JUNE_2014.cdr Journal of Tropical Crop Science (ISSN 2356-0169; e-ISSN 2356-0177) is published four-monthly by Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, INDONESIA. Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: www.j-tropical-crops.com Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by the Publisher. The accuracy of the Content should be independently veri�ed with primary sources of information. The publisher shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of a work published in Journal of Tropical Crop Science is granted for personal or educational/classroom use provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro�t or commercial advantage. ©Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, INDONESIA. All rights reserved. Journal of Tropical Crop Science Volume Number 1 20141 June ON THE COVER The cover image shows sun�owers by Darda Effendi EDITORIAL BOARD Krisantini Sintho Wahyuning Ardie Sandra A. Aziz Robert J. Hampson Satriyas Ilyas Tri Koesoemaningtyas Rohana P Mahaliyanaarachchi Awang Maharijaya Maya Melati Roedhy Poerwanto Bambang Sapto Purwoko Sudarsono Muhamad Syukur Hugo Volkaert Malcolm Wegener Managing Editor Krisantini Graphic Design Syaiful Anwar Features Editor Damayanti Buchori Dadang Sisir Mitra Agus Purwito Ernan Rustiadi SHORT COMMUNICATION Tropical and Subtropical Fruits in India Sisir Mitra Heliconia Cultivar Registration Dave Skinner, Jan Hintze, Bryan Brunner RESEARCH ARTICLES Estimation of Genetic Parameter for Quantitative Characters of Pepper ( L.)Capsicum annuum Muhamad Syukur, Syaidatul Rosidah Irrigation Volume Based on Pan Evaporation and Their Effects on Water Use Ef�ciency and Yield of Hydroponically Grown Chilli Eko Sulistyono, Abe Eiko Juliana Evaluation of Commercial Sun�ower (Helianthus annuus ) Cultivars in Bogor, Indonesia, forL. Ornamental and Nursery Production Syarifah Iis Aisyah, Khotimah, Krisantini Different Growth Partitioning and Shoot Production of Talinum triangulare Treated with Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Sandra Ari�n Aziz, Leo Mualim, Sitta Azmi Farchany Cloning and Characterization of P5CS1 and P5CS2 Genes from L. under DroughtSaccharum officinarum Stress Hayati Minarsih Iskandar, Dwiyantari Widyaningrum, Sony Suhandono Journal of Tropical Crop Science (ISSN 2356-0169; ISSN 2356-0177) is published four-monthly (one volume per year) bye- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, IPB Darmaga Campus, Bogor, Indonesia 16680. Send all inquiries regarding printed copies and display advertising to or to Secretary, Department ofinfo@j‐tropical‐crops.com Agronomy and Horticulture; telephone/fax 62-251-8629353. Permission to Reprint: Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of a work published in isJournal of Tropical Crop Science granted for personal or educational/classroom use provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro�t or commercial advantage and that copies bear the full citation and the following notice on the �rst page: “Copyright Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University”. For all other kinds of copying, request permission in writing from Head of School, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture of�ce, IPB Darmaga Campus, Bogor, Indonesia 16680. © Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University. All rights reserved. Printed in the Republic of Indonesia.IN S T T T U I B O G O R PERTA N IA N 5 Eko Sulistyono*, Abe Eiko Juliana Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia. Corresponding author; email: ekosulistyono@ipb.ac.id* Irrigation Volume Based on Pan Evaporation and Their Effects on Water Use Ef�ciency and Yield of Hydroponically Grown Chilli Abstract This study was conducted to determine irrigation volume based on pan evaporation and their effects on growth, yield, irrigation water use ef�cency (IWUE) of chilli in sandponic systemgrown in the greenhouse. The amount of water used was based on pan evaporation. Irrigation treatments consisted of four coef�cient 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 Epan. Plants were watereds, i.e. daily until soil reached during .