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176 A. M uc
for. Similarly as in [1] we consider deformation of an incomplete torus as the rotation ally-
symmetric problem in broader sense, since circumferential displacements are allowed
for (F ig. 1). Thus, geometric assumptions investigated in [1], as well as the n otation in-
troduced there, have been retained. Let th e param eter of change of principal curvature
K be defined as an increment of angle in the circumferential direction
K^ d&ldd- l (1.1)
The Cauchy strain rates derived in [1] have the following form :
where
&>»,= — - —^ - , dx
v
= - ^ - , (1.3)
„ 6u'
r
c o s
3$ — elongations at the middle surface,
Xq, = XyH, x# = x
v
H — parameters of increments of the middle surface curvature change
of unit angle,
A A A A
Ry — Ry{H, R ~ R&)H— radii of undeformed element,
u
r
= u
r
(H, u
z
= u
z
)H— radial and axial middle surface displacements.
All quantities are dimensionless, H is the half distance between sandwich sheets ( Aden otes
dimension quantity).
The radii of curvature in current configuration r
v
, / # are related to R
9
, R$ by:
According t o [2] the dimensionless, generalized stresses have th e following form :
where N j = N j / 2o
0
T , M
3
= Mj/ 2o
0
HT , Oj = aj/ a
0
,
OOA— tensile yield stress of sandwich sheet material,.
T —initial thickness of sandwich sheets.
Su perscript s+ o r- den o te quantities evaluated in the exterior or interior sandwich sheets
respectively.
TOROIDAL SHELL 177
Moreover, the system of equations of equilibrium derived in [2, 3] will be applied
here in the following fashion:
(RNy)'+R(psm
st
Hencky-IIyushin H-I
e? - Ast
Nadai-Davis N-D I
Incremental theory of plasticity
elastic strains
neglected
Set = Sy>st
Levy-Mises L-M
de? = dAsf
Nadai-Davis N-DII
allowed for
Set — SystA 5*i
2G
Prandtl-Reuss P-R I
de? = dAs<;+ - ! - & ?
2G
Prandtl-Reuss P-R II
C — Cauchy stress tensor, H — Hencky strain measure, / =
dfr/ loo and dimensionless Kirchhoff's m odulus G = GI
0
, we obtain :
(2.2)
(2.3)
Equations of internal equilibrium (1.7) an d kinem atic relation s (1.2) - (1.4), together with
the physical equations (2.1- 2.2), con stitute system of fundam ental governing equation s.
They determine th e vector of un kn own variables
i (4.1)
which is also valid for the derivatives with respect to tj) variable of F. The above relation
(4.1) must be completed by th e condition at % = r 0 (the initiation of the process) which
takes, generally, the form :
r| T = r o = r o . (4.2)
F or the problem considered the vector of initial condition has the form:
180 A. Muc
0
0
0
0
0
0
(4.3)
Other forms of the initial vector Fo depend on the assumed material of the shell (for
a rigid/perfectly-plastic material the seven or the eight component of Fo must be different
from zero) or on the considered initial, geometrical imperfections of torus.
Replacing all components of vector F and its derivatives with respect to (j> variable
in the system of equations (3.1 - 3.5) by the relation (4.1) we obtain at each step of time
ti(i $J 1) the system of ordinary differential equations with respect to (j> variable for the
uknown increment &T\tmtui, Finally, for each step T, we need eight boundary conditions.
Generally, they takes the form:
= Vc =lj,o = VD (4.4)
where LC,LD are arbitrary operators and V c , VD — arbitrary vectors. In the case consi-
dered in this paper, the meridional section remains closed and symmetric about c = 0 and D — n. Thus, the operators Ic, Lr> has following representation
= LD= [d, d, 0 , 0 , 0 , d, S, 6] (4.5)
and first six components of Vc and Vr> are equal to zero. Using the semi-inverse method
(shooting method) the two-point boundary problem (4.4) ca be converted into Cauchy's
problem. By employing Newton-Raphson's method one can determine, missing, initial
components of vector F at = # c by assuring the boundary conditions at ; = 4>D. To
improve the effectiveness of the iterative (Newton-Raphson's) procedure, the Lagrange
quadratic extrapolation formula is used in searching of uknown, missing, initial compo-
nents of vector 6F at ̂ = > c . We start our calculation at x = T 0 where the initial vector
Fo is known (4.3) and the whole shell is elastic. Applying the numerical integration along
the coordinate cj> (for example Runge-Kutta IV) after extrapolation (4.1) and the usage
of shooting method, we find the distribution of dF\T^T along (j> variable. Then, we cal-
culate J T | I = I I according to the scheme (4.1) and get the distribution dr\raT for the new,
initial values .f|'_Tj. The described procedure can be repeated along the trajectory (3.4)
with increasing time-like parameter r — (3.5). We assume the distribution of elastic and
plastic zones at the beginning of each time step rt (it is identical to the distribution at
T = Tf-i). The assumed zones are corrected by checking the condition (2.1) and scalar
factor of* at >j such as to fulfill the mentioned conditions as well as the boundary con-
ditions (4.4). The procedure is continued to the appearance of singularity of equations
(3.1 - 3.3) which corresponds to the zero of the denominator of dtp*, when
2o$-o% = 0 (4.6)
T O R O I D AL SH E LL 181
5. N umerical examples
The initial geometry of a torus is completely defined by two dimensionless radii which
were assumed in numerical calculations as follows
R
ę
= 50, i ? 0 = 1000. (5.1)
T o illustrate different processes of plastic deformations of the shell we restrict our consi-
derations to two strictly determined cases of the loading trajectory (3.4) and the time- like
paraineter (3.5). I n th e first case we assume th e loading stations and the independent
param eter T in the following way:
an d in the second case
Pn - *
Pn = c'<
K — T
(5.2)
(5- 3)
where c is an arbitrary, real con stan t. On each step r<, the boundary conditions (4.4)
takes the following, explicit form :
[Ó93, 6u
z
, 6S, 6K, dp„] = [0, 0, 0, 0, ÓT ] for ^ = OAJT (5.4)
in the case of the relations (5.2) and
[dq>, dtiz, 6S, 6K, dp
n
] = [0, 0 , 0 , dr, C Ó T ] fo r ([> = OATC (5.5)
in th e second case (5.3).
The process of acting of internal pressure is the elastic one. The first point of plasti-
fication of the shell (at = rc/ 2) corresponds to termination of the process (the limit
1.0
0.5
0.1
°iL
—< 2 L5 ?~
Of"
**• • —< —»
L
e\a
R,=50
• " ~
1
P.
Aic zone
— —
Pr =0.02U
0 . 0 1 2 _
0.005
30° 60* 90° 120°
Fig. 2
150° *
1.0
0.1
-0.1
n R
— — - ^
»——.^
elastic zone
\
\ I\
0.0214
L.P
i
I
R;io°
30° 60° 90° 120° 150°
Fig. 3
elastic zone
plastic zone
30° 60° 90° 120° 150° i>
0.1
-0.1
[182]
TOROIDAL SHELL 183
carrying capacity — L.P.) because the conditions (2.1) and (4.6) are satisfied simulta-
neously. Redistributions of meridional and circumferential stresses are shown in Fig. 2
and 3.
The influence of bending (the second analyzed case — (5.3) and (5.5)) causes antisy-
mmetry of redistribution of meridional stresses as well as the great development of plastic
1.0
zone — elastic zone exists only in the neighbourhood of § = n/2 (see Fig. 4,5). The limit
point (4.6) — L.P. is also achieved at the edge of elastic zone at