Untitled-1 UDC: 005.5 (540) JEL: L26; B54 ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH PAPER Factors for Motivating Women in Small Business and Micro Enterprises S. Jagadees Pandi*, Government Arts College, Department of Economics, Tamilnadu, India A B S T R A C T The present study is an empirical in nature and examines the major motivational factor for business. The study has been conducted in Coimbatore District, India. The women entrepreneurs, who belong to Self Help Groups (SHG) are the sample respondents. A total of 450 sample respondents have been randomly selected and the analysis have been carried out across the field of activities of women entrepreneurs in small business and micro enterprises viz, Among the Ten motivational factors for choice, three emerged as high as than others. Some women deliberately have started the business as a means of supplementing income, whilst others eagerly anticipate for individual self achievement obtained from self employment. The women in small business and micro enterprises have become a entrepreneurs in the study have an average age of 40-60 as they are either settled as housewives or employees of business organisations. On the one hand their primary goal is to get monetary reward and on the other, they receive personal gratification as they are self-employed. KEY WORDS: women entrepreneurs, small business, micro enterprises * Assistant Professor, Karur -639 005, Tamilnadu, India, e-mail: drsjpandi@gmail.com Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education (2011, No. 3-4, 1-16) 2 Reliability and Factors for Motivating Women in Small Business and Micro Enterprises Everywhere in the world, entrepreneurship is seen as one of the most important solutions to unemployment, poverty and low economic growth. The creation of new ventures and growth of existing businesses are vital contributing factors to any economy (Botha et. al 2006). The emergence of women on the economic scene as entrepreneur is a significant change in the process of women empowerment and securing them a high place in the society as well. This will result in uplifting the social and economic status of women in the society. Micro enterprises play a dominant role in developing country like India. Potentially it offers unlimited opportunities to produce goods and services, using local resources and generating employment opportunities (Chitsike, 2000). In addition to their domestic responsibilities for family welfare, childcare, care of the elderly, food preparation and other family task, an increasing number of women generating income by way of establishing small business and micro enterprises. The rationale for supporting the development of women headed micro enterprises is two fold. First it contributes to poverty alleviation secondly it promotes economic and social empowerment (ILO 1998). Review of Related Studies Having briefly reviewed the concept of women entrepreneurship in perspectives an attempt have been made to examine the aspects related to women entrepreneurship in small business and micro enterprise field. Most of the studies dealt were based on the empirical analysis in different part of the world. The studies some of which referred tended to assess women general. Muhummad (2008), Verheul and Roy (2001), Lee and Rendell (2001), Grasmuk and Espinal (2000), Greg Hundley (2000) studies made an attempt for gender comparision and related challenges of women entrepreneurs. The significant findings of Muhammad study that almost two-third of respondents had close male relatives working in business at the time of start-up of business. Verheul and Roy study showed that female entrepreneurs have a smaller amount of start up capital than their male Pandi, J.S., Factors for Motivating Women, JWE (2011, No.3-4, 1-16) 3 counterpart, but they do not significantly differ with respect to the composition of financial capital. Grasmuk and Espinal study examined the income apparently matter at different gender households. When income does matter the impact of income kicks it as a much lower level for women than men. Hundley study compared the earnings from self-employment and revealed that female earnings from self employment and revealed that female earnings decreased with marriage, family size, while male earnings are positively associated with the same variables. Some studies attempted to reveal the issues and problems in small and micro enterprises. Francis et.al (2006) study found that source of finance is a problematic issue among the women in Northern Ireland. The result of the Heino (2006) study