Dereje and Duguma /Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment Vol. 9, No. 01 (2019) 27-36 27 Woody Species Composition and Natural Regeneration Status of Ades Forest, Oromia Regional State, West Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia Dereje O.A.1*, Duguma I.D.2 1 Department of Biological Science, School of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Collage of Natural and Computational Science, Haramaya University, Ethiopia 2 Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Collage of Natural and Computational Science, Haramaya University, Ethiopia Date Received: 30-11-2018 Date Accepted: 18-05-2019 Abstract This study was conducted at Ades forest in West Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia, for determining the woody species composition and regeneration status of the forest. Systematic sampling method was used to collect vegetation data from 48 (20 m×20 m) main sample plots for woody species that was established along a transect line and spaced at 10 m altitudinal drop, from top to the bottom of the natural forest. Inside the main plot (400 m2), subplots (5 m×5 m) were established to simplify the counting of seedlings and saplings. Species abundance and environmental variables were recorded in each sample plot. A total of 48 woody plant species belonging to 42 genera and 29 families were identified. Fabaceae family had the highest number of taxa followed by Rosaceae and Flacourtiaceae families. Woody plant species densities for mature individuals were 197.9 ha-1, saplings 420 ha-1and 849.5 ha-1for seedlings. Although over all regeneration status of woody plants of the Forest revealed good regeneration status, the presence of anthropogenic disturbance in the area necessitates the need for conservation action in order to ensure sustainable utilisation and management of the Forest. Key words: Regeneration, samplings, seedlings, woody species 1. Introduction Quantitative information on composition, distribution, and abundance of woody species is significant to understand the form and structure of a forest community. It is also very important for planning and implementation of conservation strategy of the forest community. The species richness and diversity of trees are fundamental to total forest biodiversity because trees provide resources and habitat for almost all other forest species (Malik, 2014). In case of forest ecosystems, trees are responsible for the overall physical structure of habitats, and thus, they define fundamentally the templates for structural complexity and environmental heterogeneity (Malik et al., 2016). Forests are increasingly threatened as a result of deforestation, fragmentation, climate change and other stressors that can be linked to human activities such as agricultural expansion, forest clearance for fire wood, construction materials, timber and charcoal production (Yonas, 2001; Getachew and Demel, 2005; Liaison, 2013). These temporary benefit oriented deforestation is followed by land degradation and soil erosion which result in biodiversity loss (Tadesse and Demel, 2001; Feyera, 2006; Tadesse, 2008). In forest management, regeneration study is not only depicts the current status but also hints about the possible changes in forest composition in the future (Malik and Bhatt, 2016; Sharma et al., 2014). Survival and growth of seedlings and saplings determine the successful regeneration (Good and Good, 1972), which is perhaps the single most important step *Correspondence: datomsa@yahoo.com Tel: +251 932174621 ISSN 2235-9370 Print / ISSN 2235-9362 Online ©2019 University of Sri Jayewardenepura DOI: https://doi.org/10.31357/jtfe.v9i1.3947 28 toward achieving long-term sustainability of forests (Saikia and Khan, 2013; Malik, 2014; Malik and Bhatt, 2016;). The major problem in the mountain natural forest of Ethiopia is habitat degradation. It includes various forms of land degradation, adverse human impacts on plant resources, deforestation, and lowering of the productive capacity of rangelands. Other anthropogenic activities such as constructions of hill roads, forest fires, over grasing, lopping of trees for fodder and fuel wood, and removal of leaf and wood litter from the forest floor are also affecting plant diversity in the natural forest. Reliable