{A comparative analysis of scientific outputs of former Yugoslav Republics and other countries, for the period 2008-2012} J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 82 (9) 1075–1085 (2017) UDC 001.892+167/168:061.1EU(497.1) JSCS–5024 (470+571)(.7/8) Letters to the Editor 1075 LETTER TO THE EDITOR A comparative analysis of scientific outputs of countries formed from former Yugoslav republics and some other countries for the period 2008–2012 VERICA ROGLIĆ-KORICA and SLOBODAN K. MILONJIĆ#* Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (Received 17 April, accepted 8 May 2017) Abstract: Scientific outputs of six countries (republics of the former Yugo- slavia – the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia): Serbia, Croatia, Slo- venia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Montenegro were discussed in this paper. For the purpose of comparison, the data for seven neighbouring countries of the former Yugoslavia (Albania, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Austria and Italy) were given as well. Also, the data for the Group of Eight (G8) countries (the United States, Can- ada, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Germany, Japan and the Russian Federation) and some European countries similar in population to ex-Yugoslav republics were included. To gain a more complete picture on the outputs in sci- entific production (e.g., publications and patents), data on several developed European countries, as well as the countries from other continents were given. The analysis, which included 33 countries, was made based on different biblio- metric indicators for the period of five years (2008–2012). The data were col- lected from international databases. Keywords: bibliometric analysis; scientific productivity; ex-Yugoslav republics. INTRODUCTION Bibliometric analysis is a useful method for the characterization of scientific research. It provides the best available measures of scientific “output” by the world’s countries. There are plenty of articles devoted to the scientific production of individual countries in the literature. Only a few of them are mentioned here.1-3 However, a small amount of data on scientific outputs of the countries arising from the former Yugoslav republics can be found. * Corresponding authors. E-mail: smiloni@vinca.rs # Serbian Chemical Society member. https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC170417061R Available on line at www.shd.org.rs/JSCS/_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (CC) 2017 SCS 1076 ROGLIĆ-KORICA and MILONJIĆ Kutlača et al.4 presented a comprehensive comparative analysis of 13 South East European countries (including all republics of the former Yugoslavia) according to their scientific outputs in the period of 2005–2010. An analysis of the scientific production in the Republic of Serbia, for the last several years, was made by Ivanovic and coworkers.5,6 Kastrin et al.7 made a comprehensive ana- lysis of the performance of the Slovenian research community between the years 1970 and 2015 with the focus on productivity, collaboration, internationality and interdisciplinarity. They demonstrated a fast increase in scientific productivity after the year 1992, soon after Slovenia won the independence from Yugoslavia, its climax reached in 2011 and then a steady decline. The average number of publications per author increased a lot in the period 1990–2010, stabilizing in the years 2011–2015. They concluded that political and financial instability has always had an impact (mostly negative) on the scientific productivity. Igić8 also investigated the influence of the civil war during disintegration of the former Yugoslavia on scientific outputs, as measured by changes in numbers of articles published in peer-reviewed journals. The annual numbers of articles from each republic were determined from 1988 to 2000. Lewison and Igic9 investigated scientific outputs from Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia, and the patterns of co- -authorship between them