The Challenges of Student …… (William Vincent Setiawan, et al.) 61
THE CHALLENGES OF STUDENT IN INDONESIA AFTER COLLEGE
GRADUATES WITH CAREER CHOICE START: EVIDENCE FROM
TEN PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES IN JAKARTA
William Vincent Setiawan1; Andi Marlin Fattah2; Angga Puspitaningrum3
1,2,3Accounting Department, BINUS Graduate Program - Master of Accounting, Bina Nusantara University
Jl. Kebon Jeruk Raya No. 27, Kebon Jeruk, Jakarta 11530, Indonesia
1william.setiawan@binus.edu; 2marlin.fattah@gmail.com; 3anggapuspita16@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
This research examined the problem of graduates’ and students’ who began entering the workforce in
which they have creative potential during college and could be combined university studies with activities in the
world of work. A qualitative approach was used in terms of testing how students get a job in the labor market.
Data analysis method used semi-structured interviews to 50 graduates in 10 private universities in Jakarta. This
research focused on gender aspects that challenge graduates. This research finds that student while working is
more dominant among women than men, where many companies in Indonesia are more looking for female
workers. The labor market must be balanced with the number of graduates in Indonesia so that human resources
can be used to the fullest; there is no unemployment and improve poverty rates in the country. Most male and
female graduates have worked after graduating and getting jobs according to their field of expertise. There are
students who pursue their master’s programs to support their careers and as employees in Indonesian companies.
Keywords: student job challenge, graduated students, career choice
INTRODUCTION
In the millennial world, products and labor markets are growing rapidly. Only a few businesses
or people can keep up with today's world competition. The young people have creative ideas that lead
to a competitive advantage for themselves and their impact on the company or society. There are young
people who continue their business from their parents or who are looking for work in companies that
need talent that is obtained when studying at a university. There are some students who face challenges
in the form of jobs that do not match their educational background, gender, or age. Many considerations
from the company are obtained from the objective and subjective side. The best college graduates do
not necessarily guarantee that graduates will find jobs easily, on the other hand, where the recruitment
system from the company sees other aspects of the psychological test, the results of selection with other
users and evaluations.
The requirements that are quite strict by the company are made so as not to spend time and
money to bring a young specialist directly into the company that does not know yet the flow of activities
that he/she must do. Today’s companies are more stringent in finding or hiring employees who are
suitable in their fields because managers do not want to hire employees only with high GPA values, but
talents possessed outside of academics. In addition, the career of millennial graduates in this modern era
is more hopeful of opening their own business than working in a company. Most graduates only expect
high salaries compared to the ability to deal with problems that occur directly in the labor market and
challenges that students and graduates cannot solve. Universities must be able to improve the ability and
competitiveness of each student so that they have stock in the workforce and the technological targets
achieved when entering the labor market. It is suggested that effective human resources can be seen
mailto:william.setiawan@binus.edu
mailto:marlin.fattah@gmail.com
mailto:anggapuspita16@gmail.com
62 Journal The WINNERS, Vol. 20 No. 2, September 2019: 61-70
where students and graduates have a steady professional career in their field and can face battles with
increasingly talented talents and also provide significant added value for students and graduates.
One of the problems faced the by newly Indonesian graduate students is sometimes they are
lazy looking for work because they just graduated from school. They still want to relax and enjoy their
free time. Students fill their time with some activities they like, which they have not had time to pursue
while studying, such as traveling to other countries, meeting new people, and taking a language course
they like. Interaction and meeting new people will help students get to know the outside culture and can
foster an appreciative and tolerant attitude within themselves. The gap in this research is that new
Indonesian postgraduate students need to improve their abilities and learn new things in higher education
so they can compete in the labor market. The purpose of this research is to see how many Indonesian
students have been accepted to work in the company after graduating from college, and how the views
of students start their professional careers with their competitive advantages. According to some results
of the research, the researchers try to conclude on the methods used by graduates in finding jobs in fields
that they have taken in college because they have some relevance in the midst of labor market complexity
(Vinogradova et al.). In addition to continental Europe, company management often refuses to hire new
graduates because it is considered an obstacle in the information. They had an unpleasant experience in
the past when management hired newly graduated people to work with them, as well as having a source
of disbelief in their business human power of new graduates (Hart & Barratt, 2009). However, on the
positive side, it can be seen that in Indonesia startup companies prefer employing new students and
graduates in their companies because they have more creative ideas and are more open-minded in
everything, are fast adapted and flexible in doing work. According to research at the Higher Education
Statistics Agency, in recent years, almost 70% of graduates have found employment less than six months
after graduation (HESA, 2015).
