JUNE_2014.cdr Journal of Tropical Crop Science (ISSN 2356-0169; e-ISSN 2356-0177) is published four-monthly by Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, INDONESIA. Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: www.j-tropical-crops.com Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by the Publisher. The accuracy of the Content should be independently veri�ed with primary sources of information. The publisher shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of a work published in Journal of Tropical Crop Science is granted for personal or educational/classroom use provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro�t or commercial advantage. ©Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, INDONESIA. All rights reserved. Journal of Tropical Crop Science Volume Number 1 20141 June ON THE COVER The cover image shows sun�owers by Darda Effendi EDITORIAL BOARD Krisantini Sintho Wahyuning Ardie Sandra A. Aziz Robert J. Hampson Satriyas Ilyas Tri Koesoemaningtyas Rohana P Mahaliyanaarachchi Awang Maharijaya Maya Melati Roedhy Poerwanto Bambang Sapto Purwoko Sudarsono Muhamad Syukur Hugo Volkaert Malcolm Wegener Managing Editor Krisantini Graphic Design Syaiful Anwar Features Editor Damayanti Buchori Dadang Sisir Mitra Agus Purwito Ernan Rustiadi SHORT COMMUNICATION Tropical and Subtropical Fruits in India Sisir Mitra Heliconia Cultivar Registration Dave Skinner, Jan Hintze, Bryan Brunner RESEARCH ARTICLES Estimation of Genetic Parameter for Quantitative Characters of Pepper ( L.)Capsicum annuum Muhamad Syukur, Syaidatul Rosidah Irrigation Volume Based on Pan Evaporation and Their Effects on Water Use Ef�ciency and Yield of Hydroponically Grown Chilli Eko Sulistyono, Abe Eiko Juliana Evaluation of Commercial Sun�ower (Helianthus annuus ) Cultivars in Bogor, Indonesia, forL. Ornamental and Nursery Production Syarifah Iis Aisyah, Khotimah, Krisantini Different Growth Partitioning and Shoot Production of Talinum triangulare Treated with Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Sandra Ari�n Aziz, Leo Mualim, Sitta Azmi Farchany Cloning and Characterization of P5CS1 and P5CS2 Genes from L. under DroughtSaccharum officinarum Stress Hayati Minarsih Iskandar, Dwiyantari Widyaningrum, Sony Suhandono Journal of Tropical Crop Science (ISSN 2356-0169; ISSN 2356-0177) is published four-monthly (one volume per year) bye- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, IPB Darmaga Campus, Bogor, Indonesia 16680. Send all inquiries regarding printed copies and display advertising to or to Secretary, Department ofinfo@j‐tropical‐crops.com Agronomy and Horticulture; telephone/fax 62-251-8629353. Permission to Reprint: Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of a work published in isJournal of Tropical Crop Science granted for personal or educational/classroom use provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro�t or commercial advantage and that copies bear the full citation and the following notice on the �rst page: “Copyright Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University”. For all other kinds of copying, request permission in writing from Head of School, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture of�ce, IPB Darmaga Campus, Bogor, Indonesia 16680. © Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University. All rights reserved. Printed in the Republic of Indonesia.IN S T T T U I B O G O R PERTA N IA N Syarifah Iis Aisyah* Khotimah, Krisantini, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia 16680, Tel: 62-251-629353; Fax: 62-251-629353. *Corresponding author; email: syarifahiis@yahoo.com Evaluation of Commercial Sun�ower ( ) CultivarsHelianthus annuus L. in Bogor, Indonesia for Ornamental and Nursery Production Abstract A wide range of imported ornamental sun�ower seeds have been marketed in Indonesia. A �eld evaluation was conducted on seven sun�ower cultivars to investigate their germination, growth and development in humid tropical environment in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia and to determine their potential uses. Most of the tested cultivars, except for 'Sungold Double' and 'Velvet Queen', demonstrated good germination and growth. 