data on regeneration trends are required for successful management and conservation of natural forests (Eilu and Obua, 2005). Forests and forest products should be used in a way that could not compromise or harm the coming generation. Clearing of forest resources is accelerated as human needs became wider and wider. High level of dependency on agriculture, high rate of population growth and non-integrated investment activities are also factors that aggravated deforestation in Ethiopia (Ensermu and Teshome, 2008). Studies reported by (Demel, 2001; Yonas, 2001; FAO, 2007) indicated that there are continuous deforestation and land degradation in Ethiopia. Due to low level of peoples’ awareness on the role that forests have in terms of ecosystem services, less attention has been given to their conservation. Adequate awareness regarding wise use of forest resources should be given to the whole society so that some multipurpose endogenous and medicinally important plant species can be saved from local extinction. Many studies have been conducted in different parts of the country to investigate the species composition, population structure and regeneration ecology of forests (Tesfaye et al., 2002; Simon and Girma, 2004; Ensermu and Teshome, 2008; Zegeye, et al., 2011). However, there is little scientific information available on woody species composition and regeneration status of natural forest at West Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia. This study wase therefore aimed at assessing woody plant species composition and regeneration status of the Ades natural forest. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 The study area The study was conducted on Ades natural forest, located in Western Hararghe Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. The zone is 371 Km from Addis Ababa, has an average altitude of 1,600-3,100 meters above sea level and average annual rain fall of 250-900 ml and average annual temperature of 16- 18o C. The area is mainly covered by an irregular topography with depressions, numerous Chain Mountains, flat lands, gorges, scattered trees and dense shrubs of patch natural vegetation. Figure 1: Map of the study area. Dereje and Duguma /Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment Vol. 9, No. 01 (2019) 27-36 29 2.2 Floristic and structural data collection Reconnaissance survey was made across the Ades natural forest in order to obtain vegetation patterns and determine representative sampling sites. Vegetation data were collected using a systematic sampling method as described by (Kent and Coker, 1992). Sampling was done along an altitudinal gradient between 3100 m and 1600 m above sea level. The data of vegetation attributes were measured for trees and shrubs, and recorded using twenty by twenty meter size plots which were established along a transect line, starting from top to the bottom of the natural forest. All the woody plant species encountered in each sample plot were recorded using vernacular or local names and code was given for unknown specimen. Sampling plotess were arranged along transects line, which were spaced at 10 m altitudinal drop, along the elevation gradient of the Forest. Inside the major plot (20 m×20 m), sixteen subplots were established. We partitioned the major quadrats (400 m2) into sixteen, each 25 m2 (5 m×5 m), to ease the counting of seedlings and saplings. The undergrowths of woody species with height less than 1 m were considered as seedlings, height greater than 2 m are considered as matures trees/shrubs and those in between 1-2 m and dbh<2 cm are considered as sapling (Singhal, 1996). The height of seedlings and saplings were measured using a meter tape and for trees visual estimation was made. Environmental variables such as altitude and geographical coordinates were also measured for each plot using Geographical Position System (GPS) (Kent and Coker, 1992).Specimens were collected, pressed, dried and brought to the Haramaya University Herbarium for identification and to National Herbarium (ETH), Addis Ababa University for further authentication. The specimens were dried in the dryer, kept in a deep freezer for 72 hours and identified referring to the volumes of Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea and finally documented. 