In addition, graduates and students’ studies and universities will have an impact on their future
professions, and that choice will affect in getting jobs in the labor market according to their chosen field
of study. For example companies in Moscow, Samara, St. Petersburg sees that almost half of the
graduates (52%) do not work in accordance with their majors on the grounds that the wages generated
are quite low (29%), then from weak demand for the field of graduate experts (15%), small for the
attractiveness of the specialist alone (4%) (Samsonova, 2015). Today’s economy in Indonesia is
increasingly difficult to employ graduates in the labor market. Management wants new young graduates
to be employed to be able to make logical decisions, contribute initiatives, and innovative ideas that can
be applied in their company. Men and women may have different values and expectations in the career
planning stage of their lives, given gender-specific roles. Gender disparities have been observed in
primary choices in tertiary institutions and employment choices (Perna, 2004; Zhang, 2008). First,
women make an educational decision and work based on cost-effective calculations that are aimed at
their goals (Diekman et al., 2010; Rhoton, 2011; Xu, 2015). Second, women’s education and career
decision making are strongly influenced by social and structural factors (Rhoton, 2011; Rosser & Taylor,
2009). On this side, it can be seen that educational attainment seems to have a stronger influence on
female graduates related to job search regardless of social factors when compared to male graduates.
There are students that at the beginning of entering college follow their friends in taking the field of
interest or those who only follow the choices that are in great demand or areas that are much in demand
in the labor market.
The students who do not choose jobs according to their talents or areas they will be seen when
they start their careers in the future. They will get difficulty in the labor market due to a lack of relevant
experience and nonexistent talent, they only graduate from private universities. Many graduates` works,
they are not in accordance with their educational background so that the efficiency of new graduates is
hampered by the development of talent. The university must be a systematic link in this process,
equipping students with talents that can be used in the labor market. Universities are forced not only to
be strong in leadership in the existing research, academic, and educational sectors but they must be
equipped with integrated infrastructure and technology to enable an increase in the percentage of
The Challenges of Student …… (William Vincent Setiawan, et al.) 63
students employed in their main fields (Bakhtina et al., 2015; Vinogradova et al., 2014). Professional
training in Indonesia needs to be improved in view of the increase in student graduates employed.
Students and graduates must be able to understand the basics of time management. Managers, in terms
of responding to young human resources in the company, have experienced improvements, both
experienced specialists and young people who have just entered the labor market. They are expected to
have talent or creativity in terms of starting new projects and producing innovative ideas. Students and
graduates to be able to work as part of a team, able to communicate efficiently both in the team and
fellow colleagues, are highly valued.
Good communication has been considered as a verbal interaction of people in terms of
coordinating work in their company (Kurbakova, 2013). Graduates tend to display their original talents
or thoughts while still in college. Every field of professional activity in modern-day of college graduates
has special features, where a number of regular patterns are encountered by young specialists when they
aim to realize their creative potential as efficiently as possible (Shcherbakova, 2014). Management from
various levels and companies look at the problem and find a solution differently. In this case, the
development of a multi-variant model is needed for students and graduate work based on the data
obtained. To make it happen, a series of experiments are carried out; the data obtained are analyzed
according to current trends and modifications based on the research found. In the future, students and
college graduates can use to develop innovative and creative talents and models.
METHODS
In looking at the nature of the problem the company employs college students and graduates,
the descriptive method is applied. The analysis of the study group and the gender of their members in
terms of hiring employees during the period is conducted. Descriptive methods are needed to obtain
comprehensive information about a phenomenon or event (Saunders & Thornhill, 2016). Methods of
surveying, observation, interviews, and questionnaires are sociological methods used to identify
attitudes of social phenomena related to work, careers, and changes in their status. The empirical base
of this research is about students’ work in their early careers after graduating from college that is
consisting of 50 graduates in 10 private universities in Jakarta. The first group consists of 26 people
(2017 graduates) that are included 13 male and 13 female graduates. The second group consists of 24
people (2018 graduates) that are included 12 male and 12 female graduates.
