jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 3 issue 2, june 2019 p-issn : 2528-360x, e-issn : 2621-6159 166 the pohuwato resort policy efforts in responding the threating of motor vehicles in the district region muhammad rizal lampatta abstract author’s information: efforts are being made to combat criminal acts of theft in the pohuwato regional police jurisdiction, namely through preemptive efforts, preventive measures and repressive efforts. operations carried out to combat motor vehicle theft, namely: k2yd patrol (enhanced police activities), competitive patrols, and ranmor patrol. (2) the constraints faced by the police in addressing motorized vehicles in the pohuwato regional police's legal area are internal constraints consisting of incomplete facilities and infrastructures, interrupted information networks, inadequate members of the police in terms of demand, and support for voting. and external constraints which consist of a lack of evidence and elections, communities that support the police, and supporting facilities at the crime scene are inadequate. keywords: countermeasures, theft, vehicles, police 1universitasichsan gorontalo, (rlampatta@gmail.com) doi: https://doi.org/10.35326/volkge ist.v3i2.129 1. introduction motorized theft (vehicle theft) is a social phenomenon that is impossible to eradicate or completely eliminate, it can only be reduced or reduced by the number and intensity of the event. if we pay close attention, theft of motorized vehicles (theft) is a neatly organized and orderly fact. the commencement of the planning actors in the field (tkp), the perpetrators of theft (executors), the collectors to the sellers to consumers (the community). if it may be likened to the theft of motor vehicles (curnamor) like a vicious circle that is endless. the results of the theft of motor vehicles (motor vehicle theft) will usually not be used alone even before operating the perpetrators have received orders from the receptors for the type of vehicle and year of output and it will make it easier for traders to sell to consumers good but cheap and without looking at the origin of the vehicle or consumers who intentionally even know the origin of the vehicle from the crime / theft. actually there are several factors that we can use as guidelines to find out whether the motorized vehicle is from crime or not. it takes carefulness and carefulness of the buyers in buying a motorized vehicle that is checking the completeness of the documents and checking the validity of the vehicle documents at the nearest samsat office. if there are movements of suspicious sellers such as selling at a low price (under the market), selling in a rushed condition or condition and other characteristics that need to be watched out for and not tempted by cheap prices. some cases of motor vehicle theft (curanmor) mostly use fake lock mode or leter t key. there are also cases that occur due to accidental results due to having a key with a similar vehicle. many factors can influence the occurrence of carrage cases such as the lack of awareness of motor vehicle owners in maintaining their motorized vehicles due to mailto:rlampatta@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v3i2.129 https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v3i2.129 jurnalhukumvolkgeist muhammad rizal lampatta.3(2): 166-170 167 accidental negligence or lack of attention to motorized vehicles by not having multiple security keys other than actors who are currently able to act professionally from the way it works, namely by forming groups / networks, each of which has a task and the actors also have their own expertise both as spies, takers, runners and collectors of stolen goods and so on. crime is an act which because of its nature is contrary to public order, while violation is an act that is contrary to public order. the increase in the number of crime in big cities is influenced by many factors such as economic factors which are currently deteriorating due to the rise of some basic commodities, urbanization which results in imbalance of population between urban areas and villages which results in more dense population while employment opportunities in the city tend to be fixed and sometimes reduce so that causes a lot of unemployment that triggers actions that urge someone to commit a crime. in general, all forms of theft are very disturbing to the community, theft of motorized vehicles gets special attention from the police because it is very disturbing to the community because currently the perpetrators of motorized theft do not only take motorized vehicles but also the lives of the owners who are sometimes targeted by the crime. with these reasons, in this paper some formulation of the problem will be raised, namely how is the effort of the pohuwato resort police to overcome motor vehicle theft (curanmor) in pohuwato regency? and what obstacles are faced by the pohuwato resort police in overcoming motor vehicle theft (curanmor) in the pohuwato district area. 2. method in this paper using empirical legal research is a study that uses primary data to answer the problem under study. the object in this study is about the efforts of the police in overcoming the theft of motorized vehicles in the pohuwato regional police station. primary data collection is done by means of interviews (interviews) with speakers based on the main questions that are directly related to the problems in this study. 3. research results and discussion 3.1. police efforts in overcoming theft of motor vehicles (motor vehicle) in the pohuwato district police law area the vast area of pohuwato regency with a composition of people that differ in economic conditions and the structure of the community allows for various types of criminal acts with various motives, one of which is the crime of motor vehicle theft. pohuwato resort police as a law enforcement agency tasked with eradicating crime certainly has various strategies and efforts. criminal acts of crimes in the pohuwato regional police jurisdiction always occur every year. this can be seen in the following table. the increase in motorized vehicle theft in the pohuwato district police jurisdiction, which in 2016 only 6 (six) cases to 16 cases in 2016, certainly became a concern for pohuwato police criminal investigation unit. up to twice that increase is caused by several factors, namely: 1. individual factors jurnalhukumvolkgeist muhammad rizal lampatta.3(2): 166-170 168 which means that psychological conditions are closely related to the assumption that the tendency of every human being to behave is deviant. this factor emphasizes the basis of spontaneous thinking that arises in a person 2. family factors this factor affects if where or if the relationship between parents and children does not work harmoniously then these conditions can form bad behavior. examples that are often encountered especially in the pohuwato district police jurisdiction are in accordance with the severe information of the perpetrators of crimes, especially the perpetrators of curanmor. where their parents have separated (divorced) so that a child must bear the risk of looking for a nafka at an age that can still be said to need a family touch .. where both parents have died and the family does not care about the condition of the child so that they are determined to commit a crime to fulfill their needs. diamana children instilled a strong attitude so that from within a child is willing to make family or especially his parents bear the shame of the act. whereas the two masters were separated and from their parents built a new family (remarried) so that the child was left to live without being noticed because he focused on the new family each. 3. economic factors economic factors which are social phenomena where to meet the needs of underprivileged people can be motivated to commit crimes including curanmor based on social theory which emphasizes that crime can be caused by imbalanced economic pressure in society, this economic pressure that creates a space of difference rich and poor people, the higher cost of living will make it difficult for people who are not well off. 4. environmental factors which means that all objects and materials that affect human life such as physical health and spiritual health, social environment in the form of a household environment, school, and daily environment and the environment of the community itself. 5. negligence factor this factor also has an effect on the occurrence of criminal acts of theft of motorized vehicles because of the fact that from the owner's side they sometimes tell about and not pay attention to storing their property as well as examples of negligence so that theft of motorized vehicles includes: from the owner of the park parked carelessly so that the perpetrators of motor vehicle theft could easily take or carry vehicles without permission from the owner (curanmor). from the owner of a motorized vehicle not alert or responsive in locking or guarding his house so that vehicles parked in the house can be easily taken by the perpetrators of curanmor. so we from the pohuwato resort police appealed to the community not to give an opportunity to the perpetrators of crime to act because it was basically the chance of a crime, namely the opportunity to act. 6. retaining factors jurnalhukumvolkgeist muhammad rizal lampatta.3(2): 166-170 169 this factor is one of the factors that causes the perpetrators of motor vehicle theft to increase in all circles, this group is aware that the actions taken are in order to seek as much profit as possible from the trade of goods stolen, this group is expressly referred to as professional perpetrators rather than criminal offense against stolen goods which is a chain of all activities in the series of thefts of goods, the rampant lenders will be able to influence the perpetrators of the crime to continue to commit crimes because the perpetrators know that it will be easier to sell and buy stolen goods 3.2. constraints faced by the police in overcoming theft of motor vehicles (curanmor) in the pohuwato police precinct. the handling of criminal acts of immigration in the pohuwato regional police jurisdiction from the number of cases described in table 1 and table 2 cannot all be resolved. constraints often faced by the pohuwato police criminal investigation unit. motorized theft perpetrators in pohuwato district police jurisdiction are based on the results of interviews with the author of brigadier husnul hamka, s.h as pohuwato regional police criminal investigation unit that for the time being the pohuwato regional police for the syndicate does not yet exist because the cases handled are mostly done by themselves. the settlement was caused by several obstacles experienced by the police. based on the interview of the writer with the brigadier husnul hamka, s.h, as the pohuwato regional police policeman's idit sat reskrim can be categorized into 2 (two) categories, namely internal and external constraints. internal constraints • facilities and infrastructure are inadequate, making it difficult for investigators to carry out investigations. • information networks that are interrupted, sometimes actors are in areas with network difficulties so that checking their existence is difficult. • inadequate members of the police in terms of quantity, meaning that the number of investigators available is not comparable to the reports that came in. • lack of budget support, sometimes to pursue criminals investigators must conduct coordination between districts even between provinces. external constraints • lack of evidence and witnesses, witness testimony and the existence of evidence needed to smooth the investigation process. • people who are apathetic in helping the police, when asked for information the community is sometimes unclear in giving information and even afraid to be a witness. • supporting facilities at the crime scene are inadequate. every effort that has been made by the authorities will not achieve maximum results if it is not supported by community participation. in accordance with article 14 paragraph (1) letter c, law no. 2 of 2002 concerning the national police of the republic of indonesia, the pohuwato police office fosters the community to increase the participation and legal awareness of the community itself. this means that the jurnalhukumvolkgeist muhammad rizal lampatta.3(2): 166-170 170 participation of the community in tackling motor vehicle theft crimes is highly expected. 