that minimum surface clusters could be used for chemosorption research due to the strongly

localized nature of the V=O and V–O bonds.11,12 Optimization of clusters geometry was

realized by the DFT method (Density Functional Theory)13 using the two-exponential

LanL2DZ basis set with an effective core potential.
For non-empirical calculations of energy and optimization of the geometry of the

molecules, the Born–Oppenheimer approximation was used. This approximation does not

consider the movement of the nucleus. For elimination of possible errors in the definition of

energy and taking into account of the effects of molecular translation, rotation and vibration,

frequency calculations for the clusters with optimized geometry were performed. By default,

these calculations were realized at 298.15 K and 1 atmosphere pressure. To obtain a precise

value of the total energy of a system at zero degrees Kelvin, the zero-point energy (ZPE) must

be added to the received Etot.
14 For comparison to the results of the experiment on the

oxidation of 3-methylpyridine, the frequency calculations were performed at a reaction

temperature of 573.15 K. The values of the thermal energy correction (Etherm.) received from

the calculations was added to the total energy to take account of the effect of molecular

translation, rotation and vibration motion at the specified temperature.

In accordance with the above, the proton affinity of vanadyl oxygen (PAV=O) of the

investigated clusters (Table I) was calculated by formula (1):

PAV=O = [(ENeutral cluster + Etherm.Neutral cluster) – (ECharged cluster + Etherm.Charged cluster)]∙2625.5(1)

and enthalpy of deprotonation (DE) of the methyl group of adsorbed substrate (Table II) by

formula (2):

DE=[(Eanion/clus.+ Etherm.anion/clus.)–(Emolecule/clus.+ Etherm.molecule/clus.)]∙2625.5 (2)

The calculations were realized by the GAUSSIAN 09W program, version C.01.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A comparison of the behaviors of the individual vanadium pentoxide, the

binaries V2O5–SnO2,V2O5–ZrO2 and the three-component V2O5–SnO2–TiO2

and V2O5–ZrO2–TiO2 catalysts in oxidation of 3-methylpyridine is shown in Fig.

1. The experimental data testify to the fact that modification of V2O5 by the

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4 VOROBYEV et al.

above oxides resulted in a considerable increase in the catalyst activity, as could

be judged by the significant increase in the conversion of 3-methylpyridine (A)

and selectivity to nicotinic acid formation (B), as well as a decrease in the

optimal reaction temperature.

Fig.1. The effect of temperature and

composition of the catalyst on the

conversion of 3-methylpyridine (A) and

yield of nicotinic acid (B) (1 - V2O5, 2 -

V2O5–SnO2, 3 - V2O5–ZrO2, 4 - V2O5–

SnO2–TiO2, 5 - V2O5–ZrO2–TiO2).

It is known15 that SnO2 may increase the mobility of the V=O bond in the

V2O5 lattice, thus contributing to intensification of its dissociation and reduction

to VO2. It could be considered that in the vanadium–titanium catalysts with SnO2

addition, this function of tin dioxide did not manifest itself because the extent of

V2O5 reduction in the three-oxide vanadium–titanium–tin systems was

approximately the same, or even less, than that in the two-component vanadium–

titanium catalysts without SnO2 additions. Probably, this is connected with the

fact that SnO2 may play the role of an oxidizer in relation to low vanadium

oxides.16 Due to this function of SnO2 in the VO2–SnO2 system, an oxygen

rearrangement is observed: tin dioxide is reduced to SnO, giving its oxygen for

oxidation of VO2 into V2O5, and the formed SnO is easily and rapidly oxidized

by air oxygen again to SnO2. Hence, it follows that SnO2 may stabilize the

structure of the oxide three-component system V2O5–SnO2–TiO2, giving its

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OPTIMIZATION OF 3-METHYLPYRIDINE OXIDATION CATALYST 5

oxygen to vanadium and facilitating re-oxidation of the catalyst by gas phase

oxygen.