'Eclipse' was highly susceptible to stem rot, which resulted in only 30% of the plants survived. 'Little Leo', 'Teddy Bear' and 'Sungold Double' were naturally compact, dwarf, and produced attractive blooms so they might be suitable as pot plants. 'Hallo', 'Velvet Queen', 'Sunburst', and 'Eclipse's plant height were more than 100 cm, had long stem and large blooms. These cultivars might be suitable as landscape plants. Keywords: morphological characteristics, West Java, pot plants Introduction Sun�ower ( Linn., Family Asteraceae)Helianthus annuus is an annual plant that is known for its large and bright yellow color in�orescences. Sun�ower is native to North America (Whipker et al., 1998) and is widely cultivated for their valuable oil, as cut �owers, and ornamental plants. A sun�ower is actually a composite of hundreds of tiny �owers clustered together. The disk �owers form the center and normally have both male and female components. The outer layer around the disk is ray �orets. Helianthus has about 67 species (Heiser, 1978) which includes the annuals and the perennials (Anonim, 2005). Sun�ower is also commonly used in the landscape for borders or screening (Schoellhor et al., 2004). Commercial cultivars of sun�ower are drought tolerant, need full sun, and are capable of growing in a wide range of soil conditions (Schoellhorn et al., 2004). Introduction of ornamental plants are necessary for diversity in the urban landscape (Suleiman et al, 2009). Imported sun�ower seeds, both oil and non-oil, have been marketed in Indonesia. However, limited information is available on the hardiness characteristics of imported ornamental sun�ower that were introduced to the warm and wet tropical West Java province. West Java is the most populated province in Indonesia and where most of the urban landscape is growing. Field trial evaluation to assess the performance of the newly introduced cultivars, which is an important component before imported seeds are distributed and marketed, are lacking. Even though sun�owers are known to have wide adaptability to a wide variety of soils and climatic conditions (Warrick, undated) many imported seeds has been reported to have low �eld establishment rate and low crop productivity and disadvantaged the farmers and growers. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the seed germination, growth and development of seven imported ornamental sun�ower cultivars and to produce recommendations for gardeners and nurseries in Indonesia, particularly in West Java. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted at the Bogor Agricultural University farm at Leuwikopo, Darmaga (6°24'S, 106°33E; elevation 250m) in June to October 2006. The sun�ower cultivars 'Little Leo', 'Teddy Bear', 'Sungold Double', 'Hallo', 'Velvet Queen', 'Sunburst' (Mr Fothergill's, England), and 'Eclipse' (Australia) were used The temperature ranged from 25-32°C. average during the dry season (March to August) to 23-28°C during the rainy season (September – February). Seeds thisused in study were obtained from a commercial seed store in Bogor. Seeds were soaked in water for about 30 minutes prior to sowing on trays with pasteurized sand and cocopeat (1:1 by volume) media. Fifteen-day-old seedlings with a two or three sets of true leaves were transplanted into a 0.5L plastic container with pasteurized soil: coco peat: husk (1:1:1 by volume) media and fertilized with 2g of top-dressed 15N-15P-15K fertilizer. Plants were placed under plastic house and were fertilized weekly with 2 g.L 20N-6.5P-12.4K-1 (Gandasil D®; Kalatham Co.) until the plants had �rst visible bud. Plant spacing was 30 x 30cm. Plants were watered three or four times per