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MECHANIKA Y U P L '87
TEORETYCZNA
I STOSOWANA
4, 26 (1988)
BOUNDARY ELEM EN TS F OR TH ERMO- ELASTO- PLASTICITY O F M ETALS
AN D RO ALUJEVIC
IZTOK POTRĆ
University of Maribor, Yugoslavia
1. Introduction
Singularities contained in the boundary element method represent one of its main
advantages over finite elements, enabling a better approximation of stress distributions
due to shape changes and/ or variation of boundary conditions, like supports, contacts
etc. Also, the resulting system of equations is smaller with BEM than with F E M , but,
unfortunately, its matrix is fully populated. In this paper governing equations and numerical
results (for a metal wall and plate bending) are given for the initial strain concept of BEM
elasto- plastic formulation, bearing in mind body forces and thermal loads. F or the case
of large displacements, an updated Lagrange technique has been developed and is also re-
ported in this paper.
2. Theoretical background
Mechanical properties of metals may be divided into elastic, plastic and viscous. In
this paper, viscous influence has been neglected. I n the elastic domain a complete revers-
ibility can be observed, and at each point of time there is a unique relationship of loads
and deformations, while for the plastic regime permanent deformations are due to occur,
which are dependent upon the history of loading. If only small strain rates apply:
hj - - j ("t.j+uj.i) " Btj+eh+efj (1- 1)
an incremental formulation may be written by a formal multiplication with a time step
dt > 0, which is also typical in the classical elasto- plastic analysis. F or the description
of material properties, elasticity and plasticity laws are required, where the last one is
composed of a yield criterion and flow rule. Considering a bilinear material, one dimensiona 1
yield stress formulation reads as:
Oy = a
o
+M(l- Ę JE), (1.2)
and the yield criterion is:
F(a, k, 6) = M - o,(k, 0) = 0, (1.3)
590 A. ALUJEVIC, I. POTRC
which is dependent on stress (a), hardening (k) and temperature (0). For the multidimens
ional modelling the MisesHuber criterion is applicable:
F(ffti,k, 0) = \Z3I2SUSU- o,(k, 6) = 0, (1.4)
where Sy is the deviatoric stress and k material hardening coefficient:
ud8[i. (1.5)
For the plastic flow PrandtlReuss equation may be used in its incremental form:
defj = S(1dL (1.6)
In order to corelate the unidimensional state, a comparative stress shall be used:
a. = l/3/25 y 5 W ) (1.7)
and also a corresponding comparative plastic strain increment:
del VV^defjdefj. (1.8)
Using the associated yield criterion, the proportionality factor is:
dX = 3/2rfsJ/«r.. (1.9)
Additionally, there are also incremental equilibrium conditions, valid both in the elastic
and in the plastic regime:
,* are displacements or tractions at point f
due to the unit body force in i direction at source point £ in Kelvin's space, af
Jk
being
stress kernel. The volume integral, which includes contributions of body forces an d thermal
loads, may be transformed into a contour integral form. Alternatively particular solutions
(u,p) [4] can also be applied, transforming equation (2.2) in to:
H ,(l)- St(D - J (ufk(pk- pk)- pfk(uk- Uk))dA+ J c*ke%dV. (2.3)
Bringing the source point f to the contour, the basic integral equation is obtained for
nodes on the boundary:
C
ik
(u
k
- 4) = / (ul(k ~P
k
) - Pt{u
k
- 4) ) dA+j af
Jk
kf
k
dV. (2.4)
F or the iterative process, stress values have to be determined. At the interior, these can be
evaluated from the Somigliana equation (2.3), performing the derivation and bearing in
mind the H ookean relationship (1.12a) of the elastic part of total displacements:
<*ti- Oli = J {V
k
*
u
i
Pk
- p
k
)- P^ (u
k
- u
k
))dA~d
u
oiE0l{\ - 2v) +
+ J Z*
km
ą
m
dV- D
u
«fc,(g), (2.5)
where all tensors with an asterisk (*) are derived from th e Kelvin fundamental solution,
while vectors with a dash (~) are particular solutions for body forces and temperature
field with constant gradients.
F or boundary nodes (2D ) two stress tensor components appear to be known, and the third
component may be determined by means of numerical derivatives.
