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Journal of Tropical Crop Science

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Journal of Tropical Crop Science
Volume Number 1 20141 June

ON THE COVER

The cover image shows  sun�owers by
Darda Effendi

EDITORIAL BOARD

Krisantini
Sintho Wahyuning Ardie
Sandra A. Aziz
Robert J. Hampson
Satriyas Ilyas
Tri Koesoemaningtyas
Rohana P Mahaliyanaarachchi
Awang Maharijaya
Maya Melati
Roedhy Poerwanto
Bambang Sapto Purwoko
Sudarsono
Muhamad Syukur
Hugo Volkaert
Malcolm Wegener

Managing Editor

Krisantini

Graphic Design

Syaiful Anwar

Features Editor

Damayanti Buchori
Dadang
Sisir Mitra
Agus Purwito
Ernan Rustiadi

SHORT COMMUNICATION

Tropical and Subtropical Fruits in India

Sisir Mitra

Heliconia Cultivar Registration

Dave Skinner, Jan Hintze, Bryan Brunner

RESEARCH ARTICLES

Estimation of Genetic Parameter for Quantitative

Characters of Pepper ( L.)Capsicum annuum

Muhamad Syukur, Syaidatul Rosidah

Irrigation Volume Based on Pan Evaporation and Their

Effects on Water Use Ef�ciency and Yield of

Hydroponically Grown Chilli

Eko Sulistyono, Abe Eiko Juliana

Evaluation of Commercial Sun�ower (Helianthus

annuus ) Cultivars in Bogor, Indonesia, forL.

Ornamental and Nursery Production

Syarifah Iis Aisyah, Khotimah, Krisantini

Different Growth Partitioning and Shoot Production of

Talinum triangulare Treated with Organic and Inorganic

Fertilizer

Sandra Ari�n Aziz, Leo Mualim, Sitta Azmi
Farchany

Cloning and Characterization of P5CS1 and P5CS2

Genes from L. under DroughtSaccharum officinarum

Stress

Hayati Minarsih Iskandar, Dwiyantari
Widyaningrum, Sony Suhandono

Journal of Tropical Crop Science (ISSN 2356-0169; ISSN 2356-0177) is published four-monthly (one volume per year) bye-
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© Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University. All rights reserved.
Printed in the Republic of Indonesia.IN

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Abstract The research was conducted at Leuwikopo
Experimental Field and Plant Breeding Laboratory of IPB,
Dramaga, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia from October
2012 to April 2013. Crossing population between C15
and C2 genotype were used to study genetic parameters
for quantitative characters in pepper. All the characters
were not controlled by maternal effect, except fruit length.
Broad-sense heritability were high for plant height, stem
diameter, dichotomous height, day to �ower , day toing
harvest ; and medium for fruit length and diameter.ing
Narrow-sense heritability was high for stem diameter,
dichotomous height, day �owering; medium for plantto
height, day to harvest ; and low for fruit length anding
diameter. The ratio of additive variance was high for all
the characters, except for fruit length and fruit diameter.

Keyword :s heritability, heterosis, heterobeltiosis, additive

variance, dominant variance

Introduction

Estimation of genetic parameters for quantitative
characters is important for plant breeding programs.
Analysis of genetic parameters is used to obtain
information on gene actions, genetic variability,
heritability, and other genetic information. The genetic
information is of great importance to allow more ef�cient
and effective plant selection (Syukur et al., 2012).

There are potentials to increase pepper production in the
tropics through breeding. Pepper has wide range of
genetic resources which are crucial for plant breeding
program (Syukur et al., 2012). Pepper breeding has been
conducted through hybridisation, followed by selection
(Hilmayanti et al. 2006). The selection process has high,
probability to bring genetic improvements if the selected
characters have high heritability.

