Ghostscript wrapper for D:\Digitalizacja\MTS84_t22z1_4_PDF_artyku³y\mts84_t22z3_4.pdf M E C H A N I K A T E O R E T Y C Z N A I S T O S O W A N A 3 4 , 22 (1984) T W O V E R S I O N S O F W O Z N I A K ' S C O N T I N U U M M O D E L O F H E X A G O N A L T Y P E G R I D P L A T E S T O M A S Z L E W I Ń S KI ( W A R S Z A W A ) Politechnika Warszawska Instytut Mechaniki Konstrukcji Inż ynierskich 1. Introduction The subject o f the considerations are planestress statical problems o f dense, elastic, hexagonal grid plates, constructed from bars, F i g . 1. The structures o f this type are widey used i n c i v i l engineering, cf. [1] as well as i n aerospace technology. Diffuculties occuring, when exact solutions o f statical problems o f latticetype plates are being sought, justify attempts endeavouring to formulate approximate continuum approaches. The most simple, asymptotic (in Wozniak's meaning, [2]) model has been established by Horvay, cf. [3, 4]. In these papers effective Y o u n g modulus and Poisson's ratio for honeycomb plates have been obtained and exhibited by means o f the appropriate diagrams. The aim o f the present paper is to discuss continuum descriptions o f the analysed plate response by means o f the twodimensional Cosserat's media with fibrous structure, uti lized by. W o ź n i ak i n his latticetype shell theory, [2]. In the most general among many of Wozniak's concepts, the deformation o f the grid surface structure consisted o f nodes (..elements") and rods ( „ l i g a m e n t s " ) is approximated by means o f a model o f a regular system o f bodies, cf. [2], part I. The ,.elements" o f the structure act as the bodies o f the system. The interactions between the bodies are transmitted by the „ l i g a m e n t s " . One of the basic assumptions o f the theory is the existence o f the potential o f binary interac tions. This assumption (see (3.4), p. 39, [2]) restricts the applications o f the theory to a cer tain class o f surface structures, that w i l l be further called the structures o f simple layout, in which any two directly interacting elements, being joined by one ligament only (cf. [2], P. 50). The behaviour o f a complementary class of structures, which w i l l be called the struc tures o f complex layout, cannot be examined (without additional justifications) by means o f the regular system o f bodies theory. C o n t i n u u m approach to the latticetype plates o f complex layout has been presented i n the paper [5] o f K l e m m and W o ź n i a k. The authors assume, that also in the case of complex structure the Wozniak' s theory o f grid shells and " B y means o f this t e r m , g r i d structures constructed f r o m bars connected i n r i g i d nodes are under s t o o d i n the paper. 390 Т . L E W I Ń S KI plates (based on the regular system of bodies theory) can be applied. The complex geometry implies modifications o f constitutive equations only. Constitutive equations of the theory o f complex layout grid plates are not uniquely definite. Several topics resulting from this fact are discussed in the paper. A n analysis is exemplified by the case o f honeycomb grids which belong to the complex ones. Thus the internal forces, i.e. stress pap and couple stress ma tensors are not uniquely determined, because o f the arbitrariness o f the definitions of elastic plate potential a. T w o ways o f computing this function w i l l be presented. The first one has been proposed by K l e m m and W o ź n i a k, [6]. It is thought appropriate to recall, to correct (an isotropy o f the model has not been revealed) and to generalise K l e m m and Wozniak's results by taking into account transverse shear deformations of the lattice rods. In Sec. 4 a new method of defining the plate potential a leading to the new version o f constitutive equations is presented. Some o f effective elastic moduli (so called micropolar moduli) can not be uniquely defined. This has been noted by W o ź n i a k, Pietras and Konieczny in the papers [7 9] pertaining to the discrete elasticity theory. This lack of uniqueness follows from an ina dequacy o f the relatively simple continuum Cosserat's model when deformations o f dis crete twodimensional structure are being analysed. Nevertheless such a model is undoub tedly more accurate than Horvay's asymptotic theory. 2.1 B a s i c assumptions. The grid is assumed to be composed of straight bars whose axes constitute a plane, regular, equilateral honeycomb (hexagonal) layout, the internode spa cings being equal to /, see F i g . 1. Allthough the lattice bars need not to be prismatic they are required to possess two symmetry axes. The structure is made o f an elastic, iso tropic and homogeneous material elastic properties o f which being characterized by Y o u n g modulus E and Poisson's ratio v. Considerations are confined to the grids constructed by bars sufficiently slender so as to the conventional, improved (by taking 2. Formulation of the problem F i g . 1 H E X A G O N A L T Y P E G R I D P L A T E S .191 into account transverse shear deformations of bars) theory o f elastic rods can be applied. Moreover the thickness of the grid is assumed to be o f unit depth. The loads consi dered: inplane tangent forces and moments normal to the midsurface are concentrated in nodes. Consider a bar ik, cf. F i g . 2. Generalized forces and displacements at both nodes i and к are given in F i g . 3; slope deflection equations, cf. [10], read w h e r e EJ [s
Tlk = Ti~ 2(s + r)
EJ
I
EJ EJ
Nlk = Nj = \2r]p yrylk = 2(s4r)4^fУ л.