indicated that liquidity constraints hinder the creation of micro enterprises in Mexico. Similar result was found from the study of Hisrich (1984) that indicated the biggest problem during start up was lack of finance, training, lack of education and experience in management. The studies of Shellon (2006) and Loscoco and Joyce (1991) reviewed the work family conflict in managing the enterprise. Shellon observed that work family management strategies are a significant determinant of venture growth of women owned business. On the contrary Loscooco study made an observation that domestic responsibilities are Data and Method From the above related studies there are divergent views and approaches on the study concept. The present study is an empirical in nature and examines the major motivational factor for women in small business and micro enterprises. The study has been conducted in Coimbatore District, India. The women entrepreneurs, who belong to Self Help Groups (SHG) are the sample respondents. A total of 450 sample respondents have been randomly selected and the analysis have been carried out across the field of activities of women entrepreneurs in small business and micro enterprises viz, Trade: which includes sale of Handicrafts, Textile and Fabric Shops, Readymade Home Appliances, Sale of Leather Products etc., Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education (2011, No. 3-4, 1-16) 4 Manufacturing: includes Coir making, Candle making, Bakery Products, Handicrafts, Herbal and Palm Products etc and Service. Catering, Beauty Parlors, Tailoring etc. Concept of the Study SHG is a small economically homogenous affinity groups of the rural poor, consists of 10 to 20 women members of the same socio economic background residing in same area to work together for their own upliftment, voluntarily coming together to save small amount regularly. organization of small manageable groups, group cohesiveness, sprit of thrift, demand based lending, collateral free women friendly loan, skill training, capacity building and regular saving. It concerned with the enlistment of the women in the society through social and economic aspects. It occupies the major part of the rural development of the nation, which constituted almost all parts of the country. The concept was successfully implemented and achieved in Bangladesh. Later it has been introduced in India. The southern state, Tamilnadu become a large size of SHG constituted state in the country. The SHGs involvement in self- employment activities contributes to individual entrepreneurship and group entrepreneurship at the gross roots level offers an opportunity for acquiring managerial skills and enhancing the income of the women rural poor. The individual or group entrepreneurship through SHG is considered to be an investment in the process of socio-economic development Results and Discussions The demographic factors such as age, educational qualifications, and marital status are repeatedly reported to strongly influence self employment of women. The age of the respondents (Table 1) highlight that nearly fifty percent of the respondents are in the age between 31 and 40. A vast majority (67%) belong to the backward class community. It has been found that 92 percent of the respondents are living with common law. No unmarried women have been found in the study. With respect of No.of four to six members. Pandi, J.S., Factors for Motivating Women, JWE (2011, No.3-4, 1-16) 5 Lowest level of educational status found among the respondents. Nearly three fifth of respondents have completed only primary school level, whereas only 1.3 percent of respondents obtained degree/diploma. A vast majority of respondents have completed high school education (58 percent). A simple majority of the respondents belong to labour in farm/non- farm family background, next to it, agricultural background. Past work were employees of an organization followed by housewives. ns of business are their own house (Table 2). Nearly fifty percent are doing the business individually without the support of anybody else. It has been found that employment opportunity in these ventures is found to be minimal which reveals that it is not rigorous to create employment opportunity and only helps in generating income of the concerned family members. Since the micro enterprises have relatively higher proportion of unskilled workers, creation of such unskilled jobs certainly has got a direct impact on the alleviation of poverty. However, owing to their minimum level of investment, normally they do not require of more