week or as needed to keep the media moist. Data on germination percentage were collected at ten day after seed sowing. Colors of the seed-coat and hypocotyl of each cultivar were recorded. Scoring was 55 13 Journal of Tropical Crop Science Vol. 1 No. 1, 2014June www.j-tropical-crops.com conducted on plant height and stem diameter at the �rst visible �oral buds, the number of in�orescence at anthesis, the number of days from the transplanting date to the �rst visible �oral bud and to anthesis. Number of in�orescence per plant, in�orescence and disk �oret diameter were measured at anthesis. Sun�ower seeds were harvested at 12 weeks after transplanting, and scoring on 100-seed-weight was conducted after the seeds were dried at room temperature (25 C) for 7 days.° A completely randomized design with 15 single-plant replications was used for this experiment. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance using the General Linear Model procedure in Minitab version 15 followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5%. Results 'Sungold Double' and 'Velvet Queen' seeds had low germination rate, i.e. 36.6 and 40% respectively (Table 1). Other cultivars had germination rate of >60% (Table 1). The main cause of death was stem rot fungal infection caused by at the seedling stage.Sclerotium The height of 'Velvet Queen', 'Sunburst'and 'Eclipse' reached > 2m at anthesis whereas 'Teddy Bear' and 'Little Leo' were < 1m (Table 2). 'Little Leo' had the earliest time (15 days after transplanting) to the �rst visible �oral bud, whereas 'Hallo' had the latest, i.e. 22 days after transplanting (Table 2). Table 1. Germination rate, seed-coat and hypocotyl color of seven sun�ower cultivars. Tabel 2. Plant Height, Stem Diameter and Days to Visible Floral Bud of Seven Sun�ower Cultivars *) 'Eclipse', 'Hallo' 'Velvet Queen' had the largestand in�orescence whereas 'Teddy Bear' had the smallest (Table 3). All cultivars except for 'Teddy Bear' and 'Sungold Double' have both disk and ray �owers. 'Velvet Queen' and 'Hallo' had the greatest number of in�orescence per plant at anthesis (Table 3). 'Velvet Queen' had the greatest 100-seed-weight whereas 'Hallo' had the lowest (Table 3). All in�orescence except for 'Teddy Bear' and 'Sungold Double's, consist of yellow ray and disk �owers whereas 'Teddy Bear' and 'Sungold Double' have yellow ray �owers only. 'Sunburst' in�orescences were multicolor (Table 4). Discussion Seed Germination All cultivars except for 'Sungold Double' and 'Velvet Queen' had good germination rate of > 60% (Table 1). 'Sungold Double' and 'Velvet Queen' germination rate was 36.6 and 40%, respectively (Table 1). All seeds had similar storage environment prior to planting and no physical damages on the seeds were noted. The main cause of young plant death was stem rot caused by Sclerotinia infection. The symptoms of the stem rot was determined using a reference on sun�ower diseases Gulya et al. (1993).by This fungal has been reported to be a major disease in sun�ower worldwide Germination Rate (%) 60.0 90.0 36.7 70.0 40.0 66.7 70.0 Black Grey Dark Grey Black Brown Light Brown Black Reddish green Yellowish green Yellowish green Red Red Red Red ‘Little Leo’ ‘Teddy Bear’ ‘Sungold Double’ ‘Hallo’ ‘Velvet Queen’ ‘Sunburst’ ‘Eclipse’ Cultivar Seed-coat Color Hypocotyl Color 55 S Kyarifah Iis Aisyah, hotimah, Krisantini14 Plant Height (cm) at ‘Little Leo’ ‘Teddy Bear’ ‘Sungold’ ‘Hallo’ ‘Velvet Queen’ ‘Sunburst’ ‘Eclipse’ Cultivar Days to Visible Floral Bud Visible Floral Bud Anthesis Stem Diameter at Visible Floral Bud (mm) 30.5 25.7 44.1 80.8 67.4 84.7 79.9 d d c a b a a 95.7 75.8 127.3 141.1 200.0 204.5 216.4 cd d bc b a a a 15.1 19.6 20.7 22.3 16.6 16.7 21.1 a b bc c a a bc 7.3 5.9 6.2 7.2 7.8 7.2 7.4 b a a b b b b *) Values followed by different letters within a column are signi�cantly different according to Duncan multiple range test at 5%. Journal of Tropical Crop Science Vol. 1 No. 1, 2014June