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M E C H AN I K A
TEORETYCZNA
I STOSOWANA
3/4, 20 (1982)
A M IN IM U M - PRIN CIPLE F OR STRESS- STATE IN ELASTIC- PLASTIC
PLATES AND TH E SYSTEMATICAL G EN ERATION OF AP P R OP R I ATE
PLATE- M OD ELS1'
DIETER W E I C H E R T
Institut fur Mechanik, Ruhr- Universitdt
4630 Bochmn- 1, W est- Germany
1. Introduction
In this paper we treat the initial boundary- value problem of elastic- plastic plates sub-
jected to arbitrary dead- loadtype loading histories. This problem differs from analogous
purely elastic problems by th e fact that even under the assumption of certain shape of
strain- distribution over the thickness of the plate, such as Kirchhoff- Love- hypothesis[l], n o
prediction about stress- distribution over the thickness of the plate can be made as n o
one- to- one correspondance between strains and stresses holds. So here we treat this problem
genuinely as three- dimensional problem constrained by certain geometrical and statical
conditions which have a distinct meaning in theory of plates and in theory of plasticity,
respectively. We show, that well known Kirchhoff plate- theory is a special case of the
herein presented concept. F or the construction of a minimum- principle for th e state of
stress in the plate we make use of a recently derived minimum- principle for general three-
dimensional body [2], based on the formulation of constitutive relations by means of convex
analysis [3, 4] and internal parameters [5] in order to describe elastic- perfectly plastic
and elastic- linear hardening material behaviour by the same mathematical model.
In the last chapter a numerical illustration of the presented method is given for the
case of a proportionally loaded elastic- perfectly plastic square plate.
2. The three- dimensional initial boundary- value problem. Local formulation of the problem
A body of volume Q as subregion of product- space of three- dimensional Euclidean
space .ft3 and space T of time t, defined on the intervall T = [0, oo), with sufficiently
regular boundary 8Q, is subjected to external agencies a = a(x), described by the set
[f*(x) 6 Q, P*(x) e 8Q
S
, u*(x) e 8Q
k
, where/ (x), u{x) and/>(.\- ) denote three- dimensional
vectors of volume- forces, displacements and surface- forces, respectively. 8Q
k
and 8Q
S
,
11 This paper was elaborated during a stay at the I n stitut of M echanics, U niversity of Warsaw an d the
author wishes to express his gratitude to Professor dr h ab. Czesiaw Woź niak for invitation an d perm an en t
support.
194 D . WEICH ERT
den ote disjoint parts of dQ where kinematical and statical boundary conditions are pres-
cribed, resp., Considering quasi- static deformation processes in the range of small defor-
mations for conservative external agencies a(x), statical and kinematical field- equations
are given by:
D i v u + / * = 0 in Q, (2.1)
n- a- P* = 0 on dQ
h
,
= 0 in Q (2.2)
o n dQ
k
D iv and G r a d s denote divergence- operator and symmetric part of gradient- operator,
a{x), s(x) are elements of space Tg of symmetric, two- dimensional tensors with 6 inde-
• pendent com ponents, n denotes outer normal unit- vector on dQ. Prescribed quantities
are indicated by upper star. The problem consists of determining ae and u for the entire
deformation- process. Constitutive relations are described by use of internal parameters
[5], such t h at elastic- perfectly plastic an d elastic- linear hardening material behaviour
can be treated by the same mathematical methods. Assuming, th at entire strain &(x) can
be additively decomposed into purely elastic part ee(x) and purely plastic part e"(x),
generalized stress- , generalized elastic strain- and generalized plastic strain- tensors are
defined, respectively, by the sets s(x) = [a, n], ee(x) = [e",cu], e''(x) = [ep,k], where
internal statical, elastic and plastic parameters n(x), a>(x) and k(x) are elements of vector-
space T,? with r independent components. It can be shown [2], that for vanishing co(x)
and k(x) at time / = 0, entire generalized strain e is given by e = [ee + e p , 0] , defined
on Q. Assuming the existence of a convex, lower semi- continuous elastic strain energy-
density y>(ee) and introducing bilinear form (s, ee) as inner product s .. e" defined by
(2.3) s.,ee = GtjBfj + n^ n,, i,j e [{, 2, 3 ] , n e [\ , 2 , . . . , r]
where y> an d ( . , . ) are mappings of product- space T ^ X T ' on to R1, defined on Q, the
following th ree relations are equivalent conditions for s and e" to satisfy elastic material
behaviour:
(2.4) e*'sdyj*(s),
(2.5) s edyj(ee), in Q
(2.6) ip(ee) + ip*(s)—(s, ee) ^ 0, .
