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M ECH AN IKA
TEORETYCZNA
I STOSOWANA
1/ 2, 25, 1987
LATERAL STABILITY OF THE CANARD CONFIGURATION
TOMASZ G OETZ EN D ORF - G RABOWSKI
ZD OBYSŁAW G ORAJ
W arsaw University of T echnology
1. Introduction
The Wright Broth ers' aircraft was the biplan e C an ard. I n the next years th at confi-
guration has been supplan ted by conventional on e. H owever, starting from the early part
of th e third decade new designs in th e C an ard configuration have arised. Advantages and
disadvantages of t h a t con figuration have been com pared and described in bibliography
in respect of th e perform an ce [1, 2] bu t have n o t been published in respect of static and
dynamic stability. One of few works in this field has been th e analysis of an influence of
the lateral flow to t h e dyn am ic stability, which has been performed by R. P anasiuk [3].
F rom this analysis it has followed t h at th e lateral flow improves the stability of the
phugoid and spiral m odes.
I n this paper dyn am ic equation s of the small, lateral vibrations for the Canard confi-
guration have been derived and rewritten in the dimensionless form. An influence of the
some design param eters to the lateral stability has been studied. D ynamic effects resulting
from a change of th e low- wing configuration by a high- wing one as well as from an in-
crease of the dihedral angle an d of the fin an d rudder aera an d from a change of the mass
balance have been an alysed in detail.
A- tASCA
V
F ig. 1. System of coordinates
48 T. GOETZENDORFGRABOWSKI, Z. GORAJ
2. Notations
A
Axyz
Ax3y3z3
Axsyszs
b
g
JxiJzr .lxx
LV,LP> Lr
m
"W
M8
Nv,Np,Nr
n0, np, nr
P,Q,R
s
point denoting onefourth of a mean aerodynamic chord (MAC)
stability axis system: x axis is directed towards the nose of fuse
lage, parallel to the undisturbed flow, z axis is directed down
wards perpendicularly to the x axis and lies in the plane of sym
metry, y axis is directed on the right wing, perpendicularly to
the Axz plane (referred also as AxAyAz^)
body axis system, obtained from Axyz by the rotation a about
the axis Ay
flow axis system, obtained from Axyz by rotation pF about the
axis Az
wing span
stiffness matrix of the antisymmetrical model (in dimensionless
form)
dimensionless, modified, stiffness matrix of the antisymmetrical
model
stiffness matrix of the integral model
lift coefficient >
acceleration due to gravity
moments of inertia about either stability axis system Axyz or
body axis system Ax3y3z3
products of inertia about either stability axis system Axyz or
body axis systen Ax3y3z3
dimensionless moments and product of inertia, respectively
**X> "Zi "XZ
aerodynamic derivatives of the rolling moment with respect to
velocity of sideslip, rolling and yawing, respectively (either in
stability axis system or body axis system)
dimensionless aerodynamic derivatives, respectively Lv,Lp,Lr
mass of the aircraft
mass matrix of the antisymmetrical model
dimensionless, modified mass matrix of the antisymmetrical
model
mass matrix of the integral model
•aerodynamic derivatives of yawing moment with respect to
velocity of sideslip, rolling and yawing, respectively (either in
stability axis system Axyz, or in body axis system Ax3y3z3)
dimensionless aerodynamic derivatives, respectively Nv,Np,Nr
components of a disturbance of the angular velocity either in
stability axis system Axyz or in body axis system Ax3y3z3
components of the angular velocity either in stability axis system
Axyz or in body axis system Ax3y3z3
wing aera
STABILITY OF THE CANARD CONFIGURATION 49
.t t ~j — real, aerodynamic and dimensionless time, respectively
71 — period of an oscillation
Ti/2 (T2) — time to half (to double) amplitude of an oscillation
u, v, w — components of a disturbance of the velocity either in stability
axis system Axyz or in body axis system Ax3y3z3
U, V, W(U0, Vo, Wo) — coordinates of the velocity VA (and its undisturbed components)
either in stability axis system Axyz or in body axis system Ax3y3 z3
UO,VQ,WO —dimensionless, undisturbed components of velocity VA either
in stability axis system Axyz or in body axis system Ax3y3z3
VA — total velocity of the point A
x,y, z — coordinates of the mass centre in socalled design axis system.
