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127
Growth and Yield Performances
of Tubigan Rice Varieties under Abra,
Philippines Conditions
MILANDRO B. EDWIN
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9614-7434
milandroedwin43@gmail.com
Abra State Institute of Sciences and Technology
Abra, Philippines
ABSTRACT
Increased rice production through the use of high yielding varieties is a
rice varieties which was conducted for wet and dry growing seasons at Abra State
Institute of Sciences and Technology, Lagangilang, Abra, Philippines was aimed
to determine their growth and yield performances of Tubigan rice varieties under
per panicle, length of panicle, harvest index, weight of 1000 seeds and yield
grains. NSIC Rc158 outranked the other varieties in yield probably because it
harvest index and yield per hectare of 6.4 tons/ha. NSIC Rc160 was the tallest at
maturity and produced the longest panicle. NSIC Rc156 produced the highest
production of lowland rice in Abra, which was 3.48 t/ha (PhilRice & BAS, 2002).
NSIC Rc158 could be grown by rice farmers in irrigated lowland condition in
Abra because it exceeded the average yield of the check variety NSIC Rc160 and
found acceptable to consumers.
Vol. 20 · March 2015
Print ISSN 2012-3981 • Online ISSN 2244-0445
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7719/jpair.v20i1.323
Journal Impact: H Index = 2 from Publish or Perish
JPAIR Multidisciplinary Research is produced
by AJA Registrars, Inc.
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Keywords – Agricultural Science, Tubigan rice varieties, growth and yield,
experimental design, Abra, Philippines
INTRODUCTION
In 1990, paddy rice accounted for 27 percent of value added in agriculture
and 3.5 percent of GNP. The yield per hectare is low as compared to other Asian
countries, like in Indonesia, Gedagal and Bogor Putih cultivars which produced
2.99 tons/ha at plant spacing 20x20 cm. In Eastern India, the yield of Rajlaxmi
is 7100 kg/ha and in Pakistan, BRRI Dhan 34 showed a grain yield of 4.5 tons
per hectare. In Thailand, paddy rice production is 6 tons per hectare. As of 2010,
the fifth largest rice producer in the world and the second biggest rice exporter
is Vietnam. Using improved varieties in Southwestern Nigeria, the yield increase
was 37.8%. However, the mean yield is still considerably low, although improved
rice technology had led to a 19.45 increase in rice production. This scenario is
similar with the findings in the Philippines that a 50.5% increase was obtained
for irrigated areas (Pablico, 2007).
Rice is the number one crop grown in the Province of Abra where 72.64%
of Abreños are planting rice (Department of Agriculture, 1998). It is also
considered as the number one food crop of Filipinos and produced extensively in
different parts of the country especially in Luzon, the Western Visayas, Southern
Mindanao, and Central Mindanao. In 1989, nearly 9.5 billion tons of rough rice
were produced. Add the recent statistics of rice in Abra. The authors may get
those in the website of Bureau of Agricultural Statistics.
Different lowland rice varieties were introduced to rice farmers in Abra, but
some were not performing well. High performing varieties must be considered
and adapted to increase rice production. There is a need to search and identify
potential rice varieties in a particular environment. High yielding varieties were
already developed, but there’s a need to conduct adaptability trials to identify
the best variety in terms of growth and yield. Studies should be undertaken
on the different aspects of rice culture like suitability test to attain the aim of
farmers, which is to produce the maximum yield. Using adapted varieties and
high yielding varieties is one of the answers to the challenge for increased food
production and self-sufficiency.
According to Padolina (2009), PSB Rc4, PSB Rc10, PSB Rc54, NSIC
124H, NSIC Rc132H, NSIC Rc122, Rc128, Rc144, Rc156, Rc158, Rc160,
and Rc168H have average yields ranging from 4.6 to 6.0 t/ha for inbreds; 5.7
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to 7.1 t/ha for hybrids, with maturity ranging from 104-122 days. These rice
varieties have good eating quality. (The paragraph is appropriate under results
and discussion section).