The results of the experiments for 3-methylpyridine oxidation on the

vanadium–zirconium catalyst are also shown in Fig. 1, from which it could be

seen that this catalyst was more efficient than V2O5. The promoting effect of

ZrO2 on the oxide-vanadium catalyst manifested itself in a significant increase in

the conversion of the initial substance and in the yield of nicotinic acid. On the

V2O5–ZrO2 catalyst at 330 °С, the conversion of 3-methylpyridine and yield of

nicotinic acid were 30–35 % higher than that on V2O5 without ZrO2 addition.

This showed that the binary V2O5–ZrO2 catalyst was more active and selective

than the V2O5–SnO2 catalyst. The yield of nicotinic acid on the V2O5–ZrO2

catalyst was 62 % (selectivity of 85 %).

An earlier study of the catalytic activity of V2O5–TiO2 catalysts in the

oxidation of 3-methylpyridines showed that V2О5 was markedly inferior in terms

of catalytic activity and selectivity to nicotinic acid formation compared to those

of oxide-vanadium catalysts modified by titanium dioxide. It was established that

the addition of any quantity of TiO2 to V2О5 sharply increased the efficiency of

the catalyst activity. Thus, on the catalysts containing 18.1 and 77.7 % of TiO2,

the conversion of the initial pyridine base and selectivity to nicotinic acid

formation increased 2–2.5-fold, and the yield of nicotinic acid increased almost

five-fold as compared with the V2O5 catalyst.

The obtained results testify to the fact that an increase in activity and

selectivity of the oxide-vanadium catalyst under the effect of TiO2 additions is

connected, in our opinion, with a change in the chemical and phase composition

of the catalyst during its preparation and a change thereby of reactivity of the

V2О5 oxygen. In the process of calcination of the catalysts in the system V2О5–

TiO2, a continuous series of solid solutions for VО2–TiO2 substitution are

formed. Irrespective of the initial mixture composition, the VО2–TiO2 solid

solution becomes a second main component of the catalyst alongside with V2О5.

Tin dioxide seems to weaken the V=O bond in the lattice of vanadium pentoxide

and contributes both to an acceleration of the transformation of V2О5 into VО2,

and the formation of new active centers on the catalyst surface, strengthening its

oxidation ability and selectivity. Judging by the increase in activity and

selectivity, the concentration of such centers on the surface of the vanadium

oxide catalysts modified by TiO2 is much higher than that on the surface of the

vanadium oxide catalyst in the absence of TiO2.

Non-stoichiometric vanadium oxides V3O7 and V6O13, formed on the

surface of the vanadium–titanium catalysts in the process of oxidation reaction

under the effect of the reaction medium may serve as active centers of V2O5–

TiO2 catalysts. Their formation was proved earlier by X-ray diffraction and IR

spectroscopic measurements in a study of vanadium–titanium catalysts engaged

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6 VOROBYEV et al.

in the oxidation of 3-methylpyridine.17 Hence, it follows that reactivity of

vanadium pentoxide, modified by TiO2 addition depends on the rate of mutual

transfer in the system V2O5  V3O7  V6O13. The solid solution VО2–TiO2,

which may be considered as the active carrier that changes the reactivity of

V2О5, limits the rate in vanadium–titanium catalysts. The change of the mutual

transfer rate in this system under the effect of the VО2–TiO2 solid solution

determines the activity and selectivity of vanadium–titanium catalysts in

dependence of the quantitative composition.

The above-stated was the basis for the selection of titanium dioxide as an

additive to the binary V2O5–SnO2 and V2O5–ZrO2 catalysts.

The important value, characterizing the reactivity of oxygen bonded to

vanadium, is its nucleophility. The calculated analog of nucleophility is the

affinity of the vanadyl oxygen proton (PAV=O). Using the DFT method, PAV=O

values were obtained for clusters that model the active sites of V2O5 and of the

modified V2O5–SnO2, V2O5–ZrO2, V2O5–SnO2–TiO2 and V2O5–ZrO2–TiO2.