2.3 Data analysis method All individuals of plant species recorded in all quadrants were used in the analysis of woody species composition and regeneration status of the forest. After all the seedlings, saplings and mature plants found in each established quadrant were counted, identified and recorded, their density and ratio of seedlings to adult individuals seedlings to saplings and saplings to mature individuals were calculated. In order to use the regeneration analysis outcomes for priority setting, woody plant species in the study area were grouped into three regeneration status classes (priority classes for conservation) based on the method reported by (Simon and Girma, 2004). Based on the result, regeneration status of the forest was determined and appropriate conservation and management methods were suggested. 3. Results and discussions The result of vegetation composition study showed that Ades natural forest has different woody plant species. Some of the dominant species in this natural forest were found to be Juniperus procera, Podocarpus falcatus, Croton macrstachyus, and Maytenus sp. The vegetation composition varied with altitude changes. High and dense forest with dominant secondary generation of Podocarpus falcatus at lower and middle altitudes to Juniperus procera and Croton macrstachyus with intermingled of other species at higher altitudes. 3.1 Woody plant species composition A total of 48 woody plant species were recorded from Ades natural forest in current study. Out of these, 15 (52.08%) species were trees while 23 (47.92%) species were shrubs. The list of all species is given in Appendix 1. The identified species were belonging to 42 genera and 29 families. Fabaceae was the most dominant family, contributed 5 (16.7%), followed by Rosaceae and Flacourtiaceae both represented by 4 (13.7%) families. 30 3.2 Regeneration status of woody species in Ades forest The status of tree population and the persistence of existing species in future forest composition are dependent on sufficient amount of age categories of plant species. The total density of seedlings (849.5 individuals ha-1) was found to be higher than the saplings (420 individuals ha-1) and adults (197.9 individuals ha-1) in Ades natural forest, thus exhibiting overall ‘good’ regeneration condition of woody plant species at the community level (Figure 2). As far as the regeneration status of each species is concerned and based on the categories used by Dhaulkhadi et al. (2008) and Chauhan et al. (2008), out of the 48 wood species, twenty four (50%) woody species achieved good regeneration, three (6.3%) species had fair regeneration, four (8.5%) had poor regeneration, seven (14.6%) no regeneration, and ten (20.8%) were considered as ‘new’ species in Ades forest. In the current study, seedling density ha-1 is greater than both sapling and mature density and sapling density is greater than mature tree (i.e. density of seedling>sapling>mature trees/shrubs) within the study area, which indicate a successful regeneration potential of the forest. According to Dhaulkhadi et al. (2008), a given forest had good regeneration if seedling is greater than sapling and mature tree/shrubs (seedling density>sapling density>mature; fair regeneration if seedling>or≤sapling1 individual ha-1 (Table 1). The first and second priority classes, therefore, need due attention in order to save them from local extinction. According to Harmer (2001), analyses of vegetation structure using growth stages of trees as seedlings, saplings and mature trees within a population can be one of the elements of diversity that allows or denies the chance of rapid recovery after disturbances. Seedling Sapling Mature D e n si ty ( In d iv id u a ls h a -1 ) Age categories 32 Table 1: Species conservation priority classes. Priority Class 1 Priority Class 2 Priority Class 3 Allophylus abyssinicus Asparagus africanus Apodytes dimidiate Bersama abyssinica Maesa lanceolata Brucea antidysenterica Dovyalis verrucosa Millettia ferruginea Calpurnea aurea Ficus sur Oncoba spinosa Carissa spinarum Halleria lucida Psydrax schimperiana Croton macrostachyus Rhus natelensis Rhus glutinosa Dombeya torrid Schefflera abyssinica Teclea nobilis Dovyalis abyssinica Vernonia amygdalina Ekebergia capensis Euphorbia ampliphylla Euphorbia