According to PhilRice (2002), Abra’s rice production is 3.12 tons/ha for
modern varieties; 3. 48 tons/ha for irrigated and 2.20 tons/ha for lowland rainfed
and 1.23 tons/ha for modern varieties. Based on the study of Pablico (2007),
NSIC Rc 158 yields an average of 7.036 tons/hectare. There is then an increase
of 3.55 tons/hectare produced by rice farmers in Abra in case this variety will be
grown, hence, this study was conducted to prove it.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The general aim of the study was to determine the performance of six Tubigan
rice varieties selected. Specifically, the study was done to:
Specific Objectives Percentage of Completion Milestones
Y1 Y2 Y3
1. Identify the best Tubigan rice
variety under Lagangilang, Abra
condition in terms of growth
and yield.
50% 50% 100% Tubigan rice
growth and yield
in the field evalu-
ated. Best variety
identified. Yield
determined
2. Select and recommend best
varieties to rice farmers in Abra.
100% Best varieties se-
lected and recom-
mended to farmers
for planting.
METHODOLOGY
The wet season cropping started in June 2011 and terminated on October,
2011 while dry season cropping of the study started on January, 2012 and ended
on April, 2012. The study was conducted at the ASIST Rice R & D experimental
area.
Preparation of Planting Materials
The area used in sowing the seeds was prepared by plowing and harrowing
twice at one week interval, then seedbeds were constructed using the wet bed
method. The seeds of the different varieties were sown separately in the seedbed.
Proper care and maintenance were done in growing the rice seedlings until ready
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for transplanting. Rate of fertilizer applied was based on soil analysis conducted
with a recommendation of 60-30-30.
Each block measuring 1.5 meter by 32.8 meter is divided into six, where the
six varieties were planted. The treatments were the following:
V1 - NSIC Rc-130
V2 - NSIC Rc-138
V3 - NSIC Rc-154
V4 - NSIC Rc-156
V5 - NSIC Rc-158
V6 - NSIC Rc-160 (check)
Cultural Management Practices
Land Preparation. The area was plowed and harrowed with an interval of 14
days to ensure proper decomposition of weeds in the area. Complete fertilizer
(14-14-14) was applied before transplanting by broadcasting to the plots.
Transplanting. Seedlings were uprooted carefully to minimize damage, and each
variety was bundled separately in convenient sizes for easy transplanting. Seedlings
of each variety were transplanted in each designated plot with three seedlings per
hill following the straight row method spaced at 20 x 20 cm between hills and
rows. Replanting was done a week after transplanting.
Weeding. There was hand weeding when weeds were observed during the
growing period after the rice plants have recovered. The plots were kept free of
weeds. Pests and Diseases Control. There was strict pest population monitoring
at peak vegetative stage, reproductive stage up to maturity. Recommended
cultural management practices were followed to ensure good crop stand and
development.
Harvesting. Harvesting was done manually when almost all the grains in the
panicles turned yellow. Manual threshing was properly done separately for the
different varieties. Threshed rough rice of the different cultivars were sun-dried
for two to three days having a moisture content of 14% and winnowed.
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Data Collection
The following data were properly gathered:
1. The number of days from sowing to maturity. Counting started from the
time of sowing up to the time grains are ripe.
2. The height measured at maturity (cm). A day before harvest, the height
of ten sample hills per plot were measured with the use of a meter stick
starting from the base of the plant extending up to the panicle tip.
3. The number of productive tillers per hill. Ten sample hills were counted at
random. Rice plants that produced panicles were counted.
4. The length of panicle at harvest (cm). These data were taken from panicle
base to panicle tip at the time of harvest.
5. The number of filled and unfilled grains per panicle. The number of filled
and unfilled grains per panicle were counted using ten sample panicles
taken at random.
6. The weight of 1,000 filled grains (g). One thousand seeds were randomly
selected after oven drying at about 14% moisture content and weighed
using a digital balance.
7. The harvest index (%). These data were taken from three sample hills per
treatment which were uprooted at harvest then dried and weighed and
computed using the following formula:
Economic yield
HI %) =
Biological yield
where : Biological yield includes vegetative parts and the panicle
Figure 1. The experimental treatments at maturity
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8. The grain yield per plot (kg). These data were taken by winnowing the
spikelets after drying to approximately 14% moisture content. Only the
filled spikelets were weighed per treatment.
9. The grain yield per ha (kg). These data were taken by converting the grain
yield per plot into hectare by using the formula:
Yield (kg./ha.) = Yield in kg./5 m2 plot x 2000 plots
*Assuming that there are 2,000 plots in one hectare of the area
10. The observed incidence of pests and diseases. An evaluation was taken
during peak vegetative stage, reproductive stage and a week before harvest.