with polar elastic energy- density y>*(s) defined by:
(2.7) f*(s)«* sup [(s,ee*)- f(eet)] in Q,
,,d{.y denotes subdifferential of the considered quantity. In the herein treated case of linear-
elastic m aterial behaviour (2.4 - 2.6) degenerate to
(2.8) ee=G..s .1 [s|( , «„] = [auL m, n,„Żmn), i J, k, I e [1, 2, 3],
(2.9) a - © - *. . *• A [an, 7i
n
] m [s'
kl
L T j\
u
w
m
Ż T „
l
„] m, n e [ 1 , 2, . . . , r ] ,
(2.10) - ieL ' . . G - ' . . ee + - J s. . G . . s- s. , eE = 0.
A MINIMUM — PRIN CIPLE 195
L and Ż denote here positive definit matrices with known constant coefficients of elastic
and hardening- coefficient's, respectively, G is defined as the set [L , Ż ], upper index „ — 1"
denotes inverse of the considered matrix.
Analogously plastic part of constitutive relations is formulated: If
*(ep)
0
in Q
where in (2.13) equality holds if plastic flow- law and yield- condition, demanding that
every admissible state of stress s is in the interior or on the boundary of E
t
, are fulfilled.
H ere, superposed dot denotes time- derivative, (ep, s) denotes according to elastic part
of constitutive relations, bilinear form efjffy+.&BjEn, i,j e [1, 2, 3], n e [1, 2, ..., ;• ].
0
according to ((2.11) - (2.13), (2.20)).
196 I }- WEICH ERT
By .completion of space cjf+/. of smooth tensorfields of generalized stresses s with
respect to the scalar- product
n
in [2] H ilbert- space H of generalized stress- fields s is constructed. G lobal formulation
of plastic part of constitutive relations'is then given by
(2.22) 0(s) + 0*(G7.1ep)~(G7.1ep, s> o ^ 0,
wh ere global plastic po t en t ial 0 an d p o lar poten tial 0* are defined by
(2.23)
CO ft
0 if seE
(
E
t
czH,
- c if s$E, c eR\ c > 0
(2.24) ^ *( G . lre") = sup KG7.1e", s*}
c
- 0(s*)] in Q
~\
As G is a constant positiv multiplier, here and in the following space of generalized strains
is identified with H ilbert- space of generalized stress by use of the isomorphism e = G . .s.
Analogously to (2.11) - (2.13), (2.22) is equivalent t o :
(2.25) . _ , . , .
k
, } in Q
M aking use of the assumption of given purely elastic solution a0, u° and of orthogonality
of kinematically and statically .admissible stresses sk, ss with respect to scalar- product
(2.21), stated by
(2.26) (^°- 5s) + 0 $ a s ) - O °- ss , i > G > 0 in Q
can be constructed [2]. Lower index „ 0 " denotes restriction of the domains of A and &*
to elements of H
s
. Solution ss of the problem is then uniquely obtained by minimization
of A
Q
, if any solution exists. As in case of elastic- linear hardening material behaviour
region E
t
of admissible generalized stresses is constant, (2.28) can be reduced to the mini-
mization of
(2.29) A
0
(s
s
)= sup < ss- ss*, i s> G ;
A MINIMUM — PRINCIPLE 1 9 7
3. The initial boundaryvalue problem of elasticplastic plates. Systematical generation of
platemodels from threedimensional theory
A threedimensional body of volume Q, given by midsurface F as subregion in R2 x T,
parametrized by rectangular coordinates x{, x2 and timecoordinate t e T — [0, oo),
with sufficiently regular boundary 8F and constant extension in x3direction with
x3 e [ — h, +h], is called „plate", if 2h is much smaller than characteristic length L as
measure of extension of F in x1 — x2plane. 8F consists of parts 8Fh and 8FS, where kine
matical and statical boundaryconditions are prescribed. For the moment we assume
dFsn8Fk = 0, though in the sequel of the paper we shall weaken this assumption. Forces
acting on upper arid lower planes F+, F~, resp., parallel to F at distance h, will be treated
as forces acting on F, kinematical conditions will only be prescribed on 8Fk, not on F.