These coordinates are connected either with stability axis system
(i = 4) or with body axis system (1 = 3) by relations x = —Xu
y = yt, z = zi
x8, xa4., (xaA) — small disturbance vector for integral and antisymmetrical model
(in dimensionless form), respectively
xa, za — dimensionless coordinates of the mass centre, respectively x and z
YO,YP, Yr —aerodynamic derivatives of lateral force with respect to velocity
of sideslip, rolling and yawing, respectively (either in stability
axis system or in body axis system)
yv,yP,yr —dimensionless aerodynamic derivatives, respectively Yv,Yp,Yr
a — angle of attack
PF> PW> fis — a n g l e of lateral flow, wind and sideslip, respectively
r\ — a n g u l a r frequency
©o —flightpath angle
& — small disturbance of the pich or flightpath angle
(ia — dimensionless mass of the aircraft
I — damping coefficient
Q — a i r density
0O — b a n k angle
q> — small disturbance of the bank angle
3. Mathematical Model for Lateral Stability
The mathematical model, which has been used in computations, has included the
mass, aerodynamic and stiffness couplings [4, 5] and will be referred as „the integral
model". The linearized equations of motion have been written in matrix form [5] as fol
lows:
M8x8 B8x8, (1)
where
{x8} = {u,v, w,p,q,r,&,
0 • Ł 0.
There can exist a sideslip: /9S Ą= 0, a crosswind: / V ^ 0 and a lateral flow: ftr # 0
(where 0S = fo+jS,,)
2) there exist only antisymmetrical disturbances from steadystate flight parameters. The
small disturbance vector JC,4 [4] has the following coordinates: v,p,r,
o
W£ Z C O S@O C O S0O
— mgy cos&
0
sin &
0
— mgxcos0
o
cos0
o
0
(5)
M oments and products of inertia, aerodynam ic derivatives an d coordin ates of the mass
centre occuring in matrices Afo4, BaĄ can be related either to th e body axis system or to
the stability axis system. Vectorial equation (3) expanded in th e body axis system are not
convenient to use in com putations because in this case aerodynam ic derivatives, usually
known in the stability axis system Axyz (or in the flow axis system Ax
s
y
s
z
s
(F ig. 2) — if
th e flow angle is n ot equal to zero) must be converted t o t h e body axis system [5]. The
same equation expanded in the stability axis system (or in th e flow axis system) is more
conventional because in such case we must transform only three com pon en ts of th e inertia
pseudo- tensor and two components of the mass centre instead of th e nine com pon en ts of
aerodynamic derivatives an d two velocities (if we use th e body axis system).
N umerical calculations have been performed on th e basis of equation s of m otion in
dimensionless form :
where
/ = t/ t
a
is dimensionless time, while
is aerodynamic time.
dx
a4
m
(6)
(7)
STABILITY o r THE CANARD CONFIGURATION
F ig. 2. Plan view of the aircraft showing the most important design parameters
One derived th e following param et ers:
— dimensionless mass
m
*'
=
O.SgSb'
— dimensionless coordin ates of the mass centre
x
a
= xjb, z
a
= zjb,
— dimensionless m om en ts an d products of inertia
Jx
— dimensionless velocities
«o =
mb2 > Jz = mb2' Jxz = mb2
W
o
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
' . A ' j l K / ł
One should emphasize t h a t in th e stability axis system u
0
= 1, v
0
= w
0
= 0, while in the
flow axis system we have
w0 = co s/ V, v0 = sin / V, vv0 = 0. (12)
E quation (6) h as been tran sform ed to modified form dividing its scalar components by
a such coefficients in order to get th e un its at th e m ain diagonal of the mass matrix. So,
puttin g the small disturban ce vector in th e form
v pb rb
(13)
an d assuming t h at
52 T . G O E T Z E N D O R F - G R ABO WSK I, Z . G Q R AJ
1) steady- state flight is horizon tal, i.e.: 0
O
= 0,
2) steady- state ban k angle is equal to zero, i.e. 0
O
= 0,
3) th e angles of sideslip, flow and wind are equal t o zero, we can rewrite th e equation
of motion in the form
where
Ujx
1 I , - x
a
0
5a/ A 1 - Jxzljx 0
- XalJz ~jxzljz 1 0
0 0 0 1
njjz njjz (n
r
+ fi
a
x
a
)/ jz - c
L
x
a
/ j
t
.0 / i
a
0 0
and symbol v indicates differentiating with respect to th e dimensionless tim e.