4. conclusion efforts are being made to combat criminal acts of theft in the pohuwato regional police jurisdiction through pre-emptive efforts, preventive measures and repressive efforts. operations that were carried out to deal with motor vehicles were: k2yd patrol (enhanced police activity), ranmor patrol and patrol patrol. the constraints faced by the police in addressing the theft of motor vehicles (vehicle theft) in the pohuwato regional police station are internal constraints consisting of inadequate facilities and infrastructure, disconnected information networks, insufficient quantity of police personnel in terms of quantity, and lack of budget support and external constraints consisting of a lack of evidence and witnesses, people who were apathetic in assisting the police, and supporting facilities at the crime scene were inadequate. references books: abdulkadir, muhammad. (2006). legal professional ethics. bandung : pt. citra aditya bakti. hamzah, andi. (1986). kuhp. jakarta : ghalia indonesia. g. w, bawengan. (1977). psychology criminil. jakarta: pradnya paramita. darmawan, moh. k. (1965). crime prevention strategy. bandung : pt citra aditya bakti. bawengan, gerson w. (1985). criminal law in theory and practice. jakarta : pradnya pamitha. h. hadikusuma. (1995). method of making work papers or legal thesis. bandung : mandar maju. h. hadikusuma. (1987). indonesian legal language. bandung : alumni. e.y, kanter. (2002). criminal law principles in indonesia and their application, jakarta : storia grafika publishers. l., marpaung. (1992). the process of handling criminal cases. jakarta : sinar grafika. moeljatno. (2002). criminal law principles. rineka cipta p.a.f. lamintang and cd djisman samosir. delik-delik special crimes aimed at property rights and others rights arising from ownership rights. bandung : tarsito lamintang, p. a. f. (1984). basics of indonesian criminal law. bandung : sinar baru publisher. soesilo, r. (1996). kuhp with his explanation. bogor : politea. jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 3 issue 2, june 2019 p-issn : 2528-360x, e-issn : 2621-6159 140 criminal law policy about kpk authorities in the perspective of criminal action in corruption in indonesia ilham abstract author’s information: criminal law policy of the authority of the corruption eradication commission the authority associated with the corruption eradication commission (kpk) is the state agency that are unconstitutional, although not spelled out in the state constitution is the 1945 constitution. corruption eradication commission (kpk) was formed to look at the nature of the corruption itself is an extraordinary crime, so it requires an independent institution to fight corruption in indonesia. background the commission is not due to the formation of the constitutional design rigidly interpreted, but rather incidental issues in the country and the common will of the people of indonesia to combat corruption. position of the commission as a state agency is independent and free from the influence of any power, it is meant for combating corruption commission did not get the intervention of any party. the establishment of the commission was also a response to the ineffectiveness of the law enforcement agency performance so far in combating corruption, which impressed protracted in handling even indicated there was an element of corruption in the handling of his case. the authority granted by the act prosecution to the commission under the authority of the legitimate .the authority of the commission is constitutional, it is reinforced by a number of decisions of the supreme constitution.. keywords: criminal law policy, corruption eradication commission authority universitasichsan gorontalo (ilham.yusuf89@yahoo.com) doi: https://doi.org/10.35326/volkge ist.v3i2.125 1. introduction law enforcement in the history of eradicating corruption in indonesia has been going on since the 1960s, and has changed laws 4 times, and finally by law number 20 of 2001 concerning changes to law number 31 of 1999 concerning eradication of corruption crimes .even though the amendment to the act is that much, the philosophy, purpose and mission of eradicating corruption remain the same. philosophically, the legislation to eradicate corruption confirms that the welfare of the indonesian people is a goal of the nation to realize the development goals that are aspired and at the same time the founding ideals of the independence of the republic of indonesia formulated in the preamble of the 1945 constitution, and adopted into the fifth principle of the pancasila. therefore, every threat and obstacle to achieving this nation's welfare is a violation of the nation's ideals. however, as a rule of law, steps to prevent and eradicate criminal acts of corruption must be based on the principle of legal certainty and based on the ideal of justice as a legal ideal since greece. the juridical foundation, is the 1945 constitution as "grund-norm" (basic law) which should be realized in an act that reflects the ideals and legal objectives as described above. it is necessary to examine the mailto:ilham.yusuf89@yahoo.com https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v3i2.125 https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v3i2.125 jurnalhukumvolkgeist ilham.3(2): 140-146 141 extent to which the corruption eradication law (uupk) has reflected the legal principles and intended legal ideals, which will be described in this paper. the sociological foundation of law enforcement in eradicating criminal acts of corruption according to giddens, is that, the poverty that hit approximately 35-50 million indonesians today is caused by corruption that has been systemic and extends to all layers of the bureaucracy and cannot be separated from the reciprocal influence bureaucracy and the private sector. syed hussein alatas in his book the socciology of corruption explains corruption is "the sociologist studying the phenomenon of corruption has to be fully conversant with the history, the culture. sociology of corruption is the study of the phenomenon of corruption related to history and culture where corruption occurs. therefore, the eradication of corruption is not just the aspirations of the wider community but is an urgent need for the indonesian people to prevent and eliminate everything from this country because thus law enforcement in eradicating corruption is expected to reduce and broaden the elimination of poverty. starting from the three legal policies to eradicate corruption in indonesia above, it is clear that the law enforcement measures to eradicate corruption are a common obligation not only for law enforcement but also for all components of the nation with the guidance and leadership of the nation's leaders. the vice president reaches the bureaucratic leadership in the region, the legislature and the judiciary. while the government's political will to eradicate corruption crimes has become a real priority program. this form of political will was proven by the ratification of law 28 of 1999 concerning the implementation of a clean country, free of corruption, collusion and nepotism, and law no. 31/1999 (amended by law no. 20 of 2001) on eradicating corruption. in addition, law no. 30/2002 concerning the corruption eradication commission (kpk) has a very strategic role. corruption in the political dictionary is a symptom or practice in which officials of state agencies misuse their positions to enable bribery, forgery and other irregularities for personal gain. the intended corruption eradication policy is first to maintain and maintain the ideals of social justice and the welfare of the nation within the republic of indonesia as a legal state as a philosophical foundation; maintain and protect the right of every person to the recognition, guarantee, protection and fair legal certainty and equal treatment before the law (article 28 d paragraph (1) of the 1945 constitution) as the basis for law enforcement. maintaining the function of criminal law, specifically the 1999 and 2001 corruption eradication act nowlaw no. 30 of 2002 as an operational foundation that prioritizes the balance of order and security maintenance functions on the one hand, and the deterrence / punishing function on the other principles of criminal law. the purpose of the legal eradication of corruption cases is the birth of a deterrent effect. the deterrent effect is important for controlling corruption in order not to develop into a systemic crime. the reason is, if corruption is at a systemic level, then the impact of this crime becomes more serious, because it not only causes huge state losses, but also creates poverty, poor public services, and damages the economic foundation of the country. law enforcement without deterrent effects will create a conducive situation for perpetrators to continue corruption. likewise, the costs or costs of combating corruption will be more expensive than the results achieved. starting from and based on the background as stated above, the problems in this study are formulated as follows. jurnalhukumvolkgeist ilham.3(2): 140-146 142 what is the criminal law policy regarding the authority of the corruption eradication commission in law number 30 of 2002 in the corruption eradication commission in indonesia and what is the criminal law policy regarding the authority of the corruption crime commission in eradicating corruption in indonesia for the coming masses. 2. method the method is written descriptively and should describe the research methodology or steps in conducting the study. a brief justification of the method is recommended to give an idea to the reader about the appropriateness of the method, reliability and validity of the results. 