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Journal of Tropical Crop Science

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Journal of Tropical Crop Science
Volume Number 1 20141 June

ON THE COVER

The cover image shows  sun�owers by
Darda Effendi

EDITORIAL BOARD

Krisantini
Sintho Wahyuning Ardie
Sandra A. Aziz
Robert J. Hampson
Satriyas Ilyas
Tri Koesoemaningtyas
Rohana P Mahaliyanaarachchi
Awang Maharijaya
Maya Melati
Roedhy Poerwanto
Bambang Sapto Purwoko
Sudarsono
Muhamad Syukur
Hugo Volkaert
Malcolm Wegener

Managing Editor

Krisantini

Graphic Design

Syaiful Anwar

Features Editor

Damayanti Buchori
Dadang
Sisir Mitra
Agus Purwito
Ernan Rustiadi

SHORT COMMUNICATION

Tropical and Subtropical Fruits in India

Sisir Mitra

Heliconia Cultivar Registration

Dave Skinner, Jan Hintze, Bryan Brunner

RESEARCH ARTICLES

Estimation of Genetic Parameter for Quantitative

Characters of Pepper ( L.)Capsicum annuum

Muhamad Syukur, Syaidatul Rosidah

Irrigation Volume Based on Pan Evaporation and Their

Effects on Water Use Ef�ciency and Yield of

Hydroponically Grown Chilli

Eko Sulistyono, Abe Eiko Juliana

Evaluation of Commercial Sun�ower (Helianthus

annuus ) Cultivars in Bogor, Indonesia, forL.

Ornamental and Nursery Production

Syarifah Iis Aisyah, Khotimah, Krisantini

Different Growth Partitioning and Shoot Production of

Talinum triangulare Treated with Organic and Inorganic

Fertilizer

Sandra Ari�n Aziz, Leo Mualim, Sitta Azmi
Farchany

Cloning and Characterization of P5CS1 and P5CS2

Genes from L. under DroughtSaccharum officinarum

Stress

Hayati Minarsih Iskandar, Dwiyantari
Widyaningrum, Sony Suhandono

Journal of Tropical Crop Science (ISSN 2356-0169; ISSN 2356-0177) is published four-monthly (one volume per year) bye-
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granted for personal or educational/classroom use provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro�t or commercial advantage
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© Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University. All rights reserved.
Printed in the Republic of Indonesia.IN

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Abstract Talinum triangulare or waterleaf is an
underutilized tropical plant, mostly found as weeds, and
has been used more as medicinal plant than as vegetable
in Indonesia. The study of cultivationTalinum triangulare
has been explored to increase the shoot production as
functional vegetables. The effects of organic fertilizer
applications at 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25 and 1.50 of the
standard rate on waterleaf growth were tested in a
Leuwikopo research station, Bogor, West Java,
Indonesia. Standard rate of organic fertilizer consisted of
12.3 t..ha of cow manure, 226.8 kg. .ha of guano, and-1 -1

5.5 t.ha of rice hull ash that is equal to 100 kg urea, 60 kg-1

SP-36 and 100 kg KCl.ha . Net assimilation rate (NAR)-1

of the organic fertilizer-treated plants was lower than the
inorganic fertilizer-treated with plant at two to four weeks
after planting (WAP). However, the plants treated with
0.75-1.25 organic fertilizer had a higher NAR than those
treated with inorganic fertilizer at four to six WAP. Plants
treated with 0.75 rate of organic fertilizer had similar
relative growth rate (RGR) to plants treated with the
inorganic fertilizer at two to four WAP, whereas plants
treated with 1.00, 1.25 and 1.50 standard rate had higher
RGR than plants treated with inorganic fertilizer at 4-6
WAP. Plants treated with 1.50 organic fertilizer rate had
34.55% more marketable shoots compared to those
treated with inorganic fertilizer whereas those treated
with 0.50 rate of organic fertilizer had 179.54% at 6 WAP.
The percentage of marketable shoots to total fresh weight
of the organic fertilizer-treated plants was lower than the
inorganic fertilizer-treated plants.