The age of the informants is 22 to 24 years old. The participants are bachelor degree students,
and the students who are looking for work or have worked. Ten universities have involved in this
research, such as Tarumanagara University, Trisaksi University, Mercu Buana University, and seven
other private universities in Jakarta that graduate in 2017 and 2018. The researchers conduct the
interviews and assessments for each individual at different times of the month. The interview process
uses phone call and transcribed so that it can help the researchers make conclusions and research. During
the time of preparation and meeting the interviewer, it takes around one and a half months. In terms of
gender, the researchers focus on taking each female and male panelist equally in order to be able to
answer this research.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
From the results of interviews of each student and graduate is presented in Table 1. It has been
shown that for the first group, 40,50% of male graduates are still trying to find work, 22,65% have
worked in companies or continued parent business, and 36,85 % of male graduates work according to
the field of interest they like. For the first group of women, graduates have found that 85,77% of women
64 Journal The WINNERS, Vol. 20 No. 2, September 2019: 61-70
do not seek work again but have worked in the company, 67,92% of female students have worked, and
17,85% have worked according to the method taken during college (Table 2).
Table 1 Male Graduate in the First Group
Employment of the students Frequency Percentage
Plan Get a Job 6 40,50%
Worked 4 22,65%
Worked in Their Fields 3 36,85%
Sources: Data Processed (2019)
Table 2 Female Graduate in the First Group
Employment of the students Frequency Percentage
Plan Get a Job 2 14,23%
Worked 8 67,92%
Worked in Their Fields 3 17,85%
Sources: Data Processed (2019)
For the second group, the researchers ask more about why male graduates do not want to work,
and several graduates reveal that they work while studying at the master study program. From Table 3,
it shows 32,20% of male graduates are not involved in work, 37,47% graduates have worked, and
25,65% of male graduates work according to their interests and majors taken during lectures, and there
are 4,68% of male graduates work while studying master program on weekends or at night after
returning home. In Table 4, female graduates who are not involved in any work more than 5,70%, almost
all women interviewed (61,21% ) already have jobs, while 18,65% of female graduates work in their
fields, and there are women who are working and studying (14,44%) because they decide to pursue a
master’s program. From these tables, it shows that almost female graduates get jobs faster, and men
work more in accordance with their specialties or fields of interest. Men and women still work in areas
that are relevant to their studies, and some are pursuing master’s programs while working. Likewise,
Nadia Tio, a graduate of 2017, feels that work gives a better responsibility and makes her being more
disciplined.
Table 3 Male Graduate in the Second Group
Employment of the students Frequency Percentage
Not Involved in Work 3 32,20%
Worked 4 37,47%
Worked in Their Fields 3 25,65%
Worked and Studied 2 4,68%
Sources: Data Processed (2019)
Table 4 Female Graduate in the Second Group
Employment of the students Frequency Percentage
Not Involved in Work 1 5,70%
Worked 5 61,21%
Worked in Their Fields 3 18,65%
Worked and Studied 3 14,44%
Sources: Data Processed (2019)
The Challenges of Student …… (William Vincent Setiawan, et al.) 65
The results of the descriptive analysis can be seen in Table 5 and Table 6. This measurement is
obtained from the interview results of all male and female graduates from each university in Jakarta.
Table 5 Graduates’ Dynamics (Student Workforce) from the
First Group Interviewed based on the Survey Results
Job of graduates and students Man (%) Female (%)
Plan Get a Job 40,5 14,23
Worked 22,65 67,92
Worked in Their Fields 36,85 17,85
Sources: Data Processed (2019)
Table 6 Graduates’ Dynamics (Student Workforce) from the
Two Groups Interviewed Based on Survey Results
Job of graduates and students Man (%) Female (%)
Not Involved in Work 32,2 5,7
Worked 37,47 61,21
Worked in Their Fields 25,65 18,65
Worked and Studied 4,68 14,44
Sources: Data Processed (2019)
It is seen during the research that graduates and students have more intentions to work than just
staying at home without doing any activities, and it can be seen that the interest of female graduates to
work more significantly in Table 5. This is evidenced by the number of female students and graduates
in getting jobs who are more easy because employment requires more female workers than a man if it
is seen from the world of work in modern of Indonesia now on. It can be seen from Table 5 and Table
6 that male graduates are more likely to have difficulty in getting jobs, and most of the jobs offered are
sales. Female graduates are judged by company management as more qualified and have more
experience than male groups. With a level of experience or specialization, it makes women more quickly
accepted in the company they want. The response experienced by a man interviewed from Tarumanagara
University in Jakarta has stated that most of the offered work for men to be a salesman or admin to help
in archiving data. Male graduates, however, still try to get a job from the Job Expo or employment
websites such as JobStreet, JobsDB, and others. Female graduates usually start their professional careers
sometimes through acquaintances and friends who work in a certain company, or they find relevant
work in their fields of expertise while still in college.