Previous studies have reported that broad and narrow-
sense heritability for quantitative characters range from
low to high (Ben-Cham and Paran, 2000). Broad- sense
heritability, which captures the proportion of phenotypic
variation due to genetic values, was high for dichotomous
(Arif et al., 2012); day to �ower (Lestari et al., 2006), day
to harvest (Arif et al., 2012), fruit length and diametering
(Syukur et al., 2010a). Narrow-sense heritability was low
for day to harvest , medium for dichotomous (Arif et al.,ing

2012); and high for fruit length and diameter. The
objective of the study was to estimate genetic parameters
for quantitative characters in pepper.

Materials and methods

The research was conducted at Leuwikopo research
station (6° 24' S, 106° 33'E) and Plant Breeding
Education Laboratory, Department of Agronomy and
Horticulture, Bogor Agricultural University at Darmaga,
Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, in October 2012 to April
2013.

Genotypes of IPB C-15 (Source: AVRDC), IPB C2
(Source: Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, IPB),
F1 (IPB C15 X 1PB C2), F1 IPB C2 IPB C15of and
crossing, BCP1 (FI X 1PB C15), BCP2 (F1 X 1PB C2),
and were used in this study Twenty plants each of P1,F2 .
P2, F1, and F1R; 50 plants each of BCP1 and BCP2; and
126 plants of F2 were planted.

Pepper seeds were sown on trays with pasteurised media
and grown up to 6 weeks after sowing. The growing area
was covered with black and silver plastic mulch prior to
planting. Seedlings were then transplanted to the �eld
with planting distance of 50 cm x 50 cm. Organic fertiliser
at 1 kg per plant, Urea at 200 kg ha , SP-36 at 150 kg ha-1 -
1 -1and KCl at 150 ha were applied one week before
planting. Pest and diseases were controlled by alternate
weekly application of insecticide and fungicide
application, or as required, at the recommended doses.
Plants were fertilized weekly using 10 g.L NPK Mutiara-1

16N-16P-16K at 250 mL per plant.

Scoring was conducted on the following quantitative
characters: day to �owering (DAS), day to harvesting
(DAS), plant height (cm), dichotomous height (cm), fruit
length (cm) and fruit diameter (mm).

Broad-sense heritability was estimated using a method
developed by Allard (1960): h = (( )/2bs V – (V + V + V )/3F2 F1 P1 P2
VF2) x 100%; where h = broad-sense heritability, V = P1

2

bs P1

population variance, V = P2 population variance, V =P2 F1
F1 population variance, and V = F2 population variance.F2
Narrow-sense heritability was estimated using a method
developed by Warner (1952): h = ((2V - (V +2ns F2 BCP1
V ))/V ) x100%; where h = narrow-sense heritability,BCP2 F2 ns

2

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Muhamad Syukur*, Syaidatul Rosidah

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,
Bogor Agricultural University,
Jl. Meranti, Kampus IPB Dramaga 16680, Bogor, Indonesia

Corresponding author* ; email: muhsyukur@ipb.ac.id

Estimation of Genetic Parameter for Quantitative Characters of Pepper
( L.)Capsicum annuum

3
4

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V = BCP1 population variance, V = BCP2BCP1 BCP2
population variance, and V = F2 population variance.F2
Estimated heritability value was considered low if h <2

20%, medium if 20% < h < 50%, and high if h > 50%2 2

(Halloran et al., 1997). Maternal effects were tested by
comparing means of F1 and F1R using t-test at =5%.
Additive variance ratio was calculated using formula of a
= (h /h ) x 100% a h2 2 2ns bs ns; where is additive variance ratio,
is narrow-sense heritability, and is broad-senseh2bs
heritability. Heterosis was calculated using formula of mid
parent ; where is meanheterosis = (X /MP) x 100% XF1 F1
average of and is mean average of both parents.F1 MP
Heterobeltiosis was measured using the formula =
(X /HP) x 100%, X F1 HPF1 F1where is average of and is
mean average of the best parents.

Results

Normality test was conducted to study the frequency
distribution of F2. All F2 variables had a normal frequency
distribution. Continuous and normal distribution showed
that the characters were controlled by polygenic genes.

