46
JPAIR Multidisciplinary Research
Occupational Needs of Adolescents
with Disabilities: A Case
of Rural Community in the Philippines
KARL JERICK LIM
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3911-6097
karljerick22@gmail.com
Southwestern University PHINMA
Mandaue City, Philippines
DEBORAH NISSI NUÑEZ
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9256-2275
Nunezdeborah.cdu@gmail.com
Southwestern University PHINMA
Cebu City, Philippines
SERGIO SARZA JR.
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4049-5565
stsarzajr@gmail.com
Southwestern University PHINMA
Cebu City, Philippines
Originality: 100% • Grammar Check: 98% • Plagiarism: 0%
ABSTRACT
Occupational needs refer to an individual’s need to engage in meaningful
occupations throughout his/her day-to-day life. Certain external factors may
influence an adolescent’s occupational need, including socio-economic factors,
current health status, cultural beliefs or institutional environment, health
education, and medical resources. In third-world countries, occupational needs
Vol. 44 · March 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7719/jpair.v44i1.663
Print ISSN 2012-3981
Online ISSN 2244-0445
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3911-6097
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9256-2275
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4049-5565
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
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International Peer Reviewed Journal
are apparent and have reduced opportunities to acquire work or participate in
leisure participation/exploration for clients who have a physical impairment
in the community leading to unsatisfied well-being. In addition, adolescents
with disabilities may find it challenging to perform their daily occupations.
The researchers aimed to identify the occupational needs of adolescents with
disabilities currently attending therapy services in the Argao Community-Based
Project. The study utilized a convenience sampling technique and was conducted
in a rural community in Argao Cebu with eight participants. The researcher
collected data through one-on-one semi-structured interviews. The narratives
were then transcribed and analyzed to come up with the top occupational needs
of the adolescents. Several themes emerged based on the adolescents’ narratives
on their occupational needs. The themes included: Sustaining Role, Values,
Priorities, Essential Occupational Performance, and Belonging to a Group. The
researchers found an interdependence between the themes. An occupational
therapy program was then proposed to meet the said needs.
Keywords — Social science, Adolescents with special needs, Community-
based rehabilitation, Health, Occupational needs, Occupational Therapy, Well-
being, and Persons with Disability (PWDs)
INTRODUCTION
Occupational performance is an individual’s daily performance in their
activities of daily living (ADL’s), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL’s),
work, and leisure. These are habitually or routinely done by an independent
individual including bathing, dressing, functional mobility, driving and
community mobility, health management, and maintenance (American Journal
of Occupational Therapy, 2020). In third world countries, occupational needs
are apparent and have reduced opportunities to acquire work or participation in
leisure participation/exploration for clients who have a physical impairment in the
community that leads to unsatisfied well-being (Krefting, 1992). Occupational
opportunities in Western countries vary from developed countries to developing
countries. Most developed countries have advanced technology and a variety of
occupational opportunities for PWDs. Compared to developing countries, data
shows that PWDs are at a downside in terms of educational achievement and
labor market results (Magallona & Datangel, 2011).
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JPAIR Multidisciplinary Research
The World Health Organization set in motion Community-Based
Rehabilitation around the world to provide a strategy to increase entry to
rehabilitation services to the people in the community, but it has changed
briskly in multi-sectoral approach to matching the community-based growth
(Magallona & Datangel, 2011). Structured rehabilitation services for clients in
rural areas are unattainable by the fact that people are isolated and have complex
disabilities. The lack of facilities and equipment, trained specialists, volunteers,
and personnel in rural areas in the Philippines makes the services unavailable. Due
to financial constraints, people in rural areas have difficulty availing themselves
of rehabilitation services that would lead to having secondary disabilities (Boyle
et al., 2017).