hiring labourers, as it is assisted mainly by and confirmed to family members. In the aspect of start-up capital, majority of the respondents have started the business with their own saving along with the financial support of concerned SHGs. Motivational factors are considered to be very important in all theoretical models of entrepreneurial performance. It is necessary to identify what drives a woman to initiate, organize and manage the responsibilities for a business, which is challenging itself. Economic aspirations are crucial for entrepreneurs especially to small business enterprises and it is essential that one should understand the underlying motives for starting a business. There are ten motivational factors opted for choice (Table 3). The respondents were asked to choose the main motivational factor and the reason to choose this particular business. The objective of this assessment is to finding out the most important factor for motivation. Among the ten motivational factors three emerged as high as others. They are making money and profit (31.3 percent), not want to work under other (30.7 percent) and self achievement (25.1 percent). The least important motivational factors are threat of losing the job (1.1 percent), Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education (2011, No. 3-4, 1-16) 6 family circumstance (0.4 percent), giving employment to others (0.4 percent), and owning a business of own (0.4 percent). Table 1: Percentage distribution of respondents by the demographic background across their character of work Trade Manufacturing Service Total % No % No % No % No Age of Respondents >30 31 to 40 41 to 50 Above 50 1.3 46.2 43.6 9.0 3 108 102 21 3.2 52.4 37.3 7.1 4 66 47 9 2.2 51.1 37.8 8.9 2 46 34 8 2.0 48.9 40.7 8.4 9 220 183 38 Community Backward class Most backward class SC/ST Others 62.0 7.7 25.6 4.7 145 18 60 11 4.8 69.0 3.2 23.0 87 4 29 6 76.7 2.2 18.9 2.2 69 2 17.7 2 66.9 5.3 23.6 4.2 301 24 106 19 Marital Status Married Divorce separated Widow 93.16 5.55 1.28 218 13 3 95.22 4.76 0 120 6 0 95.55 2.22 2.22 86 2 2 94.22 4.67 1.11 414 21 05 No.of Family Members Upto three Four to six Above six 12.4 83.8 3.8 29 196 9 7.9 88.9 3.2 10 112 4 5.6 90.0 4.4 5 81 4 9.8 86.4 3.8 44 389 17 Educational Status Uneducated Primary School level High school level Higher secondary Degree/Diploma 16.23 50.86 23.93 6.83 2.13 38 119 56 16 5 7.14 60.31 29.36 2.38 7.93 9 76 37 3 1 5.56 70.00 23.33 1.11 -- 5 63 21 1 0 11.6 57.3 25.3 4.4 1.3 52 258 114 20 6 Occupation Before Entrepreneurship House wife Student Employee/ labour in farm Family Business Social worker 51.7 2.1 40.2 6.0 0 121 5 94 14 0 42.9 0 55.6 0.8 0.8 54 0 70 1 1 38.9 0 58.9 0 2.2 35 0 53 0 2 46.7 1.1 48.2 3.3 0.7 210 5 217 15 3 Total 100 234 100 126 100 90 100 450 Pandi, J.S., Factors for Motivating Women, JWE (2011, No.3-4, 1-16) 7 It could be concluded that there are different motivations for starting the business as per in this study. Some women deliberately have started the business as a means of supplementing income, whilst others eagerly anticipate for individual self achievement obtained from self employment. Table 2: Percentage distribution of respondents by the business background across their character of work Trade Manufacturing Service Total % No % No % No % No Ownership of Business < One year Two to three year Three to five year > Five year 3.4 23.9 25.2 47.4 8 56 59 111 0 35.7 38.1 26.2 0 45 48 33 0 32.2 45.6 22.2 0 29 41 20 1.8 28.9 32.9 36.4 8 130 148 164 Location of Business Own house Stall at the market Shop specifically allotted for- business Land specifically allotted for -business Other places 58.1 17.9 18.4 1.3 4.3 136 42 43 3 10 60.3 26.2 11.1 1.6 0.8 76 33 14 2 1 57.8 28.9 11.1 2.2 0 52 26 10 2 0 58.7 22.4 14.9 1.6 2.4 264 101 67 7 11 Size of employment Only myself One to three employees >3 employees Assisted by family - members/Relatives 50.4 5.1 3.4 41.0 118 12 8 96 49.2 3.2 2.4 45.2 62 04 03 57 50.0 2.2 1.1 46.7 45 2 1 42 50.0 4.0 2.7 43.3 225 18 12 195 Source of Start-up capital Saving by the respondents and -support of family Finance by SHG only Both saving and SHG finance Borrowing from bank & SHG plus own amount SHG and other Non financial Institutions 29.5 17.9 50.4 1.7 0.4 69 42 118 4 1 11.9 17.5 70.6 0 0 15 22 89 0 0 12.2 15.6 72.2 0 0 11 14 65 0 0 21.1 17.3 60.4 0.9 0.2 95 78 272 4 1 Total 100 234 100 126 100 90 100 450 Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education (2011, No. 3-4, 1-16) 8 Table 3: Percentage distribution of respondents according to the motivation for business Trade Manufacturing Service