Fig. 1
In order to obtain a twodimensional minimumprinciple for state of stress in the plate
according to (2.29), we define twodimensional representatives of all threedimensional
quantities used in chapter 2. In general, they may be introduced in several manners: By
use of multilayermodel, where the threedimensional body is represented by a finite number
of layers, such that to each threedimensional fieldquantity in the body for each layer
a twodimensional representative of the considered quantity is assigned [6, 7]. Here we
use polynomial representatives defined in the following way: Bef(x) an arbitrary smooth
scalar, vector or tensorvalued function defined on Q. We expand f(pe) into a Taylor
series with respect to midsurface F up to order q such that twodimensional coefficients
«i, Jfj, t) of Taylorexpansion are defined by:
fcs [1,2, ...,«)]
x3=0
f3 ]) F<k)(ic Y i\ — —
\ / \ " 1 it " * 2 ' * ) — ""/(fcl)l {dx3)
This represents a mapping of the domain J&3(f)
c Cf, where CJ° denotes the space of
smooth threedimensional functions / onto the domain &?2(F) c (Cf)
q, where (Cf)q de
notes the productspace of smooth twodimensional functions of power q. The inverse
relation, given by
(3.2) f{x)= ^ V ' t o . X j . O x S 1 ke[\,2,...,q],
198 D. WEICHERT
however maps s#2(F) only onto a subdoraain &?'3 <=zs#3. In our approach we take only
elements of jtf'3 into account and interprete this restriction as an.imposure of constraints
according to [6] on the threedimensional body. This restriction is the startingpoint for
the construction of platetheories characterized by the parameter q.
Here we introduce namely twodimensional representatives n, q, u of threedimensional
generalized stresses s, generalized strains e and displacements it, defined by the sets:
n = [N", n'>]; qLr < [Q«, 0"]; qp = [P", K«], V = [««]
with the definitions:
N" [Nip, Nft\ ...N\f), n« = [m
/>« = [Plj\ PIP, • •., P(j>], K" = [AJ1
U"= (u\l\u\2\ ...uW]
with i,j e [1, 2, 3], A E [1,2, ..., /•]; ?: order of Taylorexpansion.
The twodimensional minimumprinciple. Inserting so defined twodimensional quantities
into scalarproduct (2.21) and using the multiplier"G such that G~} e{q") s H, we obtain:
(3.4) {(n, rt»0 = <(«, q)) = / nmqc'dx, dx2dt,
r
with the definitions
(3.5,
m = mk, J x
k
3
+'~2dx3.
*
Splitting up (3.4) ihto parts containing solely vector and tensorcomponents in xk — x2
direction and those containing components in x3direction, we obtain:
(3.6) « « , q)) = {(napqaP)) + 2({na2 qa3))+«'h3, q33))+((nn, 0,,», «, jS e [ 1 , 2]
defined by:
(37) . ({nap,qaP))^
(38) ««a3, tó) = / [ ^
f kmllmi
(39)
(3.10) ((ntt, en)) =
In accordance with the physical definition of „plates", given in the beginning of this
chapter, we now precise that plates in general are characterized by the vanishing of (3.9)
and thin plate by additionally vanishing of (3.8). In the following we shall deal exclusively
A MINIMUM — PRINCIPLE 1 9 9
with so defined thin plates. In minimumprinciple (2.29) statically admissible generalized
stresses were used for the construction of the solution of the problem. If now we use two
dimensional representatives for the stresses we also need a criterion for statical admiss
ibility of these quantities. Here we use condition of orthogonality with respect to scalar
product (3.4), analoguous to orthogonalitycondition (2.26). Statically admissible stress
representatives are then defined by:
(3.11) «s = { » / « » , «*» 0 on F}
with kinematically admissible generalized strainrepresentatives qk = [Qk«, 0] defined by
the set
(3.12) Qkq : = {G'/fil" = Q(Jp = Grad.v»> in F, w> = 0 on 8Tk}
with a, j 8 e [ l , 2 ] ; / e [1, 2 q]\ q: order of Taylorexpansion. In order to identify
Kirchhoff platetheory lateron directly as special case of the herein presented generalized
theory we impose on \iq the constraint
Xp.Vi) Ua — « a , Wa — UM K — 1 , 3, . . . , q, K 7= I
By twice application of divergencetheorem (3.11) delivers immediately conditions for
statical admissible twodimensional representatives of generalized stresses.