3. discussion 3.1. criminal law policy regarding kpk's authority in eradicating corruption in indonesia for future masses the government's efforts in eradicating corruption in the reform era were marked by the issuance of various legislative products whose purpose was to renew both the substance and institutional aspects. the legislation includes: a. mpr tap of the republic of indonesia nonor. xi / mpr about clean and free state organizers of collusion, corruption and nepotism. b. law number 28 of 1999 concerning clean and free collusion, corruption and nepotism c. law number 31 of 1999 concerning eradication of corruption crimes as amended by act number 20 of 2001 concerning the eradication of corruption crimes which supersedes the 1971 law concerning corruption crime. d. law number 30 of 2002 concerning the corruption eradication commission. as the implementation of article 43 of act number 31 of 1999 concerning eradication of corruption crimes was amended by law number 20 of 2001, the government together with the dpr succeeded in establishing law number 20 of 2002 concerning the corruption eradication commission. the corruption eradication commission (abbreviated as kpk) is a state institution that in carrying out its duties and authority is independent and free from the influence of any power. marwan effendi said the purpose of the establishment of the corruption eradication commission was to increase the effectiveness of efforts to eradicate corruption 3.2. the authority of the corruption eradication commission to effectively corruption eradication commission in the eradication of corruption in indonesia in the future 1. urgency of investigators in carrying out the tasks of the corruption eradication commission. as we know, the investigators possessed by the corruption eradication commission today are not investigators appointed by the corruption eradication commission itself, but investigators who are owned and still have the status of police and prosecutors. the result of this was the lack of effective performance of the corruption eradication commission in combating corruption. moreover, the cases handled by the corruption eradication commission involved members of the police and attorney general's office. here comes the sectoral ego investigating the corruption eradication commission to investigate members of the police and the prosecutor's office with the intention of not decreasing the authority of the police and prosecutor's jurnalhukumvolkgeist ilham.3(2): 140-146 143 office which is a senior institution of the corruption eradication commission in combating corruption crimes. 2. the existence of independent investigators in an effort to increase the eradication of corruption in indonesia. but the momentum is that the law should be enforced from the general public. there are many benefits to the corruption eradication commission, the independent investigators from the internal corruption eradication commission. one of the reduced public concerns about the independence of the corruption eradication commission in investigating corruption cases. the recruitment of independent investigators can certainly add to the composition of investigators in the corruption eradication commission, which currently only number around 100 people. even though the workload of the corruption eradication commission is very complex and the existence of the existence of the kpk is very heavy. another improvement is the recruitment regulations for 7 investigators of the corruption eradication commission. as soon as possible, the hinder as possible regulations of the recruitment of independent investigators must be marginalized immediately. it remains now that the government wishes to react as stakeholders and the house of representatives as the kpk legislator, if later the opportunity is opened for independent investigators to be present at the corruption eradication commission. 3.2.1.implementation and strategy of the corruption eradication commission (kpk) in combating corruption in indonesia. the corruption eradication commission in the task of eradicating corruption carries out two ways, namely acting (repressive) and preventing (preventive). both are carried out simultaneously at balanced speeds. this is the way to deal with the crime of corruption will be in vain. this method was carried out after examining the conditions and situations of eradicating corruption in indonesia. history has proven that the efforts to eradicate corruption in a repressive manner without any results will not be effective. a number of teams, commissions or agencies have been tasked with eradicating corruption since the 1950s such as opstib, (oppression operation) in 1977, which only focused on prosecution without touching prevention efforts. the result lights up at the beginning, then slowly dims without a trace even the team / body is not sterile with the virus of corruption. learning from that history, the kpk put prevention efforts in the same position with prosecution. one of the preventive measures is to improve the bureaucratic system that is effective, transparent and accountable. because corruption occurs not only because of bad people (dilapidated state organizers) but also because of bad systems (bad government systems). law number 30 of 2002 gave a mandate to the corruption eradication commission to take part in creating this condition among the duties and authorities of the corruption eradication commission to conduct a study of the bureaucratic system, advise on improvements and supervise bureaucratic institutions and law enforcement officers. the ultimate goal is to create clean and effective bureaucrats and law enforcement officers. another strategy as the executor of the duties and authorities of the corruption eradication commission in accordance with law number 30 of 2002 is to carry out jurnalhukumvolkgeist ilham.3(2): 140-146 144 coordination and supervision. these two tasks aim to be more empowering law enforcement agencies or others. the coordination activity was carried out in the form of a coordination meeting with the prosecutor's office and the police to discuss the handling of cases of corruption. while supervision activities are carried out in the form of research and review, and the title of the case of the investigation or prosecution of corruption cases being carried out by the prosecutor's office and the police based on the notification of the start of investigation (spdp) reported to the corruption eradication commission. coordination and supervision was carried out by the corruption eradication commission, including the high prosecutor's office and the police. one of the prominent things in the effort of supervision and coordination carried out by the corruption eradication commission was the emergence of obstacles both the police and the prosecutor's office against the decline of the president's permission to examine state officials. in connection with these obstacles / obstacles the corruption eradication commission helped monitor the process of requesting permits. the various efforts that have been made in the fight against corruption do not necessarily immediately eliminate corruption in indonesia. however, through continuous efforts and with the support of various parties, surely the vision of creating indonesia that is free from corruption is not impossible. one of the concepts of law enforcement on eradicating corruption is the effort and strategy of law enforcement against the eradication of corruption should make the following requirements, namely: the existence of a national political commitment to eradicate corruption with responsive law enforcement. indeed, all stages of national development regulated by various laws have included political commitments concretely proven in discussion activities, analysis opinions and suggestions made by various elements of the community stating that the kkn practices (corruption, collusion and nepotism) should be abolished immediately. in the authority of the corruption eradication commission the need for preventive strategic measures must be made and carried out directed at matters that cause corrupt practices, each of the causes of corruption that are identified must be preventive, so as to minimize the causes of corruption. besides that, efforts need to be made to minimize the opportunities for corruption. detective strategies must be made and implemented especially by being directed so that if an act of corruption already occurs then the action will be known in a short and accurate time, so that it can be followed up appropriately. a repressive strategy must be made and implemented especially by being directed to provide appropriate and fast legal sanctions to parties involved in corrupt practices. thus, the process of investigation, investigation and prosecution up to the judiciary needs to be reviewed to be able to be perfected in all aspects so that the handling process will be carried out quickly and precisely. along with the socio-economic development of the community, there will always be new corruption cases that are increasingly sophisticated. efforts to standardize this understanding may be more useful for law enforcement purposes, so that people and law enforcement officials have more clear signs. for this reason, various efforts to criminalize criminal acts do not stop until preventive and repressive actions, but must also be innovative or become pre-emptive, preventive, repressive, curative and rehabilitative. jurnalhukumvolkgeist ilham.3(2): 140-146 145 various studies of corruption cases in indonesia show that corruption trails negatively towards national development through leakage of state finances, almost economic growth, inefficiencies in economic resources, impedes investment, high cost economy, extends the distance of rich and poor, destroys society, and destroys life state. therefore the effort to eradicate corruption is an urgent matter to become a national agenda. the efforts that have been carried out so far are felt to be not optimal and must be further enhanced by involving more parties both in the government and the government. in addition, these efforts need to be complemented by various scientific studies that underlie each of these corruption eradication activities, in line with our consistency in law enforcement in indonesia (law enforcement in indonesia). 4. conclusion the authority possessed by the corruption eradication commission in eradicating corruption over the authority possessed by the police and the attorney general's office has resulted in a norm vacuum related to the authority of the corruption eradication commission in the appointment of its own investigators. invited, has a strategic position as constitutional importance whose position is the same as other state institutions mentioned explicitly in the 1945 constitution. in the authority of the corruption eradication commission the need for preventive strategic measures must be made and carried out directed at matters that cause corrupt practices, each of the causes of corruption that are identified must be preventive, so as to minimize the causes of corruption. besides that, efforts need to be made to minimize the opportunities for corruption. detective strategies must be made and implemented especially by being directed so that if an act of corruption already occurs then the action will be known in a short and accurate time, so that it can be followed up properly references giddens, anthony. (2010). sociology method for new rules. yogyakarta: student library. rosidi,ajip. (2006). corruption and culture. jakarta : library of indonesia. awaludin, arif. (2011). summary of desertation. semarang : doctoral program in law in dipenogoro university. marbun, b. n. (2007). political dictionary. jakarta : hermetic ray library. warassih, esmi. (2011). legal officer of a sessionological study. semarang : diponegoro university. ibrahim johnny, (2005). theory and methodology of normative legal research. surabaya : bayumedia publising. kompas. (2005). jihad against corruption. jakarta : kompas media nusantara. kompas.