Optimization of geometry of the clusters (Fig. 2) and calculation of the total

energy values of the protonated Еtot.(BH
+) and initial Еtot.(B) structures were

performed. The pentoxide vanadium model corresponds to the formula V4O10

and is described by the D2h symmetry group. The models containing MO2 =

SnO2, TiO2 and ZrO2 promoters correspond to the formula MV2O7. The models

with the given promoters possess C2V symmetry. Upon protonation, the

symmetry of all models decreases down to С1. The models of the initial and
protonated three-component catalysts possess C1 symmetry.

According to quantum-chemical calculations, the simultaneous introduction

in the V4O10 cluster of two fragments of oxide-modifiers (SnO2 and TiO2 or

ZrO2 and TiO2) (Fig. 2.) results in a considerable increase in the proton affinity

of the vanadyl oxygen (Table I).

It was shown that indeed the proton affinity of the doubly-connected oxygen

(PAV=O / kJ∙ mol
–1) increases in the same order as the catalytic activity, i.e.,

V2O5 < V2O5–SnO2 < V2O5–ZrO2 < V2O5–SnO2–TiO2 < V2O5–ZrO2–TiO2.

Results of the calculations are given in Table I.

Based on the regularities of the effect of the oxide-modifiers, revealed by

experimental result and quantum-chemical calculations, a catalyst for direct

vapor-phase oxidation of 3-methylpyridine into nicotinic acid and a waste-free

technology of its preparation were developed.18

The present approach to the interpretation of the experimental results by the

relative activity of the studied catalysts in the oxidation of 3-methylpyridine was

based on the concepts of organic СН-acids and the theories of adsorption and

catalysis on the surface of transient metal oxides.

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OPTIMIZATION OF 3-METHYLPYRIDINE OXIDATION CATALYST 7

Fig. 2. Clusters modeling active centers of V2O5 (A), V2O5–SnO2 (B), V2O5–ZrO2 (C),

V2O5–SnO2–TiO2 (D) and V2O5–ZrO2–TiO2 (E).

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8 VOROBYEV et al.

TABLE I. Total energy (Еtot.) and thermal energy (Etherm.) of vanadium-containing clusters

and their charged forms (Fig. 3), proton affinity of oxygen, bonded to vanadium-ion (PAV=O).

Temperature 573.15 K

Clusters −Еtot. / a.u.
Etherm. / a.u.

PAV=O / kJ∙mol
-1

Neutral cluster

Charged cluster

1038.17019

1038.45849

0.08145

0.09380

724.5

Neutral cluster

Charged cluster

672.90766

673.20234

0.05559

0.06791

741.3

Neutral cluster

Charged cluster

716.26601

716.58135

0.05583

0.06826

795.3

Neutral cluster

Charged cluster

1400.87024

1401.18833

0.11778

0.13014

802.7

Neutral cluster

Charged cluster

1444.17841

1444.56402

0.11795

0.13034

979.9

As it is known,19 3-methylpyridine is a weak СН-acid (АН) and under the

effect of a proton acceptor (В) may release the proton with the formation of the

corresponding carbanion (А–). The heat of the reaction of proton transfer from

СН-acid to the nucleophilic center of the catalyst surface is determined from the

equation:

AH + B → A– + BH+ (3)

ΔE = Еtot.(A
–) + Еtot.(BH

+) – Еtot.(B)

where Еtot. is the total energy of the corresponding compound.

For the same СН-acid (3-methylpyridine), the heat of the proton transfer

reaction depends on proton affinity of the base (В), which is determined from the

equation:

B + H+ → BH+ (4)

PA = Еtot.(BH
+) – Еtot. (B) – Е(H

where: PA is the proton affinity and Е(H+) is the energy of proton formation.

Therefore, the Еtot.(BH
+) – Еtot.(B) difference, or proton binding energy,

differs from proton affinity to base В by a constant value Е(H+), and may serve

as a characteristic of the proton acceptor activity (in the present case, the vanadyl

oxygen).

