67 
Citation: Amin, A. M., & Adiansyah, R. (2018). Developing poster based on diversity of Nepenthes 

in Padat Karya forest, Krayan North Kalimantan. JPBI (Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Indonesia), 4(1), 
67-74. https://doi.org/10.22219/jpbi.v4i1.5231 

ia, 3(2), 72-79. https://doi.org/10.22219/jpbi.vxiy.xxxx 

Vol. 4 No. 1, 2018; pp. 67-74 
ISSN: 2442-3750 (print); ISSN: 2527-6204 (online) 

http://ejournal.umm.ac.id/index.php/jpbi 
                                   

Received: 22/01/2018  
Revised: 22/03/2018  

Accepted: 26/03/2018  

 

JPBI (JURNAL PENDIDIKAN BIOLOGI INDONESIA) 

Indonesian Journal of Biology Education 
  

 

 

DEVELOPING POSTER BASED ON DIVERSITY OF NEPENTHES IN PADAT 

KARYA FOREST, KRAYAN NORTH KALIMANTAN 

 
Silfia Ilma*, Superli, Zulfadli, and Darius Rupa 

Department of Biology Education, University of Borneo Tarakan, North Kalimantan, Indonesia  

*corresponding email: ilmasilfia88@gmail.com 

 

 
ABSTRACT  

Nepenthes is a unique carnivores plant that can be found in Padat Karya forest, Krayan at the North 

Kalimantan. The existence of these plants can be used as a media of learning so that learning activities 

become more contextual. The aims of this study are 1) to know the diversity of Nepenthes in Padat Karya 

forest, 2) to determine the feasibility of learning media in the form of poster developed from the results of 

the Nepenthes diversity research. This research consisted of two stages. The first was research stage which 

involved inventory, identification, and diversity index determination of Nepenthes. The second stage was 

development research i.e developing the results gained from the first stage into poster form. The research 

and development model employed in this study was the modified-Borg and Gall (2006) model. There were 

five steps conducted, namely (1) need analysis, (2) planning, (3) develop the preliminary form of product, 

(4) preliminary field testing, and (5) main product revision. The results showed that the diversity index 

value of Nepenthes was categorized as ‘medium’. In addition, based on the validation and response 

obtained, the poster developed was feasible to be utilized as a learning media in senior high school. 

 

Keywords: Diversity, learning media, Nepenthes, poster 

 
© 2018 Department of Biology Education, FTTE, University of Muhammadiyah Malang, Indonesia 

 

INTRODUCTION 

 

Nepenthes is a carnivorous plant that preys 

insects to meet the needs of nitrogen in the 

body. Mansur (2007) stated that Nepenthes is 

included in liana plant.  Mardhiana, Parto, 

Hayati, and Priadi (2012) stated that the 

Nepenthes plant is very well adapted to grow in 

nutrient-poor soils in term of low nitrogen, 

phosphorus, and potassium, besides possessing 

high soil acidity, yet these are limiting factors 

for plant growth. The uniqueness of Nepenthes 

lies in the way of getting food. Not only do the 

roots absorb nutrients from the soil, but this 

plant also absorbs nutrients from insects trapped 

in its ‘pocket’. The insects are destroyed by a 

kind of gastric acid-like compound to suck its 

juice. That is why the plant is able to survive in 

barren areas.  

Some benefits were identified for growing 

Nepenthes. Generally, Nepenthes can grow well 

in poor nutrient and somewhat exposed to 

sunlight (Hernawati & Akhriadi, 2006). 

Nepenthes can be used as a traditional 

medicinal plant (a liquid from a closed pouch 

used as an eye remedy and cough medicine), 

and even it can be used as a clue as a climate 

indicator (Susanti, Natalia, & Aisyah, 2016). 

Nepenthes has a potential ability as an insect 

controller, conventional multipurpose plant, 

unique ornamental plant as its leaf tips can 

appear pouches, medicinal plants, and protein-

producing plants (Eilenberg et al., 2010; 

Mardhiana et al., 2012). 

Nepenthes belongs to liana plants 

(propagating) which has two homes, means, 

male and female flowers are separated in 

different individuals (Mansur, 2006). It is 

commonly attached (epiphytes) on stems or 

branches or grows terrestrially. A single leaf is 

the common form of a lanceolate or a spatula, 

with tendrils on the tip of the leaf in which the 

petiole is not always present (Clarke, 2007). 