Keywords: , leafy vegetables, organicTalinum triangulare

Introduction

Talinum triangulare or waterleaf is an underutilized
tropical plant from Portulacacea family found mostly as
weeds, and has been used more as medicinal plant than
as vegetable in Indonesia. The name of waterleaf came
from the high water content of the plant, which is 95-98 %
(Susanti et al., 2008; Mualim et al., 2009). Waterleaf is
classi�ed into functional vegetables. The edible part of
the plants are the leaves which contain primary
metabolites such as protein and vitamin C, and
secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds that
have high anti-oxidant activities (Yang et al., 2006;
Andarwulan et al., 2010). Phytochemical study by Aja et
al. (2010a) reported that each 100g dry weight of
waterleaf contain �avonoid (0.070%), alkaloid (0.056%),

saponin (0.001%), tannin (0.001%) and a total phenol of
0.489 mg eq galic acid (GAE).g fresh weight with lipid-1

peroxidation inhibition of 97.1%. DPPH, ABTS and
FRAP tests showed trolox equivalen (TE) values of 7.4,
1.03 and 28.3 TE/ g. ha fresh weight, respectively-1

(Andarwulan et al. 2010). Waterleaf methanol extract,
showed TEAC test value of 79 μmol TE/g (Yang et al.,
2006). The leaves of waterleaf contains carbohydrate
(10.87 mg.g ), steroid (106.61 mg.g ), protein (35.20-1 -1

mg.g ), fat (35.20 mg.g -karoten (114.15 mg.g ), and-1 -1 -1), β
crude �ber (120 mg.g ) (Aja et al., 2010 b).-1

To date there is still no available information on the effects
of organic fertilizer application on waterleaf growth
partitioning and shoot production. Organic farming is
believed to produce better quality vegetables over
conventional farming that uses inorganic fertilizers.
Organically produced vegetables had a higher
concentration of polyphenol antioxidants (Carbonaro et
al., 2002; Young et al., 2005; Benbrook et al., 2008; Abu-
Zahra et al., 2007), vitamin C, Fe, Mg, and P than those
produced by conventional systems (Worthington, 2001).
In addition, organic farming products had high sugar
content (Stert, 2005; Hallmann and Rembialkowska,
2007). Vegetable quality is indicated by the content of
vitamin, antioxidant, minerals and functional components
including pigments and polyphenols (Ali et al., 2009).
Studies on the effect of manure (Ibeawuchi et al., 2006;
Susanti et al., 2008), and NPK (Mualim et al., 2009;
Mualim and Aziz, 2011) on waterleaf growth has been
reported. Application of 5 ton chicken manure.ha-1

resulted in high phytochemical waterleaf quality (Susanti
et al., 2009). Potassium was reported to be the limiting
factor in waterleaf anthocyanin production; the highest
anthocyanin (39.60 mol.plant ) was obtained from-1

application of 100 kg SP-36.ha dan 100 kg KCl.ha-1 -1

(Mualim et al., 2009). The aims of this study were (1) to
determine the relative growth rate (RGR) and net
assimilation rate (NAR); (2) to determine if application of
organic fertilizer can increase marketable shoots; (3) to
investigate the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizer
application on the proportion of marketable shoots to
other part of the waterleaf.

Materials and methods

Treatments

The experiment was set in randomized block design with

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Different Growth Partitioning and Shoot Production of Talinum triangulare
Treated with Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer

S A. Aziz , L Mualim , S A Farchanyandra eo itta zmi
AB A A

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Bogor Agricultural University, Darmaga Campus, Bogor, Indonesia 16680A

corresponding author; e-mail addressB sandraaziz@yahoo.com

55
17

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�ve rates of organic fertilizer treatment, i.e. 0.50, 0.75,
1.00 (the standard rate), 1.25 and 1.50 of the standard
rate, which is 12.3 t.ha of cow manures + 226.8 kg.ha-1 -1

of guano + 5.5 t.ha of hulls. One rate of organic fertilizer-1

treatment equals to 100 kg urea, 60 kg SP-36 and 100 kg
KCl.ha and was set as control. Plant spacing was 100-1

cm x 50 cm. Rice hull charcoal at 2 t.ha was applied at-1

the same time with the organic fertilizer treatment
application (Mualim et al., 2009). Net assimilation rate
(NAR) and relative growth rate /RGR (South, 1995) were
measured at two, four and six WAP, and shoot harvesting
at six WAP. Marketable shoots are shoots of a minimum
of 15-cm length with leaf buds and were harvested at six
WAP. Data obtained from organic and inorganic fertilizer
treatments were compared using t-Dunnet test.