(2009). do not kill kpk resistance against corruption eradication efforts,: jakarta : kompas. republic of indonesia corruption eradication commission, empowerment of law enforcement, kpk annual report effendi, marwan. (2005). ri prosecutor's office and its function in the legal perspective. jakarta : gramedia main library. jurnalhukumvolkgeist ilham.3(2): 140-146 146 sumarwani, sri. (2012). history of legislation eradicating corruption crimes before law number 3 of 1971 to law number 20 of 2001, semarang : undip press, sabian uthman, (2008). towards responsive law enforcement. yogyakarta : student library. alatas,syed hussein. (1968), the sosciology of corruption. singapore : donal moore press ltd. contitution number 1945. pustaka mahardika. tap mpr no. xi/mpr/1998 dan uu no. 28 /1999 tentang penyelenggara negara yang bersih dan bebas kkn. soekanto, soerjono. (1986). pengantar penelitian hukum. jakarta : ui press. atmasasmita, romli. memahami undang-undang komisi pemberantasantindak pidana korupsi (1), makalah : senin, 23 november 2009 di unduh 5 febuari 2012, 10.00 wib jaya, nyoman serikat putra. (2008). beberapa pemikiran ke arah perkembangan hukum pidana. bandung : pt citra aditya bakti. jurnalhukumvolkgeist volume 3 issue 2, june 2019 p-issn : 2528-360x, e-issn : 2621-6159 160 reconstruction of law criminal development on victims of restoration as form of renewalcriminal law muhammad salam amrullah abstract author’s information: the crime of rape carried out by people, experiencing a development in criminal law, the formulation of offenses in the criminal code makes the criminal act, does not give a sense of justice to victims where the threat of punishment is relatively small and there are multiple interpretations of legal norms, while victims suffer a psychological loss which makes the victim lose his identity. in addition, the scope of the multi-interpretive criminal reparations is due to the unclear norms which regulate, for example, the category of rape itself. this research is a normative legal research that examines relevant laws and regulations and conceptualizes the law as the norm. from the results of the study found the unclear norms stipulated in article 285 of the criminal code, which resulted in the application of law enforcement to victims resulting in legal uncertainty, an increasingly broad category of actions while the legal norms did not specify the actions of the rape, from the results of the research the revision of the criminal code as a form of renewal of criminal law specifically article 285.. keywords: criminal roses, criminal law universitas andi djemmapalopot, (amrullahsalam@gmail.com) doi: https://doi.org/10.35326/volkge ist.v3i2.128 1. introduction crime of rape is one form of crime that gets attention in the community and academics. if opening a history of this type of criminal act has existed since a long time ago or it can be said as a form of classic crime that will always follow the development of human culture itself, it will always develop every time, although it may not be too different from before. the crime of rape does not only occur in big cities that are relatively more advanced and modern but also occur in areas that are still traditional. rape crime is one form of violence against women which is an example of the vulnerability of women's position, especially towards male sexual interests. the sexual image of women who have been placed as male sexual objects turns out to have farreaching implications for women's lives, so she is forced to always face violence, coercion and physical and psychological torture. attention and protection of the interests of victims of rape crimes through the criminal justice process as well as through certain social care facilities is an absolute part that needs to be considered in criminal law policy, both by the executive, legislative and judicial institutions as well as by existing social institutions. victims have an important role to be able to overcome or resolve this case, this requires courage from the victim to report the incident that happened to the law enforcer, because in general the victims experience further threats from the perpetrators and this makes the victims afraid and traumatic. it is expected that from this complaint, mailto:amrullahsalam@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v3i2.128 https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v3i2.128 jurnalhukumvolkgeist muhammad salam amrullah.3(2): 160-165 161 the case can be opened and legal proceedings can be carried out so that the victim will get justice for what happened to him. besides that, the important role in law enforcement of rape crimes is the legal instruments in the form of norms that exist in rape offenses that have not experienced a development. when viewed from the norms in article 285 of the criminal code it only contains one verse and regulates the crime of rape in general. it was stated that "whoever is violent or threatens to force forces a woman to have sex with her outside of marriage, is threatened with rape with a maximum imprisonment of 12 years". debate arises among academics until the law enforcement process, because in its application creates injustice, in the form of the emergence of perceptions or multiple interpretations of the article which results in law enforcers (prosecutors) only demanding low penalties and judges paying more attention to things that alleviate the perpetrators, not focusing on suffering victim of rape. sudarto argued (as quoted by bardanawawiarief in his book criminal law criminal policy) that to overcome crime needed a rational effort from the community, namely by means of criminal politics. crime prevention policies or efforts are essentially an integral part of social defense. therefore, it can be said, that the main purpose of criminal politics is "protection of the community to achieve public welfare. the reasons for rape cases were not reported by victims to law enforcement officials to be processed to the court because of several factors, including victims feeling embarrassed and did not want shame to be known by others, or the victims were afraid because they had been threatened by the perpetrators that they would be killed if report the incident to the police. this of course affects the mental / psychological development of the victims and also influences the process of law enforcement itself to realize a sense of justice for victims and society. however, loebbyloqman reminded that what is equally important is the similarity of perceptions of law enforcement officials regarding the rape of rape in the community. during this time, loebby indicated that rape was only considered as sexual intercourse or harassment by investigators. as a result, prosecutors only demand low penalties and judges pay more attention to mitigating matters from the perpetrators, rather than focusing on the suffering of the victims. according to loebby, the inequality of perception was what made the perpetrators of rape punished lightly, even acquitted. moreover, proof of rape is not an easy matter. there must be courage from the victim to report. from the description above, the scope of this research can be formulated as follows. how is the reconstruction of criminal acts of rape a form of protection against victims. 2. method this study uses a type of normative legal research because it wants to examine legislation or legal norms relating to the central theme of research, namely the reconstruction of legal acts of rape as a form of criminal politics. this type of research is normative legal research or doctrinal legal research, namely legal research that conceptualizes law as the norm, according to soerjonosoekanto and sri mamuji, normative legal research is legal research conducted by examining library materials or mere secondary data. normative legal research includes research on legal principles, research on systematic law, and legal history. johnny ibrahim stated that normative jurnalhukumvolkgeist muhammad salam amrullah.3(2): 160-165 162 legal research is a scientific research procedure to find truth based on legal scientific logic from the normative side. scientific logic in normative research is built on scientific disciplines and ways of working normative law. 3. research results and discussion soetandyoignjosoebroto (as quoted by suparman marzuki in his book entitled "sexual harassment"), defines rape as follows: "rape is an attempt to vent sexual appetite by a man against a woman in a moral and / or applicable law violating wirdjonoprodjodikorom revealed that rape was: "a man who forces a woman who is not his wife to have intercourse with him, so that he cannot resist, so he is unwilling to do intercourse: r. sugandhi, defining rape is as follows: "a man who insists on a woman not his wife to have intercourse with him with the threat of violence, which is required to have the private genitals enter the pubic hole of a woman and then release semen". nursyahbanikantjasungkana (as quoted by abdul wahid and muhammad irfan) argues that rape is one form of violence against women which is an example of the vulnerability of women to the interests of men. the back’s law dictionary, quoted by topo santoso, formulates rape or rape as follows: "... unlawful sexual intercourse with a female without her consent. the unlawfull carnal knowledge of a woman by a forcibly andagainst her will. the act of sexual intercourse is committed by the woman's resistance is overcome by force of fear, the prohibitive orbiter conditions ... "(... unlawful / illegal sexual relations with a woman without her consent. legal / illegal intercourse against a woman by a man is carried out by force and in opposition to his will.course of intercourse committed by a man against a woman not his wife and without his consent, is carried out when the women's resistance is overcome with strength and fear, or under a barrier. 3.1. types of rape a. sadistic rape, sadistic rape, meaning that in this type sexuality and aggression are combined in destructive forms. the encroachment of rape has seemed to enjoy erotic pleasure rather than through sexual intercourse, but through a violent attack on the victim's genitals and body. b. anger rape, namely sexual sexuality characterized by being a means to express and vent detained racageram and anger. the body of the victim here seems to be an object to who the actor is projecting the solution to his frustration, weaknesses, difficulties and disappointments. c. domination rape, that is a rape that occurs when the perpetrator tries to persevere over power and superiority towards the victim. the aim is sexual conquest, the offender hurts the victim, but still has the desire to have sex. d. seductive rape, a rape that occurs in stimulating situations created by both parties. at first the victim decided that personal intimacy must be limited not to the extent of coherence. actors in general have confidence requiring coercion, because without it they do not have feelings of guilt that are related to sex. e. victim precipitated rape, namely rape that occurs (takes place) by placing the victim as its originator. jurnalhukumvolkgeist muhammad salam amrullah.3(2): 160-165 163 f. exploitation rape, rape which shows that at every opportunity to have sexual relations obtained by men by taking advantage of the opposite with the position of women who depend on it economically and socially. for example, a wife who is raped by her husband or a housemaid who has been raped by her work, while her servant does not question or complain about this case to the authorities 3.2. rekonstruki rape criminal acts in the formulation or elements contained in article 285 of the criminal code, namely: 1) whoever; 2) with violence or threats of violence; 3) forcing; 4) a woman who is not his wife; 5) having sex; 6) with him whoever: the first element of the crime of rape is whoever is. the term whoever refers to anyone who can be subject to this provision, if connected with the following sentence of article 285 of the criminal code, then what is meant by the person in this article is a man or a man, if proven to have committed an offense that fulfills all elements from a criminal act