Total % No % No % No % No .Idea given for start the business Advice from family Inherited property Success stories of others Others 76.9 8.1 0.4 13.2 1.3 180 19 1 31 3 88.1 6.3 0 3.2 2.4 111 8 0 4 3 86.7 8.9 0 2.2 2.2 78 8 0 2 2 82.0 7.8 0.2 8.2 1.8 369 35 1 37 8 Major motivational factor Making money/profit Did not want to work under Want control and freedom To make own decisions Better social status Self achievement Threat of losing job Family circumstance Giving employment others Own a business of own 39.3 2.1 20.9 3.8 2.1 27.8 2.1 0 0.9 0.9 92 5 49 9 5 65 5 0 2 2 23.0 1.6 38.9 7.1 4.8 23.0 0 1.6 0 0 29 2 49 9 6 29 0 2 0 0 22.2 2.2 44.4 5.6 4.4 21.1 0 0 0 0 20 2 40 5 4 19 0 0 0 0 31.3 2.0 30.7 5.1 3.3 25.1 1.1 0.4 0.4 0.4 141 9 138 23 15 113 5 2 2 2 Total 100 234 100 126 100 90 100 450 Reliability & Factor Analysis for Motivation of Business Reliability Analysis The reliability of scales, which is used in this study, was calculated by Cronbach's coefficient alpha. normally ranges between 0 and 1. However, there is actually no lower limit ient is to 1.0 the greater the internal consistency of the items in the scale. The coefficient estimates of internal consistency reliability. The formula is as follows: K is the number of items in the scale. rk kr )1(1 Pandi, J.S., Factors for Motivating Women, JWE (2011, No.3-4, 1-16) 9 R is the average correlation pairs of items. As the number of items in the scale (k) increase, the value of alpha becomes larger. If the inter-correlation between items is large, the corresponding alpha will also be larger. Table 4: Reliability of scales and item-construct loadings- factors related to motivation for small business S.No Items Mean STD Scale mean if item deleted Cronbach's Alpha if item deleted 1 Making money /profit 4.0022 .65562 39.5222 .692 2 Did not want to work under other 3.9378 .75841 39.5867 .698 3 Want control and freedom 4.0000 .65051 39.5244 .683 4 To make my own decisions 3.9844 .65203 39.5400 .653 5 Better social status 3.9978 .64879 39.5267 .651 6 Self achievement 3.9867 .65719 39.5378 .691 7 Threat of loosing job 3.9933 .65218 39.5311 .570 8 Family circumstances 3.9533 .75512 39.5711 .573 9 Giving employment others 3.9333 .73111 39.5911 .600 10 To won a business of my own 3.8622 .85138 39.6622 .550 11 Any other reasons 3.8733 .88765 39.6511 .550 MEAN 43.52 VARIANCE 14.783 STD. DEVIATION 3.766 CRONBACH'S ALPHA 0.7 NO OF ITEMS 11 As shown in Table 4 coefficient alpha values ranged from .550 to .698 for all the constructs. All constructs obtained an acceptable level of a coefficient alpha above .70, indicating that the scales used in this study were reliable. While increasing the value of alpha is partially dependent upon the number of items in the scale, it should be noted that this has diminishing returns. It should also be noted that an alpha of 0.7 is probably a reasonable goal. It should also be noted that while a high value for Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education (2011, No. 3-4, 1-16) 10 scale, it does not mean that the scale is unidimensional. Factor analysis is a method to determine the dimensionality of the above scale. Factor Analysis Factor Analysis is a set of technique, by which analyzing the correlations between variables and reduces their numbers into fewer factors, which explain much of the original data more economically. Even though a subjective interpretation can result from a factor analysis output, the procedure often provides an insight into relevant psychographic variables, and results in economic use of data collection efforts. The subjective element of factor analysis is reduced by splitting the sample randomly into two and extracting factors separately from both parts. If similar factors result, the analysis is assumed as reliable or stable (Nargundkar Rajendra, 2003) A. Methods of conducting Factor Analysis There are two stages in factor analysis. Stage 1 Factor Extraction process,- this process is primarily used to determine how many factors will be extracted from data. Stage 2 Rotation of Principal Components.