�eld capacity the �rst week I applied onrrigation treatments were the second week until four months later. Total irrigation quantities varied from 9.4 to 37.8 plant . Chilli fruit yield varied from 3.98L. -1 to 90.51 plant . The highest total fruit yield and IWUEg. -1 was obtained from 2 Epan treatment. Irrigation treatment had signi�cant (P<0.01) on yield and there wereeffects positive linear relations between the yield and the amount of Irrigation volume signi�cantlyirrigation water applied. increased p andlant height, number of lateral branches, number of leaves (P<0.01). Key words: plant height, lateral branches, fruit Introduction Water is a basic requirement for crop growth and production. Water requirement for the plant is equal to evapotranspiration. Crop evapotranspiration can be determined based on Class A pan evaporation. Previous studies reported positive correlation between crop water requirements and Class A pan evaporation (Ertek et al., 2006). Therefore the evaporation pan can be used to determine the volume of irrigation (Ertek et al., 2006). Previous studies have demonstrated that the quantity of irrigation water in�uenced chili yield and water use ef�ciency (Liu et al., 2012). Reducing irrigation by 22–43% reduced crop evapotranspiration by 11–25% (Liu et al., 2012). Total dry mass was reduced by 1.17–38.66% in time-space de�cit irrigation treatments compared to optimum irrigation. The root to shoot ratio of the optimally irrigated plants was lower than other treatments and had the highest total fresh fruit yield (19.57 t.ha ). De�cit irrigations increased water use−1 ef�ciency (i.e. yield/evapotranspiration) of hot pepper from a minimum of 1.33% to a maximum of 54.49% ( C h e n g e t a l . , 2 0 1 0 ) . Wa t e r s t r e s s r e d u c e d photosynthesis through stomatal closure and impaired mesophyll conductance (Pascual et al., 2010). The maximum and minimum values of the yield and yield components were recorded from treatment full irrigation level with paired-row planting method and 0% of ETc irrigation level with paired-row planting method, respectively, with the exception of plant height (Gadissa and Chemeda, 2009). Water use ef�ciency (WUE) and irrigation water use ef�ciency (IWUE) values signi�cantly increased with the application of 11- day-interval irrigation (P < 0.05). The highest WUE and IWUE values obtained from 11-day- interval irrigation ( et al., 2009).Gercek Total dry mass of fruit was reduced by 34.7% in drought treatments compared to full watered treatment. At harvest, water-stressed plants had 21% lower root dry weight mass but higher root/shoot ratio other than full watered treatment (Kulkarni and Phalke, 2009). Chili plants had almost double productivity and higher water use ef�ciency under high soil temperature and high soil moisture (Yaghi et al., 2013). During severe water stress, photosynthesis decreased due to stomatal closure, and slower maximum carboxylation rate (V )cmax and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration capacity mediated by maximum electron transport rate (J ) (Campos et al., 2013). Fruit yield increasedmax gradually as soil water content levels increased from 40–55% to 70–85% �eld capacity, but decreased when soil water content increased above 70–85% �eld c a p a c i t y. T h e w a t e r c o n s u m p t i o n i n c r e a s e d progressively with the increase in soil water levels, but water-use ef�ciency was the highest when soil moisture was 55–70% �eld capacity (Zhu et al., 2012). Irrigation is also important for controlling plant disease. Soil moisture and relative humidity in the atmosphere are critical in determining survival of mycelium and other propagules in the soil and on the plant. Plant infections by P. capsici and disease development were favored by rainfall and high soil moisture, and periodic �ooding contributes to a more severe disease (Sanogo and Ji, 2013). Chemical compounds in chili fruits are affected by genetic, harvest time and irrigation control. The capsaicin contents of different species andCapsicum lines were affected by harvest time and drying parameters. Capsaicin contents were within the range 0.50–4.20%. The highest capsaicin content was obtained from the solar tunnel drying at the second harvest in the local line Acı Çiçek 52 (Yaldiz et al., 2010).Capsicum Concentration of antioxidant components and taste- related properties varied among the pepper cultivars at both the mature and whole colored ripened stages 9 Journal of Tropical Crop Science Vol. 