F2 population had the highest variability, followed by

BCP1 and BCP2 populations. P1, P2, F1 and F1R
populations were more uniform than BCP1, BCP2, and
F2 (Table 1). The highest variability in F2 population was
due to the maximum segregation in the population. P1
a n d P 2 p o p u l a t i o n s w e r e h o m o z y g o u s a n d
homogeneous, which means that each individual had the
s a m e g e n e t i c c o m p o s i t i o n . F 1 a n d F 1 R w e r e
heterozygous and each individual had the same genetic
composition (homogeneous).

The maternal effect test showed that there was no
signi�cant difference between F1 and F1R for all
variables (Table 2). This suggests that female parent did
not affect the inheritance of the character, which indicates
that these characters are controlled by genes in the
nucleus.

Broad-sense heritability of all characters ranged from
43.01% to 79.5%, or classi�ed as moderate to high.
Broad-sense heritability estimates were high for plant
height, stem diameter, dichotomous height, day to
�owering and day to harvesting, whereas it was were
moderate for fruit length and fruit diameter. This was a
re�ection of the role of genetic variance. Genetic
variances were greater than the environmental variance

Tabl , ,e Means  variance  and standard deviation of quantitative characters in pepper population1.

Characters

Plant height (cm)
Means
Variance
Standar deviation

Steam diameter (mm)
Means
Variance
Standar deviation

Dichotomous height (cm)
Means
Variance
Standar deviation

Day to �owering (DAS)
Means
Variance
Standar deviation

Day to harvesting (DAS)
Means
Variance
Standar deviation

Fruit length (cm)
Means
Variance
Standar deviation

Fruit diameter (mm)
Means
Variance
Standar deviation

50.87
146.89

12.12

8.30
4.18
2.04

14.98
17.84

4.22

91.08
68.56

8.28

137.24
40.36

6.35

13.74
4.33
2.08

15.29
4.66
2.16

63.65
214.62

14.65

10.87
6.93
2.63

15.72
19.66

4.43

98.95
85.10

9.22

141.46
48.89

6.99

12.70
3.65
1.91

16.65
5.04
2.24

49.08
138.48

11.68

9.44
3.50
1.87

8.32
2.50
1.58

92.60
14.93

3.86

139.90
6.32
2.51

10.10
2.91
1.71

15.85
3.07
1.75

54.32
95.98

9.80

9.18
2.29
1.51

20.70
4.55
2.13

85.20
20.62

4.54

130.30
26.93

5.19

14.20
1.22
1.10

17.27
3.40
1.84

52.18
89.23

9.45

9.09
2.60
1.61

12.39
5.03
2.24

92.00
30.44

5.52

137.89
36.55

6.05

13.17
2.10
1.45

17.25
1.37
1.17

59.82
87.80

9.37

9.60
3.94
1.99

14.76
7.71
2.78

94.90
42.10

6.49

138.70
22.94

4.79

11.23
4.62
2.15

16.23
4.12
2.03

54.78
185.58

13.62

9.76
5.65
2.38

11.17
8.01
2.83

95.42
41.68

6.46

142.58
34.86

5.90

12.72
2.84
1.69

17.64
4.49
2.12

P2 F1P1

Population

F1R BCP1 BCP2 F2

Note: = IPB , = IPB , = IPB x IPB , = IPB x IPB , = x IPB ,P1 C15  P2 C2  F1 C15 C2  F1R C2 C15  BCP1 F1 C15
BCP2 F1 F2 F1 sel�ng= x IPB C2, =

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P1
P2
F1
MP
Heterosis (%)
Heterobeltiosis (%)

49.08
54.32
52.18
51.70

0.93
-3.94

9.44
9.18
9.09
9.31

-2.36
-3.71

Variance Component
PH

(cm)
SD

(mm)

8.32
20.70
12.39
14.51

-14.61
-40.14

DH
(cm)

92.60
85.20
92.00
88.90

3.49
6.80

DF
(DAS)

139.90
130.60
137.89
135.25

1.95
7.29

DH
(DAS)

10.10
14.20
13.37
12.15

8.40
-7.25

FL
(cm)

