5. Aminah_VOL2_2014.cdr Abstract A study on identi�cation of �owering weeds as predatory insect alternative foods was conducted at Bantimurung- Bulusaraung National Park, South Sulawesi, Indonesia in February 2013 Among the plants that naturally grow. in the national park area andCassia siamea Clerodendron paniculatum, which were source of nectar for insects, particularly butter�ies. Visits of predatory insect weedsto �owering and species of both insects and �owering weeds were recorded. preferredThe �owering weeds predatory insect arevisited by the s C. striata A.conyzoides(Papilionaceae), (Asteraceae) and L. camara S. nodiflora(Verbenaceae) followed by (Asteraceae), (Malvaceae) andS. rhombifolia L. crustacea (Scrophulariaceae). number of adultA large s and pupae sp. n theof was found iCoccinella Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National Park. Keywords : nectar, pollen, alternative host, weeds, Indonesia Introduction Modern agricultural system has reduced the population and activities of predatory insects. The development of strategies to conserve and maximise the abundance of insects is crucial to enhance biological control of agricultural crop pests. Flowering weeds in a naturally diverse habitat thecan potentially bene�t predatory insects by providing alternative source of pollens and nectar particularly during off-season planting (Hassan, 1998; Nentwig, 1998; Fox and Landis, 2002). Even during the growing seasons vegetable crops are normally ; t grown untilharvested before they �ower hose �owering do not �ower so sources of foodall year round (nectar, pollen) for insects were not always available. Pollen and nectar from �owering weeds play an important role increas longevity, fecundity, andto e survival for predatory insects (Jervis and Kidds, 1996). Flowering weeds also provide a suitable microclimate for the predatory insects (Landis , 2000).et. al. The predator insects can be seen either with the nakedy eye or magnifying to the nectar orglasses feed on pollen Euphorbiae and Umbelliferaes of species. Buckwheat ( ,Fagopyrum esculentum Polygonaceae) nectar is normally abundant in the morning and attracted different species of nectar feeders (Lee and Heimpel, 2002). The larvae/ and adult stages of predatorynymph insects especially holometabolous invary considerably their nutritional requirement and food ecology (Wackers et al., 2007). One of the predatory insects that commonly found in the crop production area is Coccinelids. adults were �rst attracted toCoccinella sp �oral color and odor before they feed on the pollen. Pollen can improve the longevity and fecundity of the other predatory insect such as Mirids Macrolophus pygmaeus to control white�ies (Vandekerkhove and de Clerqc, 2010). Increased habitat diversity in crops can increase population densities of locally available predators to enhance biological control of pests Conservation which. involves protection and maintenance of natural enemy population has proved crucial for maintaining native natural enemies in ecosystems .(Sharma et al, 2013) The use of persistent pesticide can kill insects particularly predatory insect that live around the crop p r o d u c t i o n a r e a s . H a b i t a t m a n a g e m e n t f o r enhancement of predatory insects is an important component to reduce pesticide (Pickettapplication and Bugg P application methods can be, 1998). esticide modi�ed, e.g. pesticides can only be applied when the pest population exceeds speci�ed levels (Sharma et al, 2013). Conservation of natural enemies can also be achieved by changing the active ingredient, rates, formulations, timing, and location of pesticide applications or by maintaining refuges .(Hulls and Beers, 1985) Predatory insects such as Coccinellids are normally found to live on the cultivated crops and on the weeds that produces nectar and pollens. Reduced pesticide application could increase the roles of insect natural enemies to control crop pests (Nentwig, 1998). Bantimurung- Bulusaurung National Park in South Sulawesi which spreads from Maros to Pangkep districts ( ) is found to be the4.9000° S, 119.7500° E The Potential of Flowering Weeds as Refugia for Predatory Insects at Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National Park, South Sulawesi Sri Nur Aminah Ngatimin Nurariaty Agus Annie P. Saranga*, , Department of Plant Pest and Disease, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University Makassar 90245, Indonesia * : sri�rnas@gmail.comCorresponding author; email Journal of Tropical Crop Science Vol. 1 No. , 20142 October www.j-tropical-crops.com 25 natural habitat for predatory insects from nColeoptera , Hemiptera , Hymenoptera Dipteran n and n orders (Aminah Ngatimin and Syatrawati, 2010; Aminah Ngatimin, Saranga and Junaedi, 2014). Flowering weeds can provide shelters or refugia to support the lives of predatory insects particularly during the extreme environmental condition as well as during non-growing seasons (Landis et al, 2000). The objectives of research towere identify the species of predatory insect and s that servethe �owering weed as alternative source