stipulated in article 285 of the criminal code, he can be referred to as the offender and can be sentenced to criminal. therefore, only male or male perpetrators of rape can act, even though it is not impossible for a woman to force a man, whether he is her husband or not, to have sex with him. the lawmaker does not determine the punishment for women who force men to have intercourse, because a woman's compulsion towards men to intercourse does not cause anything bad or harmful just because men have no danger of pregnancy and childbirth because coercion. and if it is really forced by the woman to have sexual intercourse that has damaged the morale of the victim's man, then it could have been the deed she had experienced to a woman so that there was an offense of rape as stipulated in article 285 of the law criminal. therefore, in the formation of the forthcoming national criminal code according to the author, men must also be protected from criminal acts of rape, so that those who can be convicted of committing rape offenses are not only men but also women who force man to have sex with him. with violence or the threat of violence. the second element of the rape crime is violence or the threat of violence. in article 89 of the criminal code it is stipulated that what is meant by committing violence is: "making people become unconscious or helpless". thus a woman can be said to be raped if the woman's body has traces of violence such as bruises, or the clothes of the woman are torn or the buttons are off and so forth. however, the most regrettable thing is that the action was not immediately reported to the authorities because the victim was afraid of the threat from the perpetrators so that the signs or marks of this violence were lost to the examination while the victim also never sought medical help from a doctor, even though if the rape was immediately reported to the authorities then visum et repertum or if only the victim of the woman realized that the marks of violence were important in proof, the victim and her family might not neglect things. this. jurnalhukumvolkgeist muhammad salam amrullah.3(2): 160-165 164 not infrequently the rape offense is not reported to the authorities or later reported to the authorities after the evidence that a rape has been committed has disappeared altogether or will later be reported to the authorities after the victim becomes pregnant, even though the rape offense has been committed by repeat perpetrators many times but because of threats from the perpetrators so that the victim does not report what has been experienced to his family especially to the authorities. 3.2.1.legal arrangements for future crime of rape positive law in indonesia is the legacy of the former dutch colonial government which in many ways is no longer compatible with the existence and development of the indonesian nation as an independent and sovereign nation. the criminal code still applies as this positive law is to fill the legal vacuum after we are independent and from year to year, we indonesian people try to create a national legal system that serves the national interests. the efforts of the indonesian people were realized by, among others, conducting codification and unification in certain legal fields, including the renewal of the criminal code and the criminal procedure code (material criminal law and formal criminal law). indeed there is an irregularity when we have succeeded in making a national criminal procedure code today, namely law no. 8 of 1981 concerning the criminal procedure code (kuhap), without being followed or even preceded by the preparation of the criminal code, so that criminal procedural law was previously regulated in herziene inlands reglement, stb. 1941 no. 44 has been replaced by law no. 8 of 1981 but the criminal code is still the only one. therefore, the law-making bodies in our country depend on the hopes of all people to be someday when we can have a national criminal code which is a product of our own nation and can be our pride, who has set behavior indonesian people in accordance with the development and needs of the community. it is a fact that people's lives are constantly evolving along with technological developments, so that there is a change in the value system of legal life in society that must experience new developments, namely living, dynamic laws that arise in the society of the nation itself. roeslan saleh said: it is a fact that the realities of people's lives have changed and those changes have sometimes gone so far and supported valuesthat are different from the values. previously held by legal values. these facts show the negative aspects of norms that are still being treated. these negligence in remodeling and renewing it has led to voices that doubt the fundamentals outlined in the criminal law positively and doubt the good influence of the application of the criminal law itself which lives on these bases. it is said that one of the sources of unrest in the community associated with criminal justice is because law enforcers still use a systematic normative approach solely. from the facts that society is developing so that there are changes in the values that live in society, then the law with the main goal of achieving peace, order, prosperity, prosperity, justice and legal certainty, must be in line with community development so that the law can achieve its objectives. many of the articles in the criminal code are 'still valid' but 'not applicable', meaning that from a juridical standpoint it still applies as a positive law, but faced with the reality in society (social werkelijkheid), these rules remain are dead rules that have no force in effect and are viewed from a sociological perspective as well as 'black letter jurnalhukumvolkgeist muhammad salam amrullah.3(2): 160-165 165 law'. in order to catch up in the field of criminal law from the development of society and technology, the amendment to the code of criminal law, especially its sanctions system, is needed in the context of the enforcement of criminal law. 4. conclusion the lack of clarity in the law norm of article 285 of the indonesian criminal code is that law enforcement does not run well certainty and justice is neglected on rape victims, therefore as soon as possible criminal law reforms, specifically the criminal code, are the basic norms in criminal law enforcement. references andi, hamzah. (1994). principles of criminal law. jakarta : rineka cipta. ibrahim, johny. (2006). theory and normative legal research methods. malang : bayumedia. f., lamintang p. a. (1984). fundamentals of indonesian criminal law. bandung. sinar baru. moeljatno. (1983). principles of criminal law. jakarta : pt. binaaksara. poerwadarminta w.j.s. general dictionary of indonesian language, jakarta : balai pustaka. djoko, prakoso. (1983). flight crime in indonesia. jakarta : ghalia indonesia. martiman, prodjohamidjojo. (1996). understanding the basics of indonesian criminal law ii. jakarta : pradnya paramita. bill. (1999-2000). concerning the criminal code, ministry of law and legislation. roeslan, saleh. 1978. an orientation in criminal law. jakarta : aksara baru. s.r.,sianturi. (1989). indonesian criminal law principles and its application. jakarta : alumni ahaem-petehaem. soerjono soekanto and sri mamuji. (1985).normative legal research. jakarta : rajawali. soedjono d. accountability in criminal law. alumni. wignyosoebroto, soetandyo. (1981). legal research methodology diversity in legal concepts, study types and research methods. bandung : airlangga. sugandhi r. (1980). kuhp and explanation. surabaya : national business. saleh,wantjik k. (1983).corruption and bribery crime. jakarta : ghalia indonesia. prodjodikoro,wirjono. (2003). criminal law principles in indonesia. bandung : refika aditama. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap pemenuhan hak-hak anak di lembaga pemasyarakatan klas i a makassar page 47 tinjauan yuridis terhadap pemenuhan hak-hak anak di lembaga pemasyarakatan klas i a makassar oleh : herlina sulaiman dosen fakultas hukum universitas ichsan gorontalo abstract the perpetrator of the criminal act of the child cannot be equated with criminal adults. therefore it needs more attention in the case of children. however, the child is the successor nations that should be developed physically and mentally. the purpose of this research is to analyze the role of the ombudsman in the performance of marisa polres versioned as well as analyze constraints are faced by investigators in marisa polres versioned. this type of research is research used empirical research focus i.e. normative on secondary data sources (research libraries). this research uses the main data source i.e. secondary data, backed up with primary data sources. secondary data is used that is derived from legislation such as the act on the criminal justice system of the child, the child protection act, act no. 8 of 1981 year book of the police act, police act and some of the literature-literature as well as the results of his research, and books related to the role of the ombudsman in conducting versioned on criminal act committed by the child. research results show that marisa polres in performing the investigation is a criminal act committed by the child by women and children protection unit (uppa). starting from the stage of investigation, arrest, detention up at the stage of investigation conducted in accordance with the mandate of the act on the criminal justice system. investigators in conducting versioned, get consideration from bapas. in addition, the investigators also act as mediator to conduct deliberations involving the child and the parent/guardian, the victim and the parent/guardian, supervisor of community, social professional pekera based on approach restorative. obstacles faced by investigators in the conduct of marisa polres diversion that is not yet the existence of bapas in counties marisa so complicate investigators to coordinate-in terms of asking for consideration in doing versioned. in addition the party victims sometimes do not want to make peace so that the attempted diversion by investigators was not achieved. key words: diversion, crime, police a. pendahuluan manusia tidak pernah bisa memilih untuk dilahirkan sebagai dari ras atau etnis tertentu. adanya perbedaan ras atau etnis tidak dengan sendirinya berarti terdapat issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap pemenuhan hak-hak anak di lembaga pemasyarakatan klas i a makassar page 48 perbedaan hak dan kewajiban antar kelompok ras atau etnis dalam masyarakat dan negara. setiap warga negara berhak memperoleh perlakuan yang sama untuk mendapatkan hak-hak sipil, politik, ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan, tanpa membedakan ras dan etnis, dalam pemberian perlindungan terhadap warga negara dari segalah bentuk tindakan diskriminasi ras dan etnis, diperlukan pengawasan yang dilakukan oleh komnas ham dengan maksud untuk mengevaluasi kebijakan pemerintah baik pusat maupun daerah yang dilakukan secara berkala atau insedental dengan cara memantau, mencari fakta, menilai guna mencari dan menemukan ada tidaknya diskriminasi ras dan etnis yang ditindak lanjuti dengan rekomendasi sebagaimana telah diatur dalam undang-undang nomor 40 tahun 2008 tentang penghapusan diskriminasi ras dan etnis. hak asasi yang dimiliki setiap manusia merupakan hak dasar yang bersifat universal dan langgeng yang dilindungi, dihormati, dipertahankan dan tidak boleh diabaikan, dikurangi atau dirampas oleh siapapun, mereka memiliki hak dan kedudukan yang sama sebagai warga negara indonesia. adanya persamaan hak yang dimiliki oleh