The grown plants grow up and the trunk forms 

an elongated segment and ultimately produces 

flowers and fruits (Clarke, Shen, Wong, 

Barkman, & Carow, 1997). In some types of 

Nepenthes, seedling or young plants form a 

rosette that usually produces leaves and 

‘pockets’ on a short stalk. Although the shape 

of the bag varies on each type, it generally has 

https://doi.org/10.22219/jpbi.v4i1.5231
https://doi.org/10.22219/jpbi.v3i1.3905
mailto:ilmasilfia88@gmail.com


Ilma et al / JPBI (Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Indonesia) / 4 (1) (2018) pp. 67-74 

 

68      Developing poster based on diversity ….  

the same characteristics, consisting of lids, 

peristome (lips) and pockets (Clarke, 2007). 

Nepenthes is a typical tropical plant that is 

also widely known by the name of Nephentes. 

The status of Nepenthes is protected by law and 

government regulations. However, the current 

population of Nepenthes is threatened with 

extinction so it is important to conduct a study 

to maintain its sustainability. 

Forests on the island of Kalimantan have 

poor nutrient conditions and have a high degree 

of acidity. Therefore Nepenthes can be found in 

Kalimantan forest. Ilma (2014) stated that there 

were four species of Nepenthes have been 

found in Borneo Tarakan University, these 

species were: Nepenthes ampularia, Nepenthes 

rafflesiana, Nepenthes mirabilis and Nepenthes 

hirsuta. Based on the observations in the Padat 

Karya forest, has found a lot of Nepenthes. But 

the existence of this plant has not been 

integrated into biology learning activities. 

Based on the results of interviews with the 

student, they do not know about the existence 

and benefits of Nepenthes.  

After knowing the diversity of Nepenthes in 

Padat Karya Forests, an environmental 

evaluation can be conducted which leads to the 

conservation effort of Nepenthes plant in Padat 

Karya Forest area. In order to instill a caring 

and responsible of Nepenthes, the results of this 

study will be arranged in a poster which can be 

utilized as a media for biodiversity in high 

school. 

This study aims to find out the diversity of 

Nepenthes in the Padat Karya Forest. After 

knowing the description of the vegetation of 

Nepenthes in the Padat Karya Forest, it can be 

done an evaluation of the environment, which 

leads to the conservation efforts of the plant 

Nepenthes in the Padat Karya Forest. In order to 

instill a caring and responsible attitude towards 

students in the presence of Nepenthes, the 

results of this study will be constructed as 

learning materials in the form of the poster for 

biodiversity learning in high school. The 
purpose of preparing Nepenthes diversity poster 

media is to help students to understand the 

concept of biodiversity and to invite students to 

caring the local plants around.  

 Jannah and Serevina (2016), stated that 
using poster in physical learning can ease 

student to understand and memorize the 

learning materials. Due to the poster contents 

are writings and drawings, it can increase the 

student interest in learning.  

METHOD 

 

Research Stage 

This research consisted of two stages. The 

first stage was research, consist of inventory, 

identification, and diversity index determination 

of Nepenthes. The second stage was developing 

the research results into Poster.  

 

Inventory and Identification 

Data collection on the existence of 

Nepenthes was done by using purposive 

sampling with the exploration method of 

combination plot (Muller-Dombosis & 

Ellenberg, 1974). Sampling area was divided 

into five tracks, based on the presence or 

absence of Nepenthes in Padat Karya Forest, at 

the North Kalimantan.  

 

Diversity index of Nepenthes 

The calculation of Nepenthes diversity index 

was used Shanon-Wienner index (Ludwig & 

Reynolds, 1988) as follows. 

 

          (1) 
 

Description:  

H’ = Shannon – Wienner diversity index 

Pi  = (ni / N) 

ln  = natural logarithm 

n   = the number of individuals of each type 

N  = total number of individuals of all types 

 

The diversity index of species in an area 

depends on the type of ecosystem of the sample 

area. Generally, lowland forests have fewer 

species than wet tropical forests. The criteria of 

the Shannon-Wiener diversity index are: (a) 

H'>3: High diversity, the spread of the number 

of individuals per species high and high 

community stability, (b) 1<H'<3: Medium 

diversity, the spread of the number of 

individuals per medium species and moderate 

community stability, and (c) H'<1: Low 

diversity, the spread of individual species per 

species is low and community stability is low. 
 