and five western countries and with each other. They studied the influence of the war on scientific outputs, as measured by the changes in the number of papers indexed in the Science Citation Index from various parts of the former Yugoslavia. The number of papers from each of these states was determined from 1985 to 1996. Recently, Ivanović et al.10 have shown that the Yugoslav wars affected the republics’ productivities and scientific cooperation in different ways. The most affected republics by wars and social crisis were Serbia and Bosnia & Herzegovina, while the least affected ones were Slovenia and FYR Macedonia. Also, there are a few studies11–15 on the scientific productivity of researchers from the Republic of Croatia, a constituent republic of the former Yugoslavia up to 1991. This letter offers a comparative analysis of the scientific research outputs of Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and Montenegro for the period 2008-2012, i.e., after these states declared independence. The last of them, Montenegro, reached its statehood after the referendum held in 2006. Integration of Slovenia and Croatia into the European Union resulted in signific- ant increase in their research and development, due to granted EU projects/pro- grams. METHODS The study is based on data obtained from online available databases of: SCImago, SJR-SCImago Journal & Country Rank, ARWU – The Academic Ranking of World Univer- sities, The World Bank, and OECD – the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Deve- lopment, for the period from 2008 to 2012. Available on line at www.shd.org.rs/JSCS/_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (CC) 2017 SCS A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SCIENTIFIC OUTPUTS (2008–2012) 1077 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The data on population, GDP (gross domestic product) per capita, as well as the research and development expenditure for 33 selected countries for the period 2008–2012 are given in Table I. Of all given countries, Montenegro has the smallest population (0.620 million) and China the largest (1,337,689 million). GDP per capita, as a measure of the level of economic development of a country, ranges from US $ 1,326 (India) to 91,701 (Norway). TABLE I. Population, gross domestic product per capita (current US dollars) and R&D expenditure from 2008 to 2012, according to: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ /SP.POP.TOTL and http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD No. Country Population 2008–2012 (in million) GDP per capita 2008–2012 (in US $) R&D expenditure (% of GDP) 1 Serbia 7.289 5,645 0.35 2 Croatia 4.366 14,147 0.82 3 Bosnia & Herzegovina 3.847 4,559 0.33 4 Slovenia 2.044 24,097 1.87 5 Macedonia, FYR 2.102 4,614 0.44 6 Montenegro 0.620 6,944 0.41 7 Albania 3.155 3,995 0.15 8 Bulgaria 7.479 6,762 0.53 9 Romania 21.429 8,264 0.51 10 Hungary 9.990 13,646 1.17 11 Greece 11.282 26,483 0.68 12 Italy 60.430 35,309 1.24 13 Austria 8.396 47,452 2.72 14 United Kingdom 62.291 38,437 1.80 15 Sweden 9.372 51,609 3.57 16 Denmark 5.545 58,281 2.99 17 Finland 5.363 46,982 3.84 18 Netherlands 16.610 48,777 1.81 19. Norway 4.892 91,701 1.68 20. Spain 45.985 31,565 1.38 21 Switzerland 7.825 73,459 2.99 22 France 65.035 41,192 2.21 23 Germany 81.895 42,021 2.78 24 Portugal 10.595 21,961 1.58 25 Poland 38.308 12,715 0.67 26 Russian Federation 142.548 11,669 1.15 27 USA 309.139 47,352 2.87 28 Canada 34.107 46,949 1.86 29 Brazil 195.211 10,378 1.15 30 Korea Rep. 49.465 20,301 3.56 31 Japan 127.618 42,683 3.42 32 India 1,203.710 1,326 0.84 33 China 1,337.689 4,648 1.58 Available on line at www.shd.org.rs/JSCS/_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (CC) 2017 SCS 1078 ROGLIĆ-KORICA and MILONJIĆ It is evident that the former Yugoslav republics, except Croatia and Slovenia, compared with other countries have low gross domestic product per capita. Such a low GDP per capita can also be seen for the three neighbouring countries of ex- -Yugoslavia (Albania, Bulgaria and