Community-Based Rehabilitation is a strategy for community development
aimed at strengthening the health and well-being of PWD and their families and
ensuring their integration and participation in the community (Grandisson et al.,
2014). The Community-Based Rehabilitation and Training Centre (CBRDTC)
approach to CBR is based on the understanding of the people with disabilities in
their lives as a result of their impairment, attitudes, and beliefs. The issues that
outcome from negative perspectives like the absence of social acknowledgment,
absence of chances for money, awareness, and education, should be settled if people
with disabilities are to have equivalent opportunities and achieve full participation
(Tjandrakusuma, 2002). Based on this understanding, CBRDTC describes CBR
as a set of “efforts to change community behaviors (attitude, knowledge, and
skills) to enable community members to improve their understanding about
disability issues (socio-economic, socio-cultural, medical, psychological, etc.),
to be involved in the disability prevention activities and to provide a positive
environment (physical, psychological, socio-cultural, economic, etc.) to improve
the quality of life of persons with disabilities.”
Occupational therapy is based on the principle that involvement in
significant activities of daily living that are necessary for each individual’s health
and well-being. Community-based rehabilitation centers should continue
providing forefront agendas to Occupational Therapists around the Philippines.
Community-based Occupational Therapists are versatile in most aspects
of providing the client’s goal for the therapy. Their main objective is to assist
clients to obtain their desired occupations and routines with satisfaction and
ease. The occupational therapist holds up to anyone from infants to geriatrics in
promoting mental health services to all with or without a disability. Therapists
are guided by the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) with
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their different approaches, such as create, promote, establish, restore, maintain,
modify, and prevent in helping all outpatients (American Journal of Occupational
Therapy, 2020). In a different labored environment, such as a community-based
rehabilitation center, occupational therapists create a contextual experience
that would enhance performance, can promote different strategies used in daily
activities, can establish skills and abilities that can be developed, can restore
old skills and abilities, can modify current contextual demands to support
performance, and can prevent progression of a barrier that hinders an individual
from functioning (Delos Reyes, 2018).
A qualitative exploration by the American Journal of Occupational Therapy,
despite the current barriers in rural areas, reduced motivation and impaired self-
awareness. A structured process in which the therapists, clients, and significant
others/guardians work hand in hand in participating in increasing goal setting
and goal-directed rehabilitation services in the community (Doig et al. 2009).
According to Cayetano and Elkins (2016), patients with disabilities whose
opportunities and inclusion in the community are a continuous struggle?
The Philippines have limited assets on new and updated rehabilitation
programs, and the Philippines Government is looking into new and different ways
to provide quality services to its rural areas (Punwar, 1994). No current studies can
confirm the number of Occupational Therapists working in community-based
rehabilitation centers around the Philippines. According to Delos Reyes (2018),
the Philippines has been experiencing a shortage of Occupational Therapists, and
this is due to heightened demand for our services around the country and rising
numbers of children and adults with disabilities and Filipinos who are aging. In
the same study, PAOT Inc. predicted that there should be at least 5000 available
registered Occupational Therapists in the country by 2025 to cater to all the
occupational needs of clients with disabilities (Delos Reyes, 2018).
American Occupational Therapy Association, despite the changing
demands, occupational therapists must continue providing quality services and
meeting these needs to help find their sense of self, purpose, and meaning in their
occupational performance and role competence (Lloyd & Lee Williams, 2010).
The Philippine Academy of Occupational Therapy identifies issues currently by
our profession that are consistent with our 5 Key Roadmap Goals for “career
advocacy, professional regulations, research training, curriculum development,
and faculty development.” Such five main Roadmap goals are embodied in our
new unifying tangible goal raising the occupational therapist ratio by 2025 to 0.40-
0.50 per 10,000 Filipinos. Concerning this study, the agenda is for occupational
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JPAIR Multidisciplinary Research
therapy practice patterns in the provinces/rural areas outside Metro Manila. It is
believed that these issues at present are greatly valuable in achieving our targets in
the roadmaps (Philippine Academy of Occupational Therapy, 2015).