A particular solution of the equation (14) has the form
xi T te
Vofr
I ' A 'A r A
Substitution of (17) into (14) gives th e following characteristic equation
det{m a 4> zA—6fl4> 1} = 0,
which can be rewritten as
X+ a I
det
f
2
h
2
X—x
= 0 ,
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
0 - ft. OX
where
x = «*/ / „ y = - Iv/ jx, a = ~y
D
, bi = z
a
, c
t
= - y
p
,
dl = — f̂li e l = - yr + f*a> fx — - CL, ̂ = Za/ jxi
h
2
= —x„lj
z
, b
2
— \ , c
2
= —lplj
x
, d
2
= —ixzlixi
2l = (- lr + f*aZu)/ j
x
, f
2
= - C
L
Ź jj
x
, b
3
= - jxz/ jz,
C3 = ~npljz> "3 = 1» e 3 = ~\ nr~fittxa)ljzj J3 ~ cLxa!]z-
D evelopment of (19) gives characteristic equation of order 4:
i i / , ~t~xJA "T ' V' A ~r* u A ~r xi = = v./. v*̂ /̂
The coefficients of this equation can be represented as functions of x an d y by th e follo-
wing m ean s:
A = A
0
, B = B
0
~yB
y
- xB
2
, C - C o - ,
2) = D
0
- yD
i
- xD
2
, E = E^ - yE
x
- xE
2
,
(21)
STABI LI TY O F TH E C AN AR D C ON F IG U RATION 53
where
0
, B
o
= ar
l
+r
2
- h
1
r
s
+h
2
r
8
, Bl - rĄ,
Co = difi- difa+ h
C2 - rs, Do = e3
D
x
- r
6
~{dj
z
- d
z
f
x
)ii
a
, D
2
= rg- id^ - d^ )^ , E
o
= - a(e
2
f
3
- e
3
f
2
)p
a
,
and
rx = b2d3- b3d2, r2 — c2d3- c3d2 + b2e3- b3e2, r3 = c2e3- c3e2,
r 4 = b1d3- b3dl, rs = c1d3- c3dl + b1e3- b3e1, r6 = Cifla- c3V»
r- , = b
1
d
2
- b
2
d
1
, r
a
= c
x
d
2
- c
2
d
x
+b
l
e
2
- b
2
e
l
, r
9
= c
x
e
2
- c
2
e
u
while x = «„/ / z an d j = - / „/ A-
C haracteristic equation in th e form (20) has 4 roots, which correspond to the so- called
„ stiff n atural m o d es". These m odes are as follows: '
— D uch Roll — an oscillatory m ode possessing two predom in an t coordinates: the
sideslip with a velocity v an d the rolling with an angular velocity p.