Developing Stage 

The development model in this research and 

development used modified Borg and Gall 

(2006) model. This study used only five steps 

of Borg and Gall model, namely, (1) need 

analysis, (2) planning, (3) develop a preliminary 

form of product, (4) preliminary field testing, 



Ilma et al / JPBI (Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Indonesia) / 4 (1) (2018) pp. 67-74 

 

      Developing poster based on diversity ….     69 

and (5) main product revision. The reason for 

this modification was the time and cost issues. 

 

Need Analysis Stage 

Need analysis is an early stage in the 

developing procedure. Need analysis is focused 

on the existence of course and the availability 

of the material learning about biodiversity in 

high school.   
 

Planning Stage 

The planning stage was done by making a 

poster design based on the identification and 

study of the diversity of Nepenthes in the Padat 

Karya Forest, at the North Kalimantan. Poster 

planning is designed by adjusting the learning 

objectives to be achieved. The format of the 

developed poster consists of several parts about 

Nepenthes, namely: classification, species, 

stead, and conservation. 

 

Product Developing Stage 

The product developing stage consists of 

two stages, comprising the preparation of the 

poster format and the validation sheet 

submission. The compilation of validation 

sheets is used to determine the feasibility of the 

posters that have been developed. After 

developing the product, the validation was 

done. Validation was done by media experts, 

material experts, and practitioners. Once the 

poster developed was valid, then the poster 

would be field-tested. 

 

Initial Field Trial Test 
Initial field trials were conducted by 

distributing poster products to students. At this 

stage, students were not only asked to provide 

an assessment only, but also provide advice on 

product development. 

 

Major Product Revisions 

Revisions would be made if the 

improvement is needed for the product being 

developed. The developing flow done in this 

research is presented in the diagram in Figure 1. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Figure 1. The model of poster development (Source: modified from Gall et al., 2006) 

 

Product Trial 

Product trials is a part of the preliminary 

field test developing phase. The data obtained 

from the preliminary field test was validation 

results from material experts and practitioners 

as well as student responses to the poster which 

being developed. The subjects of this study 

were ten students in high school. 

 

Data Collection Instruments 

The data collection used in this study was 

the instrument in form of validation sheet of the 

poster and student response questionnaire.  

 

Data analysis technique 

The data analysis techniques used to process 

data from the results of the expert review, 

namely descriptive qualitative and descriptive 

analysis. Qualitative descriptive data analysis is 

used to process data from the validation results 

of material experts, in the form of comments 

and suggestions of improvements contained in 

the validation instrument. Data analysis is used 

as a reference to improve or revise the product. 

Quantitative descriptive data analysis is 

used to analyze the data obtained in the form of 

percentage analysis. The data that has been 

collected in the validation questionnaire is 

basically a qualitative data because each 

statement item is divided into categories not 

very good, not good, good and very good. The 

data is first converted into quantitative data 

according to the weight of the score. The 

conversion is done by using formula (2) 

(Arikunto, 2001). 

 

 

Need analysis 

Stages 

Planning stages: Determining 

objectives, determining work 

procedures, and product feasibility 

test 

 

Early Product development phase: 

Poster Development of Nepenthes 

diversity 

Preliminary field test: initially 

performed expert validation. Then 

preliminary field test with the object 

6-12 students 

Product revision stage: product 

revisions are based on suggestion 

and analysis results from 

preliminary 



Ilma et al / JPBI (Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Indonesia) / 4 (1) (2018) pp. 67-74 

 

70      Developing poster based on diversity ….  

                           (2) 

 

Description:  

     P  = percentage of ratings 

      = The number of respondents in 1 item 

      = ideal score in the item 

    100%  = constants 
 

The data was analyzed descriptively by 

determining the eligibility and feasibility 

criteria (Table 1). 
 

Table 1. Eligibility and feasibility criteria 

Achievement 

Level (%) 
Qualification Information 

81-100 

61-80 

41-60 

21-40 

0-20 

Very good 

Good 

Enough 

Less 

Very less 

Valid 

Valid 

Revision/invalid 

Revision/invalid 

Revision/invalid 

(Source: Suwastono, 2011) 

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

 

Diversity Index of Nepenthes  
This research was conducted by using 

roaming method. This cruising method has been 

done by exploring the research location that is 

labor-intensive forests to know the type of 

Nepenthes contained in the area. The roaming 

method was carried out in 5 tracks. 