National Unified Health Research Agenda, 2017-2022, envisioned six
themes making the research priorities, such as “responsive health system, research
to enhance and extend healthy lives, holistic approaches to health and wellness,
health resiliency, global competitiveness and innovation in health, and research
inequality and health.” Each theme has corresponding research areas and
explanation that aims to guide the reader to regulate the type of research that
may be under a specific theme. The theme of this research is about equality and
health on disability in rural areas of the Philippines and the geographical isolation
and disadvantages of rural areas in the Philippines. This type of research theme
would provide evidence to allow the health system to react to the health needs
of vulnerable populations and neglected society and develop new approaches for
patients with disabilities.
As of 2015, current data shows that the Philippines is 21.6% on the National
Poverty Line. The Philippines ranked third in Asia, whose people are living in
poverty. Poverty, inconsistent healthcare services, and unavailable access to care are
the main challenges in performing functional activities of daily living of patients
with disabilities. The total population of the Philippines is 109 million Filipino
citizens residing based on Worldometer, rendering the new statistics from the
United Nations. The population of the Philippines is equal to 14.1% of the entire
world population of the country’s 109 million citizens; 1.44 million or 1.57% are
disabled, based on the 2010 Population and Housing Census. Region IV-A, with
193 thousand PWDs, had the highest number of PWDs among 17 provinces,
while the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) had the lowest number of
PWDs, with 26 thousand. More males accounted for 50.9% of overall PWD
in 2010, compared to females, with an impairment figure of 49.1%. For every
five (5) PWDs, one (18.9%) was between 0 and 14 years of age, three (59%)
were in the working-age category (15-64 years of age), and one (22.1%) was 65
years of age and over (The Philippine Population Management Program, 2017).
Functional failure is recognized by the World Health Organization as a public
health, civil rights, and biodiversity concern. Many disabled people experience
obstacles to obtaining health services and appropriate rehabilitation services.
Patients with disabilities often encounter racism, inequality, and disparities with
ease. Disability affects both men and women, most especially living in rural areas.
As underlined in the WHO global disability action plan 2014-2021, disability is
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a priority because of its higher prevalence in lower-income countries and because
disability and poverty reinforce and perpetuate one another.
In reaction to the passage of the Republic Act 11228, which provides for
compulsory coverage of Philhealth for all persons with disabilities (PWDs), the
initial proposals for implementation of the law by the state entity Philippine
Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) continue with the elaboration of its
specific rules and regulations. The new law amending the Magna Carta for PWDs
was signed by President Rodrigo R. Duterte on February 22, 2019, and entered
into force on March 19, 2019. PhilHealth had the mandate to create special
services that meet the particular needs of PWDs for health and development.
On the other side, PhilHealth is vigorously lobbying, claiming that apart from
the facility, the OPB kit often includes free prescriptions and diagnostics and
laboratories such as chest X-ray, lipid profile, complete blood count, urinalysis,
fecalysis, sputum microscopy, fasting blood sugar, among other; including
medicines for asthma, acute gastroenteritis, upper respiratory tract infection,
pneumonia, and urinary tract infection.
The Philippine Government promotes the readiness and involvement of
PWDs in mainstream society by emphasizing the value of their rehabilitation,
self-development, and self-reliance, as laid out in the Constitution and the
Magna Carta for Disabled Persons. Some of its prominent attempts to expand
employment opportunities for PWDs include the design and implementation of
training programs to support work preparation, the distribution of vacancies in
many government agencies, and the development of competitive incentives for
private entities to hire PWDs. To discuss the significant public health challenges
of the twenty-first century, including overcoming a broad range of health
inequalities faced by many people worldwide, conventional Community-Based
Participatory Research (CBPR) approaches have developed and extended with a
modern methodological framework. CBPR is neither a research technique nor
a research design per se. CBPR is a paradigm for Occupational Therapy used
in preparing, creating, executing, analyzing, and disseminating group studies.