Example for q = 4. If we insert into (3.11) twodimensional representatives of order
, q = 4, we obtain:
2 . ' . .
(3.14) ((«, qk)) = j 2hN^ui]}+
~ hs(N$HVfi+X&uMN®u®) + ~
5
= 0.
Where square brackets denote supervectors and superposed „ T " indicates transported
supervector. Twice application of divergencetheorem then delivers:
. r\l 2 \ 12 2
J [\ ' 3 / ' \ 3 f
X 5 U0L ]
(3.15) • 6 ' ^ ^ ^ + J f(2fcJV5i»+yfcaiVg»),
dr
(4)11
•> M&. J
7
e~'dsdt+ I [Mns]c±u
(1}t~*dt = 0,
T
200 D . WEICH ERT
where last term indicates difference of lefthand and righthand limit of the square bracket
at a certain poin t c e dF. H ere we use the definitions:
~dx
a
a
dn ds
V = n I2
a \ 3
(3.16)
oc
t
p,de [ 1 , 2 ]
dn ' w " 9s
n an d s den ote coordinates of normal and tangent direction to 8F, resp., n denotes outer
normal- vector on 8F and ea/ 3 is permutation- symbol: s 1 2 = — e 2 1 = 1, e n = s 2 , = 0.
Conclusion from (3.15) is, that for the chosen model all (vector- or scalarvalued) ele-
m ents of supervector containing statical quantities have to be equal to zero for arbitrary
admissible conjugate displacement- representatives in the integral over F. On 8F conditions
of statical admissibility depend on the support of the plate. N ecessary for the vanishing
of the integral over 8F is, that the product of conjugate statical and kinematical quan-
tities vanishes, what permits, as weaking of the introductory assumptions, mixed boundary-
con dition s.
I m posure of constraints to deformations is quite arbitrary as long as physically moti-
vated. F or example, in order to obtain from (3.14) a plate- model fulfilling Kirchhoff-
Love- hypothesis, we impose on deformation- representative ifl the constraint: •
Then, after performing the same calculation as previously, we obtain instead of (3.15)
the expression:
((n, qk)) = -
f
(i. 1S^ r»iO „ ( 2 ) i r . -^ j . i oy L'̂ rx > w J e
- A L \ J /
I
"j '"
with definitions according to (3.16).
I n sertin g statically admissible stress- tensors determined in this way according to the
chosen plate- model in to the two- dimensional functional
(3.19) A( «v) = sup ((ns- ns*,G..hs)) nsen°- E,nH
s
„ s ł Bo _ £ n l l • *
where E, den otes convex region of admissible generalized stresses s, expressed by two-
dimensional representatives and «° denotes given purely elastic solution of the problem .
A MINIMUM — PRINCIPLE 201
Stressrepresentative n of the researched state of stress in the elasticplastic plate is then
given by the superposition
(3.20) « = n°n" on I\
where functional /I(«s) attains uniquely the minimum of value zero for the function if.
If such function does not exist, also the solution of the problem does not exist.
4. Numerical example
A quadratic, homogeneous, on entire boundary 8F simply supported, elasticperfectly
plastic plate is proportionally loaded by a distributed force q acting orthogonally on the
midspan of the plate. Load is given by the function
(4.2) - —
rjf \
where q0 is the controlling parameter of the loading.
y
f —
Fig. 2
In the following we use dimensionless quantities
x„_ =
q =
2a'
~E\2T] ' E'
For this problem purely elastic solution is given by [1]:
(4.2)
cos
with v as Poissons ratio. Here we use stressrepresentatives JV up to order q = 2 and
choose as testfunctions:
202 D. WEICHERT
(4.3)
N&N® cAtotXzi 3
1 ^ \
J L xi)].
with the set [cl 5 c2> ...,c s ] as free parameters. After fulfilling conditions of symmetry
and condition (3.11) of statical admissibility (4.3) reduces to:
(4.4)
a = /3
with only two free parameters cx and C2, which are subjected to the minimizationprocess
of functional A 0 , which reduces now to a function of parameters cL and c2:
A)(ci, c2) = sup [(c?cl C|)4,01468+ ( c | c 2 c * ) 6,01351 +
11S trin ' I c n " — P . /s W..