Results

T h e e x p e r i m e n t w a s c o n d u c t e d a t L e u w i k o p o
experimental farm of Bogor Agricultural University,
Indonesia (GPS). The soil type is latosol with �at
topography, light intensity of 302 cal/cm /minute, average2

temperature of 25.8 C, and rainfall intensity of 6.5 mm pero

week. Soil pH (H2O) and (KCl) was 4.6 (acidic) and 4.1
(very acidic), respectively, C/N ratio of 15 (low), CEC of
8.97 Cmol(+)/kg, soil base saturation of 57%, and soil
texture consisting of sand, loam, and clay of 19%, 13%
and 68%, respectively.

Talinum plants �owered at three to six WAP. The C-
organic and N levels of the organic vs inorganic fertilizer-
treated leaves at six WAP were 49.3 vs 50.3% and 1.81
vs 2.42%, the P and K levels were(P<0.01), respectively;
0.27 vs 0.21 and K 5.56 vs 4.92% (P<0.05), respectively.

Organic fertilizer-treated plants had a lower plant
biomass (Figure 1A) and leaf photosynthetic activity
(Figure 2A) than inorganic fertilizer-treated plants up to
four WAP, and the plants treated with a half rate of
organice fertilizer had the lowest of both. However, the
biomass of the organic fertilizer-treated plants showed an
increase at four to six WAP (Figure 1B). At six WAP the
plants treated with a standard, 1.25, and 1.5 standard
rates of organic fertilizer had a greater biomass than
those treated with inorganic fertilizer (Figure 1B).

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Figure 1.  Relative growth rate (g.day ) of organic fertilizer-treated vs to inorganic fertilizer-treated plants-1

at (A) two to four WAP (0.09g.day );  (B) four to six WAP (0.02g.day ).-1 -1

A B

55
S. A. Aziz, L. Mualim, S. A. Farchany18

Rela�ve Growth Rate (g.day
‐1

)

0,02 0,02

Rates of Organic Ma� er Applica�on 0,01

0,50 0,75 1,00 1,25 1,50

0,50 0,75 1,00 1,25 1,50

Rates of Organic Ma� er Applica�on

‐0,01

‐0,02 ‐0,02

‐0,04

Rela�ve Growth Rate (g.day
‐1

)

Plants treated with 1.5 standard rate of organic fertilizer
had the greatest fresh weight of marketable shoots at six
WAP (Figure 3A). However, the dry weight was lower than
those treated with the inorganic fertilizer (Figure 3B).

This indicated that the plants treated with 1.5 standard
rate of organic fertilizer had the highest water content.

The organic fertilizer-treated plants had a higher
percentage of marketable shoots to the total biomass

Journal of Tropical Crop Science Vol. 1 No. 1, 2014June
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than the inorganic fertilizer-treated at four WAP; and
plants treated with the standard rate had the highest
(Figure 4B), i.e. 20.42% higher than inorganic fertilizer-

treated. At two and six WAP the proportion was
dominated by other parts of the plant.

55
19Different Growth Partitioning and Shoot Production of Talinum..........

Figure 2. Net assimilation rate (g.cm .day ) of organic fertilizer-treated compared to inorganic fertilizer-treated-2 -1

plants at (A) two to four WAP (1.22 g.cm .day ) and (B) at four to six WAP (0.5 g.cm .day )-2 -1 -2 -1

A B

A B

Figure 3. (A) Fresh weight of marketable shoots (g.plant ) of the organic fertilizer-treated plants compared to-1

those treated with inorganic fertilizer (146.22 g.plant ) at six WAP; (B) Dry weight of marketable shoot-1

weight of plants treated with organic fertilizer compared to those treated with inorganic fertilizer (9.06
g.plant ) at six WAP.-1

Journal of Tropical Crop Science Vol. 1 No. 1, 2014June
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55
S. A. Aziz, L. Mualim, S. A. Farchany20

A B C

Table1. Growth and Shoot Production of treated with organic and inorganic fertilizerTalinum triangulare

Note: values followed by different letters in the same row indicate signi�cant differences by Duncan's Multiple Range test, P<0.05;

value followed by (+) indicate signi�cant difference by t-Dunnet test

WAP

Plant height (cm)

Shoot diameter (cm)

Marketable shoot weight (g)
Stem weight (g)
Leaf fresh weight (g)

Shoot fresh weight (g)