At the research stage for the second group, it is seen that most male and female graduates find
jobs that are appropriate and relevant to the major in college (63% and 79%). This ensures students
before taking majors, it must be in accordance with career choices and interests that are preferred,
because if students have chosen the wrong direction at the university, in the future, they will find it
difficult to determine jobs that are suitable in their field of work. Increased employment and demand for
employment require workers to be more innovative and able to provide value or a positive impact on
the company, given that companies are more selective in finding employees in the labor market.
Before students graduate from college, they usually have started looking for jobs based on their
interest or desired career. There is awareness for job seekers that always want to find information or
knowledge obtained from other companies that are looking for employees. When graduates have
interests or things they are engaged in, they will mentally understand the advantages and disadvantages
of their careers before being involved. They will decide whether to accept or reject the career; in this
66 Journal The WINNERS, Vol. 20 No. 2, September 2019: 61-70
case, it involves the decision-making process of each new Indonesian graduate student. This clearly
shows that their career choices will influence the talent and knowledge possessed by college time and
preferred interests. The graduates who have an interest in skills careers will show better judgment. This
finding supports previous researches that have said the interest in influencing career choices in terms of
goals and self-confidence (Bonitz, Larson, & Armstrong, 2010) and lack of interest in careers would
lead to poor career preferences for that field (Soethout, Ten Cate, & van der Wal, 2008). These findings
indicate that the interests or fields favored by graduates influence them in terms of choosing to work in
the labor market.
Analysis of data related to male graduates who are unemployed is generally because they are
lazy, and indeed there is no intention to work. Unemployed people like to play games Mobile Legends,
PUBG, and take part in the current race. It should be noted that almost 67% of male graduates use their
time to relax at home by playing games rather than pursuing their careers or enrolling in their master’s
programs after graduating from college. Analysis for graduates and students in the first group in more
men who work in accordance with their specialization than women. It means that male respondents
prefer fields that are owned or desirable compared to only working according to the demands of
company management, that 36,85% of male graduates have worked according to their specialties and
started their professional careers (Table 5).
For the first group of their undergraduate years, graduates and students in 2017, 90% of them
have been employed with 54% of them choosing relevant jobs according to their majors. The facts prove
that the motivation of students to work after they graduate is quite high, where it is expected that the
number of jobs available to new graduates and students. Most students after graduation will certainly
immediately find work rather than unemployed at home. As for some graduates who apply to the
master’s program and continue their studies and work are 19,12%. This proves that graduates are willing
to build careers and develop themselves more diligently in order to be able to face global competition
in this modern era. Male graduates are more likely to be lazy to find work, so most only rely on their
talents or the specialization they pursue. Before graduating, female graduates have started applying at
several leading companies, thus providing greater opportunities for them to work quickly and have a
positive impact on them.
In addition, a comparative analysis makes tendency by graduates in both groups to identify a
local trend that female students/graduates can adapt more quickly, and get jobs easier in the labor market.
Women start their professional careers faster after becoming graduates at universities if it is compared
is to men. This pattern allows students and graduates to enter the job market with success by finding
work according to their field of expertise or at the request of company management. Graduates of
women who take lectures while working are fairly severe consequences where the time will be
consumed at the office. This is confirmed by the workers who work at the PWC, the 2017 graduate
students. He/she has said, “I don’t think I have time to read the material given by the lecturer before the
lecture begins.” Similarly, workers as tax accountants at HERO Supermarket, the graduates of 2017,
and this is his first job. He has assumed that reading can reduce the effective time of work, and he always
falls asleep while trying to read. With the commitment of him who prefers work, then reading related to
studies tends to be ignored. Undergraduate studies demand critical reflection (Egege & Kutlieleh 2004),
and if the period for this action is consumed by work, the value achieved is expected to be lower.