1 No. 1, 2014June www.j-tropical-crops.com 5 ( et al., 2011).Ghasemnezhad Irrigation volumes are determined based on pan evaporation. Pan coef�cient is de�ned as the ratio of evapotranspiration references (ETo) to the pan evaporation. Pan coef�cients varied from 0.35-0.85 with an average of 0.7 (FAO, 1986). Crop evapotranspiration (Et) is de�ned as Kc x ETo, where ETo = K pan x E pan. Therefore Et = Kc x K pan x E pan. This study aimed to obtain the value of Kc x K pan or the so-called crop and pan coef�cients (K ). K value of this research can beCP CP used as a basis for determining the irrigation volume of hydroponically grown chili. This study was also aimed at studying the effects of irrigation volume on chili growth and yield, and to determine the best irrigation methods to improve chili water use ef�ciency. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted in greenhouse at Darmaga experimental station (6° 24'S, 106° 33E; elevation 240 m), Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. Chili plants were grown hydroponically using sand media. Plants were fertilized with 32N:10P: 10K O and supplied with micronutrients2 during vegetative growth, followed by 10N:55P:10 K O2 plus micronutrients during generative growth. The treatments were four irrigation volumes based on pan evaporation (EoA), i.e. 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 Eo. Pan evaporation values were obtained by measuring the decrease in water height in the evaporation pan. Irrigation volume was calculated by multiplying surface area of the pot by 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 Eo, respectively. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design and replicated three times, with �ve plants for each experimental unit. Seeds were sown in a plastic tray and were grown for six weeks before transplanting into 28-cm pots. Percolation holes were made on the pot sides with a height of a third height measured from the bottom of the pot. Seedlings were fertilized using foliar fertilizer at 1g.L weekly.-l Hydroponics fertilizer was dissolved in irrigation at a concentration of 2g.L and applied twice a week.-1 Observations included plant height, number of branches, number of leaves and fruit weight at harvest. The dry matter of root and canopy was weighed on 1, 2 and 3 months after planting, respectively. Irrigation water use ef�ciency (IWUE) was calculated based on the ratio of fruit weight and irrigation volume. Results Irrigation volume treatment of 2 Eo (twice pan evaporation) resulted in the highest plant height, the greatest leaf number and branches at 8 and 12 weeks after planting (WAP) (Table 1). Irrigation volume of 1.5 Eo increased plant dry matter by 99 % compared with 0.5 Eo irrigation volume at 4 weeks after planting. On 8 and 12 WAP irrigation volume of 2 Eo increased plant dry matter as much as 23%, 102% and 374% compared with 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5 Eo, respectively (Table 2). Fruit yield increased gradually as irrigation volume increased from 0.5 Eo to 1.0 Eo, 1.5 Eo and 2.0 Eo. The highest fresh fruit yield was obtained from the irrigation volume of 2.0 Eo (Table 3). Water use ef�ciency of 2.0 Eo irrigation volume was signi�cantly higher compared with 0.5 Eo and 1.0 Eo irrigation volume, respectively (Table 3). Discussion Irrigation volume treatment of 2 Eo (twice pan evaporation) resulted in the highest plant height, the greatest leaf number and branches at 8 and 12 WAP (Table 1). 4 WAP-old plants 0.5 Eo 1.0 Eo 1.5 Eo 2.0 Eo 8 WAP-old plants 0.5.Eo 1.0 Eo 1.5 Eo 2.0 Eo 12 WAP-old plants 0.5 Eo 1.0 Eo 1.5 Eo 2.0 Eo I rigar tion volume Plant height (cm) Leaf number Branch number 47.89 57.48 61.49 62.23 63.77 96.95 108.78 117.91 80.73 118.23 123.04 135.02 c b ab a c b ab a c b ab a 22.33 27.60 35.53 32.20 29.83 95.33 178.17 250.33 79.78 257.78 366.22 556.22 b ab a ab d c b a d c b a 2.67 4.93 7.00 8.27 9.42 43.67 84.42 101.00 71.22 223.56 351.00 503.22 a a a a d c b a d c b a Table 1 Plant height, leaf number, and branch number in each irrigation volume. Note: Data at the same column followed by the same letter was not signi�cant based on LSD (0.05); WAP = weeks after planting 5 Eko Sulistyono, Abe Eiko Juliana10 Journal of Tropical Crop Science Vol. 1 No. 1, 2014June www.j-tropical-crops.com 5 These effects were