Most academic researchers conducted studies of populations considered to be
“at-risk” in that they are marked by high unemployment, low social resources,
high poverty rate, and low educational attainment; therefore, such groups often
experience significant inequalities in health outcomes (Jull et al., 2017; Marella
et al., 2018).
To illustrate the complexity in another way in another way that is true to the
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nation of physical, mental, and social health is to consider the range of prevention
organizations - this is, those organizations that are committed to preventing
some aspect of present existence that is deemed counterproductive to personal,
community, or world health. Types of prevention such organization address often
include prevention of poverty; prevention of illness such as cancer, HIV/AIDS,
STDs, Tuberculosis, obesity-related disorder, non-communicable disorder, and
mental illness; prevention of work-related illness or accidents; prevention of
behaviors such as suicide, drug, alcohol, or other substance abuse; family, sexual,
and youth as suicide, drug, alcohol, or other substance abuse; family, sexual, and
youth terrorism; as well as pollution and ecological degradation. This approach
addressed a preventive approach in a way that would closely compatible with the
based on a wide variety of preventive medicine literature. Studies had defined this
approach as “the application of Western medical and social science to prevent
disease, prolong life, and promote health in the community through intercepting
disease processes.” This new approach is occupation-focused; is also applicable to
populations, communities, and individuals; and is aimed at reducing not only the
experience of physical and mental illness but also a social and occupational illness
that may or may not manifest in medically related conditions. Based on medical,
epidemiological, behavioral, social, and/or occupational science, it accepts that
people influence the state of their health through what they do.
The approach supplies information for the other approaches, as well as being
a platform of intervention in its own right. Based on research, it is undertaken
to test the truth or strength of associations that can then be applied to advise or
intervention strategies. The information can be reductionist or holistic depending
on the best type of research to elicit particular forms of knowledge. A holistic
occupational-focused approach could be useful for any of those issues and would
be new to public health practitioners but complementary to or extending other
forms of prevention that they commonly use. Occupational therapists have
a surprisingly long history of interest in prevention. This approach applies to
populations and communities as well as individuals and is aimed at promoting
physical, mental, social, and occupational health and well-being for all people
across the world, as well as those in need of medical or mainstream health
practitioner intervention. An integrated, multi-professional, holistic approach
utilizing overlapping strategies to functional health and well-being, the approach
is complementary to and informed by medical science but is based to a greater
extent on behavioral, social, and environmental science. These encompass health
education, community development, empowerment and justice, prevention,
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and economics and politics. Patients with a disability can improve their health
and lengthen life through what they do when it is oriented towards maximizing
potential within many environments; enhances the feeling of satisfaction;
provides meaning, purpose, and belonging; and meets basic health needs.
The approach holds its central belief that people are occupational beings
and that occupation should be a source of health as nature intended. It would be
possible to improve physical, mental, social, and occupational health and well-
being by maximizing opportunities and maintaining or developing environments
with diverse possibilities to meet the differing and equally valuable capacities of
all patients with disabilities. This approach promotes a holistic understanding of
occupation for well-being. People need information and assistance about what
they should do towards reaching such a stable because the promotion of health
goes beyond lifestyle based on known health behavior. Physical, mental, social,
and occupational well-being across the world should be the primary focus of
government, health professions, and others. The principle of this approach holds
that health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over
and to improve their health and that this can be attained through doing. Recently,
there is only limited attention given to how socio-economic-political decisions
affect the promotion of health and well-being through what people do, and it is
held that understanding at the highest level needs to be increased.
Occupational therapist interest may also reflect the wider attention to health
promotion that has occurred alongside similar beliefs and approaches about life
in the wider community. The wellness movement that emerged in the early 1960s
is one of those. 54, 55 Incorporating health promotion into ordinary life is the
obvious way to go if health is deemed the desirable byproduct. That point to
exploration and incorporation of ways of doing, being, becoming, and belonging
that are the means to both survival needs and health and well-being. The
positive or negative aspects of doing, being, becoming, and belonging need to be
explicated to the world at large. To enable and empower towards improvement
in health and well-being can take multiple forms. It might include coaching,
encouraging, facilitating, guiding, listening, promoting, or reflecting. This might
involve mass media campaigns or action to highlight issues of legislation that
disempower or disable.