setiap individu bukan hanya ditujukan pada orang dewasa tapi diberlakukan juga bagi anak-anak baik yang sudah lahir maupun anak yang masih berada dalam kandungan ibunya. pernyataan ini diperjelas dalam pasal 1 angka 5 uu no.39 tahun 1999 tentang hak asasi manusia, pengertian anak adalah setiap manusia yang berumur di bawah 18 tahun dan belum menikah termasuk anak yang masih dalam kandungan apabila hal tersebut adalah demi kepentingannya. anak adalah bagian dari genersi muda sebagai salah satu sumber daya manusia yang merupakan potensi dan penerus cita-cita perjuangan bangsa yang memiliki peranan strategis dan mempunyai ciri dan sifat khusus, memerlukan pembinaan dan perlindungan dalam rangka menjamin pertumbuhan dan perkembangan fisik, mental, dan sosial secara utuh, serasi, selaras dan seimbang, karena di dalam diri anak terdapat hak atas kelangsungan hidup, tumbuh, dan berkembang serta berhak atas perlindungan dari kekerasan dan diskriminasi, hal ini dijelaskan dalam undang-undang dasar 1945 perubahan kedua pasal 28 ayat ( 2 ). berhubungan dengan proses perkembangan adalah saat anak menyadari permintaan dan syarat–syarat hidup dalam suatu lingkungan. meskipun masih dalam issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap pemenuhan hak-hak anak di lembaga pemasyarakatan klas i a makassar page 49 lingkungan keluarga, batas–batas dalam bentuk disiplin mulai dapat diberikan. disiplin yang tegas tetapi disertai kasih sayang akan membantu anak dalam perkembangan emosinya. sebaliknya jika disiplin dilakukan dengan kekerasan yang tidak beralasan dan tanpa kasih sayang, akan menimbulkan keragu-raguan pada diri anak dan anak akan kehilangan kepercayaan diri. apabila ini terjadi pada dua anak dalam satu keluarga (seayah/seibu) secara individual, perkembangan emosinya akan jelas bisa dibedakan. pelaksanaan pembinaan dan pemberian perlindungan terhadap anak, diperlukan dukungan baik yang menyangkut kelembagaan maupun perangkat hukum yang lebih mantap dan memadai, oleh karena itu ketentuan mengenai penyelenggaraan pengadilan bagi anak perlu dilakukan secara khusus. perkembangan zaman dan teknologi seperti sekarang ini, sering menyebabkan terjadinya pergesaran nilai, norma, budaya dan adat ketimuran, yang tidak dapat kita abaikan, karena membawa pengaruh baik yang positif maupun negatif bagi masyarakat, tak terlepas pula bagi anak. kadang kala perilaku anak sering menyimpang dalam perkembangan tingkah lakunya, yangmemperlihatkan gejala perilaku anak menjurus kepada tindak pidana kejahatan, seperti pemerkosaan, pencabulan, pencurian, perkelahian antar pelajar dan lain-lain. hal ini dapat menyebabkan anak tersebut diharuskan berhadapan dengan proses hukum yang disamakan dengan orang dewasa. penyimpangan tingkah laku atau perbuatan melanggar hukum yang dilakukan anak, dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor, baik dalam lingkungan anak itu sendiri maupun dari luar, faktor tersebut antara lain dampak negatif perkembangan yang cepat, arus globalisasi dan komunikasi, kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, serta perubahan cara hidup atau pergeseran nilai-nilai dan norma-norma di masyarakat. menyangkut hal di atas mengenai penyimpangan-penyimpangan yang ditimbulkan sang anak, baik penyimpangan berat maupun ringan perlu diberikan perhatian besar, baik dari pihak keluarga, masyarakat, maupun dari pihak pemerintah. untuk mencegah terjadinya berbagai penyimpangan maka diperlukan kaidah atau norma yang dapat dijadikan pedoman hidup manusia serta menentukan apa yang issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap pemenuhan hak-hak anak di lembaga pemasyarakatan klas i a makassar page 50 seharusnya dapat dilakukan oleh manusia dan apa yang tak boleh dilakukannya. oleh karena itu diperlukan penanganan sejak dini terhadap bahaya-bahaya yang dapat ditimbulkan dari penyimpangan yang dilakukan anak, dan memberikan pengawasan serta pembinaan terhadap anak, baik dari pihak orang tua yang mengawasi perilaku anak-anak secara langsung, serta keikutsertaan atau peran serta dan keterpaduan berbagai pihak, baik masyarakat umum maupun pemerintah khususnya. sehubungan dengan itu menganalisis persoalan secara rasional dan mendasar agar dapat dipecahkan sebaik-baiknya dapat juga dilihat dari pendapat muladi (djisman samosir : 1992 :1) yaitu sebagai berikut : “pengaruh perubahan sosial sebagai akibat perubahan proses modernisasi mengharuskan setiap orang untuk menganalisis segala sesuatu secara rasional dan mendasar, agar setiap masalah yang timbul di masyarakat dapat dipecahkan sebaikbaiknya. demikian juga di dalam usaha mencapai suatu sistem hukum pidana yang mantap, para perencana dan penyelenggara hukum pidana harus memperhitungkan kenyataan-kenyataan kemanusiaan dan sosial, serta mencoba untuk menciptakan prasyarat-prasyarat yang sedapat mungkin jelas dan efisien serta selalu menyesuaikan pada kecenderungan yang menjadi tanda ciri dari suatu masyarakat”. indonesia yang menganut konsep negara hukum (rechtstaat) idealnya memposisikan hukum sebagai panglima untuk menjamin kepastian tata tertib sosial (social order) masyarakat secara objektif dan tampa diskriminasi serta memberikan jaminan perlindungan dan kepastian hukum bagi pelaksanaan hak-hak asasi setiap individu. hal tersebut menjadi konsekuensi logis dari cita-cita masyarakat indonesia untuk mewujudkan negara hukum yang demokratis. sebagai negara yang merdeka idealnya memiliki suatu perangkat hukum yang sesuai sebagai aspirasi sebagai suatu bangsa yang merdeka. selain itu perangkat hukum tersebut menjadi aturan main yang terbingkai dalam suatu kodifikasi hukum untuk menjaga agar selaras dengan rasa keadilan yang tumbuh dan berkembang dalam masyarakat yang merupakan persyaratan utama terciptanya masyarakat adil dan makmur dimana melekat padanya perubahan kondisi sosial kultur. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap pemenuhan hak-hak anak di lembaga pemasyarakatan klas i a makassar page 51 karena itu dalam perumusan suatu aturan hokum hendaknya otoritas sosial dalam hal ini pemerintah hendaknya melihat kebutuhan dan keinginan masyarakat apakahproduk hukum yang dilahirkannya telah mengakomodir kepentingan dan keinginanmasyarakat. sehingga pada akhirnya meminimalisir reaksi-reaksi kontra terhadap terhadap produk hukum yang dilahirkan serta perdebatanperdebatanyangmungkin lahir sebagai impilikasi dari eksistensi produk hukum tersebut. adapun implikasi dan eksistensi produk hukum tersebut melahirkan tujuan nasional dalam rangka mewujudkan cita-cita luhur bangsa indonesia menuju masyarakat yang adil, makmur dan sejahtera yang merata baik secara materiil maupun spritual berdasarkan pancasila dan undang-undang dasar 1945. demi mewujudkan cita-cita luhur bangsa yang tertuang dalam undang-undang dasar 1945, olehnya itu diperlukan suatu perangkat hukum yang dapat mengayomi masyarakat, terutama dibidang hukum pidana. hal ini dapat diwujudkan melalui penegakan hukum pidana yang bekerja secara operasional melalui suatu sistem yang disebut sistem peradilan pidana (criminal justice system). salah satu bagian pembangunan nasional adalah pembangunan dibidang hukum, yang dikenal dengan istilah pembaharuan hukum (law reform). pembaharuan hukum nasional sebagai bagian dari rangkaian pembangunan nasional ini dilakukan secara menyeluruh dan terpadu baik hukum pidana, hukum perdata maupun hukum administrasi, dan meliputi juga hukum formil maupun hukum materielnya. sebagai suatu sistem, peradilan pidana mempunyai perangkat struktur atau sub sistem yang harus bekerja secara koheren, koordinatif dan integral agar dapat mencapai efisiensi dan efetivitas yang maksimal. subsistem-subsistem ini berupa kepolisian, kejaksaan, pengadilan, advokat dan lembaga pemasyarakatan sebagai lembaga pembinaan. inilah dinamakn struktur hukum (legal structure). lembaga pemasyarakatan (lp) sebagai salah satu subsistem peradilan pidana mempunyai peranan penting dan strategis di dalam penegakan hukum pidana, yang issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap pemenuhan hak-hak anak di lembaga pemasyarakatan klas i a makassar page 52 semua itu dapat terwujud dalam pelaksanaan pembinaan bagi narapidana dan anak didik pemasyarakatan. pelaksaanaan pembinaan inilah dikenal dengan nama pemasyarkatan. adanya perubahan sistem dalam pemasyarakatan,dari penjara menjadi pemasyarakatan membawa perubahan yang mendasar. sebagaimana yang diatur dalam pasal 1 butir ke-2 undang-undang nomor 12 tahun 1995 tentang pemasyarakatan, ditegaskan bahwa sistem pemasyarkatan adalah suatu tatanan mengenai arah dan batas, serta cara pembinaan warga binaan pemasyarakatan berdasarkan pancasila dan dilaksanakan secara terpadu antara pembina, yang dibina, dan masyarakat untuk meningkatkan kualitas warga binaan, pemasyarkatan agar mampu menyadari kesalahan, memperbaiki diri, dan tidak mengulangi kejahatan yang telah dilakukanya, sehinga dapat diterima kembali oleh lingkungan masyarakat, dapat aktif berperan dalam pembangunan, dan dapat bertanggung jawab.(tolib effendi, 2013: 163). b. metode penelitian metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian empirik yaitu penelitian yang langsung dilakukan di lembaga pemasyarakatan serta bentuk pelaksanaannya di lapangan, bertujuan untuk menjelaskan proses pemenuhan hak-hak bagi anak didik pemasyaratan di lembaga pemasyarakatan klas i makassar. sedangkan metode pendekatan yang digunakan adalah yuridis sosiolagis. tipe penelitian dalam tesis ini bersifat deskriptif, yaitu dengan menganalisa realitas dan implementasi hukum, serta memberikan gambaran tentang fenomena sosial tertentu dan digambarkan secara terperinci, untuk memberikan informasi secara lengkap. penelitian ini berusaha untuk menggambarkan secara terperinci bagaimana pemenuhan hak-hak anak didik pemasyarakatan pada lembaga pemasyarakatan klas i makassar yang kemudian menyajikan secara lengkap. c. hasil penelitian dan pembahasan a. pemenuhan hak-hak anak didik pemasyarakatan di lembaga pemasyarakatan klas i makassar. berdasarkan uu no. 12 tahun 1995 tentang pemasyarakatan pasal 1 angka 1 memberikan pengertian mengenai pemasyarakatan. disebutkan bahwa : issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap pemenuhan hak-hak anak di lembaga pemasyarakatan klas i a makassar page 53 “pemasyarakatan adalah kegiatan untuk melakukan pembinaan warga binaan pemasyarakatan berdasarkan sistem, kelembagaan, dan cara pembinaan yang merupakan bagian akhir dari sistem pemidanaan dalam tata peradilan pidana”. selanjutnya dalam pasal 1 angka 3 di sebutkan lagi :lembaga pemasyarakatan yang selanjutnya disebut lapas adalah tempat untuk melaksanakan pembinaan narapidana dan anak didik pemasyarakatan”. anak yang telah dijatuhkan pidana karena telah melakukan kejahatan akan dibina di lembaga pemasyarakatan yang kemudian akan berganti status menjadi anak didik pemasyarakatan. dalam pasal 1 angka 8 uu no 12 tahun 1995 menjelaskan tentang anak didik pemasyarakatan adalah: a. anak pidana yaitu anak yang berdasarkan putusan pengadilan menjalani pidana di lembaga pemasyarakatan anak paling lama sampai berumur 18 (delapan belas) tahun; b. anak negara yaitu anak yang berdasarkan putusan pengadilan diserahkan pada negara untuk dididik dan ditempatkan di lembaga pemasyarakatan anak paling lama sampai berumur 18 (delapan belas) tahun; c. anak sipil yaitu anak yang atas permintaan orang tua atau walinya memperoleh penetapan pengadilan untuk dididik di lembaga pemasyarakatan anak paling lama sampai berumur 18 (delapan belas) tahun. pada saat penulis melakukan penelitian dilembaga pemasyarakatan klas i makassar hanya terdapat anak pidana. anak negara dan anak sipil tidak ada karena pada umumnya mereka diserahkan