Romania). Therefore, a conclusion, based on the data given, is that the Balkan countries are the least developed ones. In the same table (the fifth column), data on the gross domestic expenditure on research and development, as a percentage of GDP, are given (R&D expen- diture). According to the presented figures for all countries, the lowest research and development expenditure was recorded in Albania (0.15 %) and the highest in Finland (3.84 %). As for the countries formed from the former Yugoslavia, the highest R&D expenditure is in Slovenia and Croatia, while in other countries (former Yugoslav republics), it is less than 0.5 %. These data correlate well with the scientific outputs in these countries. The inadequate budget for R&D with the already lowest gross national income per capita inevitably reflects in the modest productivity of researchers in these countries. Also, the inadequate budget (less than 1 % of GDP) can be seen in most neighbouring countries of the former Yugoslavia (Albania, Bulgaria, Romania and Greece). Poland and India form a group of countries with GDP less than 1 %. Slovenia, Hungary, Italy, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Portugal, the Russian Federation, Canada, Brazil, and China belong to the group of countries with GDP between 1 and 2 %. The countries spending between 2 and 3 % of GDP on R&D are Austria, Finland, Switzerland, France, Germany and the USA, while Sweden, Finland, the Republic of Korea and Japan spend more than 3 % of GDP. Table II compares the total number of publications and their citations for all studied countries over the study period. Citation, however, is not a direct measure of the quality and the academic significance of an article but reflects its visibility and impact on the scientific community16,17. The highest citation in the case of Serbia5 is connected with the articles that were products of international cooper- ation with corresponding authors with no address in Serbia. The articles co- -authored by at least one researcher from Serbia in 2006–2013, cited more than 300 times (in total, eight articles), are characterized by the number of co-authors usually more than 10, but the first and the corresponding author are not from Serbia.5 For a better comparison, the ratio of citations to the number of publications (calculated by dividing data from column 4 by those from column 3) is given in column 5. Of all 6 countries emerged from the former Yugoslavia, the highest citations/publication ratio has Slovenia. Also, the ratios of these countries are much lower than those of the others. Such low ratios are noticed for Albania, Romania, the Russian Federation, India and China. In the same table (next to the last column), the data on self-citation are gathered as well, given in percent. Self- -citations range from 10.4 % (Albania) to 54.38 % (China). Available on line at www.shd.org.rs/JSCS/_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (CC) 2017 SCS A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SCIENTIFIC OUTPUTS (2008–2012) 1079 TABLE II. Number of publications, citations, citations per publications, self-citations and H- index, from 2008 to 2012, according to: SCImago (2007), SJR-SCImago Journal & Country Rank. Retrieved November 12–18, 2014, from http://www.scimagojr.com No. Country Publications Citations Cit./publ. Self-citations a % H-indexa (order) 1 Serbia 27,194b 108,118 3.49 27.08 86 (29) 2 Croatia 28,497 112,329 5.79 22.24 161 (26) 3 Bosnia & Herzegovina 3,337 7,849 3.48 14.71 49 (31) 4 Slovenia 24,569 140,265 8.73 19.69 172 (25) 5 Macedonia, FYR 2,961 9,163 5.59 12.18 67 (30) 6 Montenegro 981 3,320 2.62 22.16 23 (33) 7 Albania 1,066 2,284 4.21 10.4 40 (32) 8 Bulgaria 18,307 83,877 7.65 16.73 154 (27) 9 Romania 57,802 170,836 4.59 25.25 153 (28) 10 Hungary 44,963 284,434 11.4 16.34 277 (23) 11 Greece 85,635 579,729 11.1 17.02 295 (22) 12 Italy 411,261 3,286,702 14.1 23.31 654 (7) 13 Austria 94,481 798,529 15.2 13.79 416 (14) 14 United Kingdom 769,857 6,794,401 17.5 23.58 934 (2) 15 Sweden 145,830 