Root dry weight (g)

Stem dry weight (g)

Leaf dry weight (g)

Shoot dry weight (g)

Cultivar

2
3
4
5
6
2
3
6
6
2
4
6
2
4
6
2
4
6
2
4
6
2
4
6
2
4
6

24.79
31.41
40.49
47.41
49.52
30.15
36.89
70.38
26.75
38.42

218.05
124.91
155.41
460.30
296.20

0.85
1.66
1.63
2.56
6.33
3.87
5.55

13.91
11.00
8.67

22.51
32.22

b
c
b
c

b
b
b

27.81
35.07
43.09
48.93
53.12
30.69
40.67
94.10
26.57
34.00

229.67
140.42

95.73
520.80
343.70

0.60
3.00
1.94
2.33
4.37
4.41
4.21

12.65
13.00

6.28
27.93
34.79

ab
bc
b
abc

ab
b
b

24.89
33.67
43.14
49.25
53.17
34.12
43.57

108.34
25.52
48.98

252.19
166.26
109.00
547.90
430.40

0.51
1.88
2.77
1.84
3.98
4.55
4.96

14.53
14.65

7.52
29.33
44.13

ab
bc
b
abc

a
b
b

28.98
35.50
44.60
49.81
56.57
31.87
42.65

130.64
46.51
78.70

209.19
208.89
131.18
464.90
498.10

0.65
2.05
2.30
2.23
4.13
5.14
4.89

11.12
12.51

8.06
19.20
38.82

ab
b
b
ab

a
b
a

Rate of Organic Fertilizer

0.5 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50

26.33
37.71
47.89
54.85
58.73
34.14
44.03

196.74
45.84
37.11

266.56
296.99
211.59
596.50
702.20

0.88
2.34
2.60
2.13
5.51
4.30
6.18

14.52
15.18

9.46
31.90
42.72

a
a+
a+
a

a
a
a

Inorganic
fertilizer

24.90
34.53
41.43
46.47
50.67
32.59
41.29

146.22
31.68
40.12

230.42
205.61

94.31
515.10
402.00

0.63
2.14
2.11
2.86
4.04
4.26
4.78

14.94
18.05

7.52
31.23
42.56

Figure 4. Percentage of marketable shoots to total biomass (fresh weight) of the organic fertilizer-treated vs
inorganic-fertilizer treated plants at (A) two WAP; (B) four WAP; and (C) six WAP.

Journal of Tropical Crop Science Vol. 1 No. 1, 2014June
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Plants treated with 1.50 standard rate of organic fertilizer
had better performance than plants treated with inorganic
fertilizers or with other rates of organic fertilizer for all
other variables. This treatment also produced 34.55%
more marketable shoots than the inorganic fertilizer
treatment, and 179.5% of the 0.50 organic fertilizer
treatment (Table 1). The total marketable shoots of the
organic fertilizer-treated plants were similar to those
treated with inorganic fertilizer.

Discussions

The low RGR and NAR at two to four WAP might be
related to the slow availability of the nutrients from the
decomposing organic fertilizer, and to the fact that the
plants had reached the generative phase. This condition
showed that waterleaf had a good access to nutrients
from the inorganic fertilizer at two to four WAP. The leaf C-
organic and nitrogen content of the inorganic fertilizer-
treated plants were initially lower than the organic
fertilizer-treated, i.e. 49.3 vs 50.3%, and 1.81 vs 2.42%
respectively (P<0.01). However, at four to six WAP the
nutrient accessability from organic fertilizer increased. P
and K levels of the organic fertilizer-treated leaves were
signi�cantly higher (P<0.05) than the inorganic fertilizer-
treated leaves at six WAP.

Conclusions

Out of all rates of organic fertilizers tested plants treated
with 0.75 rates had similar RGR to the inorganic fertilizer-
treated plants at two to four WAP. Plants treated with
1.00, 1.25 and 1.50 fertilizer rates had higher RGR than
inorganic fertilizer at four to six WAP. Marketable shoots
from 1.50 organic fertilizer-treated plants was 25.67%
greater than those treated with inorganic fertilizer, and it
was 179.54% of those treated with 0.50 rate of organic
fertilizer at six WAP. All plants treated with organic
fertilizer produced more marketable shoots than those
treated with inorganic fertilizer.

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S. A. Aziz, L. Mualim, S. A. Farchany22

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