not observed earlier. Water requirement at the early growth was normally lower than that in the mid and late growth as young plants have fewer numbers of leaves. Gadisa and Chemeda (2009) showed that plant height increased signi�cantly with increasing levels of irrigation. Shongwe et al. (2010) reported that there were signi�cant (P < 0.05) increases in leaf number, plant height, chlorophyll content, canopy size, fresh and dry mass tops and fruit length at the highest moisture level (1.00 × �eld capacity), whereas at (0.80 × �eld capacity) resulted in smaller increases in each of the parameters. Irrigation volume of 1.5 Eo increased plant dry matter by 99 % compared with 0.5 Eo irrigation volume at 4 weeks after planting. Otherwise, on 8 and 12 weeks after planting (WAP), irrigation volume of 2 Eo increased plant dry matter as much as 23%, 102% and 374% compared with 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5 Eo irrigation volume, respectively (Table 2). This shows that the crop and pan coef�cient (K ) value for the initial growth phase was 1.5 butCP increased to 2.0 at the middle and late growth. The greatest dry matter allocation was in the leaves in all treatments. At four weeks after planting root and shoot ratio were similar in all treatments. In times of drought, carbon was mostly allocated for root development (Ehlers and Goss, 2003). Kulkarni and Phalke (2009) reported that water-stressed plants had 21% lower root dry weight mass but higher root to shoot ratio other than full water- treated plants. Fruit yield increased gradually as irrigation volume increased from 0.5 Eo to 1.0 Eo, 1.5 Eo and 2.0 Eo. The highest fresh fruit yield was obtained from the irrigation volume of 2.0 Eo (Table 3). The similar results was reported by Zhu et al. (2012) that fruit yield increased gradually as soil water content levels increased from 40–55% to 70–85% �eld capacity, but decreased when soil water content was higher than 70–85% �eld capacity. The water consumption increased progressively with the increase in soil water content levels, but water-use ef�ciency was the highest when soil moisture was at 55–70% �eld capacity. Cheng et al. (2010) also reported that the highest total fresh fruit yield (19.57 t.ha ) was−1 obtained in the optimum irrigation treatment. Irrigation water use ef�ciency of 2.0 Eo irrigation volume was signi�cantly higher compared with 0.5 Eo and 1.0 Eo irrigation volume, respectively (Table 3). .Table 2 Plant dry matter at each irrigation volume Root (g) 0.50 0.69 0.84 1.09 1.38 1.91 2.57 2.59 1.79 3.84 5.38 6.89 b ab ab a a a a a c cb ab a Stem (g) 1.25 1.67 2.35 1.95 2.46 5.23 10.27 12.69 3.11 7.87 13.24 21.65 b ab a ab b b a a d c b a Leaf (g) 1.49 1.89 3.37 2.68 1.25 4.36 6.27 8.20 1.94 4.72 7.89 10.91 b ab a ab c b ab a d c b a Plant (g) 3.25 4.26 6.47 5.73 5.15 12.03 19.75 24.38 7.14 17.16 30.25 41.88 b ab a ab d c b a d c b a Root/shoot 0.18 0.20 0.15 0.23 0.37 0.20 0.16 0.12 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.21 ns ns ns ns a b b b a ab ab b 4 WAP-old 0.5 Eo 1.0 Eo 1.5 Eo 2.0 Eo 8 WAP-old 0.5.Eo 1.0 Eo 1.5 Eo 2.0 Eo 12 WAP-old 0.5 Eo 1.0 Eo 1.5 Eo 2.0 Eo I rigar tion volume Note: Data at the same column followed by the same letter was not signi�cant (ns) based on LSD (0.05); WAP = weeks after planting. Fruit weight (g plant )-1 3.98 21.84 57.69 90.51 c c b a 0.5 Eo 1.0 Eo 1.5 Eo 2.0 Eo I rigar tion volume 0.42 1.15 2.03 2.39 c c ab a Irrigation water use ef�ciency (g. L )-1 Table 3 Fruit weight and irrigation water use ef�ciency in each irrigation volume. Note: Data at the same column followed by the same letter was not signi�cant based on LSD (0.05). Conclusion The highest total fruit yield and IWUE was obtained from the 2 Epan treatment. Irrigation treatment had signi�cant effects (P<0.01) on yield and there were positive linear correlations the amount ofbetween the yield and 5 11I ....................rrigation Volume Based on Pan Evaporation Journal of Tropical Crop Science Vol. 1 No. 1, 2014June www.j-tropical-crops.com irrigation water. height, number of lateral branches,Plant number of leaves increased with increasing volumes of irrigation and these effects were signi�cant (P<0.01) since the second weeks after planting. References Butcher J.D., Crosby, K. M., Yoo, K. 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