-This is actually optional, but highly recommended. In this study, the rotation of principal component is used. After extracting the factors, the next task is to interpret and title the relevant factors. This is done by the process of identifying which factors are associated with which original variables. The factor matrix is used for this purpose. The rotated factor matrix comes about in stage 2, these rotated factor matrices is used to anlayse and interpret the factors. The factor matrix gives us the loading of each variable on each of the having values between 0 and 1. Values close to 1 represent high loadings and those close to 0, denotes low loadings. The normal procedure is to identify the high loading factors and provide a suitable title. C. Steps involved in conducting Factor Analysis The steps involved in conducting factor analysis are as follows, Pandi, J.S., Factors for Motivating Women, JWE (2011, No.3-4, 1-16) 11 The first step is to formulate the factor analysis problem and identify the variables to be factor analyzed The next step is to develop a correlation matrix of the variables and the method of factor analysis is selected. The next step involves the researcher's decision on extraction of number of factors and the method of rotation. Next, the rotated factors should be interpreted Depending on the objective, the factor scores may be calculated, or surrogate variables selected to represent the factors in subsequent multivariate analysis D. Statistical Tests Associated with Factor Analysis Formal statistics are available for testing the appropriateness of the factor model. 1. Bartlett's test of sphericity: Bartlett's test of sphericity is used to test the null hypothesis that the variables are uncorrelated in the population. The test for sphericity is based on a chi- square transformation of the determinant of the correlation matrix. A large value of the test statistic favours the rejection of the null hypothesis. 2. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy: This index compares the magnitude of the observed correlation coefficients to the magnitude of the partial correlation coefficients. Small values indicate that the correlations between pairs of variables cannot be explained by other variables and that factor analysis will not be appropriate. 3. Eigen value: Represents the total variance explained by each factor. 4. Factor loading: Simple correlation between the variables and the factors. 5. Factor matrix: Contains the factor loadings of all the variables and the factors. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy (KMO) & relationship among the variables has been significant or not. Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education (2011, No. 3-4, 1-16) 12 Table 5: KMO and Bartletts Test Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy - 0.805 Bart sphericity Approx Chi-Square 2213.407 Df 55 Sig. .000 Table 5 represents the values of approximate chi- test of Sphericity with 55 degree of freedom, which is found to be 2213.407 Since this value is significant at the 0.00, so reject the null hypothesis that the population correlation matrix is an identity matrix. This means that there exist correlations among the variables X1, X2 7. The value of KMO is found to be 0.805 which is more than 0.5. So, factor analysis is an appropriate technique to analyze the data. Table 6: Loading of Factors Influenced on Motivation for Small Business Entrepreneurs No. Variables Factor I Factor II Factor III Factor IV X1 Making money /profit .906 .015 -.045 -.020 X6 Self achievement .898 -.114 .025 -.045 X9 Giving employment others .885 -.067 -.006 .107 X8 Family circumstances .856 -.189 -.015 -.013 X7 Threat of losing My job .823 .022 .172 -.017 X2 Did not want to work under other -.077 .904 -.006 -.060 X10 To won a business of my own -.130 .879 -.055 -.020 X3 Want control and freedom -.091 -.248 .758 -.065 X4 To make my own decisions .120 .144 .711 .156 X11 Any other reasons -.112 -.131 -.112 .856 X5 Better social status .126 .065 .361 .631 Eigan values 3.987 1.711 1.362 1.019 Variance (in %) 36.250 15.552 12.383 9.261 Cumulative Eigan values (in ) 36.250 51.802 64.185 73.445 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. It can be seen from table 6 shows the factors loadings to major obstacles in running the business. It indicates the Rotated Component Pandi, J.S., Factors for Motivating Women, JWE (2011, No.3-4, 1-16) 13 Matrix wherein rotation converged in iterations. Using the Rotated Component Matrix which is a better matrix for interpreting factors, the factors are interpreted as explained below; Factor 1, the variables like Making money /profit, Self achievement, Giving employment others, Family circumstances and Threat of losing My job have high loading on factor 1 due to high correlation values of 0.906 , 0.898, 0.885, 0.856and 0.823. On Factor 2, the variables like have high loading on factor 2 due to high correlation values of 0.904 and 0.879. On Factor 3 Want control and freedo To make have high loading on factor 3 due to high correlation values of 0.758 and 0.711, and Factor 