tirucalli Juniperus procera Lepidotruchilia volkensii Maytenus sp. Myrica salicifolia Nuxia congesta Olea europaea L. subsp. Cuspidate Osyris quadripartite Pittosporum viridiflorum Podocarpus falcatus Prunus Africana Pterolobium stellatum Rhamnus staddo Rubus steudneri Scolopia theifolia Vangueria madagascariensis Vernonia urticifolia Those species listed under the first priority class (Allophylus abyssinicus, Bersama abyssinica, Dovyalis verrucosa, Ficus sur, Halleria lucida, Rhus natelensis and Schefflera abyssinica), need urgent conservation and management activities while plants listed under priority classes 2 and 3 need follow up management. According to Grau (2000), there are different factors which cause threats to the regeneration of some woody species. Among these, endogenous factors like vegetation structure and species interaction between adults and at lower age are the major threats. Although the relative abundance, growth and distribution of seedlings and/or saplings are important in determining species that replace the canopy, abundance of seedlings and/or saplings should not at all considered as an indicator of the ultimate establishment of young individuals. The reason for this is that, the establishment of many indigenous woody plants seedlings and/or saplings is not easy to regenerate because of unfavorable microhabitat. Saxena and Singh (1984) stated that population structures, characterised by the presence of a sufficient population of seedlings, saplings and young trees, indicate a successful regeneration of forest species. The current study result confirmed this idea, since seedlings represented by the highest proportion followed by saplings and matured individuals respectively. The distribution of seedlings is greater than that of sapling and mature individuals whereas that of matured individuals are the least one. Sapling density might decrease as a result of biotic or abiotic factors that prevent the development of seedlings to saplings in the area. For example, no saplings were recoreded for Maesa lanceolata, Millettia ferruginea, Oncoba spinosa, Rhus glutinosa, Psydrax schimperiana, Schefflera abyssinica, Teclea nobilis and Vernonia amygdalina in the forest. This might be because of biotic disturbance or environmental factors. Studying the regeneration status of forest has important implications for the management of natural Dereje and Duguma /Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment Vol. 9, No. 01 (2019) 27-36 33 forests. Pokhriyal et al. (2010), mentioned that research in this field contributes to planning conservation and decision making in forest resource management programs. The presence of good regeneration potential shows stability of the species in the environment. According to Dhaulkhandi et al. (2008), the density values of seedlings and saplings are considered as regeneration potential of the species. Climatic factors and biotic interferences influence the regeneration of different species in the vegetation. The current result showed that six species, Crotalaria laburnifolia, Combretum molle, Hagenia abyssinica, Maytenus undata, Rosa abyssinica, and Indigofera rothii (12.5%) of the total 48 woody species were not represented by seedling stages, while seven individual species in the forest (14.6%) were not represented by both seedlings and saplings. These species include: Allophylus abyssinicus, Bersama abyssinica, Ficus sur, Dovyalis verrucosa, Halleria lucida, Rhus natelensis, and Schefflera abyssinica. On the other hand eight species (16.7%) of the total were not represented by sapling stage in Ades forest. These species include: Asparagus africanus, Maesa lanceolata, Millettia ferruginea, Oncoba spinosa, Psydrax schimperiana, Rhus glutinosa, Teclea nobilis, Vernonia amygdalina. Individual species with such type of population pattern are poor in their regeneration and recruitment potential since there are no juveniles which tend to become a mature individuals in the future unless appropriate conservation and management actions undertaken. This might be due to over grazing by both wild and domestic animals or other factors such as lack of safe site for seed recruitment. In the contrast, most species 26 (54.2%), were represented by at least one or greater than one of both seedling and sapling stages. As a result, these were species with good regeneration status than those without seedling or/and sapling stages (Table 1). Species that lack seedling, sapling or both have poor/no regeneration status so that they are either under threat of local extinction or may prefer coppices or sprouts as the strategy of survival. For exaple, Prunus africana, Rhus glutinous, Teclea nobilis, and Scolopia theifolia were species that can reproduce by coppices or sprouts (recorded from observation during data collection on the field). Similar findings were also reported by (Simon and Girma, 2004; Dereje, 2007; Teshome, 2009). 