JURNAL FARMASI SAINS DAN KOMUNITAS, May 2021, 49-55 Vol. 18 No. 1 
p-ISSN 1693-5683; e-ISSN 2527-7146 
doi:https://doi.org/10.24071/jpsc.003018 

 

THE EFFECTIVENESS 

OF SOUTH SUMATRA COFFEE (Coffea arabica L.) EXTRACT CREAM IN BURN 

WOUND RECOVERY OF MALE WHITE MICE (Mus musculus) 

 

Muhammad Romadhon1*), Dani Prasetyo2 

 
1Faculty of Midwifery and Nursing, University of Kader Bangsa, Jl. HM, Ryacudu No. 88 

Palembang, 30452, Indonesia 
2Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Kader Bangsa, Jl. HM, Ryacudu No. 88 Palembang, 30452, 

Indonesia 

 

Received December 12, 2020; Accepted January 12, 2021 
 

 

ABSTRACT 

The effectiveness of South Sumatra coffee extract cream in burn wound recovery of white 

male mice had been analyzed. This research aims to ensure which one between immature and 

mature coffee bean that was better to recover burn wounds of male white mice after 14-day testing. 

The prepared concentrations for both coffee beans were 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%. We then figured 

out that ethanol contained by young and old coffee beans had a recovery effect on burn wounds of 

male white mice (Mus musculus). Findings indicate that 0.3% of mature coffee beans were more 

effective in recovering burn wounds of male white mice (Mus musculus), in which the wound 

recovery percentage was close to that in the positive control (burnazin). 

 

Keywords: burn wound; coffe extract; cream. 
 
 

INTRODUCTION 

Burn wounds constituted tissue damage or 

loss due to contacting a high-temperature 

source (e.g., fire, boiled water, chemicals, 

electricity, and radiacal (Nugroho, 2012) The 

prevalence of burn wounds in Indonesia was 

0.7%, which had declined by 1.5% from that in 

2008 (2.2%). Two provinces identified as 

having the highest prevalence are Papua 

(2.0%) and Bangka Belitung (1,7%). Despite 

the low prevalence, burn wounds were 

considered as a potentially global community 

health problem as it provoked high mortality 

and morbidity rates (1.4%) (Depkes RI, 2013). 

Wound recovery is a process to recover 

the damage occurring. The primary principle 

of recovery was cooling the burn area down 

or reducing the inflames, preventing 

infections, and giving chances to the  

remnants of   epithelial   cells   to   proliferate   

and cover the wounds (Wirastuty, 2016). 

*Corresponding author: Muhammad Romadhon 

Email: madhon1989@gmail.com 

The process of wound recovery comprises 

three phases, i.e., inflammation, proliferation, 

and maturation. The inflammatory phase was 

characterized by rubor (redness), color (heat), 

dolor (pain), and function laesa (loss of 

functions) (Sukmawati,2018). 

One of the alternative home remedies is 

coffee powder. Coffee powder was renowned 

for its chlorogenic acid which reportedly had 

strong anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial effects, 

and served as a wound cover (Yuwono, 2014). 

Accordingly, coffee could be used to 

accelerate burn wound recovery (Muljana, 

2010). We have found a myriad of empirical 

evidence which argues that the Indonesians 

have been using pure coffee powder as an 

alternative medicine to cure various types of 

wound, one of which is burn wound. Sudjono, 

in his research, attested that coffee powder 

demonstrated an anti-bacterial effect 

(Muljana, 2010). 

https://doi.org/10.24071/jpsc.003018
mailto:madhon1989@gmail.com


Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Komunitas, 2021, 18(1), 49-55 

50 Muhammad Romadhon et al. 

 

 

 
 

One of the dosage forms commonly 

distributed in markets is cream. Cream is a 

semi- solid dosage form of emulsion which 

contains water of not less than 60% and is 

intended for external use. The cream made in 

this research is the Oil or Water (O/A)-type 

cream. The selection of the type of cream is 

under the consideration that it is applied on the 

skin and thus expected to confer optimal 

effects because it elevates the gradient of the 

concentration of active substances which 

penetrate the skin and consequently enhances 

the percutaneous adsorption (Elmitra, 2017). 

Based on the explanation, we proved the 

effectiveness of ethanol extracted from coffee 

powder which had the ability to heal burn 

wounds or accelerate burn wound coverage. 

As such, we were interested in conducting a 

research entitled “The Effectiveness of South 

Sumatra Coffee (Caffea Arabica L.) Extract 

Cream in Burn Wound Recovery of Male 

White Mice (Mus musculus)”. 