of foods thefor predatory insects at MarosBantimurung-Bulusaraung National Park, District South Sulawesi, Indonesia., Material and Methods A survey was conducted in Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National Park, Maros District South Sulawesi between February 2013.to April The elevation of the park is about 500 m above the sea level with average precipitation of 1 500-2 100 mm year, maximum and minimum air, , per temperature ranging from 23-32°C, relative humidity ranging 65-88% and soil pH 5 47.of . The national park covers the area of 43,750 ha and contains large and steep karst area, a small pond and has more than 250 caves. The area of the National Park covered in the study was approximately 700 . Teakm 2 ( ), bit i ( ) and JoharTectona grandis Vitex cofassust ( )Cassia siamea were planted on some area of the national park. Samples were taken systematically according to the methods developed by Landis et al (2000). The survey was conducted at ten sampling points, i.e. two points near the lake, two points on the grass �elds, two points among teak, bitti and other forestry trees, two on the wild bushes, and the rest in the butter�y cultivation area. Predatory Insects Collection All predatory insects that use �owering weeds as food sources and refugia were recorded. observationVisual on the patter of ' to ingn predatory insects visit �ower weeds was conducted 8 3every day from 0 00-1 00 hours in �ve consecutive days per month between February to April 2013. Insects from the ten sampling points were identi�ed on site using naked eye or magnifying glass. Small insects such as ants and Coccinellids were collected using tweezers and kept in glass bottles containing 90% alcohol. Pupae were collected along with the leaves or other plant parts and kept in petri dishes using �lter paper as bases. All collected insects were brought to Bantimurung-Bulusaurung laboratory for further identi�cation using insect identi�cation reference by Kalshoven (1981), Kristensen et al. (1991) and Hill (1994). All pupae of Coccinelids were returned back to the natural habitat after identi�cation. The diversity of predatory insects was calculated using the Shannon Index Diversity (Langmack , 2001).et al. Flowering Weeds Collection The �owering weeds visited by predatorythat were insects collected and identi�ed us Everaarstwere ing (1981), Soerjani et al. (1987) and van Steenis (1988) as references. Results and Discussion Flowering Weeds as Predatory InsectsBio-resource for Plant species that naturally grow in the national park i n c l u d e ( F a b a c e a e ) ,C a e s a l p i n i a p u l c h e r r i m a Clerodendr paniculatumum (Verbenaceae) and Hibiscus rosa-chinensis (Malvaceae). They grow mainly around the limestone hills of the park. Our study demonstrated that the predatory insects visited �owering weeds, particularly those with broad leaves. Different insects s eha different preferenc to �owering weed species, whereas different weed species were visited by insects for different functions, i.e. as refugia, source of nectar and pollen Plant. canopies and root surfaces also function as refugia for pupae of Coccinellids. , andA. conyzoides C. striata L. camara were visited by the predatory insects for their nectar (Table 1). Using magnifying glass we observed that Coccinellids visited Asteraceae, Papilionaceae and Verbenaceae �owers and fed on their nectar, clearly seen by the feeding movement of their mouth. Using binocular microscope at the laboratory, pollens were found on the mandibles of the Coccinellids. The elongated proboscis of the butter�ies from Pieriade and Papilionidae was observed when they visited the weed �owers. Predatory insects chose the ,A. conyzoides C. striata and as nectar sourceL. camara their preferred s (Table 1) whereas was the main source of pollenM. udicap for pollinator insects (honey bees). These �ndings con�rmed that the f are natural resourcelowering weeds of nectar and pollen . Their function as non-for insects prey food Takasu and Lewis,increased insect survival ( 1995; Hassan 1998; Nentwig, 1998, Lewis et al , 1998 .). Previous studies conducted by Soejono (2006) and Bàrberi et al 2010 �owers( ) reported that A. onyzoidesc were source of athe nectar for ,Coccinella arquata potential predator t control Mirid bugshat s (Cytorhynus lividipennis) o .n horticultural crops Similar �nding on the functions of weeds as refugia, source of nectar and pollen for insects were reported by Journal of Tropical Crop Science Vol. 1 No. , 20142 October www.j-tropical-crops.com 26 Sri Nur Aminah Ngatimin urariaty Agus, nnie P. Saranga, N A Nentwig (1998). We observed the movement of the insect's mouthparts while feeding on the �owers of Asteraceae, Papilionaceae and Verbenaceae species. Nentwig (1998) reported that predatory insects fed on b o t h n e c t a r a n d p o l l e n s f r o m A s t e r a c e a e , Papilionaceae Verbenaceaeand �owers, and pollens from �owersMimosaceae . Nectar �owering weeds carbohydrateof the vary in their composition.The viscosity and concentration of sugar solution the predatory insectsaffect the ease of