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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The researcher aimed to identify the current health status and occupational
needs of the participants. Specifically, the study aimed to (1) ask the occupational
profile and what they do with their everyday life, (2) identify the health status of
the participants, and (3) determine their occupational needs.
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The researcher conducted a qualitative study utilizing facts about behaviors in
response to different influences in health and occupational needs by emphasizing
the client’s current health status through interviews. This study would describe
the social phenomenon about the occupational needs of clients who are PWD
in Argao City.
Research Site
The site of the study would be conducted inside the participants’ respective
homes at Argao, Cebu. This facility was founded in 1990 when an outbreak
spread globally and caused many fatalities in Argao, and one doctor established
the facility to attend to them. Up to date, this establishment is still providing
health care services to the people of Argao.
Respondents
The researchers conducted a study on PWD in a community-based
rehabilitative center in Argao City. The number of respondents is 8. Respondents
should be above the legal age, male/female, who has or has not yet received
occupational therapy intervention, and should be willing to take part in this
study.
Inclusion Criteria
Respondents should be an inpatient/outpatient of a community-based
rehabilitation center, lives in Argao Cebu City, male or female, ages 30 years old
to 70 years old, PWDs who had not attended OT services in the SWU Argao
CBR project, and willing to take part in this study.
Exclusion Criteria
Respondents should not be having any cognitive impairment, PWDs
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attending OT services in the SWU Argao CBR project, clients living outside
Argao City, and ages below 30 years old.
Data Saturation
The study utilizes a convenience sampling technique. This study would not
need statistical means to regulate the number of respondents to gather. Instead,
it would be regulating the sample through saturation.
Sampling Design
The convenience sampling technique was utilized in this study to obtain an
adequate number of targeted respondents.
Instrumentation
The materials used in this study were a recorder, pen and paper, and a Semi-
structured questionnaire.
Ethical Considerations
This study project subscribes to the ethical principles of the conduct of
study involving human subjects mandated by the Philippine Health Research
Board and relevant national and international organizations. This study was
granted authorization to implement by the Southwestern University PHINMA
Institutional Review Board with the Authorization Number 201920-005.
Informed Consent Forms were provided, verbally explained, and signed by the
respondents before the start of involvement in the study.
Study Plan and Data Collection
Firstly, the researcher sends a transmittal letter to the center in Argao to ask
for authorization to conduct a study and ask for the consent of the participants.
After the participants filled up the demographic information form, there would
be an introduction and orientation about the study and its main purpose. Then,
there would be a one-on-one interview with the participants with an open-ended
question provided to gather their outlook, insight, and opinion about their
occupational needs. Lastly, the researcher would analyze the gathered data.
Data Processing and Analysis
Creswell’s research design on qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods
approaches (Creswell, 2012) was utilized in analyzing the gathered data from the
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participants. The study falls under a grounded theory (Charmaz, 2006; Corbin
& Strauss, 2014), where its design is based on the society where the client lives.
The researcher obtains general and theoretical information based on the client’s
action, process, or interaction based on the perspective of the participants. The
following are the sequence of the method of the study:
1. Review the proposal’s expectations of the participants. Confirm if
participants are knowledgeable about the study. If there are questions
about the study, present the basic attributes of the study.
2. The researcher observes, takes notes on the behavior of each client, and
records in a semi-structured and unstructured way during the activities
on site. The observation should be open-ended to allow each participant
to provide personal views.
3. The researcher interviews one-on-one with each participant or in a group
interview. During the interview, unstructured and open-ended questions
are limited and used to extract opinions from each participant.
4. The researcher, during the actual procedure, investigates qualitative
documents such as official reports or personal documents such as diaries,
letters, emails, etc.