1,455,129 19.4 15.7 567 (10) 16 Denmark 93,463 966,366 19.8 14.4 476 (12) 17 Finland 76,909 682,709 17.3 15.87 407 (15) 18 Netherlands 234,413 2,501,187 19.7 16.55 636 (8) 19 Norway 75,329 625,790 15.3 16.16 362 (17) 20 Spain 354,267 2,573,254 12.4 24.84 531 (11) 21 Switzerland 170,147 1,925,206 20.8 13.65 629 (9) 22 France 512,152 3,154,317 14.9 22.72 742 (4) 23 Germany 706,143 5,886,941 15.4 26.00 815 (3) 24 Portugal 77,754 513,491 10.3 19.9 269 (24) 25 Poland 151,069 680,400 7.58 26.13 336 (21) 26 Russian Federation 198,281 632,834 5.73 29.72 355 (18) 27 USA 2,751,023 24,399,854 19.5 47.71 1,518 (1) 28 Canada 423,586 3,663,476 17.0 19.02 725 (5) 29 Brazil 247,654 1,115,495 7.86 33.98 342 (19) 30 Korea Rep. 299,069 1,688,568 8.76 22.2 375 (16) 31 Japan 615,605 3,630,154 12.2 28.91 694 (6) 32 India 400,406 1,584,765 6.52 34.56 341 (20) 33 China 1,674,843 6,127,888 4.71 54.38 436 (13) aAccording to: Self-citations and H-index for the period 1996–2013; b27,879 according to daily newspaper “Politika” from 7 May, 2017 All high-quality papers have been published in international journals and in English. A lot of countries have their own journals in their native languages. Therefore, the articles of most researchers from these countries have been pub- lished in their own language; examples are China and the Russian Federation. According to the Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI), a bibliographic data- base of scientific publications in Russian established in 2005, the total number of Available on line at www.shd.org.rs/JSCS/_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (CC) 2017 SCS 1080 ROGLIĆ-KORICA and MILONJIĆ publications in Russia, between 2008 and 2012, is 6,829,000. RSCI accumulates more than 20 million publications of Russian authors, as well as the information about citing these publications from more than 5,000 Russian journals (only 154 of them included in Web of Science in 2014)18. This explains high self-citations in these countries. Hence, preferential US citing of US papers is not a surprising thing. The last column in Table II contains Hirsch index (H-index) data for each studied country. H-indices go from 23 (Montenegro) to 1,518 (the US). Among the countries arose from the former Yugoslavia, the highest H-index have Slo- venia and Croatia. The ranking of the studied countries according to the H-index is given in parentheses. As evident, at the very top is the US (H = 1,518) and on the bottom Montenegro (H = 23). All G8 countries have high H-index and are ranked from 1 to 7. The exception is Russia with H-index of 18. It is useful to compare the scientific output (number of publications) with the number of inhabitants and the number of researches in particular country. Table III (column 3) provides the number of researchers per million inhabitants for all studied countries, for the period 2008–2012. As evident, the lowest number of researchers has India (137) and the highest has Finland (7,685). In the case of the former Yugoslav republics, the lowest number of researchers (217) has Bosnia and Herzegovina and the highest has Slovenia (3,653). All G8 countries, as well as the EU ones have high number of researchers/millions of inhabitants. Albania, with 147 researchers/millions of inhabitants, is according to this criterion, closely behind India. In the same table, column 4, data on the number of publications per 1000 inhabitants are given, while the column 5 in the same table contains the data on the number of publications per researcher. The data given in these two columns enable comparison of all countries according to the uniform criteria. Of all count- ries studied, the number of publications per 1000 inhabitants is the lowest for India (0.33) and Albania (0.34). The highest number of publications per 1000 inhabitants can be observed for Switzerland (21.7). The G8 countries, apart from Russia, have high number of publications per 1000 inhabitants. This indicator ranges from 6.80 (Italy) to 21.7 (Switzerland). The number of publications per 1000 