 

METHODS 

Materials and instruments 

Mature and immature coffee powder, 

burnazin ointment, cetyl alcohol, stearic acid, 

triethanolamine, glycerin, methylparaben, 

aquadest, ethanol of 99% (Merck®), 

Ketamine injection (generic®), rotary 

evaporator (IKA RV 10 basic), sieve 60 mesh, 

blender (Philips), pH meter (Hanna®), 

analytical balance (Mettler toledo®), and 

glassware (pyrex®). 

Experimental animals 

Experimental animals used in this 

research were male white mice (Mus  

musculus) aged two months old, 20-30 grams 

in body weight, and had been acclimatized for 

seven days. The mice needed were 50 in 

number. 

Making coffee extract cream 

Simplicia making 

Prepare 5 kg of mature and immature 

coffee beans, wash them using clean water, 

and dry them under direct sunlight. When the 

beans had been dried, roast them until they 

were cooked and ground them using a blender 

to produce dried simplicial powder (Sembiring 

et al., 2015) 

Coffee extracting 

Extraction was conducted using a 

maceration method which consisted of the 

following steps. Take simplicia powder made 

of old and young coffee beans by 500 grams. 

Place each simplicial powder in a bottle or 

maceration vessel. Add liquid ethanol of 96% 

to the bottle or maceration vessel until the 

simplicial powder was entirely soaked. Close 

the bottle or maceration vessel and store it in 

a shadow place at room temperature for three 

days.  

During the storage time, churn the bottle 

or maceration vessel repeatedly. Separate the 

pulp and filtrate. Re-extract the pulp using 

ethanol for three days. Repeat the soaking 

several times until the filtrate had been 

perfectly extracted. The filtrate extracted was 

evaporated using a rotary evaporator at 60 ° C 

until a thick extract was obtained. Calculate 

the yield based on Equation 1 (Paputungan et 

al., 2019). 

Yield = weight of thick extract (g) x 100%    (1) 

                       weight of simplicia (g) 

 

Table 1. Cream dosage formula 

No. Ingredient FI (% b/b) FII (% b/b) FIII (% b/b) 

1 Extract 0.1 0.2 0.3 

2 Cetyl alcohol 2 2 2 

3 Stearic acid 12 12 12 

4 Triethanolamine 3 3 3 

5 Glycerin 8 8 8 

6 Methylparaben 0.2 0.2 0.2 

7 Aquades Ad 100 Ad 100 Ad 100 

 



Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Komunitas, 2021, 18(1), 49-55 

51 The Effectiveness of South Sumatra Coffee… 

 

 

 
 

Cream Making 

In cream making, we referred to Puspitasari 

et al., (2017) A thick extract of arabica coffee 

was formulated into cream dosage at various 

extract concentrations namely FI (0.1%), FII 

(0.2%), and FIII (0.3%). Cream making was 

performed by weighing each of the ingredients 

used. The oil phase was made by heating 

stearic acid and cetyl alcohol until they melted 

in a porcelain dish. During the heating process, 

we churned the two ingredients until they were 

homogenous at 70°C above a water bath. The 

water phase was conducted by dissolving 

triethanolamine, glycerin, methylparaben, and 

arabica coffee bean extract in a porcelain dish 

and stirring them over a water bath at 70 ° C. 

Aquadest was heated over a water bath at a 

temperature of 70 ° C. The water phase and the 

ethanol extract of the arabica coffee beans were 

transferred to a hot mortar and added to the oil 

phase, then stirred slowly. Distilled water was 

gradually added up to 100 mL. The mixture of 

the oil phase and the water phase was stirred 

until cool, and a homogeneous cream mass was 

then formed. The formula for the respective 

cream   of  arabica coffee bean extract was 

tested for its  chemical and physical    properties. 

the second was given FII cream, the third was 

given FIII cream, the positive control group 

was given burnazin, and the negative control 

was given nothing. The medicine and coffee 

extract cream were evenly applied to the 

wound area of male white mice (Mus 

musculus) twice a day for 14 days. We 

observed the signs of wound recovery by 

measuring the wound area. 

The wound area was measured using the 

ImageJ® application, a quantitative image 

analysis tool used to measure a surface area. 

We compared the result of the daily 

observation of the respective mice by making 

a table of comparison. The time and 

percentage of burn wound healing were then 

converted into the recovery percentage (%) 

using “the Percentage Conversion Formula 

(Equation 2)” (Wijaya et al., 2014). 

 
                                                    (2) 
 

 
Px : Percentage of healing on x day (in 

%) 

d1 : Diameter of the wound on the first 

day (mm) 
dx : Diameter of the wound on day x 

(mm) 

Characteristic test of the physical and 

chemical properties of cream 

The series of the test included the 

organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, 

and spreadability test (Juwita et al., 2013; 

Murrkmihadi et al., 2012). 