5. The researcher summarizes steps 2, 3 & 4 to extract the main problem
that is currently affecting their health and well-being, leading to their
occupational needs.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
All respondents were PWD’s aged thirty-two to sixty-three who lived
in Argao Cebu and had not received Occupational Therapy services. The
participants shared several themes on their occupational needs, including (1)
Essential Occupational Performance where there are seven participants fall under
the theme, (2) Values and Priorities where 8 participants fall under the theme,
(3) Sustaining Role where only four participants fall under this theme and (4)
Belonging to a Group where 4 participants fall under this theme.
Essential Occupational Performance
Wilcock (1999) and Hitch et al. (2014) perceive that if an individual interacts
with others and with their environment, they develop an identity derived from
their society, making that individual do essential occupation or occupational
performance. For respondents 1 to 4, 6 to 8, they expressed that their current
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occupations are due to newly established routines after they were disabled by
their conditions limiting them to complete previous routines.
Values and Priorities
In this theme, patients with disabilities refine their values and rethink their
priorities to prepare themselves for a new transformation to their new role. Over
time, this continuously changes depending on how patients with disability reflect
and sees their future having the disability. For respondents, 1 to 8 participants in
an important role that they value and priorities such as health, family, and work.
Sustaining Role
This theme refers to patients with disabilities being true to themselves, that
people are required to spend time thinking and reflecting on themselves. This
would help an individual describe and sustain their role in the community or
society. For respondents 1 to 4, constantly rethinking their lives and reflecting on
what to do for them to survive on a day-to-day basis.
Belonging to a Group
This theme discussed how a person with a disability joins their community
to share the same values and foster a sense of belongingness to a group. For
respondents, 6 to 8 expressed their concern about their government not providing
support groups for them to join or to be part of and having limited medical
services offered.
Table 1. Coding of Themes
Participants Significant statement Formed Meaning Cluster / Themes
1 Gusto kog mga exercise nga maka ayo’g dali sa
akong right nga kamot ug right nga tiil para maka
balik nako’g trabaho.
The client is
committed to going
back to work by
exercise.
Values and
Priorities
Lisod e kompleto ang akong mga bulahatonun
sama sa pag ilis ug pag lakaw sa gikan ari padong
maskig asa nga dili ko mahadlok ma tumba
The client had
difficulty in changing
clothes and walking
Essential
Occupational
Performance
Mao jod ning akong paagi para ma buhi ko How the client
survives
Sustaining Role
Ang importante para nako ron kay akong
panglawas kay baskog para dili ko mabaldado
tibuog sa akong kinabuhi
The client values
health
Values and
Priorities
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Participants Significant statement Formed Meaning Cluster / Themes
2 Gusto kog mga aktibidad nga maka tabang nako
maka balik isa ka katabang
The client is eager to
go back to work
Values and
Priorities
If naa koy buhaton ako ra bantayon ako
kaugalingon nga dili ma dakdak or ma tagak sa
salug
The client is conscious
about the environment
and current health
condition
Sustaining Role
Mag luto ko, mang hugas ug plato human nako
kaon, laba sa akong sanina ug palit pod ug mga
kaylangan sa balay dira sa among mercado
The client does
occupational
performance
Essential
Occupational
Performance
Akong kalusogan jod nako akong gi prayoridad
ron para mabuhi ko matagadlaw adlaw ug para
pod maka kompleto nako akong mga bulatonun
Client priorities self to
complete desire tasks
Values and
Priorities
Ning lahi akong paglanataw sa kinabuhi kau
sauna ako ray mag lihok lihok ari sa amoa nga
wala koy gipa mati nga puypuy.
The client rethink and
reflects the current role
Sustaining Role
Wala akoy mga mithi ug mga prayoridad nga
madasig sa komunidad tungod kay wala kami
mga programa nga nagsuporta kanato o naghatag
kahibalo ug edukasyon alang sa atong kahimsog
Encouraged the
community to provide
support.