4, the variables like any other reasons and Better social status have high loading on factor 3 due to high correlation values of .856 and 0.631. Factor Extraction Process, it was performed by Principal Component Analysis to identify the number of factors to be extracted from the data and by specifying the most commonly used Varimax rotation method. In the principal component analysis, total variance in the data is considered. Table 7: Communalities of factors S.No. Variables Initial Extraction (C2) X1 Making money /profit 1.000 0.823 X2 Did not want to work under other 1.000 0.827 X3 Want control and freedom 1.000 0.649 X4 To make my own decisions 1.000 0.565 X5 Better social status 1.000 0.549 X6 Self achievement 1.000 0.822 X7 Threat of losing job 1.000 0.708 X8 Family circumstances 1.000 0.769 X9 Giving employment others 1.000 0.799 X10 To won a business of my own 1.000 0.793 X11 Any other reasons 1.000 0.775 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. The above table shows the proportion of the variance is explained by the six factors in each variable. The proportion of variance is explained by the common factors called communalities of the variance. Principal Component Analysis works on initial assumption that all the variance is Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education (2011, No. 3-4, 1-16) 14 common. Therefore, before extraction the communalities are all 1.000. Then the most common approach for determining the number of factors to 1 to X11 is 1.0 as unities were inserted in the diagonals of the correlation matrix. The c2 represent the communalities column. This is the amount of variance a variable shares with all other variables being considered with all the variables to the extent of more than seventy percent. The importance of a given variable can exactly be expressed in terms of the variations in the variable than can be accounted for by the factor. It is concluded that based - important success factors for motivation of small business and micro enterprises by poor and marginalized section of women since these factors are significantly emerged as high than other variables. Conclusion for the economic and educational upliftment of the family. Formation and participation of women in Self-Help Groups help them to develop of entrepreneurship qualities, increase their employment opportunities and the horizon of their knowledge. On the whole, the women in small business concern of women empowerment. Many women entrepreneurs in the study have an average age of 40-60 as they are either settled as housewives or employees of business organisations. On the one hand their primary goal is to get monetary reward and on the other, they receive personal gratification as they are self employed. Although their educational backgrounds per se have not shown any positive effect in their business, in the long run it will be managed as they learn the skill through their practical knowledge of business. It is hoped that with more aid of funds, training and skill development from government and other stakeholders, these women can be groome economic growth and social upliftment. Pandi, J.S., Factors for Motivating Women, JWE (2011, No.3-4, 1-16) 15 References [1] Botha. The International Indigenous Journal of Entrepreneurship, Vol 2, No1, October. [2] Gender and Development, Vol 8, No 1, Pp 71-77. [3] Francis M.Hill, Claire M.Leitch & Ric Seeking Finance? The Demand for Finance by Women Owned and Led Venture Capital, Vol, 8, No 2, April. pp 159-182. [4] -employment: The Effects of Marriage, Industrial and Labour Relation Review, Vol 54, No 1, October. [5] Gundry L.K.(2001) "The Ambitious Entrepreneurs: High Growth Strategies of Women Owned Enterprises", Journal of Business Venturing, Vol 16, No 4, September Pp 453-470. [6] Autonomy? Income, Ideology, and Empowerment among Micro entrepreneurs Gender and Society, Vol. 14, No. 2, Pp. 231-255 [7] Heikki Haino (2006 up Capital and Micro Enterprise Portuguese Economic Journal., Vol 5, No 1, Pp1-30. [8] -up Capital - Small Business Economics, Vol 16, pp329-35. [9] International Labour Organisation (1998), Gender Issues in Micro-Enterprise Development: A Briefing Note, The International Small Enterprise Programme (ISEP), June. [10] Loscocco K.A, Robinson A. J, Richard H. Hell and John. K. Allen (1991) Social Force, Vol 70, No 1, September, Pp 65-85. [11] -Family Conflict and Venture Performance: New Insights into the Work- Journal of Small Business Management, Vol 44, No 2, Pp285-297. [12] -Employment Disadvantage in the Population Research and Policy Review, Vol 20, Pp291-320. [13] M The Journal of Entrepreneurship, Vol 17, No 1, pp 59-72 [14] - McGraw Hill, New Delhi, Pp.312 - 313. Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education (2011, No. 3-4, 1-16) 16 [15] Journal of Small Business Management, Vol 22, No 1, Pp 30-37 A P S T R A K T Ova studija je po svojoj empirijska, koja se bavi njem osnovnih motivacionih faktora za pokretanje biznisa. Studija je sprovedena na Koimbatore u Indiji.. preduzetnice, koje pripadaju grupama za s 450 preduzetnica, i sprovedena je analiza prema oblastima njihovih aktivnosti u malim i mikro pokretanje biznisa, tri su se izdvojila . Jedan broj a su ciljano biznis kao za dopunu prihoda, dok su ostale bile motivisane za vlastitim napredovanjem preduzetnice u malim i srednjim , preduzetnica u studiji kompanijama ili su satisfakcija, a sa druge strane postizanje g zadovoljstva preko : Article history: Received: 28 June 2011 Accepted: 25 August 2011 << /ASCII85EncodePages true /AllowTransparency false /AutoPositionEPSFiles true /AutoRotatePages /None /Binding /Left /CalGrayProfile (Gray Gamma 1.8) /CalRGBProfile (Apple RGB) /CalCMYKProfile (Photoshop 4 Default CMYK) /sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CannotEmbedFontPolicy /Error /CompatibilityLevel 1.3 /CompressObjects /Off /CompressPages true /ConvertImagesToIndexed true /PassThroughJPEGImages true /CreateJDFFile false /CreateJobTicket false /DefaultRenderingIntent /Default /DetectBlends true /DetectCurves 0.0000 /ColorConversionStrategy /LeaveColorUnchanged /DoThumbnails false /EmbedAllFonts true /EmbedOpenType false /ParseICCProfilesInComments true /EmbedJobOptions true /DSCReportingLevel 0 /EmitDSCWarnings false /EndPage -1 /ImageMemory 524288 /LockDistillerParams false /MaxSubsetPct 100 /Optimize false /OPM 1 /ParseDSCComments true /ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true /PreserveCopyPage true /PreserveDICMYKValues true /PreserveEPSInfo true /PreserveFlatness true /PreserveHalftoneInfo false /PreserveOPIComments false /PreserveOverprintSettings true /StartPage 1 /SubsetFonts true /TransferFunctionInfo /Preserve /UCRandBGInfo /Preserve /UsePrologue false /ColorSettingsFile () /AlwaysEmbed [ true ] /NeverEmbed [ true /Courier /Courier-Bold /Courier-BoldOblique /Courier-Oblique /Helvetica /Helvetica-Bold /Helvetica-BoldOblique /Helvetica-Oblique /Symbol /Times-Bold /Times-BoldItalic /Times-Italic /Times-Roman /ZapfDingbats ] /AntiAliasColorImages false /CropColorImages true /ColorImageMinResolution 150 /ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleColorImages true /ColorImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /ColorImageResolution 300 /ColorImageDepth -1 /ColorImageMinDownsampleDepth 1 /ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeColorImages true /ColorImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterColorImages true /ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /ColorACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /ColorImageDict << /QFactor 0.76 /HSamples [2 1 1 2] /VSamples [2 1 1 2] >> /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 15 >> /JPEG2000ColorImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 15 >> /AntiAliasGrayImages false /CropGrayImages true /GrayImageMinResolution 150 /GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true /GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300 /GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 /GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages true /GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /GrayImageDict << /QFactor 0.76 /HSamples [2 1 1 2] /VSamples [2 1 1 2] >> /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 15 >> /JPEG2000GrayImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 15 >> /AntiAliasMonoImages false /CropMonoImages true /MonoImageMinResolution 1200 /MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true /MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200 /MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode /MonoImageDict << /K -1 >> /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None ] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false /PDFXNoTrimBoxError true /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true /PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfile () /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () /PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName () /PDFXTrapped /False /Description << /ENU () >> >> setdistillerparams << /HWResolution [2400 2400] /PageSize [2069.185 1927.460] >> setpagedevice