Burn wound test 

The mice were weighed and randomly 

grouped into ten groups, each of which 

consisted of five mice. Five out of the ten 

groups were treated using young coffee extract, 

where as the five others were using the old one. 

Burn  wounds  were  made  using  an  iron 

plate  at  the  size  of  a  Rp 100.00  coin  with  

a diameter of 23 mm which was previously 

heated  in a Bunsen   fire   for   one   minute   

and   contacted   on the   back   of   the   mice   

for   five   seconds.   Before   their  skin was   

burned,   the   mice  were anesthetized   using   

ketamine.  The   first   group (either immature   

and   matur coffee  bean) was given  FI  cream, 
 
 

Ethical clearance 

In this research, white mice were used as 

experimental animals. This research had been 

declared as reliable by the Ethical Committee 

of Medical Research, University of Kader 

Bangsa No. 001/KEPK/UKB-FKES/VII/2020 

 

RESULT AND DISCUSSION 

Coffee extract making 

A thick extract was obtained from 500 

grams of the simplicia of 28 grams of 

immature coffee beans and 30 grams of 

mature coffee beans at a yield percentage of 

5.6% and 6%, respectively. The yield 

percentage indicated how effective the 

extraction process was and how much 

compound was extracted. 



Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Komunitas, 2021, 18(1), 49-55 

52 Muhammad Romadhon et al. 

 

 

 
 

Characteristic test of the physical and 

chemical properties of cream 

The cream dosage was tested for 

physical and chemical properties,  including 

organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, and 

spreadability tests. Table 2 presents the result 

of the organoleptic and homogeneity tests of 

cream dosage. 

 

Table 2. Organoleptic and homogeneity tests 

Formula Color Odor Softness Homogeneity 

Immature coffee F1 White Typical coffee Soft Homogeneous 

Immature coffee F2 Cream Typical coffee Soft Homogeneous 

Immature coffee F3 Light brown Typical coffee Soft Homogeneous 

Mature coffee F1 White Typical coffee Soft Homogeneous 

Mature coffee F2 Cream Typical coffee Soft Homogeneous 

Mature coffee F3 Light brown Typical coffee Soft Homogeneous 

 
 

The result of organoleptic tests of color, 

odor, texture, and homogeneity showed that 

ethanol extract cream made from arabica 

coffee was white, cream, or light brown in 

color with a typical sense of coffee, soft (semi-

solid) and not clumping texture, and 

homogeneous in each cream formula. The 

result of pH and spreadability tests is 

presented in Table 3. 

Table 3. pH and spreadability tests 
No. Formula pH Spreadability 

1 F1 mature coffee 5.4 3.5 

2 F2 mature coffee 5.5 3.5 

3 F3 mature coffee 5.7 3.6 

4 F1 immature coffee 5.3 3.8 

5 F2 immature coffee 5.4 4 

6 F3 immature coffee 5.7 4 
 Mean 5.5 3.73 

 

Coffee extract cream had an average pH 

of 5.5, thereby meeting the standard pH of the 

skin. When the cream pH was less than 4.5, the 

cream was acidic and potential for irritating 

the skin. Additionally, when it was more than 

6.5, it was alkaline and potential for causing 

dry and scaly skin (Solanum and Nsp, 2015). 

Meanwhile, the spreadability test testified 

that the greater the spreadability, the better the 

physical properties of the cream. 

Recommended spreadability widened the 

contact between the cream and the skin, 

accelerating the active substance adsorption. 

The coffee extract cream had an average 

spreadability of 3.73 cm. The  dispersibility 

did not meet the standard due to the 

concentration of extract added. The more the 

extract added, the more concentrated the 

consistency of cream dosage, decreasing its 

spreadability (Ekawati et al., 2012). 
 

Burn wound test 

To identify the percentage of wound 

recovery, we made a direct observation of the 

wound area. The measurement of the wound 

area was carried out in 2-day interval by taking 

the picture of the wound area which had been 

scaled using a ruler positioned on the side of 

the wound. The ImageJ® application was used 

to measure the area. The data of wound 

recovery percentages were then analyzed 

using SPSS. Table 4 and Figure 1 indicate the 

resultof the burn wound recovery 

measurement of all treatment groups from 

day 0-14. 



Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Komunitas, 2021, 18(1), 49-55 

53 The Effectiveness of South Sumatra Coffee… 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 1: Changes in the diameter of wound area from day 0-14 
 

Table 4. Observation of burn wound recovery 

Treatment Group Average Wound 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

From the first to the sixth day of treatment, 

the average percentage of wound recovery for 

each group showed less than 20%. This is 

because the wound recovery process was still 

in the inflammatory phase. The inflammatory 

phase is a phase susceptible for infection, and 

the presence of fluid in the injured skin can be 

a good medium for bacterial growth. 