3 Gusto nako magtrabaho pag-usab ingon usa ka
magtatambag sa among Barangay ug mabawi ang
normal nga gimbuhaton sa akong mga kamot
aron madumala ang akong negosyo dinhi sa balay
The client wants to be
back to work.
Values and
Priorities
Mo mata ko, unya ma ligo, mo kaon, ug mag
lakaw lakaw
Clients routines Essential
Occupational
Performance
Ug karon bago naman akong mga rutina ug lahi
napod akong papel sa kalibutan sigad na stroke
ko.
Client values health Sustaining Role
4 Gusto ko ma baskog balik para wala koy puypuy
ma bati taga luto nako
Client values health Values and
Priorities
Mo maka kog alas ocho sa butag, maligo dayon
ko ug mag ilis ug sanina, kaon sa buntag, hapin
ug gabie, mag exercise pod ko ug usahay mag
lakaw lakaw sa gawas.
The client engages
with new routines.
Essential
Occupational
Performance
Ako ni sila buhaton kaylangan pako
maningkamot para mahuman nakog sakto
Client works hard to
survive
Sustaining Role
Nakapausab kini sa akong panan-aw sa kinabuhi
ug sa akong naandan
Clients outlook in life
had changed
Sustaining Role
Akong kahimsog, akong mama ug ako negosyo Client values family,
health, and job
performance
Values and
Priorities
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Participants Significant statement Formed Meaning Cluster / Themes
5 Gusto ko maka balik ug trabaho bilang isa ka
Vulcanizer.
The client wants to go
back to work.
Values and
Priorities
Lisod kaayo makita nako akong kaugalingon nga
ingani ko. Dili nako ma buhat akong trabaho
sauna nga Volcanicer.
Client values previous
role.
Values and
Priorities
Importante ni para maka sugakod me kuyog sa
akong paris.
The client looks
at partner as an
important factor in
surviving.
6 Gusto ko maka trabaho balik isa’g ka
konstracksyon work para maka hatag kos among
mga kinahanglan sa akong pamilya
The client wants to
work to be able to
provide for the family.
Values and
Priorities
Lisud kaayo gikan sa sinugdanan tungod kay dili
ko mapalihok ang akong nag-una nga kamot sa
kompleto nga mga buluhaton sama sa pagputol sa
karne, utanon, ug mga prutas
The client had
difficulty in
performing certain
tasks
Essential
Occupational
Performance
Among gobyerno ari kay walay mga programa
para namo
The client’s
environment had
nothing to provide.
Belonging to a
Group
Ako amahan ako jod nang trabaho ug obligasyon
mo hatag ug pinansyal nga suporta.
The client wants to go
back to work again
Essential
Occupational
Performance
7 Gusto ko maka trabaho balik isa’g ka
konstracksyon work para maka hatag kos among
mga kinahanglan sa akong pamilya
The client wants to go
back to work again.
Values and
Priorities
Maglisod nakog slice ug mga karni if ma abot na
ug 10 minuti=os or lapas kay maka fell na dayon
ug puypuy
The client performs
tasks longer than
usual.
Essential
Occupational
Performance
Wala gitugutan ni Argao nga labing maayo nga
serbisyo sa kahimsog
The client values
cooking.
Belonging to a
Group
8 Guto ko maka lakaw balik ug tarong ug sakto nga
dili ko mahadlok ma tagak
The client values
cooking.
Values and
Priorities
Lisod para nako mo lihok sa mga bulatonun nga
kaylangan mo abri ug sudlanan nga kaylangan
mo liso ug kontainer nga lingin ug ambri’g
purtahan
The client had
difficulty moving from
one place to another.
Essential
Occupational
Performance
Magluto ko ug maminaw ug radyo ug limpyo
sa balay
The client engages in
these routines every
day.