15.85
17.27
17.25
16.56

4.17
-0.12

FD
(cm)

Environment variance (σ2E)
Phenotype  variance )(σ2P
Genetic variance )(σ2G
Additive variance )(σ2A
Additive variance ratio
Broad-sense heritability (h )2bs
Narrow-sense heritability (h )2ns

107.23
214.62
107.39

96.77
90.11
50.04
45.09

2.79
6.93
4.14
4.03

97.34
59.74
58.15

Variance Component PH SD

4.03
19.66
15.63
13.47
86.18
79.50
68.51

DH

22.00
85.10
63.10
59.96
95.02
74.15
70.46

DF

23.27
48.89
25.62
22.56
88.06
52.40
46.14

DH

2.08
3.65
1.57
0.12
7.64

43.01
3.28

FL

2.61
5.04
2.43
0.93

38.27
48.21
18.45

FD

for all characters (Table 3).

Narrow-sense heritability for all character ranged from
3.28% to 70.46%, or classi�ed as low to high. Narrow-
sense heritability estimates were high for stem diameter,
dichotomous height, and day to �owering; moderate for
plant height and day to harvesting, and low for fruit length
and fruit diameter. This was a re�ection of the role of
additive variance, which was re�ected in the ratio of

additive variance. The ratio of additive variance was high
for all the characters, except for fruit length and fruit
diameter (Table 3).

Heterosis values were positive for plant height, day to
�owering, day to harvesting, fruit length and fruit
diameter, while was negative for fruit length. However,
heterobeltiosis was positive in day to �owering and day to
harvesting (Table 4). Negative heterobeltiosis means the

Tabl F1 an F1Re standard deviation and mean value t-test of quantitative character in d2.  Means,

Note: = IPB x IPB , = IPB x IPB , = , = 0.05F1 C15 C2  F1R C2 C15  ns no signi�cant p <*

Table and heritability of quantitative characters in pepper3. Variance component

Note: PH = , SD = , DH = , DF = ,plant height stem d dichotomous height day to �oweringiamater
day to harvesting fruit length fruit diameterDH = , FL = , FD =

Tabl Heterosis an heterobeltiosise d of quantitative characters in pepper4.

Note: = IPB = IPB = = , PH = , SD = , DH =P1 C15 P2 C2 F1 C15XC2 MP iamater, , , mid parent plant height stem d dichotomous
height day to �owering day to harvesting fruit length fruit diameter, DF = , DH = , FL = , FD =

Muhamad Syukur, Syaidatul Rosidah6

Plant height (cm)
Steam diameter (mm)
Dichotomous height (cm)
Day to �owering (DAS)
Day to harvesting (DAS)
Fruit length (cm)
Fruit diameter (mm)

52.18 9.45+
9.09 1.61+

12.39 2.24+
92.00 5.52+

137.89 6.05+
13.17 1.45+
17.25 1.17+

59.82 9.37+
9.60 1.99+

14.76 2.78+
94.90 6.49+

138.70 4.79+
11.23 2.15+
16.23 2.03+

-0.60ns
ns-1.77
ns-2.03

-1.08ns

-0.35ns

2.28*
1.33ns

Characters F1 F1R t-value

value of F1 was lower than that of the best parent.
Heterosis and heterobeltiosis for day to �ower and day to
harvesting were expected to be negative as the selection
for this character was directed to obtain earliness
character.

Discussion

If a character is in�uenced by the female parent, the
offspring of the reciprocal will likely be different (from the

female parent), and the offspring will show traits of its
female parent. F1 and F1 reciprocal (F1R) population
cannot be merged because segregation of the F2
population will be different and does not follow Mendelian
segregation law. However, if there was no signi�cant
difference between F1 and F1R then the two populations
can be merged for the purposes of this analysis. A study
by Arif . (2012) showed that dichotomous height andet al
day to harvesting were not affected by maternal
characters. In addition, Arif et al. (2011) reported there
was no maternal effect for �ower position, young fruit

Journal of Tropical Crop Science Vol. 1 No. 1, 2014June
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color, young stems color and texture of the pepper fruit
surface. Therefore the offspring and reciprocal can be
merged to obtain the next offspring, and the F2
segregation will follow Mendel's laws.