4. Conclusion Assessment of natural regeneration status of woody species in the forest is important for their management, conservation, and sustainable utilisation of forest and forest products. In this study, the overall regeneration potential of trees/shrubs plant species revealed that contribution of seedlings to the total population was highest followed by saplings and adult trees. In general, it shows that, regeneration status of woody species in the study area is “good” and the future communities may be sustained unless there is any challenging environmental stress or anthropogenic activities. However, the growth, survival, and reproduction potential of the tree species showing “poor” or “no” regeneration may be at risk in the near future. Therefore, appropriate management plan is required for their conservation and sustainable utilisation. Acknowledgement Authors are thankful to Haramaya University, Office of Research Affairs for granting this research project as well as to team leader for his comments and suggestions. The authors are also highly appreciative to Ades Forest Gardner, local communities and field guides for allowing us to collect plant samples, giving information and for their assistants during plant sample collection. References Chauhan, D., Dhanal, C., Singh, B., Chauhan, S., Todaria, N. and Khalid, M., 2008. Regeneration and Tree Diversity in Natural and Planted Forests in a Terai -Bhabhar Forest in Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, India. Tropical Ecology, 49:53-67. Demel, T., 2001. Deforestation, wood famine, and environmental degradation in Ethiopia’s highland eco systems: urgent need for action. Northeast African Studies, 8:53-76. 34 Dereje, D., 2007. Floristic composition and ecological study of Bibita Forest Southwest Ethiopia. MSc. Thsis, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa. Dhaulkhandi, M., Dobhal, A., Batt, S. and Kumar, M., 2008. Community structures are Regeneration potential of Natural Forest site in Gangotri, India. Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4:49-52. Duchok, R.K., Kent, A.D. and Khumbongmayum, A., 2005. Population Structure and Regeneration Status of Medicinal Tree Illicium griffithii in Relation to Disturbance Gradients in Temperate Broad- Leaved Forest of Arunachal Pradesh. Current Science, 89:673-676. Eilu, G. and Obua, J., 2005. Tree condition and natural regeneration in disturbed sites of Bwindi impenetrable forest National Park, Southwestern Uganda. Tropical Ecology, 46:99-111. Ensermu, K. and Teshome, S., 2008. Interfaces of regeneration, structure, diversity and use of some plant species in Bonga forest: A reservoir for wild coffee gene pool. SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science, 31:121-134. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), 2007. State of the World’s Forests, FAO, Forestry Department, 144. Feyera, S., 2006. Biodiversity and ecology of afromontane rain forests with wild Coffee arabica L. populations in Ethiopia. Ecology and Development Series, Cuvillier Verlag, Gottingen. Getachew, T. and Demel, T., 2005. The Influence of Logging on Natural Regeneration of Woody Species in Harena Montane Forest, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Biological Science, 4:59-73. Good, N.F. and Good, R.E., 1972. Population dynamics of tree seedlings and saplings in mature eastern hardwood forest. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 99:172-178. Grau, H.R., 2000. Regeneration pattern of Cedrela lilloi (Meliaceae) in Northwestern Argentina sub- tropical Montane Forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 16:227-242. Habtam, G. and Ali, S., 2015. Floristic composition, structure and regeneration status of Achera Natural Forest in Chilga District, Northwest Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Biological Science, 14:217- 231. Hanief, M., Bidalia, A., Meena, A. and Rao, K.S., 2016. Natural regeneration dynamics of dominant tree species along an altitudinal gradient in three different forest covers of Darhal watershed in north western Himalaya (Kashmir), India. Tropical Plant Research Journal, 3:253-262. Harmer, R., 2001. The effect of plant competition and simulated summer browsing by deer on tree regeneration. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38:1094-1103. Kent, M. and Coker, R., 1992. Vegetation description and analysis: A practical approach. CRC Press, Inc., London. Khan, M.L., Rai, J.P.N. and Tripathi, R.S., 1987. Population Structure of Some Tree Species in Disturbed and Protected Subtropical Forests of Northeast India. Acta Oecologica Oecologia Applicata, 8:247-255. Kitajima, K. and Fenner, M., 2000. Ecology of seedling regeneration. In Fenner, M. (ed.) Seeds: the ecology of regeneration in plant communities 2nd Edition. CABI publishing. Lalfakawma, 2010. Disturb and perish, conserve and flourish regenerating forests: A review Science Vision, 10:3-7. Liaison, L., 2013. Climate change, Biodiversity and Land degradation.Conservation on Biological Diversity. UNCCD, 3. Malik, Z.A., 2014. Phytosociological behaviour, anthropogenic disturbances and regeneration status along an altitudinal gradient in Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary (KWLS) and its adjoining areas. PhD desertion. Uttarakhand: HNB Garhwal University Srinagar Garhwal. Malik, Z.A. and Bhatt, A.B., 2016. Regeneration status of tree species and survival of their seedlings in Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary and its adjoining areas in Western Himalaya, India. Tropical Ecology, in press. Malik, Z.A., Pandey, R. and Bhatt, A.B., 2016. Anthropogenic disturbances and their impact on vegetation in Western Himalaya, India. Journal of Mountain Science, 13:69-82. Dereje and Duguma /Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment Vol. 9, No. 01 (2019) 27-36 35 Pokhriyal, P., Uniyal, P., Chanuahan, D.S. and Todaria, N.P., 2010. Regeneration status of tree species in forest of phakot and pathri Rao watersheds in Garhwal Himalaya. Current Science, 98:171-175. Robi, M.K., 2016. The status of an Ethiopian endemic plant Vepris dainellii (Pichi-Serm.) Kokwaro, in Arba Minch Natural Forest, Southern Ethiopia. International Journal of Multidisciplinary, 311:20- 24. Saikia, P. and Khan, M.L., 2013. Population structure and regeneration status of Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. in home gardens of Upper Assam, northeast India. Tropical Ecology, 54:1-13. Saxena, A.K. and Singh, J.S., 1984. Tree population structure of certain Himalyan forest association and implications concerning their future compostion. Vegetation, 58:61-69. Sharma, C.M., Mishra, A.K., Prakash, O., Dimri, S. and Baluni, P., 2014. Assessment of forest structure and woody plant regeneration on ridge tops at upper Bhagirathi Basin in Garhwal Himalaya. Tropical Plant Research, 1:62-71. Simon, S. and Girma, B., 2004. Composition, Structure and regeneration status of woody species in Dindin Natural Forest, Southeast Ethiopia: An implication for conservation. Ethiopian Journal of Biological Science, 3:15-35. Singhal, R.M., 1996. Soil and Vegetation Studies in Forests. ICFRE Puplications, Debra Dun, 62-65. Tadesse, W. and Demel, T., 2001. The forest coffee ecosystems: Ongoing crises, problems and opportunities for coffee gene conservation and sustainable utilization. In: Imperative problems associated with forestry in Ethiopia, Workshop proceedings. Biological Society of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, 131-142. Tadesse, W., 2008. Floristic composition environmental factors characterizing coffee forests in southwest Ethiopia. Forest Ecology and Management, 255:2138-2150. Tamrat, B., 1994. Studies on remnant Afromontane forests on the central plateau of Shewa, Ethiopia. PhD. Thesis. Uppsala University, Sweden, 59 Tesfaye, G., Teketay, D. and Fetene, M., 2002. Regeneration of 14 Tree Species in Harenna Forest, Southeast Ethiopia. Flora, 197:461-474. Teshome, G., 