Essential
Occupational
Performance
Wala kay tungod walay me suport group ari
nga maka share me sa among kaguol sa among
kahimsog ug among kalisod panagadlaw
The client’s
community had no
support group for
them.
Belonging to a
Group
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JPAIR Multidisciplinary Research
Table 2. Proposed Guidelines for OT Program
Themes Activities Persons Involved Expected Output
1.
Values and
Priorities
1. Scheduling of tasks
from Monday to
Sunday
Occupational
Therapist
Improved organization and time
management skills to ensure occupational
balance and maintain positive mental health.
2. Essential
Occupa-
tional Per-
formance
1. Leisure Exploration Occupational
Therapist
Increased positive attitudes and social
participation in activities can develop
from being in a social environment where
others are actively participating in the
same occupations. (O’Sullivan & Hocking
2006). Additionally, this also presents an
opportunity for increased socialization,
creation of social supports, and development
of a sense of community (Causey-Upton,
2015; O’Sullivan & Hocking, 2006; Watt
& Konnert, 2007; Van’t Leven & Jonsson,
2002). Hence, participating in Support
Groups with similar interests can not only
promote positive mental health but can
also help the adolescent build meaningful
interpersonal relationships necessary for
personal growth.
3. Belonging
to a Group
1. Introduction of
non-contact sports
activities:
• Badminton
• Table Tennis
• Javelin Throw
• Shot put
• Archery
2. Introduction to
Fitness Activities:
• Home Exercises
• Jump Rope
Challenge
• Zumba
• Weight-lifting
• Aerobics
Occupational
Therapist
Sufficient evidence now exists for the
effectiveness of exercise in the treatment of
clinical depression.
Exercise has a moderate reducing effect
on state and trait anxiety and can improve
physical self-perceptions and, in some cases,
global self-esteem.
Also, there is now good evidence that aerobic
and resistance exercise enhances mood states
(Fox, 2007).
Regular physical activity can help children
and adolescents improve cardiorespiratory
fitness, build strong bones and muscles,
control weight, reduce symptoms of anxiety
and depression, and reduce the risk of
developing health conditions (CDC, 2020)
4. Sustain-
ing Role
1. Job Exploration Community
Social Worker
Increased opportunities for employment
necessary for sustaining and maintaining
other occupations.
61
International Peer Reviewed Journal
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the interviews with patients with disabilities in Argao Cebu
and themes that emerged, the study found out that Essential Occupational
Performance, Values, and Priorities, Sustaining Role and Belonging to a Group
are interrelated in the totality of a patient with a disability. If one is affected, the
other three (3) will be affected as well, making an individual have occupational
needs with their occupational performance and daily routine.
This study showed that there are challenges for the development and
implementation of CBR programs in Argao Cebu, with the evolving environment
and the demands of services. They are an improved methodology or techniques
to execute CBR programs, funding for CBR activities, and dissemination of
information about CBR services.
RECOMMENDATIONS
These study results could be used to acquire knowledge and recognize the
occupational needs of adolescents with disabilities in the Community-Based
Rehabilitative Project in Argao Cebu. In that way, we can collaborate with the
adolescents and explore different leisure activities that can be done at home to
promote healthy use of their free time. Activities may include Dance and Musical
Activities, Arts & Crafts, Gardening & Landscaping, Needlework Activities
(Crochet, Knitting, & Sewing). Facilitate routine building among adolescents by
asking them to lay out their current routines. The adolescents will then identify
which activities they want to keep, remove and add to their daily routine.
Facilitate a workshop on habit identification. The adolescent will sort out current
positive and negative habits to bring self-awareness. The occupational therapist
will then provide a habit training workshop and introduce the 4-step model
in habit training. To the Occupational Therapy profession, this study could be
used for reference for planning and providing appropriate interventions that will
enhance the well-being and health of these clients with disabilities. For further
studies, increasing the sample size to acquire more remarkable data/information
that might appear as a new theme.
62
JPAIR Multidisciplinary Research
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