inhabitants for the countries formed from the former Yugoslavia goes from 0.87 (Bosnia and Herzegovina) to 12.0 (Slovenia). Only for Slovenia and Croatia this number is higher than 6, while in the case of other countries it is lower than 5. Albania, Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary, the neighbouring countries of the former Yugoslavia, have low number of publications per 1000 inhabitants (< 5). This ratio for China is also low (1.25) in contrast to all developed countries that have high number of publications per 1000 inhabitants. As for the number of publications per researcher (Table III, column 5), the lowest number according to this criterion is evident for Russia (0.45), with Switz- Available on line at www.shd.org.rs/JSCS/_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (CC) 2017 SCS A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SCIENTIFIC OUTPUTS (2008–2012) 1081 erland (6.55) in the lead. The number of publications per researcher for the countries emerged from the former Yugoslavia ranges from 2.08 (Montenegro) to 4.16 (Croatia). Contrary to the previous criteria, the data based on this one, for all studied countries, do not vary greatly. One should have in mind that we took the account of the total number of publications making no distinction in quality between them, i.e., impact factors of journals in which these papers were published. TABLE III. Number of researchers per million inhabitants, publications/1000 inhabitants, publications/researcher, R&D expenditure/inhabitant, and R&D expenditure /researcher, for the period 2008 to 2012 according to: http://data.woldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.SCIE.RD.P6 No. Country No. of res- earchers per million inhab- itants Publications per 1000 inhabitants Public- ations per researcher R&D exp- end./inhab. US $ R&D exp- end./researcher US $×10-4 1 Serbia 1,037 3.73 3.60 20 1.90 2 Croatia 1,567 6.53 4.16 116 7.40 3 Bosnia & Herzegovina 217 0.87 4.00 15 6.93 4 Slovenia 3,653 12.0 3.29 451 12.34 5 Macedonia, FYR 613 1.41 2.30 20 3.31 6 Montenegro 760 1.58 2.08 28 3.75 7 Albania 147 0.34 2.30 6 4.08 8 Bulgaria 1,515 2.45 1.62 36 2.36 9 Romania 904 2.70 2.98 42 4.66 10 Hungary 2,394 4.50 1.88 160 6.67 11 Greece 2,232 7.59 3.40 180 8.07 12 Italy 1,719 6.80 3.96 438 25.5 13 Austria 4,187 11.2 2.69 1,291 30.8 14 United Kingdom 4,020 12.4 3.07 692 17.2 15 Sweden 5,247 15.6 2.96 1,842 35.1 16 Denmark 6,462 16.8 2.61 1,743 27.0 17 Finland 7,685 14.3 1.86 1,804 23.5 18 Netherlands 3,015 14.1 4.68 883 29.3 19 Norway 5,047 15.4 2.85 1,540 30.5 20 Spain 2,918 7.70 2.64 436 14.9 21 Switzerland 3,320 21.7 6.55 2,196 66.2 22 France 3,708 7.88 2.12 910 24.6 23 Germany 3,832 8.62 2.25 1,168 30.5 24 Portugal 4,079 7.34 1.80 347 8.51 25 Poland 1,633 3.94 2.41 85 5.22 26 Russian Federation 3,112 1.39 0.45 134 4.31 27 USA 4,019 8.90 2.21 1,359 33.8 28 Canada 4,470 12.4 2.78 873 19.5 29 Brazil 667 1.27 1.90 119 17.9 30 Korea Rep. 5,172 6.05 1.17 723 14.0 31 Japan 5,184 4.82 0.93 1,460 28.2 32 India 137 0.33 2.43 11 8.13 33 China 1,031 1.25 1.21 73 7.12 Available on line at www.shd.org.rs/JSCS/_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (CC) 2017 SCS 1082 ROGLIĆ-KORICA and MILONJIĆ Table III, columns 6 and 7, compares the data on the gross domestic expen- diture on research and development per capita (column 6) and per researcher (column 7), for each studied country. The lowest R&D expenditure per capita is evident for Albania (US $ 6) and the highest for Switzerland (US $ 2,196). For the countries formed from ex-Yugoslav republics, the highest expenditure can be seen for Slovenia (US $ 451) and Croatia (US $ 116), and the lowest for Bosnia and Herzegovina (US $ 15). The other countries (Serbia, FYR Macedonia and Montenegro) have very low R&D expenditure per capita. Concerning other countries, R&D expenditure per capita in India is also very low (US $ 11). The G8 countries as well as other developed countries spend significant amounts (from several hundred to several thousand US $) on R&D per