t] = Al2j\2J, ~T) = 6tj pl(s + r),
s = VufA, r = (pJA, A = (p2, $> + e4>f&> +J<0 = 0 , (2.14)
where pp(i), Yft) denote densities o f external forces and couples. The equations of equili
brium (2.14), constitutive Eqs. (2.13) and strain — displacements relations (2.12) con
stitute the system o f equations o f the latticetype plate theory. B y adding appropriate
boundary conditions, (see [2] C h . I V ) the theory is completed and wellestablished; thus
the boundary value problems for finite domains can be examined.
The topics o f the present paper are concerned with the constitutive equations (2.13).
In the subsequent sections two versions o f these equations, resulting from two methods
of defining the density o f strain energy o f the lattice, w i l l be presented.
394 Т . L E W I Ń S KI
3. Constitutive equations due to Woź niak and Klemm (variant I)
The derivation presented i n [5] w i l l be recalled here; considerations are generalised
to the case o f deep bars, for which the slope deflection equations (2.6) hold true. The
starting point o f the procedure is a division o f the plate into repeated segments of the
type I, the intermediate nodes „a" being the centres o f them, F i g . 5. Three main nodes
S{, i — I, II, III lie on the vertices o f the hexagon. W i t h the each bar a— 5, a local base
/(,), ta) is associated, cf. F i g . 5. We have
i / з 1
' / o = ?<2i) = Vy ei2, r (
2
( ) = t~ln - — ( 1 3 ( 5 , 2 ) , (3D
where Kronecker delta and the difference (ij) are denoted by ди and etJ, respectively.
F i g . 5
By using o f the assumption o f the segmentwise linear behaviour of displacement
functions, the displacements of S', points can be determined by means o f the values of
u" and р йа • 4)1, 4>m = Ф + ^ Ф .̂
Quantities it* and + Ъ А )У «{1,
and, similarly.
A(Pw = P a ( P i = fy*a* 2GA(x)""' ~ 2(1
The potential or7 = + ^ | 8̂ к А , (4.1) ^3/ w 3(1+i?) ™ ' 3(1+,?)
(/+5)17 Ј / ( 1 л i / з r
N(k) = j p — j = у 2 | у ( 1 3 й/ к 2) / х 1 + y e f c 2 / * 2 +
+ й ' + ( 2 З йм ) ] у ,, + (fj + 3 ó ł 2 ) y 2 2 |/3 e*2 p
al> (7.2)
are obtained. The mixed boundary value problems are formulated due to W o ź n i ak [2]:
find the functions ua and "p = P * « mana = m on J T I ,
where n" denote components o f a unit vector normal to the boundary.
404 Т . L E W I Ń S KI
8. F i n a l remarks
T w o versions of the latticetype hexagonal plate theory (in planestress state) based
on the various ways o f defining density of strain energy of the structure have been derived.
It is worth distinguishing between similarities and differences of the presented variants
by W o ź n i a k K l e mm and by the present author.
i) stress tensors (p,m) and (p, m), and strain measures (у , У С), (у , x) as well as displa
cements ua, cp are referred to intermediate (version 1) or to main nodes (version II). This
is not in contradiction with the fact, that in both cases, functions ua, > м и к р о п о л я р н ы е" к о н с т а н ты {В , С ), в ы з ы в а ю щ ие м а с ш т а б н ые э ф ф е к т ы.
И с с л е д о в а ны о г р а н и ч е н ия в ы т е к а ю щ ие и з п о л о ж и т е л ь н о с ти э н е р г ии д е ф о р м а ц ии и п о к а з а н о,
ч то м о д е ли В и С с в я з а н н ые н е р а в е н с т в ом В2 < C/t, г де /« — э ф ф е к т и в н ый м о д у ль Л я м е.
В р а б о те в ы в о д я т ся у р а в н е н ия в с м е щ е н и ях и с о о т в е т с т в у ю щ ие к р а е в ые у с л о в и я.