www.j-tropical-crops.com worldwide ( Karov et al, 2011) andGulya et al., 1993; caused rot in seedlings of a wide range of plants in many agricultural production areas in West Java. First symptoms were observed in the form of leave wilting followed by stem and root rot. A study conducted by Karov et al. (2011) con�rmed the presence of ascomycetes Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Sclerotinia(Lib.) de Bary and minor Jagger in the infected sun�ower. The color of seeds and hypocotyl vary with cultivars (Table 1). The notable cultivar was 'Sunburst' that had red hypocotyl and stem. 'Hallo' also had red hypocotyl but it turned green as the plants get older. Moh (1971) reported the correlation of seed-coat color with hypocotyl color in beans ( L.) and used this correlationPhaseolus vulgaris as an early screening in plant breeding. Plant Growth and Development 'Velvet Queen', 'Sunburst'and 'Eclipse' can be classi�ed as tall; their height reached > 2m at anthesis. 'Teddy Bear' and 'Little Leo' were dwarf with the height of < 1m (Table 2). 'Teddy Bear' was the smallest of the seven cultivars tested with a stem diameter of less than 6 mm (Table 2). 'Little Leo' had the earliest time to the �rst visible �oral bud, i.e. 15 days after transplanting or about 30 days after seed sowing whereas 'Hallo' had the latest, i.e. 22 days after transplanting or about 37 days after seed sowing (Table 2). Inflorescence Characteristics Number and size of in�orescences vary among cultivars. 'Eclipse', 'Hallo' dan 'Velvet Queen' had the largest in�orescence whereas 'Teddy Bear' had the smallest (Table 3). All cultivars except for 'Teddy Bear' and 'Sungold Double' have both disk and ray �owers. 'Velvet Queen' and 'Halo' had the greatest number of in�orescence per plant at anthesis (Table 3). 'Velvet Queen' had the greatest 100-seed-weight whereas 'Halo' had the lowest (Table 3). All cultivars except for 'Teddy Bear' and 'Sungold Double' formed seeds. Seed weight is one of the important criteria of seed vigor as it indicates the amount of dry matter in the seed (Moshatati and Gharineh, 2012). High seed weight correlated with better seedling establishment and growth (Moshatati and Gharineh, 2012). However, these characters were not included in this study. The color and shapes of ray and disk �ower vary among sun�ower cultivars (Table 3). All cultivars except for 'Teddy Bear' and 'Sungold Double' have typical outer ray and disk �owers whereas 'Teddy Bear' and 'Sungold Double' have �uffy and quilted yellow ray-like �owers only. The color of 'Sunburst' in�orescences varied from pale to bright yellow, and some were bicolor yellow and red (Table 4). These information are important for both growers and landscapers to create �oral arrangements or landscape. 'Little Leo', 'Teddy Bear' and 'Sungold Double' plants were dwarf; their height was < 100cm and they had attractive bright bloom colors. Therefore these cultivars would be Tabel 3. Disk Flower and In�orescence Diameter, Number of In�orescence/Plant, and 100-Seed Weight 1) 1) Values followed by different letters within a column are signi�cantly different according to Duncan multiple range test at 5%; 2) 'Teddy Bear'and 'Sungold' did not produce seeds. Tabel 4. Types and Colours of Sun�ower In�orescence Diameter (cm) ‘Little Leo’ ‘Teddy Bear’ ‘Sungold’ ‘Hallo’ ‘Velvet Queen’ ‘Sunburst’ ‘Eclipse’ Cultivar No of In�orescence/plant at Anthesis 100 Seed Weight (g)In�orescence Disk 10.5 8.8 10.6 13.1 13.3 9.8 13.6 b c b a a b a 5.0 - - 4.5 4.9 3.7 5.6 a a a b a 9.2 8.7 12.9 15.2 16.2 8.3 8.2 c c b a a c c 2.3 - - 1.6 2.4 2.0 2.3 a b a ab a In�orescence Types Single Double Double Single Single Single Single Bright yellow Dark yellow Dark yellow Dark yellow Dark red Shades of yellow and pink Bright yellow Green - - Black Black Black or dark brown Black ‘Little Leo’ ‘Teddy Bear’ ‘Sungold Double’ ‘Hallo’ ‘Velvet Queen’ ‘Sunburst’ ‘Eclipse’ Cultivar Color DiskColor 55 15E L.)