Identification of Nepenthes species has been 

done with observing its morphological 

characteristics. After that, the morphological 

features had matched with relevant images or 

books and adapted to identification and 

classification in taxonomic order. Types of 

Nepenthes contained in Padat Karya Forests at 

the North Kalimantan include N. ampularia, N. 

garcilis, N. mirabilis, and N. reinwardtiana 

(Figure 2). 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

Figure 2. Nepenthes contained in the Padat Karya Forest Krayan, at the North Kalimantan (a) N. reinwardtiana, 

(b) N. grasilis, (c) N. ampularia, (d) N. mirabilis (Source: primary data, 2016). 

 

Based on Figure 2, it is known that each 

species of Nepenthes is unique based on its 

pockets. Nepenthes diversity has different index 

values on each path in sampling. The diversity 

index of Nepenthes can be seen in Figure 3. 

Based on Figure 3, it can be seen that the 

highest diversity index was track I (0.49) in 

which the second highest value was possessed 

by track II (0.30). In contrast, the lowest 

diversity index was on track IV (0.16). Track III 

and V were 0.27 and 0.29 respectively.  

Of the five tracks, the track I has the largest 

diversity index. This is because there are four 

species that can be found in line 5, while in 

other tracks only 3 species found. Track I is a 

shade-shaded path and the average pH soil 

value was 5. This is consistent with the results 

of some studies (Ellison & Gotelli, 2001; 



Ilma et al / JPBI (Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Indonesia) / 4 (1) (2018) pp. 67-74 

 

      Developing poster based on diversity ….     71 

Mansur, 2006) which revealed that Nepenthes is 

found in infertile areas with low nutrient 

content such as N, P, and K, acid soils with soil 

pH ranging from 2 to 5 and high humidity. 

Maysarah, Zuhud, and Hikmat (2016) also 

stated that temperature and humidity play an 

important role in the growth of Nepenthes. 

 

 
 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

Figure 3. Diversity index of Nepenthes in Padat Karya Forests Krayan, at the North Kalimantan (Source: 

primary data, 2016). 

 

The diversity of species is characteristic of 

the community level based on its biological 

organization. High species diversity shows that 

a community has a high complexity because the 

interaction of a community is very high. The 

highest Nepenthes species diversity index of 

0.4942 lies on track I. Based on the Shannon-

Winner if the diversity index value meets the 

criterion as 1<H'<3, it is categorized as medium 

diversity, the spread of the individual number of 

each species being moderate and the stability of 

the moderate community. This is due to the four 

types of Nepenthes can be found on track I. The 

results of this study are higher than the index of 

diversity of Nepenthes research results Baloari, 

Linda, and Mukarlina (2013) showed that the 

diversity of Nepenthes species in Mount 

Semahung Pontianak is H1 <1. This value 

indicates that species diversity is low in all 

study sites. 

According to Barbour (1987), the index of 

species diversity is an important information 

about a community. The larger the sample area 

and the more species encountered, the value of 

the species diversity index will tend to be 

higher. The relatively low value of the diversity 

index is common in communities that have 

reached a climax. To maintain a high diversity, 

the community requires regular and random 

distractions. Very stable, regional, and 

homogeneous communities have a lower 

diversity index than mosaic forms or are 

periodically interrupted by fire, wind, flood, 

pest and human intervention. Usually, after the 

disturbance passes, there will be an increase in 

species diversity to a point where the 

community reaches a climax. Furthermore, after 

the climax, there is a tendency of diversity 

index to decrease again. 

Based on the results of identification and 

diversity determination of Nepenthes, the 

results were developed into a poster media for 

biodiversity materials in class X of high school. 

The poster developed was firstly validated by a 

material expert, a media expert, and a 

practitioner before being tested to the students. 

The results of the validation of material experts 

as shown in Table 2. 
 

Table 2. The result of expert material validation 

No. Aspect Percentages of ratings (%) 

1 Material 80 

2 Language 85 

3 Presentation 80 

4 Full view 80 

Mean 81.25 

Catagories Very Good 

(Source: primary data, 2017) 
 

Based on the validation results of material 

experts, the media poster developed was 

categorized as very good. But there were some 

things that need to be added such as the effort 

of conserving Nepenthes ex-situ and in-situ. In 

accordance with the suggestion, the concept of 



Ilma et al / JPBI (Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Indonesia) / 4 (1) (2018) pp. 67-74 

 

72      Developing poster based on diversity ….  

Nepenthes conservation then was added. Ilma 

(Ilma, 2016) stated that Nepenthes can be 

preserved by in-situ and ex-situ, preserving 

with tissue culture, integrating local wisdom in 

local school lessons, and socializing to the 

community to preserve the natural habitat of 

Nepenthes. The results of media expert 

validation were as showed in Table 3. 