Moreover, the release of inflammatory 

mediators can worsen the infection. In the 

early wound recovery process, it can form a 

scab, but the recovery is not optimal yet 

(Sjamsuhidajat et al., 2011) 

The 10th day of wound recovery process 

showed  that  the  average wound  recovery  in 

positive control  group  was  30%  higher  than  

the negative control group in both  

immature  coffee  formula  (F3 (0.3%), F2 

(0.2%), F1 (0.1), and the mature coffee 

formula (F3 (0.3%), F2 (0.2%), F1 (0.1%)) 

respectively. At this phase, the inflammation 

had reduced, and the scab had fully formed. 

And from day 10 to 12, the average percentage 

of wound recovery significantly increased in 

each treatment. This was because the wound 

recovery process had entered the remodeling 

phase. Whereas the percentage of wound 

recovery in the negative control group slowly 

increased by 20% on the 12th day. This was 

because there was no treatment for the 

negative control group. 

The treatment group F3 mature Coffee 

(0.3) was the most effective dosage since the 

% recovery engendered was 82%, close to 

that of the positive control which was 95%. 

Based on the scab parameter, the treatment 

group F3 mature coffee (0.3) shared 

similarities in the scab formation which 

occurred on Day 3. The scab recovery time was 

faster in the treatment group III than that in the 

positive control group due to the content of 

coffee extract which accelerated the process of 

burn wound recovery in the proliferation 

process. In the maturation phase, the percentage 

of wound recovery significantly increased. 

Besides, the factor of burn wound recovery was 

not only the high content of active substances 

but also the wound area and responses given by 

each individual (Tiwari, 2012). 

The process of wound recovery could be 

examined using several parameters, one of 

which  was   scab   formation. Scab formation 

burn   wounds   indicated  that  the    wound 

 Area (cm
2) on Day 0 

Positive control 1.95 

Negative control 1.93 

F1 mature coffee (0.1) 1.94 

F2 mature coffee (0.2) 1.95 

F3 mature coffee (0.3) 1.95 

F1 immature coffee (0.1) 1.94 
F2 immature coffee (0.2) 1.94 

F3 immature coffee (0.3) 1.95 

 



Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Komunitas, 2021, 18(1), 49-55 

54 Muhammad Romadhon et al. 

 

 

 
 

recovery process was entering an early stage 

of proliferation (Akhoondinasab et al., 2014). 

Scab formed covered and protected the wound 

from further microbial contamination in the 

wound area. During the scab recovery, new 

skin cells were growing and helping to close 

the woundedges (Aponno et al., 2014). 

The analysis of burn wound recovery 

shows that coffee extract has a recovery 

impact on burn wound in the inflammatory 

and proliferation phases, induced by 

flavonoid compounds contained in the coffee 

extract which has anti-inflammatory and anti- 

bacterial effects. Flavonoid compounds in 

coffee beans are anti-inflammatory and 

thereby reducing inflammation and pain due to 

bleeding or swelling on the wound. Flavonoid 

inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) and 

lipoxygenase which can inhibit leukotriene 

and prostaglandin syntheses, reduce the 

body’s responses to inflammation, and reduce 

the release of arachidonicacid by neutrophils 

to the wound area (Riansyah et al., 2015). 

Based on the results of the Kolmogorov-

Smirnov normality test, the immature coffee 

and the mature coffee formula have normal 

data distribution with p value of 0.962 and 

0.666 so that it can be continued for the One 

Way Anova test. 

Based on the results of One-Way Anova 

test analysis on the mature coffee formula, 

there is no significant of burn diameter among 

the five treatments with p value = 0.063. In 

contrast, the immature coffee formula shows 

that the burn diameter is significantly different 

among the five treatments with p value of 

0.011. Furthermore, from further analysis by 

Tukey HSD, only positive control and mature 

coffee F3 formula (0,3%) have significant 

difference with negative control with p value 

of 0.041 and 0.010. The finding shows that the 

minimum concentration of mature coffee bean 

extract that can affect burn healing is 0.3%. 

CONCLUSION 

In conclusion,  the  ethanol  extract  of 

mature    and   immature    coffee   beans   

had   a   recovery    impact    on    the   burn   

wound  of  male   white  mice  (Mus musculus).  

 

 

 

 

In terms of concentration, 0.3% of old coffee 

powder was more effective to recover burn 

wounds of male white mice (Mus Musculus), 

with a wound recovery rate close to that of 

positive control (burnazin). 
 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 

The author would like to thank the 

Ministry of Education and Culture for the 

Beginning Lecturers’ Research (PDP) grant in 

2020 and pharmacy laboratory Kader Bangsa 

University which had provided research 

facilities and infrastructures. 

 
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