to feed them Sugar provides and(Karise et. al., 2006). energy extends the span of (Takasulife Microplitis croceipes and Lewis, 1995). Hover ies-� Syrphidae have a strong respond to sucrose and glucose other insectsover and concentration of sugar the response rate ofaffect predatory insects (Lundgren, 2009). The nectar concentration season and plant healthvary with status (Lundgren, 2009). ectarN concentration is usually higher during the dry season (Lundgren, 2009). Nectar is not only sugar but nitrogenoussource of also substances improvethat longevity, fecundity and foraging of predatory insects (Wackers and Fadamiro, 2005; Jervis and Kidds, 1996). The Weeds Performance and Insect Visitors Our study revealed that the f were notlowering weeds only visited by the predatory insects but also by insect pollinators such as honey bees and butter�ies Our. survey Coccinellidae,found predatory insects from Syrphidae and Formicidae offamily. Adults Coccinella sp. 0 122were mostly found on ( . ),C. triata L. amaras c ( . ) ( . ,0 048 and 0 028 Table 2).A. onyzoidesc Studies by Nentwig (1998) and Peggie and Amir (2009) reported that L. camara attracted honey bees and b u t t e r � i e s a n d F l o r a l.P. d e m o l i o n C . c y l l as characteristic abundanceand nectar within the �owers are the main reason for insect visiting a �ower. Floral and extra �oral nectar are food source forimportant s many Coccinellids. , which normallyStethorus puctillum die within 4-5 days on water alone can survive for 43 2, . days on a diet from borage �owers Borago officinalis (Nentwig, 1998). of sp.Adults was found toCoccinella be the ( . ), followed bydominant insect in 0 122C. triatas L. amara A. onyzoidesc c( . ) ( . ,0 048 and 0 028 Table 2). We found pupae on the stems0.184 individual C. triatas and barks (Table 2). has a yellow long corollC. striata a and aphids colony on the buds.was found living �oral Flower anatomy, colour and odor (Fox and Landis, 2002) presence of preys and honeydew (Bàrberi et, the al., 2010) predatoryare amongst the factors that attract insects. Honeydew is an important indicator of aphid presence on the plants. Honeydew is nutritious and can serve as an alternative food for the predatory insect. In hover-�y (Syrphidae) for example, predatory insect with short proboscis unable to the nectar ofwere feed on �owers with long corolla (Jervis and Kidd, 1996; Wackers et al , 2007) and Coccinellids prefer a �at. , �ower base (Nentwig, 1998). loral morphology andF �ower base size also affects insect visits (Lundgren, 2009) reduce nectar evaporation,. Long corolla tends to making it more attractive to insect visitors especially predator (Lundgren, 2009).y insects We observed aphid colony on whereas manyC. striata Coccinellids pupae onwere found , aL. amarac �owering weed that is mostly found growing nearby or around were found toC. striata. Coccinella sp. pupae live s, and they fed on aphidson stem and near the root . A study by reported thatMacLeod (2004) theet al. densities of the predators Carabids and Staphylinids (Agrostis stolonifera Dactylis glomerata Holcus, , lanatus Lolium perenneand ) on a grassy bank habitat during winter (i.e. extreme environment) were greater in the bank than in the boundary of the �eld in which the bank was situated. nThe ba k was protected them from the rain and �oods. insect such asOther Dolichoderus sp chose the as their refuges near theirL. crustaceae nets MacLeod et al 2004). The weeds species visited( ,. Table 1. Flowering Weed Visited by Predatory Insects in Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National ParkSpecies , South Sulawesi Journal of Tropical Crop Science Vol. 1 No. , 20142 October www.j-tropical-crops.com 27 Nectar Pollen Refugia Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides L. - - Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn - - Capparidaceae Cleome rutidosperma DC - - - Malvaceae Sida rhombifolia L. - - Mimosaceae Mimosa pudica L. - - Papilionaceae Crotalaria striata DC - Scrophulariaceae Lindernia crustacea (L.) F.v.M - - Verbenaceae Lantana camara L. - - Plant Family Species Function T ..........he Potential of Flowering Weeds as Refugia for Predatory Insects by predatory insects depend on the nectar availability and of refug (Schellhorn and Silberbauer,the vicinity ia 2002). Conclusion C. striata A.conyzoides(Papilionaceae), (Asteraceae) and (Verbenaceae) �owers were preferred byL. camara the predatory insects, followed by S. nodiflora (Asteraceae), (Malvaceae) andS. rhombifolia L. crustacea Coccinella(Scrophulariaceae) sp. ha a. d high number of adult and pupae on the �owering weeds in Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National Park. This study demonstrated that could be used as�owering weeds one of the maintainingmanagement tools for predatory insect .population References Aminah Ngatimin, S. 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Pradnya Paramitha, Jakarta ., Indonesia Journal of Tropical Crop Science Vol. 1 No. , 20142 October www.j-tropical-crops.com 29T ..........he Potential of Flowering Weeds as Refugia for Predatory Insects