The following rating scale was used to evaluate resistance of rice varieties
to pest:
Rating Scale Description Remarks
1 1 – 10% of plants per plot are infected Resistant (R)
3 11-20% of plants per plot are infected Moderately resistant (MR)
5 21-30% of plants per plot are infected Intermediate (I)
7 31-60% of plants per plot are infected Moderately Susceptible (MS)
8 61% and above of plants per plot are infected Susceptible (S)
Evaluation of the severity of diseases was being observed from the plants
from the center row. Computation on the % infection was determined using the
formula.
% infection = no. of plants infected x 100
total no. of plants
The following rating scale was used:
Rating Scale Description Remarks
1 0-5% infection Resistant (R)
3 6-10 % infection Moderately resistant (MR)
5 11-15% infection Intermediate (I)
7 16-25% infection Moderately susceptible (MS)
9 26% infection Susceptible (S)
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11. Consumer acceptability of cooked rice. Rice samples were cooked for
acceptability. Cooked rice was assessed by 10 farmers and 10 students as
the panelist on the general acceptability of cooked rice. Varieties by at least
75% acceptability of the panelists were considered acceptable.
Data analysis
Data were statistically analyzed using the Analysis of Variance in Randomized
Complete Block Design (RCBD), Least Significant Difference (LSD) and
Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Maturity
High significant differences were observed among the cultivars on the number
of days to maturity based on the analysis of variance. The mean differences of
all the varieties when compared showed significant differences with the check
variety. NSIC Rc156 was the earliest variety to mature (103 days). In varying
number of days, the following cultivars reached maturity after NSIC Rc 156
had matured: NSIC Rc 160, NSIC Rc 130 and NSIC Rc 154, NSIC Rc 138.
NSIC Rc 158 was the latest to reach maturity requiring 114 days. This finding
is more or less the same as the statement of Pablico (2007), that NSIC Rc 158
matures in 113 days. The earlier ripening of some varieties tested was affected by
their varietal differences; others had shorter life span and attained physiological
maturity stage earlier than the other cultivars.
Plant Height
At maturity, the height of plants among the varieties tested revealed significant
differences based on ANOVA. NSIC Rc 160 was significantly the tallest among
the six cultivars with a height of 9.77 cm and significantly different to the other
varieties except NSIC Rc 158. The shortest subspecies was observed in NSIC Rc
154 with a mean of 88.84 cm. The significant variation in plant height could be
affected by their genetic variation. Similar finding was found out in Indonesia
that the plant heights of six cultivars differed significantly at harvest time (Yazid
& Budi, 2013).
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Productive Tillers
It was observed that NSIC Rc158 produced the highest number of shoots
among varieties with a mean of 24 shoots. As such, the number of the former
and NSIC Rc130 which produced the lowest number is significantly different
to the check variety. The significant differences could be affected by the fact that
high yielding varieties (HYV’s) have relatively high tillering capacity (De Datta,
1981).
Filled and Unfilled Grains
The six varieties evaluated did not significantly differ in terms of the number
of filled grains per panicle produced (Table 1). This implies that the different
varieties have produced more or less the same number of filled panicles in the
study.
Table 1. Average number of filled and unfilled grains per panicle of the different
varieties.
TREATMENT FULL GRAINS UNFILLED GRAINS*
NSIC Rc 130 111 20
NSIC Rc 138 114 18
NSIC Rc 154 114 26*
NSIC Rc 156 108 32*
NSIC Rc158 121 24
NSIC Rc 160 118 18
CV (%) 2.38
Based on observed means.
* The mean difference is significant at the .05 level LSD.
Analysis of variance revealed high significant differences in the number of
unfilled grains per panicle among the different Tubigan rice varieties tested.
NSIC Rc 156 had the highest number of empty grains followed by NSIC Rc 154
(Table 1). The number of empty grains they produced was significantly different
compared to NSIC Rc 160 which is the check variety. NSIC Rc 158, NSIC Rc
130, NSIC Rc 160 and NSIC Rc 138 had statistically similar number of unfilled
grains per panicle. This finding could be affected by the agronomic characteristics
of the varieties.