Th e phase- angle between these coordinates is approximately equal
to 180°,
— Spiral — a n unoscillatory m ode possessing two predom inant coordinates: the
sideslip with a velocity v an d the yawing with an angular velocity r,
which is in phase with the sideslip,
— Rolling — an unoscillatory m ode which has th e one predom inant coordinate, i.e.:
th e rolling with an angular velocity p,
4. S hort Characteristic of an Aircraft Employed for Computing
The most im portan t data a r e:
m ain wing span b = 7.0 m
fron t wing span b
H
= 3.6 m
body length l
B
= 4.5 m
m ain wing aera S = 5.6 m 2
front wing aera S
H
= 1.28 m 2
mass m = 470 kg
lift- curve slope for m ain wing C £ a = 4.41 1/ rad
lift- curve slope for front wing C{« = 5.29 1/ rad
The essential differences between C an ard an d conventional configuration, im portan t for
aircraft dynamics, are th e following:
— location of a tail ahead of th e wing an d as a consequence decreasing of the effective
angle of attack on the m ain wing caused by th e mean downwash angle,
— location of a mass cen tre far ahead of th e m ain wing, usually about 100 or more percent
M AC ahead of the on e fourth of M AC . F o r conventional configuration the mass
centre is usually situated at nerby n eighbourhood of the one fouth of M AC . Location
54 T. G OETZEN DORF- G RABOWSKI, Z. G ORAJ
of the mass centre far ahead of th e wing for C an ard configuration is caused by necessity
to ensure the static longitudinal tability.
As a result of the numerical com putation s one could get th e following characteristics:
angular frequency r\ an d damping coefficient I , either tim e to half r 1 / 2 or time t o double
T
2
, period T an d boun daries of th e stability, all for the n at u ral modes defined before.
The following param eters were ch an gin g:
1) fin arid rudder aera S
v
from 0.3 m 2 t o 0.7 m 2 with th e steep 0.1 m1,
2) main wing dihedral angle G from - 5° to 5° with the steep 2.5°,
3) location of the mass centre along the x axis in th e body axis system, with respect to
th e one fourth of M AC :
5 , - 4 r - {- . 1 2 1 , - . 1 2 7, - -1 3 3 > "
A variation of the mass centre location was achieved by shifting forwards of a mass equal
to 20 kg with the steep 1 m (it can be a baggage, accum ulator, radio station etc.)
4) location of the mass centre along th e z axis in th e body axis system, with respect to the
one fourth of M AC . There has been realized 28 values of za with th e steep Az = 2.5 cm
(or £ź
a
= 0.0036). I n reality this tran slocation can be achieved assuming t h at the mass
distribution of the body is invariable but t h at wing- body arran gem en t is changeable,
i.e.: th at low- wing configuration can be replaced by th e other one, for example by the
high- wing configuration.
5. Numerical Results
At F ig. 3,4 is shown time to double am plitude of th e spiral m ode T
2
versus the dihedral
angle G and the fin an d rudder aera S
u
for two different values i 0 . A decrease of S„ as
well as an increase of G increases T
2
. C om parin g F ig. 3 with F ig. 4 we can n otice a slight
- 5 . 0 -
0.8
Fig. 3. Times to double amplitude 7^ of the Spiral mode as functions of S, and G for low- wing configuration
( r . = 0.0159)
STABILITY OF THE CANARD CONFIGURATION 55
- 5 . 0 -
Fig. 4. Times to double amplitude T2 of the Spiral mode as functions of Sv and G for lowwing configura
tion (z, = 0.0279)
increase of T2 as i a decreases. This dependence is shown more detail at Fig. 5,6, from which
we can read the necessary changes of Sv and G caused by variation of za to keep the same
T2 (T2 is equal to 30 s and 15 s at Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, respectively). Computations show that
the influence of the 3ca (in the neighbourhood of xa = —.127) on the lateral dynamic
stability is negligible.
5.0
2.5
2.5
1
-
1 1
1
•
1
0.3
r
/ , ' • ' "
Ul
1 1///I
• i i
0.4
1
1
1
0.5
Svlm
" 1
2d=0.0351
0.0141
0.00857
0.01590
I
1
0.6
2)
1
— . _ . _ .
1
l
0.7
Fig. 5. Time to double amplitude T2 of the Spiral mode (equal to 30 s) as the function of Sv, G and z.
Fig. 7 9 show the times to half amplitude Tlf2 of the Duch Roll mode as functions
of G and Sv for three different values of za. An increase of Sv as well as a decrease either
of G or of za decreases T1 / 2. An influence of Sv and G to the value T1/2 decreases with
decreasing of z8. In the case when za is negative T1/2 increases as the G decreases.