Careers in the second group appear to be more inclined towards women who work while
pursuing master’s program studies at the university, driven by several factors including the demands of
companies that want employees graduated from higher education, a global demand in a more
competitive world. As a result, 4,68% of male graduates work while studying, and 14,44% of female
graduates and the work of each of their graduates work according to their expertise, and educational
background was taken in the master’s program. When working while in college, they are better able to
adapt to the culture in the company and are managed, given theories or lecture materials that are able to
support themselves more valuable. Emphasis is placed on making temporary work internships for future
The Challenges of Student …… (William Vincent Setiawan, et al.) 67
specialists and permanent employment for graduates (Zaugolnikov, 2013). The current local trend
proves that graduates will immediately look for work after being declared graduated or there is an
internship at college and continue working at the company. As at Bina Nusantara University, an
employee who works in Blibli has stated that there is a 3 + 1 program; a year training to work in the
company, where the company is Blibli and after graduating, he continues his career in Blibli as an IT
Developer software.
This proves that the department chosen by students needs to be considered before starting the
lecture. The emphasizing of work skills, competencies, and talents become the competitive advantages
that graduates and students can use. The graduates who work while in college may have a purpose to
pursue their careers in the company so they can be promoted. The graduates help in finding trends;
university support and encouragement in providing and teaching students related to the labor market is
very necessary so that they can be used in the world of work in the future. The involvement of more
active lecturers is needed for the use of student technology and the development of their talents or
specialties.
CONCLUSIONS
Creative potential and innovative ideas possessed by graduates and students sometimes have
not been used to the maximum extent possible. The biggest problem is the lack of jobs where companies
are more demanding of talent possessed by graduates that can be applied as well as educational
backgrounds that are suitable for their jobs. According to this research, the key to mitigating university
graduates so that all gender can work is by educating the human resources management and the opening
of a labor market for all people in Indonesia. The dynamics of the entry of graduates into the labor
market changes over time because it is influenced by situations in the current economic complexity.
Seen from the first group, there are still male graduates who still have not got a job in their careers in
the undergraduate year. In the second group, it is seen that graduates and students are more aware and
understanding of the labor market in their year and launch their careers, some even multitasking, which
combines study and work. This research finds the changes in the dynamics and views of graduates who
are faced with the challenge of finding work after graduating from college, where many of the graduates
want to find work according to their field of expertise.
Students and graduates in the first and second groups have identified that there is more female
gender have worked in companies than unemployed, female graduates get relevant jobs, and possessed
expertise as their priority in the labor market. The main changes are clearly seen in graduates and
students as they enter the profession from graduation to being a worker in an Indonesian company. They
look wiser, able to manage time, discipline, and career planning is more focused and thoughtful. Besides
that, the graduates have more goal-oriented because they become aware of the desired global market,
increasing preferences regarding students when they find their first job. The researchers would like to
express their gratitude to graduates and students who have provided complete information and
opportunities to produce this research in such a way.
Overall, the results of the research have provided new insights regarding career choices in
Indonesia. In particular, this research reveals that the abilities or talents possessed by students, the gender
of students, career interests significantly influence graduate career choices in Indonesia. It is expected
that companies in recruiting employees carried out by Human Resources Management not only look at
grades, or majors in college, but look at the abilities, knowledge, and interests of each recruit to be able
to identify and adapt to career and company performance. The results and discussion of this research
must be considered given its limitations to inform the direction for future research. First, this research
is an initial investigation into the career development of new graduate students in Indonesia in finding
68 Journal The WINNERS, Vol. 20 No. 2, September 2019: 61-70
employment in the labor market. Second, this research sees that most workers are dominated by women
in Indonesian companies, so men work more in the field like sales, marketing, shop admins, and so on.
Although the position of variables in this research is supported by literature, further research is needed
to examine the relationship of variables cross-sectionally so that causal relationships can be established.
Further research can also add other research variables to cover a wider aspect of behavioral data, and it
is recommended to test variables that have a more dominant on the perspective of student influence on
factors related to a career choice in Indonesia.
REFERENCES
Bakhtina, O.Y., Kirillov, A.V., Matyash, S.A., Urzha, O. A. (2015). The development of technology for
higher education institution’s administrative personnel assessment. International Education
Studies, 8(5), 179-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v8n5p179.
Bonitz, V. S., Larson, L. M., & Armstrong, P. I. (2010). Interests, self-efficacy, and choice goals: An
experimental manipulation. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76(2), 223–233.
https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.jvb.2009.09.003.
Diekman, A. B., Brown, E. R., Johnston, A. M., & Clark, E. K. (2010). Seeking congruity between goals
and roles: A new look at why women opt out of science, technology, engineering, and
mathematics careers. Psychological Science, 21(8), 1051–1057.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610377342.