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Incidence of Pests and Diseases
The different Tubigan rice varieties tested were observed as pest resistant to
stem borers and rice bugs in particular and disease resistant specifically in rice
blasts and leaf blight evaluated during the peak vegetative, reproductive and
ripening stages. This finding agrees with the idea of Pablico (2007), Agriculture
Business Week (2009) and PCARRD (2003) that these varieties are resistant to
pests and diseases.
Table 2. Incidence of pests and diseases of the different varieties
TREATMENTS REACTION TO
STEMBORER and RICE
BUGS
REACTION TO RICE
BLAST and BLIGHT
NSIC Rc 130 1 1
NSIC Rc 138 1 1
NSIC Rc 154 1 1
NSIC Rc 156 1 1
NSIC Rc158 1 1
NSIC Rc 160 1 1
1 - Resistant
Length of Panicle
The analysis of variance on the length of panicle showed high significant
differences among the treatments. NSIC Rc 130, NSIC Rc 138 and NSIC Rc
156 had produced panicle significantly different to that of the check variety
(NSIC Rc 160) as seen in Figure 2. NSIC Rc 154 and NSIC Rc 158 were not
significantly different from the farmers’ variety. They have produced more or
less in the same length of panicles. The significant differences in panicle length
among the Tubigan rice varieties could be attributed to their genetic make-up.
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Figure 2. Average Length of Panicle (Cm)
Based on observed means.
* The mean difference is significant at the .05 level LSD.
Weight of 1000 Seeds
Highly significant differences among the varieties tested were observed based
on the analysis of variance. NSIC Rc 159 being the genotype that has the longest
maturity had the heaviest grain weight. This supports the idea of Onaga, Asea,
Lamo, Kikafunda, and Bigirwa (2012) in Uganda that heavier grains have greater
dry matter accumulation before heading because of longer vegetative growth.
NSIC Rc 130, NSIC Rc 154 and NSIC Rc 156 produced the lightest weight of
seeds that were significantly different to NSIC Rc 160 (check variety) (Figure 3).
Based on the finding, it may be inferred that the bigger the seeds, the greater the
weight.
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Table 3. The performance of the different varieties in the different parameters
varieties
Parameters
N
SI
C
R
c
13
0
N
SI
C
R
c
13
8
N
SI
C
R
c
15
4
N
SI
C
R
c
15
6
N
SI
C
R
c
15
8
N
SI
C
R
c
16
0
No. of Days to Mature 108a 110b 108a 103c 114d 106c
Height of Plants and Maturity
(cm) 89.41
ab 89a 88.84a 89.73ab 94.58bc 96.77c
No. of Productive Tillers Per
Hill 16
b 18b 17b 18b 24a 18b
No. of Filled Grains Per
Panicle 111
b 114b 114b 108b 121a 118b
No. of Unfilled Grains Per
Panicle 20
b 18a 26c 32a 24c 18a
Length of Panicle (cm) 22.94c 23.32b 24.67ab 22.29c 25.59a 25.62a
Weight of 1000 seeds (g) 16.20b 19.15ab 16.73b 17.30b 20.71a 20.08a
Note: Means with the same letter are not significant at the 0.05 level LSD.
Harvest Index
NSIC Rc 158 had the highest harvest index with a mean of 44. All the varieties
were significantly different from the harvest index produced by the check variety
(NSIC Rc 160). The lowest harvest index was being obtained from the NSIC
Rc 156 (34.49). Based on the observation, the Tubigan rice varieties have high
harvest index which means that they are efficient partitioners of photosynthetic
products. The significant variations are due to the characteristics of each variety
that include number of filled grains, length of panicle and weight of grains.
Grain Yield
Highly significant differences in yield per plot and per hectare were determined
among the Tubigan varieties of rice tested. NSIC Rc 158 gave the highest yield
of 3.22 kg per 5 m2 with 6440 kg per ha which is 1.83% higher than NSIC Rc
160 (check variety) because it had produced more productive tillers, number
of filled grains, long panicles and high harvest index. As Priya and Joel (2009)
had revealed, plant yield is correlated with the number of tillers, the number
of productive tillers, number of primary branches per panicle and number of
grains per panicle. This coincides with the statement of Pablico (2007) stating
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that NSIC Rc158 had superior yields averaging 7,036 kg/ha when transplanted.