kepada dinas sosial (wawancara dengan ibu sira te’dang patandean pada tanggal 20 januari 2014). senada dengan ibu sira te’dang patandean , bapak andi moh. hamka juga menjelaskan bahwa alasan tidak adanya anak sipil dan anak negara di lembaga pemasyarakatan klas i makassar disebabkan seringnya hakim memberikan putusan terhadap anak yang melakukan tindak pidana dengan putusan sebagai anak pidana bukan anak negara dan anak sipil. hal ini disebabkan karena kasus yang dilakukan oleh anak-anak tersebut tergolong kasus-kasus yang berat. kalaupun ada putusan yang issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap pemenuhan hak-hak anak di lembaga pemasyarakatan klas i a makassar page 54 menempatkan anak tersebut menjadi anak sipil atau anak negara, maka anak tersebut langsung diserahkan kepada dinas sosial atau dikembalikan kepada orang tuanya. dalam pasal 60 ayat (1) uu no. 3 tahun 1997 tentang pengadilan anak disebutkan bahwa : anak didik pemasyarakatan ditempatkan di lembaga pemasyarakatan anak yang harus terpisah dari orang dewasa. kemudian dalam pasal 18 uu no 12 tahun 1995 ayat (1) menjelaskan juga : anak pidana ditempatkan di lembaga pemasyarakatan anak. apabila mengacu pada pasal tersebut seharusnya anak didik pemasyarakatan tidak ditempatkan di lembaga pemasyarakatan klas i makassar karena lembaga pemasyarakatan tersebut hanya diperuntukkan narapidana dewasa tetapi pada kenyataannya disana terdapat lebih dari 70 orang tahanan dan 30 orang anak didik pemasyarakatan. pada awalnya di lembaga pemasyarakatan klas i makassar tidak terdapat tahanan anak maupun anak didik pemasyarakatan. tetapi anak-anak tersebut berada di rumah tahanan negara klas i makassar. b. hambatan dalam pemenuhan hak-hak anak di lembaga pemasyarakatan klas i makassar ketika berbicara mengenai pemenuhan hak anak di lembaga pemasyarakatan sudah tentu sangat berkaitan dengan sumber daya manusia dalam hal ini potensi yang ada pada pegawai lembaga pemasyarakatan klas i makassar. dari hasil data yang penulis dapatkan jumlah pegawai pria sebanyak 104 orang dan wanita sebanyak 19 orang dengan total 123 orang pegawai lembaga pemasyarakatan klas i makassar. jumlah pegawai berdasarkan pendidikan yaitu: 1. sma atau smk : 59 orang 2. diploma : 13 orang. 3. s1 : 37 orang 4. s2 :14 orang 5. akip : 8 orang berdasarkan data diatas jumlah pegawai yang memiliki pendidikan terkahir sma dan smk adalah 59 orang, diploma (termasuk akip) sebanyak 13 orang, s1 sebanyak issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap pemenuhan hak-hak anak di lembaga pemasyarakatan klas i a makassar page 55 37 orang, s2 sebanyak 14 orang, dan akip (akademi ilmu pemasyarakatan) sebanyak 8 orang. dengan demikian tingkat pendidikan dari para pegawai lembaga pemasyarakatan klas i makassar menurut penulis sudah cukup memadai. d. penutup pemenuhan hak-hak terhadap anak didik pemasyarakatan di lembaga pemasyarakatan klas i makassar, dibeberapa poin yang terdapat dalam pasal 14 belum terpenuhi dengan baik, seperti : a. anak didik pemasyarakatan masih di tempatkan atau disatukan dengan tahanan dewasa, meskipun telah memiliki blok tersendiri khusus untuk anak didik pemasyarakatan tetap masih bersosialisasi di lingkungan yang sama dengan dewasa. b. kualitas makanan yang disediakan masih kurang memadai baik dari segi rasa dan kebersihan, dan menu makanan yang di berikan kepada anak didik pemasyarakatan masih disamakan dengan warga binaan dewasa, walaupun telah ada surat ketetapan (sk) pembentukan tim pembina khusus blok anak, berlaku pada tanggal 1 februari 2014, namun kenyataannya belum terlaksana. c. dari segi pemenuhan pendidikan, program pendidikan yang diberikan sering tak berjalan dengan baik, atau tak terlaksana dengan baik, disebabkan singkatnya masa hukuman untuk anak, sehingga anak yang telah berada di luar lembaga pemasyarakatan tak melanjutkan lagi pendidikan yang telah diberikan selama didik di lembaga pemasyarakatan. kualifikasi keahlian dan pendidikan petugas atau pembina, kadang tak sesuai dengan bidang yang dibebankan padanya, dan petugas yang membina dan memberikan materi kepada anak didik pemasyarakatan juga dibebani tugas administrasi, serta tidak adanya daya paksa petugas terhadap anak didik pemasyarakatan juga mempengaruhi pembinaan keterampilan dan program pendidikan tak berjalan efektif. d. pemenuhan dibidang kesehatan masih belum terlaksana dengan baik karena disebabkan oleh kurangnya tenaga medis dan alat-alat kesehatan yang kurang memadai. prisonisasi terhadap anak didik di lembaga pemasyarakatan klas i makassar sangat rentan terjadi, disebabkan anak di tempatkan atau disatukan di lembaga issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap pemenuhan hak-hak anak di lembaga pemasyarakatan klas i a makassar page 56 pemasyarakatan yang sama dengan tahanan dewasa, dimana masa anak-anak atau remaja adalah masa mencari jati diri, dan terkadang anak sering meniru apa yang dilihatnya di lingkungan dimana anak berada, atau dengan kata lain baik buruknya lingkungan mempengaruhi tumbuh kembang dan pola pikir anak. yang menjadi hambatan dalam pemenuhan hak-hak anak didik pemasyarakatan yaitu: minimnya anggaran yang tersedia menyebabkan beberapa program pendidikan dan keterampilan tak dapat berjalan dengan maksimal. kualitas petugas yang kadang tak sesuai dengan kualifikasi pendidikan dan keterampilan, serta minimnya fasiltas dan sarana prasarana yang menunjang pembinaan bagi anak didik pemasyarakatan seperti fasilitas pendidikan, perpustakaan, fasilitas olah raga, serta fasilitas pelatihan keterampilan. dan kurangnya peranan masyarakat dalam program pembinaan anak didik pemasyarakatan. daftar pustaka achmad ali, 2002. menguak tabir hukum (suatu kajian filosofis dansosiologis). pt toko gunung agung tbk. cetakan ke-2: jakarta. __________, 2009. menguak teori hukum (legal theory) dan teori peradilan (judicial prudence). kencana predana media group. edisi pertama. cetakan ke-1: jakarta. ansori sabuan, dkk, 1990. hukum acara pidana. angkasa. edisi pertama. cetakan ke-1: bandung. azyumardi azra, 2006. paradigma baru pendidikan nasional rekonstruksi dan demokratisasi. kompas : jakarta. barda nawawi arief, 2004. beberapa masalah perbandingan hukum pidana. pt raja grafindo persada, cetakan kedua: jakarta. djisman samosir, 1992. fungsi pidana penjara dalam sistem pemidanaan di indonesia, binacipta : bandung. dwidja priyanto, 2006. sistem pelaksanaan pidana penjara di indonesia. refika aditama : bandung. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap pemenuhan hak-hak anak di lembaga pemasyarakatan klas i a makassar page 57 endang sumiarni dan chandra halim, 2000. perlindungan hukum terhadap anak dalam hukum keluarga. atmajaya: jogjakarta erma rajagukguk, 1983. hukum dan masyarakat. pt bina bangsa : jakarta. hotman paradomuan sibuea, dan heryberthus sukartono, 2009. metode penelitian hukum. krakatauw book: jakarta. karen lebacqz, 2011. teori-teori keadilan. nusa media : bandung. issn 2528-360x volume 1 nomor 2 april 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 efektifitas pelaksanaan alokasi dana desa berdasarkan permendagri no 113 tahun 2014 tentang pengelolaan keuangan desa page 177 efektifitas pelaksanaan alokasi dana desa berdasarkan permendagri no 113 tahun 2014 tentang pengelolaan keuangan desa (studi kasus desa banabungi kecamatan pasarwajo kabupaten buton) l. m. ricard zeldi putra fakultas hukum universitas muhammadiyah buton dosen hukum tata negara abstract the organization of the government of the village of terpisakan no peyelenggaraan autonomous region. through law no. 6 year 2014 about villages, each village given discretion to set its own kewenanganya, either the authority based on the origin of the local scale, the powers and authority of the village, in the transferred by the central government/provinces//kota in accordance with government legislation. this research uses the normative-empirical type. the data used in this research is the primary data, namely data obtained directly from the field in the form of interviews and questionnaires and secondary data, namely data obtained from graphical documents (tables, notes, meeting, meetings, etc), photographs, films, video recordings, and other things that can enrich the primary data. research results show that implementation of the allocation of funds in the village of banabungi village have been implemented but in pelaksanaanya is not effective. it is based on is not dilaksanakanya the principle of transparency and participatory in its own ruling, a factor pelaksanaanya i.e. the absence of legal sanctions or force power for the government when the village does not implement legal norms. while the position of permendagri no. 113 year 2014 about financial management is in compliance as regulations, although the above provision does not mention explicitly the type of legislation in the form of a regulation of the minister, but the phrase rules set by ministers at the top, reflecting the existence of ministerial regulation as one of the types of legislation. a. pendahuluan negara republik indonesia sebagai negara kesatuan menganut asas desentralisasi dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan dengan memberikan kesempatan dan keleluasaan kepada daerah untuk menyelenggarakan otonomi daerah. dalam pasal 18 undang-undang dasar 1945 disebutkan bahwa, pembagian daerah indonesia atas daerah besar dan daerah kecil, dengan susunan pemerintahannya ditetapkan dengan issn 2528-360x volume 1 nomor 2 april 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 efektifitas pelaksanaan alokasi dana desa berdasarkan permendagri no 113 tahun 2014 tentang pengelolaan keuangan desa page178 uandang-undang dengan memandang dan mengingat dasar permusyawaratan dalam sistem pemerintahan negara dan hak asal-usul dalam daerah-daerah yang bersifat istimewa. daerah di indonesia akan dibagi menjadi daerah provinsi, kabupaten, kecamatan dan desa. tujuan utama penyelenggaraan otonomi daerah adalah untuk meningkatkan pelayanan publik (public service) dan meningkatkan perekonomian daerah. pada dasarnya, tiga misi utama pelaksanaan otonomi daerah dan desentralisasi fisik, yaitu mengkatkan kualitas dan kuantitas pelayanan publik kepada masyarakat, menciptakan efisiensi dan efektifitas pengelolaan sumber daya daerah, dan memberdayakan serta menciptakan ruang bagi masyarakat untuk berpartisipasi dalam pembangunan. keberadaan desa secara yuridis formal diakui dalam undang-undang nomor 23 tahun 2014 tentang pemerintahan daerah dan peraturan pemerintah nomor 6 tahun 2014 tentang desa. berdasarkan ketentuan ini desa diberi pengertian sebagai kesatuan masyarakat hukum, yang memiliki batas-batas wilayah yang berwewenang untuk mengatur dan mengurus kepentingan masyarakat setempat, berdasarkan asal-usul dan adat istiadat setempat yang diakui dan dihormati dalam sistem pemerintahan negara kesatuan repoblik indonesia. pemahaman desa di atas menempatkan desa sebagai suatu organisasi pemerintah yang secara politis memiliki kewenangan tertentu untuk mengurus dan mengatur warga atau komunitasnya. dengan posisi tersebut desa memiliki peran yang sangat penting dalam menunjang kesuksesan pemerintahan nasional secara luas. penyelenggaraan pemerintahan desa tidak terpisakan dari peyelenggaraan otonomi daerah. pemerintahan desa merupakan merupakan unit terdepan (ujung tombak) dalam pelayanan kepada masyarakat serta menjadi tonggak strategis untuk keberhasilan semua program yang dijalankan pemerintah. karena itu upaya untuk memperkuat desa(pemerintah desa dan lembaga kemasyarakatan desa) merupakan langkah untuk mempercepat terwujudnya kesejahteraan masyarakat sebagai hakikat dari otonomi daerah. melalui uu no.6 tahun 2014 