2009. Floristic composition and structure of Gendo (Gura Tirigni) moist montane forest, East Wollega zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. MSc Thesis, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa. Tripathi, R.S. and Khan, M.L., 2007. Regeneration Dynamics of Natural Forests. A Review, Proceedings of the Indian. National Science Academy, 73:167-195. Yonas, Y., 2001. Status and prospects of Forest policy in Ethiopia. In: Imperative Problems Associated with Forestry in Ethiopia, pp. 9-30, (Biological Society of Ethiopia,ed.). Workshop Proceedings, Biological Society of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. Zegeye, H., Teketay, D. and Kelbessa, E., 2011. Diversity and Regeneration Status of Woody Species in Tara Gedamand Abebaye Forests, Northwestern Ethiopia. Journal of Forestry Research, 22:315- 328. Appendix Appendix 1: List of woody species collected from ades forest with their age categories. Scientific name Family Local name H Sdl Sap Mat Allophylus abyssinicus (Hochst.) Radlk. Sapindaceae Embis (Amh.) T 0 0 2 Apodytes dimidiate E. Mey. ex. Am Icacinaceae Ararsaa (Or) S 22 21 0 Asparagus africanus Lam. Asparagaceae Sariiti (Or.) S 2 0 0 Bersama abyssinica Fresen. Melianthaceae Waakkaa (Or) T 0 0 9 Brucea antidysenterica J.F. Mill. Simaroubaceae Qommongo (Or) T 2 1 0 Calpurnea aurea (Ait.) Benth. Fabaceae Ceekaa (Or.) S 74 71 0 Carissa spinarum L. Apocynaceae Agemssa (Or.) S 44 31 1 Combretum molle G.Don Combretaceae Maldhisaa (Or.) S 0 1 0 Crotalaria laburnifolia L. Fabaceae - S 0 1 0 Croton macrostachyus Del. Euphorbiaceae Bekenissa (Or.) T 17 3 8 Dombeya torrida (J.F.Gmel.) P.Bamps Sterculiaceae Daanisa(Or.) T 6 3 3 36 Scientific name Family Local name H Sdl Sap Mat Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich.) Warb. Flacourtiaceae Shimbirqoli (Or.) S 77 35 0 Dovyalis verrucosa (Hochst.) Warb. Flacourtiaceae Liqqimme (Or) T 0 0 1 Ekebergia capensis Sparrm. Meliaceae Sombo (Or.) T 21 19 2 Euphorbia ampliphylla Pax. Euphorbiaceae Adaamii (Or.) T 2 1 0 Euphorbia tirucalli L. Euphorbiaceae Caadaa (Or.) T 21 19 2 Ficus sur Forssk. Moraceae Harbuu (Or.) T 0 0 2 Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.F.Gmel. Rosaceae Hexoo (Or.) T 0 1 4 Halleria lucida L. Scrophularaceae - S 0 0 24 Indigofera rothii Baker Fabaceae Ooshee (Or.) S 0 2 0 Juniperus procera Hochst. ex. A. Rich. Cuppressaceae Getera (Or.) T 36 7 112 Lepidotruchilia volkensii (Gurke) Ler’y Meliaceae Miixoo (Or.) S 19 16 3 Maesa lanceolata Forssk Myrsinaceae Abbayyi (Or.) T 5 0 5 Maytenus sp. Celasteraceae Qaxamme (Or.) S 105 80 13 Maytenus undata (Thunb.) Blackelock Celasteraceae Wontofulasa (Or.) T 0 1 0 Millettia ferruginea (Hochst.) Bak. Fabaceae Birbirraa (Or.) T 2 0 Myrica salicifolia Hochst ex. A. Rich. Myricaceae Macheensoo (Or.) S 33 24 0 Myrsine africana L. Myrsinaceae Kechemo (Amh.) S 77 9 0 Nuxia congesta R. Br. ex Fresen. Loganiaceae Machalo(Or.) T 1 1 0 Olea europaea L. subsp. cuspidata (Wall. ex. G. Don.) Cif. Oleaceae Ejerssa (Or.) T 77 4 8 Oncoba spinosa Forssk Flacouriaceae Garabagush (Or.) T 3 0 13 Osyris quadripartita Decn. Santalaceae Watto (Or.) S 7 5 0 Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims Pittosporaceae dhamaye (Or.) T 6 1 1 Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb) R.B. ex. Mirb. Podocarpaceae Birbirssa (Or.) T 257 141 106 Prunus africana (Hook. f.) Kalkm. Rosaceae Muka gurach(Or.) T 123 13 2 Psydrax schimperiana (A.Rich) Bridson Rubiaceae Gallee (Or.) S 1 0 Pterolobium stellatum (Forssk.) Brenan Fabaceae Kuntir (Amh.) S 1 2 0 Rhamnus staddo A. Rich Rhamnaceae Sibiillo (Or.) T 2 1 0 Rhus glutinosa A. Rich. Anacardiaceae Tatessa (Or.) T 2 0 4 Rhus natelensis Meikle Anacardiaceae Nanfaree (Or.) S 0 0 1 Rosa abyssinica Lindley Rosaceae Qajima (Or.) S 0 1 0 Rubus steudneri Schweinf. Rosaceae S 7 6 0 Schefflera abyssinica (A.Rich.) Harms Araliaceae Habaratuu (Or.) T 0 0 1 Scolopia theifolia Gilg. Flacourtiaceae Qillisaa (Or.) T 193 110 44 Teclea nobilis Del. Rutaceae Hadheessa (Or.) S 1 0 2 Vangueria madagascariensis Gmel. Rubiaceae Ababunee (Or.) S 360 164 0 Vernonia amygdalina Asteraceae - S 5 0 3 Vernonia urticifolia A. Rich. Asteraceae Reji Or.) S 3 3 0 Total 29 family 48 spps 1614 798 376 H=habit, T=Tree, S=Shrub, Sdl=Seedlings, Sap=Saplings, Mat=Matured.