S t r e s z c z e n i e
D W A K O N T Y N U A L N E M O D E L E ( T Y P U W O Ź N I A K A) H E K S A G O N A L N Y C H T A R C Z
S I A T K O W Y C H
W p r a c y p r z e d s t a w i o n o d w i e koncepcje o p i s u k o n t y n u a l n e g o g ę s t y c h, s p r ę ż y s t y c h, h e k s a g o n a l n y c h
' a r c z s i a t k o w y c h . O b i e wersje b a z u j ą n a t e o r i i W o ź n i a ka — a p r o k s y m a c j i z a c h o w a n i a się d ź w i g a r ów
s i a t k o w y c h z a p o m o c ą m o d e l u matematyczneg o d w u w y m i a r o w e g o o ś r o d ka C o s s e r a t ó w o w ł ó k n i s t e j
strukturze. P i e r w s z a wersja s t a n o w i u o g ó l n i e n i e i r o z w i n i ę c ie w y n i k ó w pracy K l e m m a i W o ż n i a ka d o t y
c z ą c ej siatek o s t r u k t u r z e plastra m i o d u . W drugiej wersji p r z y j ę to nieco inne z a ł o ż e n ia d o t y c z ą ce sposo
bu d e f i n i o w a n i a p o t e n c j a ł u s p r ę ż y s t e go tarczy. O t r z y m a n e wersje p r o w a d z ą d o i n n y c h z e s t a w ó w s t a ł y c h
» m i k r o p o l a r n y c h " ( S , C ) o d p o w i a d a j ą c y ch z a efekt s k a l i . Z b a d a n o o g r a n i c z e n i a w y n i k a j ą ce z w a r u n k u
dodatniej o k r c ś l o n o ś ci energii o d k s z t a ł c e n i a i w y k a z a n o , ż e s t a ł e В i С p o w i n n y s p e ł n i a ć n i e r ó w n o ś ć
B2 < C/t, gdzie /< — z a s t ę p c zy m o d u ł L a m ć g o. W y p r o w a d z o n o r ó w n a n i a „ p r z e m i e s z c z e n i o w e " i s f o r m u
° w a n o d o p u s z c z a l n e w a r u n k i b r z e g o w e .
Praca została złoż ona w Redakcji 26 kwietnia 1983 roku
, xa) = Mik)(yall, xa), TM(yan, *Q = Tw(y<#, xa),
provided there is inserted yap = уа Р, на = xa = 0; and
provided one substitutes yaP = yaP and xa = xa. Therefore, Eqs. (3.4) and (4.1) have
different right hand sides, if хл exist. This fact implies, what w i l l be shown further, that
the second version analysed herein leads to the different tensors o f elastic moduli from
those obtained via W o z n i a k K l e m m ' s method.
Proceeding similarly as in Sec. 3 an energy EU1) accumulated in the rods i— Rk, belonging
to the segment of the type II (cf. F i g . 4), can be evaluated. The energy density a n = < т ( л )
is defined as a quotient E,,jP,P = 1.5) 3 / 2 . After appropriate rearrangements we f i
nally obtain
O *V A о A A ̂ &mJ Л
О ц = on + af,, о 'li = ра руа Р + т
аха,
i A л. i л (4.2)
°Ч — 2 л YapYrS^D У а ^ Л у + yL ХаХ р .
А А А
Tensors А, В and С have the forms
= А *Р у 6, В 0 " 5 " = Btf*, Ьр = С да Р, (4.3)
where
^ 2 ) / 3 7?(37?i?) EJ л ] /3[(37?7?)
2 + (37? + ^)] Ј /
(I+7?)(37?+r?) / 2 ' ^ 3(1 + ^ ) ( ^ + 3»7) / '
У ' }
400 Т . L E W I Ń S KI
Quantities A, J and rj are fixed according to Eqs. (2.5) and (2.9). The tensors A and %
are defined i n Sec. 3. i n the case o f the grid constructed from slender rods (rj « rj), we
have
Л l v л 1 + W 1 ' i v 1 v
в = т в ' c = r d f C x T c ' w
V . V
where 5 and С are defined by Eqs. ( 3 . 8 ) 4 t 5 .
The components o f tensors p and in depend, in a complicated way, on the external
loads F?k}, Мш, к = I, II, III, subjected to intermediate nodes. F o r the sake o f brevity,
these formulae (obtained i n [12]) w i l l not be reported here. However, it is worth mentio
ning that *paP ф 0 and ma ф 0, provided the loads in the intermediate joints exist.