Heritability estimate of a character is important to predict
whether the character is heavily in�uenced by genetic or
environmental factors. High heritability suggests that
genetic factors had greater in�uence over environment
on phenotypic appearance. High heritability value,
particularly the narrow-sense heritability, plays an
important role in increasing the effectiveness of selection
(Syukur et al., 2012).

Heritability value is between 0 and 1. Heritability value of
close to 0 means the variance of phenotypes is primarily
caused by environmental factors; values close to 1
means that it was mainly caused by genotype. Values
closer to 1 indicate higher heritability whereas values
closer to 0 indicates lower heritability (Syukur et al.,
2012).

Broad-sense heritability was moderate to high for all
characters. Several studies on pepper showed that
broad-sense heritability estimates were high for
dichotomous height (Syukur et al., 2010b ), stem
diameter ( ),Syukur et al., 2010b; Nsabiera et al., 2013
plant height ( ),Syukur et al., 2010b; Nsabiera et al., 2013
day to �owering (Lestari et al. 2006; Syukur et al., 2010c;,
Syukur et al., 2011; Nsabiera et al., 2013), day to
harvesting (Syukur et al., 2011; Arif et al. 2012; Nsabiera,
et al., 2013 Syukur ., 2010a; Syukur), fruit length ( et al et
al., 2010b; Syukur et al., 2011; Nsabiera et al., 2013) and
fruit diameter (Manju and Sreelathakumary, 2002;
Sreelathakumary and Rajamony, 2004; Lestari et al.,
2006; Syukur ., 2010a; Syukur ., 2010b; Syukuret al et al
et al., 2010c; Syukur et al., 2011).

Narrow-sense heritability was low to high for all
characters. Narrow-sense heritability was low for fruit
length and fruit diameter, while the other characters were
moderate to high. Several studies showed that narrow-
sense heritability estimates in chilli were moderate to high
for dichotomous height ( ), plant heightSyukur et al., 2010
(Ben-Cham and Paran, 2000; Marame et al., 2008; Singh
et al. 2014 Singh et al. 2014, ,), day to �owering ( ), day to
harvesting (Ben-Cham and Paran, 2000; Marame et al.,
2008 Ben-Cham and Paran, 2000; Marame), fruit length (
et al., 2008; Syukur et al., 2010a; Singh et al. 2014, ) and
fruit diameter (Ben-Cham and Paran, 2000; Syukur et al.,
2010a; Singh et al. 2014, ).

The appearance of heterosis effects was caused by the
accumulation of dominant genes whereas heterobeltiosis
was due to the over-dominant gene on the character.
Genetic distance among two parents is one of the factors
that lead to high heterosis value (Syukur et al., 2012).
Daryanto et al. (2010) and Sitaresmi et al. (2010)
reported correlation between the parental genetic
distance and heterosis. Parental genetic distance that is

far apart produces high heterosis values.

The role of dominant effect on the observed character can
also be seen from the ratio of additive variance. Fruit
length and fruit diameter have a low ratio of additive
variance. This ratio indicates that dominant variance was
more in�uential in controlling the character. It can also be
seen from the high heterosis values in both fruit length
and fruit diameter.

Conclusion

All the characters except for fruit length were not
controlled by maternal effect. Broad-sense heritability
was high for plant height, stem diameter, dichotomous
height, day to �owering, and day to harvesting, and was
moderate for fruit length and fruit diameter. Narrow-sense
heritability was high for stem diameter, dichotomous
height, and day to �owering; moderate for plant height
and day to harvesting; and low for fruit length and fruit
diameter. The ratio of additive variance was high for all
the characters, except for fruit length and fruit diameter.

Acknowledgement

We thank the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture who
provided funding for this research through the KKP3N
program in 2012.

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