(4.5)
5,21133]; C l , c2) e « ° -
Here »> was chosen v = 0.3.
We describe region Etr\sH by Trescaand vonMisesyield conditions:
Trescayieldcondition:
^N^PY+AN^2 =
(4.6)
if
i r
P)±
1 ' 2
if A^f|'2
vonMisesyieldcondition:
(4.7)
2h2
where ^ 2 ) is defined b y — aa, with as as stresslimit of uniaxial tensiontest. Practically
this means, that limit for twodimensional stressrepresentative is reached (in uniaxial
case), when yieldings in upper and lower planes F+, F~ starts. From the minimization
of function Ao we obtain numerically results for different loadingparameters g0> namely:
1.5
2.5
1.5
2.5
0.1933
0.3327
0.1575
0.3673
0.2708
0.1234
0.2351
0.1580
V. Mises
,,
Tresca
"
Fig. 3
A MINIMUM — PRINCIPLE 203
In figure 5 the shape of regions of admissible parameters clt c2 are drawn in c1c3pl&n&
for two values of loadingparameter q0. The inner domain is in both cases related to
Tresca yieldcriterion and the outer domain to von Misesyieldcriterion. The vectors C
indicate the position of minimizing parameters c1, c2 For increasing loadparameter
<7o the region of admissible parameters cL and c2 becomes smaller and vanishes beyond
a critical value q% such that no solution of the problem in the chosen space of testfunctions
5S =3.79210'N/cm
2
E =2.017107 N/cm2
Fig. 4. Uniaxial stressstrain diagram of the considered material.
= 2
0.45-
0.30
0.15
-0.15
-O.30
Region ot admissible parameters c , , c2
load qo=1.5 , 0^=0.72
inner region:Tresca's yield-condition
outer region: von Mises' yield-condition
Ctsolution-vectors.
0.45
0.30
0.15
0.15
Region of admissible parameters o-) ,c2
Load parameter qo=2.5, as=0.72
inner region:Tresca's y i e l d - c o n d i t i o n
outer region: von Mises' yield-condition
C=solution-vectors
c, 0.15 0.15 -0.30 -0.45 -0.60
I
- 0 . 7 5
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
A MINIMUM — PRINCIPLE 205
exists for q
0
> q% • in figure 6 th e distribution of purely elastic solution A'"0, of t h e m in i-
A A.
mizing statical admissible stress- representative N s and of solution N of t h e problem as
superposition of N ° and N s are sketched qualitatively in x
x
— x2- plane.
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P e 3 jo M e
3AKOH MHHHMYM JUDI H EIIPAiKEH H OrO COCTOaH H H B y n p y T
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H anpH ł KeH H oe coeroH H H e B n jin ia x nofl ^eftcTBHeM H C T O P H H H arpy3KH onpefleJineTCH
3KcnepHMeHTajiBHbie xeopeiww K 3ap,anam B paMKax reoMeTpH raecKH H H H C H H OH T C O P H H .
I T O nnjiTBi TpexM epH tie c reoMeipH qecKH MH CBH3HMH oSocHOBaHHbiMH diH3H^(ecKH. P a6oT a H J I J U O C T P H -
poBan a *fflCJieHHHM npH Mepoiw.
S t r e s z c z e n i e
Z ASAD A M I N I M U M D LA STAN U N AP R Ę Ż E N IA W P Ł YTAC H SP R Ę Ż YSTO- P LASTYC Z N YCH
OR AZ D YSKU SJA STOSOWN EG O M O D E LU P Ł YT
Stan naprę ż enia w pł ycie pod dział aniem dowolnych historii obcią ż enia wyznaczono przez zastosowanie
twierdzeń ekstremalnych do zagadnień w ram ach teorii geometrycznej liniowej. Przyję to, że pł yty są trój-
wymiarowe z nał oż onymi fizycznie uzasadnionymi wię zami geometrycznymi. P racę uzupeł n ia przykł ad
liczbowy.
Praca został a zł oż ona w Redakcji dnia 15 paź dziernika 1981 roku
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