Regulations FAR23 [6] and work [4] give the definition of a boundary quotient
— £/J7 for the Duch Roll mode. This quotient must be greater or equal to 0.05. Fig. 1012
show the value —C/rj as a function of G and Sv for three different values of za. When Sv
56 T, GOETZENPORFGRABOWSKI, Z. GORAJ
5.0
2.5
2.5
5.0
I
-
-
i
_ //ty
1
0.3
i 1 I I
/ / / / / "
/ / / / /
/ / / / /
/ / / / /
/W
/ / / / / ,
/ / / • / /
'/// ^=0.0351
W 0.0H1
'' 0.00857
0.01590
i i i i
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Fig. 6. Time to double amplitude T2 of the Spiral mode (equal to 15 s) as the function of So, G and 5,
Fig. 7. Time to half amplitude Tm of the Duch Roll mode as the function of Sv for different values
of G in case of the lowwing (z, = 0.0459)
increases or G decreases then the quotient — f/jy either increases if za is positive or decreases
if za is negative. An influence of SB and G on the quotient — ij/rj is very strong diminished
in the case of negative values of za.
Fig. 13 shows an influence of xa to the value T1/2 for the Duch Roll mode. Shifting
to the mass centre forwards increases T1 / 2. An influence of xa to the quotient — $jrj is
shown at Fig. 14.
0.8
Fig. 8. Time to half amplitude Tl/Z of the Duch Roll mode as the function of S„ for different
values of G in case of the lowwing (za = 0.0279)
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0 . 5 -
Fig. 9. Time to half amplitude Til2 of the Duch Roll mode as the function of S» for different values
•of G in case of the midwing (?„ = 0.00857)
Fig, 10, Quotient
0.3
as the function of S, and G in case of the lowwing (z. = 0.0459) and admi
ssible, boundary quotient (—Slrj),,
[57]
0 . 2 0
Fig. 11. Quotient — as the function of Sv and G in case of the lowwing (za = 0.0279) and admis
sible, boundary quotient (.~£h)tr
Fig. 12. Quotient as the function of S, and G in case of the midwing (z, = 0.00857) and admis
sible, boundary quotient (£/>?)„
Fig. 13. Time to half amplitude T1/2 of the Duch Roll mode as function of S, and x, for G = 0" and
I , 0.028
(581
STABI LI TY OF TH E C AN ARD C ON F I G U R ATI ON 59
0.3 0A 0.5 0.6
Fig. 14. Quotient — as the function of S v and xa (and admissible, boundary quotient
for G = T and 1. = 0.028
6. Concluding Remarks
N um erical results have shown t h at the m ost im portan t parameters for th e lateral,
dynamic stability of C an ard con figuration are: (1) vertical position of the main wing with
respect to th e body, (2) dihedral angle and (3) fin an d rudder aera. An increase of the
dihedral angle, a decrease of t h e fin and rudder aera as well a sa shifting of the wing upwards
prolong the times to double of th e Spiral m ode wh at is advantageous with poin t of view
of th e stability. Either a decrease of th e dihedral angle when the fin and rudder aera is
con stan t or an increase of th e fin an d rudder aera when the dihedral angle is constant
can be compenseted by shifting of th e m ain wing towards high- wing configuration.
The D uch Roll m ode dam pin g increases with an increase of the fin and rudder aera
as well as with a decrease of th e dihedral angle. A shifting of the mass centre forwards,
improving th e lon gitudin al static stability, deteriorates slightly the stability of the D uch
Roll mode increasing th e tim e t o half am plitude of an oscillation.
m
0
0
0
mz
my
0
0
0
m
0
mz
0
— mx
0
0
7. Appendix
y
Ay,Y-
m—Z^
~L -
v
+my
~Mń +mx
- W,
0
0
0
mz
my
Jx
— T
^ ̂ xy
- Jxt
0
0
— mz
0
mx
- J
X
y
Jy
— Jyz
0
0
- my
—mx
0
~J
X
z
— Jyz
J,
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
60 T. GOETZENDORFGRABOWSKI, Z. GORAJ
o o o
ai M o o .5
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