Modeling of the «vertical» adsorption of 3-methylpyridine by a nitrogen

atom at a Lewis acidic center (vanadium ion) with methyl proton transfer to the

vanadyl oxygen was performed (Fig. 3). It was established that the enthalpy of

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OPTIMIZATION OF 3-METHYLPYRIDINE OXIDATION CATALYST 9

deprotonation of the chemisorbed substrate (DE / kJ·mol–1) decreased in the

order V2O5 > V2O5–SnO2 > V2O5–TiO2 (Table II). According to the

experimental data, an activity of the catalysts in the oxidation of 3-

methylpyridine increased in the same order.

Fig. 3. Deprotonation of the methyl

group of 3-methylpyridine con-

nected with the Lewis acidic center

(vanadium ion) of V2O5 (A),

V2O5–SnO2 (B) and V2O5–TiO2

(C).

TABLE II. Total energies (Еtot.) and thermal energy (Etherm.) of 3-methylpyrine and its

carbanion, connected with the vanadium pentoxide and binary catalysts and deprotonation

enthalpy (DE) of the substrate. Temperature 573.15 K

Structure −Еtot. / a.u. Etherm. / a.u. DE / kJ∙mol
-1

Molecule/cluster

Anion/cluster

883.49487

883.40403

0.22557

0.22342

232.9

Molecule/cluster

Anion/cluster

960.89283

960.80488

0.21200

0.20965

224.7

Molecule/cluster

1015.75760

0.21260

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10 VOROBYEV et al.

Anion/cluster 1015.67325 0.21036 215.6

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the quantum-chemical calculations complied with the

experimental data on the promoting effect of additions of SnO2, TiO2 and ZrO2

to V2O5 in the oxidation of 3-methylpyridine. According to the calculations, the

mechanism of the promoting effect of the studied oxide-modifiers is determined

by their ability to increase the nucleophility of the vanadyl oxygen and to

decrease the deprotonation enthalpy of the methyl group of the chemisorbed 3-

methylpyridine.

Catalyst for direct vapor-phase oxidation of 3-methylpyridine into nicotinic

acid and a waste-free technology of its preparation was developed. The catalytic

oxidation of 3-methylpyridine on the developed catalyst was tested on a pilot

unit. The yield of nicotinic acid attained was 75–77 % (selectivity 90 %).

И З В О Д
ОПТИМИЗАЦИЈА ОКСИДАЦИЈЕ 3-МЕТИЛПИРИДИНА У НИКОТИНСКУ КИСЕЛИНУ

КАТАЛИЗОВАНУ ВАНАДИЈУМ-ОКСИДОМ

PAVEL VOROBYEV, TATYANA MIKHAILOVSKAYA, OLGA YUGAY, LYUDMILA SAURAMBAEVA, ANNA

SEREBRYANSKAYA, NIKOLAY CHUKHNO и RAYA KURMAKYZY

A.B. Bekturov Institute of Chemical Sciences JSC, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan

После модификација V2O5 помоћу SnO2 и ZrO2 уочено је повећање селективности у
оксидацији 3-метилпиридина у никотинску киселину, у гасовитој фази, помоћу вана-
дијум-оксида. Показано је да услед присуства SnO2 и ZrO2 долази до повећања афини-
тета према протону атома кисеоника у ванадијум-оксиду, и да је смањивање енталпије
депротоновања метил-групе супстрата повезано са везиванјем атома азота супстрата за
Луисову киселину (ванадијум јон). Ове карактеристике израчунате су квантно-хемиј-
ским поступцима теорије функционала густине (Density Functional Theory). Модифика-
цијама бинарних катализатора V2O5–SnO2 и V2O5–ZrO2 додавањем TiO2 повећава се
нуклеофилност ванадил кисониковог атомашто има за последицу повећавање
каталитичке активности и селективности у синтези никотинск екиселине.

(Примљено 20. децембра 2016, ревидирано 9. фебруара, прихваћено 13. фебруара 2017)

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http://link.springer.com/journal/10975