Egege, S., & Kutlieleh, S. 2004. Critical thinking: Teaching foreign notions to foreign students.
International Education Journal, 4(4), 75–85. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ903810.
Hart, T., & Barratt, P. (2009). The employment of graduates within small and medium sized firms in
England. People, Place, and Policy. Retrieved from http://www.extra.shu.ac.uk/ppp-
online/the-employment-of-graduates-within-small-and-medium-sized-firms-in-england/.
Kurbakova, S. N. (2013). Verbal organization of social interaction. Uchenye Zapiski RGSU, 3(116), 10-
17. https://dergipark.org.tr/download/article-file/367230.
Perna, L. W. (2004). Understanding the decision to enroll in graduate school: Sex and racial/ethnic group
differences. The Journal of Higher Education, 75, 487–527. Retrieved from
http://repository.upenn.edu/gse_pubs/15.
Rhoton, L. A. (2011). Distancing as a gendered barrier: Understanding women scientists’ gender
practices. Gender and Society, 25(6), 696–716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243211422717.
Rosser, S. V., & Taylor, M. Z. (2009). Why are we still worried about women in science? Academe, 95,
7–10. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ850011.
Samsonova, A. N. (2015). Employment of university graduates. Retrieved from
http://www.examen.ru/main2/news_and_articles/news/Trudoustroistvo-Vipusknikov-Vuzov.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2006). Research methods for business students. Essex:
Pearson Education Limited. Retrieved from
https://eclass.hmu.gr/modules/document/file.php/DLH105/Research%20Methods%20for%2
0Business%20Students%2C%205th%20Edition.pdf.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v8n5p179
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956797610377342
https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ903810
http://www.extra.shu.ac.uk/ppp-online/the-employment-of-graduates-within-small-and-medium-sized-firms-in-england/
http://www.extra.shu.ac.uk/ppp-online/the-employment-of-graduates-within-small-and-medium-sized-firms-in-england/
https://dergipark.org.tr/download/article-file/367230
http://repository.upenn.edu/gse_pubs/15
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0891243211422717
https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ850011
http://www.examen.ru/main2/news_and_articles/news/Trudoustroistvo-Vipusknikov-Vuzov
https://eclass.hmu.gr/modules/document/file.php/DLH105/Research%20Methods%20for%20Business%20Students%2C%205th%20Edition.pdf
https://eclass.hmu.gr/modules/document/file.php/DLH105/Research%20Methods%20for%20Business%20Students%2C%205th%20Edition.pdf
The Challenges of Student …… (William Vincent Setiawan, et al.) 69
Shcherbakova, A. I. (2014). Philosophical understanding of music as a methodological basis of research
in the field of musical art and education. Life Science Journal, 11(11), 429-432.
Soethout, M. B. M., Ten Cate, O. J., & van der Wal, G. (2008). Development of an interest in a career
in public health during medical school. Public Health, 122(4), 361–366.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe. 2007.07.018.
Vinogradova, M. V., Kulyaminа, О. S., Koroleva, V. А., Larionova, A. A. (2015). The impact of
migration processes on the national security system of Russia. Mediterranean Journal of
Social Sciences, 6(3), 161-169. doi: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3s5p161.
Xu, Y. J. (2015). Gender-based earning gap of college graduates: Modeling ten-year progress for STEM
and Non-STEM comparisons. The Journal of Higher Education, 86, 489–523.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1521025116638344.
Zaugolnikov, S.A. (2013). Problem after employment of university graduates. Proceedings of the
Regional Financial and Economic Institute, 2. Retrieved from
https://dergipark.org.tr/download/article-file/367230.
Zhang, L. (2008). Gender and racial gaps in earnings among recent college graduates. The Review of
Higher Education, 32(1), 51–72. From https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ812588.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3s5p161
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1521025116638344
https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ812588
70 Journal The WINNERS, Vol. 20 No. 2, September 2019: 61-70
Appendix A
Interview Protocol Working Paper
Name of interviewee : Date :
Age : Time :
Gender :
Number List of Questions Answer
Q1 Are you a new Indonesian graduate student?
Q2 What is your major?
Q3 Have you worked now?
Q4 What caused you not to get a job?
Q5 How do you get work? where did you get the info?
Q6 Does study in college help when you work?
Q7 Are your skills or talents used when in the labor market?
Q8 How do you feel when you get a job?
Q9
What do you feel when you continue to study master's programs
while working in a company?
Q10 Does the university where you study help you find employment?