The yield of NSIC Rc 138, NSIC Rc 154 and NSIC Rc 130 were statistically
similar (Table 3). Comparing the result of the study with that of the statement of
PCARRD, the yield of NSIC Rc 130 and NSIC Rc 138 in the study were quite
lower with the average national yield. NSIC Rc 156 had the lowest yield of 1.80
kg per 5 m2 or with 3600 kg per hectare because it produced the least number of
filled grains per panicle, shortest panicle, and lowest harvest index determined.
This contradicts with the statement of Agriculture Business Week that NSIC Rc
156 yields 7,191 kg/ha. As stated by Hasan, Hossain, Salim, Anwar and Azad
(2002), that farmers choose a variety due to its high yield potential, large size
panicle, low shattering tendency of grain and good appearance. The yield of all
the varieties exceeded the average production of lowland rice in Abra, which is
3.48 t/ha (PhilRice & BAS, 2002). The productivity grains of cultivars is probably
related to genetic potential (Onaga, Asea, Lamo, Kikafunda, & Bigirwa, 2012).
Table 4. Average yield of the different varieties
TREATMENT MEAN YIELD/PLOT*(kg) YIELD/HECTARE (kg)
NSIC Rc 130 1.95cd 3900
NSIC Rc 138 2.35cb 4700
NSIC Rc 154 2.15cd 4300
NSIC Rc 156 1.80d 3600
NSIC Rc158 3.22a 6440
NSIC Rc 160 2.72b 5440
CV (%) 13.75
*Means of the same letter are not significantly different at 0.05 level LSD
Figure 3. Acceptability of newly cooked and left-overnight rice
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Consumer Acceptability
Shown in Figure 3 is the percentage consumer acceptability of both newly
cooked and left overnight cooked rice of the different varieties tested. Twenty
farmers, housewives, and students were chosen as the testing panel to determine
the acceptability of cooked rice.
The result showed that all the Tubigan rice varieties tested by the panel were
accepted in terms of their eating quality, whether these are newly cooked or as
leftover.
CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions were drawn based on the following findings: 1)
Tubigan rice varieties had significant differences in terms of plant height, maturity,
number of days to ripen, number of productive tillers, number of unfilled grains,
length of panicle, weight of seeds, harvest index and yield, 2)The varieties were
also found resistant to pest and diseases; and 3) NSIC Rc 158 produced the
highest yield that is even more than the farmers’ variety which is NSIC Rc 160
and surpassed the average production of lowland rice in Abra of 3.38 t/ha.
TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH
The NSIC Rc 158 rice variety is recommended to be used by farmers because it
produced favorable yield, produce more productive tillers, filled grains, produced
longer panicles, high harvest index and is accepted by consumers. With these
characteristics, it should be grown by farmers in the Philippines as well as farmers
of other countries with similar climate. When this variety is not available, the
check variety NSIC Rc 160 could still be used because it also gave favorable yield.
LITERATURE CITED
Agriculture Business Week. (2009). New Rice Inbred Varieties Needed. Retrieved
from http://www.agribusinessweek.com/new-rice-inbred-varieties-needed
De Datta, S. K. (1981). Principles and practices of rice production. Int. Rice Res.
Inst..
Hasan M.S., S.M. A. Hossain, M. Salim, M.P. Anwar, A.K.M. Azad. 2002.
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Response of Hybrid Rice Varieties to the Application Methods of Urea
Supergranules and Prilled Urea. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, Vol
5, Iss 7, Pp 746-748.
Onaga, G., Asea, G., Lamo, J., Kikafunda, J., & Bigirwa, G. (2012). Comparison
of response to nitrogen between upland NERICAs and ITA (Oryza sativa)
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07 May 2007 ) http://www.philrice.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content
&task=view&id=287&Itemid=2
PCARRD. (2003). NSIC-Approved Rice Varieties. Retrieved from http://www.
pcaard.dost.gov.ph/home/journal/index.php?option=com_content&task=vie
w&id=625&itemid=748
PhilRice and Bureau of Agricultural Statistics. (2002). Philippine Rice Statistics
1970-2002 Vol. I. PhilRice. p. 5
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The Department of Agriculture. (1998). Agricultural Profile of Abra. Published
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Yazid, I. I., & Budi, I. S. (2013). Result of Six Local Upland Rice Cultivars of
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