 
Table 3. The result of learning media expert 

validation 

No. Aspect Percentages of ratings (%) 

1 Language 80 

2 Presentation 80 

3 Full view 80 

Mean 80 

Catagories Very Good 

(Source: primary data, 2017) 

 

Based on the results of the validation of 

learning media experts, the poster developed 

was categorized as very good. The suggestions 

given by the media expert was about the color 

contrast, font variations, and the alphabetical 

size. 
 

Table 4. The results of practitioner validation 

No. Aspect Percentages of ratings (%) 

1 Material 82 

2 Posters’ effect 

on learning 

85 

3 Language 80 

4 Presentation 85 

5 Full view 80 

Mean 82.4 

Catagories Very Good 

(Source: primary data, 2017) 
 

Table 4 shows the results of practitioners' 

validation. Based on the results of media 
practitioner validation, the rating gained for the 

Nepenthes diversity posters was 82.4% which 

means that it was very good. Then the poster 

then was tested of the introductory field by 6 

students. The results of the student responses to 

the Nepenthes diversity poster in the Padat 

Karya Forest, at the North Kalimantan can be 

seen in Table 5. 

 
Table 5. The results of preliminary field test 

No. Aspect Percentages of ratings (%) 

1 Simplicity 87 

2 Attractiveness 90 

3 Understanding 85 

Mean 87.3 

Catagories Very Good 

(Source: primary data, 2017) 

The percentage rating gained from student 

response to the Nepenthes diversity poster was 

87.3% which was considered as the very good 

category. The student responses were very good 

to the poster produced because the poster 

displays a real picture with an interesting mix 

color. Moreover, the poster also contains local 

plants that exist around the students so that the 

learning activities become more contextual. 

Some of the respondents stated that with the 

poster that contains these local plants can help 

them in understanding the concept of 

biodiversity. Thus, it can be concluded that the 

Nepenthes diversity poster can be used in 

learning at senior high school. 

This is in accordance with Ilma et al. (2017) 

which concluded that local potential-based 

textbooks have reached 94.27% of assessment 

on aspects of comprehension, which means that 

textbooks are considered as a media that able to 

assist students in understanding the concept due 

to its contextuality. In line with the results 

above was Jannah et al. (2016) conclusion 

about the good student response to the fluid 

physics poster which achieved 85.54% rating. 

Students felt greatly helped by the poster in 

learning statical-fluid physics. The final product 

of the poster media developed as shown in 

Figure 4. 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

Figure 4.  The poster of "The diversity of 

Nepenthes in Padat Karya Forest Krayan, at 

the North Kalimantan". 



Ilma et al / JPBI (Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Indonesia) / 4 (1) (2018) pp. 67-74 

 

      Developing poster based on diversity ….     73 

A poster is one of the media that consists of 

symbols of words or symbols are very simple 

and generally contain a suggestion or ban. 

Poster served to convey messages, information, 

ideas, and so on. Media posters of ‘The 

diversity of Nepenthes in the Padat Karya forest 

Krayan, at the North Kalimantan’ was created 

to convey information on biodiversity and 

information on the conservation of the 

surrounding Nepenthes plants. This is in 

accordance with the statement of Hermina and 

Prihartini (2016) which reported that poster of 

nutrient education has increased student's 

knowledge about nutrition as high as 78.25%. 

 

CONCLUSION 

 
Based on the results of the research that has 

been done, it can be concluded that; 1) the 

highest diversity index of Nepenthes species 

was lied on track I as high as 0.4942. Based on 

the Shannon-Winner 1 <H '<3 criterion it means 

medium diversity; and 2) based on the 

validation and response to the poster, it can be 

determined that the poster is feasible to be used 

in learning for senior high school. 

  

ACKNOWLEDGMENT 
 

Thanks to all those who have assisted with 

the implementation of this research and 

development. Particularly to fellow lecturers 

who have become validators in this poster 

medium of Nepenthes diversity. 

 

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