..........valuation of Commercial Sun�ower (Helianthus annuus Journal of Tropical Crop Science Vol. 1 No. 1, 2014June www.j-tropical-crops.com suitable as bedding or potted plants, possibly without the need to apply growth retardant that is frequently used for su n �ower to obtain short and compact plant s (Koutroubas et al 2004, Krisantini et al. 2006). Double �owers look more attractive than single �owers. Therefore 'Teddy Bear'and 'Sungold Double' might also be potential for cut �owers. 'Halo', 'Velvet Queen', 'Sunburst', and 'Eclipse' plants were tall (height > 100cm) and had large in�orescence (Table 2). However, 30% of 'Sunburst' and 'Eclipse' lodged and needed supports at anthesis, likely because the plants were tall and grown in pots rather than on the ground. 'Sunburst' had large variation of bloom colors that were different from the yellow bloom sun�ower normally have. 'Sunburst'and Éclipse'are potentials for �eld-grown landscape plants. Conclusion Seed germination of and'Sungold Double' 'Velvet Queen' in this experiment was poor, i.e. 40% or less so this factor has to be carefully taken into account for commercial production. 'Eclipse' appeared to be most susceptible to sclerotinia; 70% or the seedlings were infected and died at the seedling stage. 'Little Leo', 'Teddy Bear' and 'Sungold Double' were dwarf and have attractive bloom color, hence have potentials as ornamental pot plants. 'Halo', 'Velvet Queen', 'Sunburst', and 'Eclipse' have potentials to be used as landscape plants or cut �owers. References Anonym (2005). The biology of L.Helianthus annuus Biology Document 2005-01. Plant B i o s a f e t y Of�ce, Plant Product Directorate, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ontario, Canada. Gulya, T., Rashid, K., Maširević, S., 1997. Sun�ower d i s e a s e s “ S u n � o w e r Te c h n o l o g y a n dI n Production” (A. A. Schneiter, ed.) pp. 21-65. Agronomy Monogram 35, ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI, USA. Heiser, C.B., Jr. (1978). Taxonomy of andHelianthus origin of domesticated sun�ower. : “Sun�owerIn Science and Technology” (J.F. Carter, ed.) pp 31- 53. American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, USA. Karov, I., Mitrev, S., Masirevic, S., and Kovacevik, B. 2011. First appearance of white mould on sun�ower caused by in TheSclerotinia minor Republic of Macedonia. , 19-26.Helia 34 Koutroubas, S., Vssiliou, G., Fotiadis, S., Alexoudis, C. (2004). Response of sun�ower to plant growth regulators. Fourth International Crop Science Congress, Greece. Krisantini, Rakhmania, N., Rani, I., Aisyah, S.I., and Sukma, D. (2006). Peningkatan keragaan bunga matahari ( L.). dengan aplikasiHelianthus annuus retardan. Laporan Hibah Penelitian, Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura, IPB, Indonesia. Moh, C.C. (1971). Mutation breeding in seed-coat colors of beans ( L.). ,Phaseolus vulgaris Euphytica 20 119-125. Moshatati, A., Gharineh, M.H. (2012). Effect of grain weight on germination and seed vigor of wheat. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences , 458-460.4 Schoellhorn, R., Alfarez, E. and Frank, M. (2004). Warm Climate Production Guidelines for Specialty Cut Flowers: Sun�ower. Commercial Floriculture Update. University of Florida, Florida, USA. Suleiman, M.K., Zaman, S., Al-Dossery, R.R. and Jacob, S. (2009). Germination studies in Horwoodia dicksoniae International Journal ofTurril. Environmental Studies , 221-225.66 Warrick, B.E. (undated). Sun�ower Production Guide. Agronomy Publication, Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, St Angelo, Texas, USA. Whipker, B., Dasoju, S., and Mc Call, I. (1998). Guide to successful pot sun�ower production. Horticulture I n f o r m a t i o n L e a � e t 5 6 2 . D e p a r t m e n t o f Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA. 55 S Kyarifah Iis Aisyah, hotimah, Krisantini16 Journal of Tropical Crop Science Vol. 1 No. 1, 2014June www.j-tropical-crops.com