capita. This cert- ainly results in top research productivity and quality in these countries. The last column of Table III presents the data on R&D expenditure (in US $) per researcher. A comparison shows that, of all countries formed from the former Yugoslavia, the lowest R&D expenditure can be noted for Serbia and the highest for Slovenia. According to the data for all studied countries, the R&D expen- diture per researcher is the lowest in Serbia (US $ 1.90×104) and the highest in Switzerland (US $ 66.2×104). In high-developed countries, G8, the expenditure is high as expected starting from US $ 17.2×106–30.5×106. The exception is Russia with expenditure of US $ 4.31×104. Table IV (column 3) shows the data on the number of patents for all selected countries in the period between 2008 and 2012. Montenegro is the only country in which no patent was filed in this period. The number of patents filed ranges from 1 (Albania) to 1,146,059 (the US). For a better comparison of these data, the numbers of patents per million inhabitants are given in column 4 of the same table. Of all countries, which came into being from the former Yugoslavia, the highest number of patents per million inhabitants can be seen for Slovenia (73.4) and Croatia (19.5). For other countries of the same group, the figures are more than modest and range from 0 (Montenegro) to 4.2 (Serbia). Neighbouring count- ries of the former Yugoslavia have also a modest number of patents per million inhabitants – Albania (0.32) and Romania (5.32). Low numbers of patents per million inhabitants are also evident for India (4.59) and Brazil (5.17). All G8 countries, apart from the Russian Federation (with 9.25), have high number of patents per million inhabitants, going from 180 (Italy) to 3,707 (the US). All high-developed countries have high number of patents per million inhabitants. This indicator confirms the technological level of a country. It should be mentioned that, besides the US, the following countries have more than 1000 patents per million inhabitants: Switzerland (1,105), the Republic of Korea (1,177) and Japan (1,745). Finally, the data on the number of universities among the world top 500 ones (in 2012 and 2015) for all selected countries are given in columns 5 and 6, Table IV. Available on line at www.shd.org.rs/JSCS/_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (CC) 2017 SCS A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SCIENTIFIC OUTPUTS (2008–2012) 1083 TABLE IV. Number of patents, patents per million inhabitants from 2008 to 2012, and academic ranking of world universities, according to: ARWU – The Academic Ranking of World Universities; Top 500 universities Shanghai ranking-2012.mht; Top 500 universities Shanghai Ranking-2015.mht; www.uspto.gov/go/taf/cst_all.htm No. Country No. of patents 2008–2012 No. of patents (2008–2012) per mill. inhab. ARWU 2012 ARWU 2015 1 Serbia 30 4.12 1 1 2 Croatia 85 19.5 1 3 Bosnia & Herzegovina 5 1.30 4 Slovenia 150 73.4 1 1 5 Macedonia, FYR 3 1.43 6 Montenegro 0 0 7 Albania 1 0.32 8 Bulgaria 183 24.5 9 Romania 114 5.32 10 Hungary 442 44.2 2 2 11 Greece 273 24.2 2 2 12 Italy 10,886 180 20 20 13 Austria 4,161 496 7 6 14 United Kingdom 23,647 380 42 39 15 Sweden 8,212 876 11 11 16 Denmark 3,687 665 4 5 17 Finland 5,298 988 5 6 18 Netherlands 9,441 568 13 12 19 Norway 1,923 393 4 3 20 Spain 2,606 56.7 11 13 21 Switzerland 8,650 1,105 7 7 22 France 23,598 363 20 22 23 Germany 62,078 758 40 42 24 Portugal 166 15.7 3 3 25 Poland 344 8.98 2 2 26 Russian Federation 1,318 9.25 2 2 27 USA 1,146,069 3,707 149 146 28 Canada 26,246 770 22 20 29 Brazil 1,010 5.17 6 6 30 Korea Rep. 58,211 1,177 10 12 31 Japan 222,751 1,745 21 18 32 India 5,522 4.59 1 1 33 China 16,574 12.4 42 39 The list of ranked universities has been regularly updated and released by the Shanghai Institute of Education. Ranking is based on the number of staff winning Nobel Prizes, number of highly cited researchers, articles published in journals of Science and Nature, as well as on the number of articles published. These