5. Estimations of elastic moduli (resulting from the positive
determination of the strain energy)
Obtained i n the preceding sections the sets o f elastic moduli (А, ц , а, В , C) and
(А, Ц , x, В , C) satisfy the conditions which yield from the positive definition of the qua
dratic forms oj = ó \ v ) , О ц = с г( Л ) defined by
This fact follows from the derivation of cr ( r ) : e.g., w h : n r = I, the R H S o f thj E q . (3.5) x ,
which defines an energy Eu) accumulated i n thz rods belonging to a segment, is expressed
by means of integrals w i t h positive integrand functions; thus the energy EM is positive
( T ) ( T )
definite for all arbitrary values o f components yaP and xa. Nevertheless, the explicit form
o f energy estimations, which impose certain restrictions on the values o f effective elastic
moduli, is worth considering.
Let us transform the function a (an index т is neglected now), to the convenient form
for the further analysis
b~^S#n*m, « , / = 1 , 2 , ..,6, (5.2)
where t]t = у и , tj2 = y22, Ч з = У н , ЦА = У 21, Vs — * i , П б = *г A coordinate system
is fixed as i n F i g . 1. The matrix E can be written i n the form
2 / ( 4 A A В
A 2fi + A В
/« + a ix — a в
fi — a. li —a. в
В B с
B B с
H E X A G O N A L T Y P E G R I D P L A T E S 401
By applying Sylvester theorem the following necessary and sufficient conditions for the
matrix S to be positive definite
ft > 0, a > 0, /< + Я > 0, С > 0, В2 < С /л (5.3)
are obtained. Positive definition o f the quadratic form (5.2) does not depend of the choice
o f a coordinate system. Therefore, the inequalities (5.3) are sufficient for a to be positive
determined. Note yet that the sign В (which depends on the choice o f main nodes) does
not affect i n (5.3). The inequality (5.3)5 shows that the moduli В and С are not arbitrary;
this estimation can be treated as an upper bound for В or a lower one for C .
6. Effective Young moduli and Poisson's ratios
The tensor A (symmetrised in respect to both pairs of indices) can be written in the
form
dMHv») = . _ ^ l _ s
a f i d v t + i « " о * ") (6.1)
1 +vt [IVi 2
similar to that known from a classical theory o f a planestress state.
M o d u l i Ј , and j ' t , being effective Y o u n g and Poisson constants, can be expressed by
means o f Horvay's [3] formulae
E = 4/г Сц + Я) _ 4 E
1 ' 2ц + Х j / 3 n ( q + 3) '
(6.2)
Я 7 ? l
V i ~ 2/i+X ~ ~Щ +3'
Energy inequalities (5.3) imply estimations
Ex > 0, 1 < v, < 1, (6.3)
weaker, than those known from a classical threedimensional theory o f elasticity: E > 0,
1 < v < 1/2. Effective Y o u n g and Poisson's moduli can be defined in different way,
taking as a starting point the reverse form of the constitutive equations (2.13)
i l
У О С /J = Aal>YÓp
vó + B^Ym'' + y*p,
*« = Варур ̂ + Са Рт
р + ^
i
Displaying the symmetrized part o f the tensor A in the form
We obtain
_ Щ + !*)(у В2/С ) X + B2IC .
2 2ju + XB2/C ' 2 lp+\B2IC ' K )
It is not diffucult to prove that constants Ea,va, a = 1,2, satisfy inequalities
E2< Elt v2> vt (6.6)
Mech, Tcoret. i Stos. 34/84
(6.4)
402 Т . L E W I Ń S KI
and
E2 > 0, 1 < v2 < 1, (6.7)
the latter of which are identical with (6.3). Note that moduli E2 and v2 do not depend
of a constant. In the case o f В = 0, we have Ј \ = Ј 2 , = j»2, of course.
M o d u l i E2 and v 2 depend on the choice of the version (I or II) o f constitutive relations;
this dependence is weak i n the case of slender lattice rods (cf. Figs. 7, 8) since then, accor
А Л V V
ding to (4.5) one obtains B2jC X B2/C. The patterns of variation of effective moduli
F i g . 8
H E X A G O N A L T Y P E G R I D P L A T E S 403
Ei,vi, E2,v2, E2,vi and a depending on the ratio Q are shown in Figs. 7,8. The
diagrams were made under the the assumption r\ = rj. It is readily seen that
UmEa((>) = 0, l i m r a ( p ) = 1 , a = 1,2.
0>O e*"i
A n analysis of variation o f moduli В and С w i l l be presented in a separate paper.
7. Governing equations in terms of displacements. Boundary value problems
Consider a latticetype honeycomb plate, F i g . 9, whose midsurface is referred to
cartesian coordinate system Xя. Assume the family o f main nodes according to F i g . 9
i \ part .Г, of the boundary is loaded by forces and couples: p" and in. O n Г2 — displa
cements it" and