4. Discretization and algebraization
In the case of elasto- plastic computation by the boundary element technique, nodaliza-
tion is required not only on the contour, but also in one part of the interior where plastic
zone is due to appear. Internal cells are to be used for the volume integration of plastic
strain contributions, but they do n ot increase the number of algebraic equations. With N
boundary nodes and IN unknowns, only a system of 2N equations is obtain ed:
Hu = Gp+b+S
J
e
l
>. (4.1)
592 A. ALU JEVIC, I . POTRĆ
Taking into account th e prescribed boundary values, the system is written as:
dx =f+Se", (4.2)
and its solution is:
x^ =m + K
1
e
l>
. (4.3)
Stresses have to be evaluated at N boundary nodes and M internal points (i.e. 3*(M+N )
equations):
a = Gp + Hu+b + (S+D)ep. (4.4)
Taking in to account th e known boundary values, it gives:
1 = Ax + / + (S+D) s', (4.5)
for x the solution of (4.3) has to be considered, rendering:
{AK
t
+ S+D)s
p
= n+K
2
e
p
. (4.6)
5. Solution procedure
I n the preceeding formulation increments of plastic deformation have been taken as
formally known. In t h e reality these values have yet to be determined by an incremental
procedure:
A) At th e first step a complete elastic computation is performed, using the full load (pres-
cribed tractions, displacements, body forces and thermal loading):
x" ~ m, #?, a0 = L on. (5.2)
B) N ext, an incremental part of the load is used. After the / - th step the load factor is
determined selecting an increment u>:
(5.3)
and the unknown boundary values are:
Xi = L im+K
t)
8?t q
t
= L
t
n+K
2
ę
p
i. (5.4)
F or the evaluation of plastic deformations, plastic strains are separated into accumulated
strains (from the previous increments) and actual strain increments:
• WO - (̂/ - 1)+ J*&(Q.. (5.5)
C) The plastic strain increment is determined iteratively [1]. The procedure starts from
th e old value at each of M+N points, producing stress values:
(5.6)
BOU N D ARY ELEMEN TS... 593
N ext, modified strains may be determined:
c ' r, 7J
1 - oe -J o ' - I- / f eP / ̂ H\
Cij — Eij' c,(j — c- lj ~\ ~ c^jT^ZJfc^, Ĵ. / )
and also deviatoric strains:
eo- = £ y- A- < 4»./ 3- (5.8)
U sing the H ookean law of elasticity, deviatoric strains are evaluated from stresses:
e'
u
= S
u
/ 2G+Aefj. (5.9)
Plastic strain increments can now be evaluated using Prandtl- Reuss rule:
Aefj~AXS,j. ' (5.10)
F or the determination of the yield point of a bilinear material, th e following relation
is to be used:
ff
v
(l) =
(A£*) (5.14)
is met, the last load increment gives:
x = x
e
+K
1
(e
t
'(l- l)+AĘ >>(l)), a = ą
e
+K
2
(e\ l- \ )+Ae?(l)). (5.15)
As an example of the described procedure, a thermally loaded metal wall analysis has been
performed, using temperature dependent material properties opiHyjiHpoBKy
j cn xuBocrpupoBaH H yio Ha n pH iuepe H 3rn 6a M eiaiuiiwecKOH nnacTHHKH H a JKCCTKOH o n o p e .
S t r e s z c z e n i e
ELEM EN TY BRZ EG OWE W Z AG AD N I E N I AC H TERM O- SP RĘ Ż YSTO- P LASTYC Z N OŚ CI
M ETALI
W pracy został y wyprowadzone równania rzą dzą ce i przedstawione wyniki liczbowe dwu typowych
zagadnień sprę ż ystoplastycznych dotyczą cych począ tkowego odkształ cenia w sformuł owaniu M E B.
U wzglę dniono sił y masowe i obcią ż enia termiczne. W przypadku duż ych przemieszczeń w pracy rozwinię to
uwspół cześ nioną metodę Lagrange'a, zilustrowaną przykł adem zagadnienia zginania pł yty metalowej
n a sztywnej podporze.
Praca wpł ynę ł a do Redakcji dnia 30 lipca 1987 roku.