criteria are compared with the number of full-time staff members in each institution the university is composed of (collages and institutes). Among the countries formed from the former Yugoslavia, only Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia had 1 university Available on line at www.shd.org.rs/JSCS/_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (CC) 2017 SCS 1084 ROGLIĆ-KORICA and MILONJIĆ on this list in 2012. In 2015, Serbia and Slovenia kept their place. Of all studied countries (33), only Bosnia and Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia, Montenegro, Albania, Bulgaria and Romania have no university on the list. These data also indicate poor scientific outputs of universities and research staff in these countries. All the member countries of G8 except the Russian Federation have from 20 (Italy) to 149 (the US) universities among the 500 best ranked ones in 2012. Two Russian universities are on the list. It is interesting that India has only 1 univer- sity on the list. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, a comparative analysis of the scientific production of authors from six countries, former Yugoslav republics, was given. The analysis also inc- luded seven countries, neighbours of the former Yugoslavia, several developed European countries, as well as countries from other continents. The total number of 33 countries was analyzed over the five-year period (2008–2012). The analysis revealed that all countries, which emerged from the former Yugoslavia, except Slovenia and Croatia significantly lagged behind other sel- ected countries. Most developed countries (G8), apart from the Russian Feder- ation, as well as developing countries are the leaders in quality and production of scientific articles. Also, small (according to population) northern Europe count- ries play an important role in world science. Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) in the countries arose from the former Yugoslavia is the lowest (except in Slovenia and Croatia) and amounts to < 0.5 %, compared with other analyzed countries. In order to improve the situation in these countries, the investment in science must be increased (at least up to 1 % of GDP) and the conditions for research and development inc- luding infrastructure should be improved. И З В О Д УПОРЕДНА АНАЛИЗА НАУЧНЕ ПРОДУКЦИЈЕ ДРЖАВА НАСТАЛИХ ИЗ РЕПУБЛИКА БИВШЕ ЈУГОСЛАВИЈЕ И НЕКИХ ДРУГИХ ЗЕМАЉА, ЗА ПЕРИОД 2008–2012. ВЕРИЦА РОГЛИЋ-КОРИЦА и СЛОБОДАН К. МИЛОЊИЋ Институт за нуклеарне науке “Винча“, Универзитет у Београду, Београд Дискутовани су научни доприноси шест држава (некадашњих република бивше Југославије): Србије, Хрватске, Словеније, Босне и Херцеговине, Македоније и Црне Горе. Ради упоређења са другим државама, дати су и подаци за седам држава (Албанија, Грчка, Бугарска, Румунија, Мађарска, Аустрија и Италија) суседа бивше Југославије. Tакође су наведени и подаци групе Г8 држава (Уједињено Краљевство, Канада, САД, Француска, Италија, Немачка, Јапан и Русија) као и неких европских земаља чији је број становника сличан броју становника некадашњих република бивше Југославије. Ради потпунијег сагледавања научног доприноса појединих држава наведени су подаци о научној продукцији неколико развијених европских држава као и држава са осталих континената. Aнализа обухвата укупно 33 државе и урађена је на основу различитих Available on line at www.shd.org.rs/JSCS/_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (CC) 2017 SCS A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SCIENTIFIC OUTPUTS (2008–2012) 1085 индикатора, а односи се на петогодишњи период (2008–2012.). Подаци су сакупљени из међународних база података. 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Croat. 40 (2006) 345 15. B. Klaic, Croat. Med. J. 38 (1997) 88 16. J. C. Furlan, M. G. Fehlings, J. Neurotrauma 23 (2006) 156 17. A. Baltusen, C. H. Kindler, Anesthesia Analgesia 98 (2004) 443 A. Guskov, D. Kosyakov, I. Selivanova, Scientometrics 107 (2016) 28718. 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