tentang desa, setiap desa di berikan keleluasaan untuk mengatur kewenanganya sendiri, baik kewenangan berdasarkan asal-usul, issn 2528-360x volume 1 nomor 2 april 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 efektifitas pelaksanaan alokasi dana desa berdasarkan permendagri no 113 tahun 2014 tentang pengelolaan keuangan desa page179 kewenangan lokal berskala desa, dan kewenangan yang di tugaskan oleh pemerintah pusat/ provinsi/ kab./kota sesuai ketentuan perundang-undangan. dalam uu no.6 tahun 2014 alokasi dana desa yang di kenal dengan add adalah dana desa dengan perhitungan dari dana perimbangan yang di terima oleh kabupaten sebesar 10% setelah di kurangi dengan dana desa alokasi khusus (dak). yang menjadi persoalan di desa banabungi masyarakat mempersoalkan pengelolaan alokasi dana desa, beberapa hal yang dikeluhkan warga masyarakat antara lain tidak mengikut sertakan keterlibatan masyarakat baik secara langsung dalam tahap perencanaan dan pelaksanaannya, adanya dugaan penyalah gunaan dana, hal lain yang banyak di persoalkan adalah tidak adanya sumber informasi yang dapat dengan mudah diakses oleh masyarakat. setelah peneliti melakukan pengamatan awal dilapangan terbukti tidak ada sumber informasi disediakan pemerintah desa dalam pengelolaan alokasi dana desa. berdasarkan uraian permasalahan tersebut diatas, maka tata kelola add yang baik supaya dana tersebut tepat sasaran dan dapat di gunakan untuk kepentingan pembangunan dan pemberdayaan masyarakat. pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam pemanfaatan add perlu mengacu pada asas-asas pengelolaan keuangan dalam hal ini tertuang dalam peraturan menteri dalam negeri 113 tahun 2014 tentang pengelolaan keuangan desa pasal 2 ayat 1 yang berbunyi : “keuangan desa di kelola berdasarkan asas transparan, akuntabel, partisipatif, serta dilakukan dengan tertib dan disiplin anggaran”. add ditujukan untuk membiayai program pemerintah desa dalam hal kegiatan pelaksanaan pemerintah dan pemberdayaan masyarakat. tujuan add diantaranya adalah untuk meningkatkan penyelenggaraan pemerintah desa dalam melaksanakan pelayanan pemerintah, pembangunan, dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan kewenangannya. selain itu ada yang ditujukan pula supaya meningkatkan kemampuan lembaga kemasyarakatan masyarakat di desa dalam perencanaan, pelakasanaan, dan pengendalian pembangunan secara partisipatif sesuai potensi yang di miliki oleh desa. salah satu hal yang perlu diperhatikan dan menjadi tolak ukur dalam pemberdayaan masyarakat terhadap add adalah mengenai transparansi, akuntabilitas, partisipatif serta dilakukan dengan tertib dan disiplin anggaran. issn 2528-360x volume 1 nomor 2 april 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 efektifitas pelaksanaan alokasi dana desa berdasarkan permendagri no 113 tahun 2014 tentang pengelolaan keuangan desa page180 dari urain-urain tersebut diatas maka penulis perlu untuk meneliti permasalahan keefektifan pelaksanaan alokasi dana desa berdasarkan permendagri nomor 113 tahun 2014 yaitu yang berjudul: “efektifitas pelaksanaan alokasi dana desa berdasarkan permendagri no 113 tahun 2014 tentang pengelolaan keuangan desa (studi kasus desa banabungi kecamatan pasarwajo kabupaten buton”. b. metode penelitian dalam penelitian ini digunakan adalah tipe normatif-empiris yang pada dasarnya merupakan penggabungan antara pendekatan hukum normatif dengan adanya pembahasan berbagai unsur empiris. metode penelitian normatif-empiris mengenai implementasi kekuatan hukum normatif (undang-undang) dalam aksinya pada setiap peristiwa hukum tertentu yang terjadi dalam suatu masyarakat. jenis dan sumber data yang di gunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data primer yaitu data yang diperoleh langsung dari lapangan berupa wawancara dan kuesioner dan data sekunder yaitu data yang diperoleh dari dokumen-dokumen grafis (tabel, catatan, notulen, rapat,dll) foto-foto,film, rekaman video, dan lain-lain yang dapat memperkaya data primer. analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis yang bersifat deskriptif kuantitatif, yaitu suatu metode yang dilakukan dengan memasukan data dari hasil wawancara dalam kerangka tabel untuk menghitung frekuensi dan membuat persentase. dengan metode ini dirapkan dapat memberikan gambaran secara teratur, ringkas dan jelas. dengan demikian maka kesimpulan yang di tarik akan sesuai dengan kejadian yang sebenarnya. c. hasil dan pembahasan 1. analisis pelaksanaan alokasi dana desa oleh penyelenggara pemerintah desa pelaksanaan asas transparan. kepala desa adalah pemegang kekuasaan pengelolaan keuangan desa yang di bantu oleh perangkat desa. perangkat desa terdiri atas sekretaris desa, pelaksana kewilayahan dan pelaksana teknis. pelaksana kewilayahan merupakan unsur pembantu kepala desa sebagai satuan tugas kewilayahan sedangkan pelaksana teknis merupaka n unsur pembantu kepala desa sebagai tugas operasional. issn 2528-360x volume 1 nomor 2 april 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 efektifitas pelaksanaan alokasi dana desa berdasarkan permendagri no 113 tahun 2014 tentang pengelolaan keuangan desa page181 dalam pelaksanaan alokasi dana desa (add), maka tata kelola add yang efektif supaya dana tersebut tetap sasaran dan dapat digunakan untuk kepentingan pembangunan dan pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam memanfaatkan add perlu mengacu pada asas-asas pengelolaan keuangan desa, hal ini tertuang pada pasal 2 ayat1 permendagri no 113 tahun 2014 tentang pengelolaan keuangan desa yang berbunyi : keuangan desa dikelolah berdasarkan asas transparan, akuntabel, partisipatif, serta dilakukan dengan tertib dan disiplin anggaran. konkritnya pelaksanaan asas transparan juga dijelaskan pada pasal 40 ayat (1): laporan realisasi dan laporan pertanggungjawaban realisasi pelaksanaan apbdesa sebagaimana yang di maksud pada pasal 37 dan 38 diinformasikan kepada masyarakat secara tertulis dan media informasi kepada masyarakat. “(2): media informasi sebagaimna yang dimaksud pada ayat (1) antara lain papan pengumuman, radio komunikasi dan media informasi lainnya. analisa efektifitas 2. analisa pelaksanaan alokasi dana desa oleh penyelenggara pemerintahan desa banabungi. 1.1. pelaksanaan asas transparan kepala desa adalah pemegang kekuasaan pengelolaan keuangan desa yang dibantu oleh perangkat desa. perangkat desa terdiri atas sekretaris desa, pelaksana kewilayahan dan pelaksana tekhnis. pelaksana kewilayahan merupakan unsur pembatu kepala desa sebagai satuan tugas kewilayahan sedangkan pelaksana tekhnis merupakan unsur pembatu kepala desa sebagai tugas operasional. dalam pelaksanaan alokasi dana desa (add), maka tata kelola add yang efektif supaya dana tersebut tepat sasaran dan dapat digunakan untuk kepentingan pembangunan dan pemberdayaan masarakat dalam pemanfaatan add perlu mengacu pada asas-asas pengelolaan keuangan desa, hal ini tertuang pada pasal 2 ayat i permendagri no 113 tahun 2014 tentang pengelolaan keuangan desa yang berbunyi : "keuangan desa dikelola berdasarkan asas transparan, akunlabel, partisipatif serta issn 2528-360x volume 1 nomor 2 april 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 efektifitas pelaksanaan alokasi dana desa berdasarkan permendagri no 113 tahun 2014 tentang pengelolaan keuangan desa page182 dilakukan dengan terlib dan disiplin anggaran ". konkritnya pelaksanaan asas transparan juga dijelaskan pada pasal 40 ayat ( l ) "laporan realisasi dan laporan pertanggung jawaban realisasi pelaksanaan apbdesa sebagaimana dimaksud pada pasal 37 dan 38 diinformasikan kepada masarakat secara tertulis dan dengan media informasi kepada masarakat.” (2) : media informasi sebagaimana yang dimaksud pada ayat (l) antara lain papan pengumuman. radio komunitas dan media informasi lainya guna untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan asas transparan dalam pelaksanaan add di desa banabungi maka penulis melakukan wawancara dengan masyarakat desa banabungi, dengan mengajukan beberapa pertanyaan. tabel 1.1. hasil kuesioner terkait pelaksanaan transparansi dalam pengelolaan add di desa banabungi. no pertanyaan jawaban jumlah responden (n) persentase (0/0) l apakah anda diinformasikan mengenai laporan realisasi dan pertangung jawaba apbdesa ? ya tidak 4 22 18,18 84.61 jumlah 26 100 issn 2528-360x volume 1 nomor 2 april 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 efektifitas pelaksanaan alokasi dana desa berdasarkan permendagri no 113 tahun 2014 tentang pengelolaan keuangan desa page183 2 apakah pemerintah desa menyediakan sumber infomasi yang mudah diakses masyarakat berupa papan pengumuman informasi tentang pengelolaan keuangan desa ? ya tidak 0 26 0 100 jumlah 26 100 sumber : data primer (banabungi 7-13 januari 2017) dari 26 responden, ternyata 4 atau 18,18% mengatakan diinformasi mengenai laporan realisasi dan laporan pertanggung jawaban apbdesasedangkan 22 atau 84,61% responden tidak mendapatkan informasi mengenai laporan realisasi dan laporan pertanggung jawaban apbdesa. dari pertanyaan kedua, 26 atau 100% menjawab ya yaitu pemerintah desa banabungi tidak menyiapkan sumber informasi yang mudah diakses oleh masarakat. berdasarkan hasil kuesioner diatas, peneliti berpendapat bahwa aparat pemerintah desa tidak melaksanakan apa yang diamanahkan dalam pasal 40 ayat (l) dan (2) yang berhubungan dengan asas transparan sehingga memunculkan pemerintahan yang tidak transparan. menurut arbi sani (jurnal karaketeristik pemerintahan tidak transparan) "dampak dari penyelenggaraan pemerintah yang tidak transparan l . rendahnya atau bahkan tidak adanya kepercayan warga negara terhadap pemerintahan. 2. rendahnya partisipasi warga negara terhadap kebijakan-kebijakan yang dibuat pemerintah. issn 2528-360x volume 1 nomor 2 april 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 efektifitas pelaksanaan alokasi dana desa berdasarkan permendagri no 113 tahun 2014 tentang pengelolaan keuangan desa page184 3. sikap apatis warga negara dalam mengambil inisiatif dan peran yang berkaitan dengan kebijakan publik. 4. jika warga negara apatis, ditunjang dengan rezim yang berkuasa sangat kuat dan lemahnya fungsi legislative, kkn akan merajalela dan menjadi budaya mendarah daging (nilai dominan). hal tersebut sekaligus menjawab pertayaan pada latar belakang ini, yaitu akibat tidak adanya transparansi dalam pengelolaan keuangan desa sehingga menjadi salah satu dampak ketidak efektifan pelaksanaan add. 1.2. pelaksanaan asas partisipatif salah satu indikator keberhasilan alokasi dana desa adalah meningkatnya partisipasi masarakat dalam pelaksanaan pembanggunan desa dan penyerapan tenaga kerja lokal pada kegiatan pembanggunan. pengelolaan keuangan desa,sejak tahapperencanaan,pelaksanaan,penatausahaan,pelaporan dan pertanggungjawaban wajib melibatkan masyarakat luas didesa, utamanya kelompok marjinal sebagai penerima manfaat dari program pembangunan kegiatan di desa. tabel 1.2. hasil kuesioner terkait partisipasi dan pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam pengelolaan add di desa banabungi. n o pertanyaan jawaban jumlah responden (n) persenta se l . apakah anda dilibatkan baik dalam perencanaan, pelaksanaan maupun pertanggung jawaban alokasi dana desa ? tidak ya 7 19 26.92 73,07 jumlah 26 100 issn 2528-360x volume 1 nomor 2 april 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 efektifitas pelaksanaan alokasi dana desa berdasarkan permendagri no 113 tahun 2014 tentang pengelolaan keuangan desa page185 2 apakah dalam pelaksanaan add berupa pembanggunan fisik cukup menyerap tenaga kerja lokal ? cukup kurang 21 5 80,76 19,24 jumlah 26 100 sumber : dala primer (banabungi 7-13 januari 2017 dari 26 responden, 7 atau 26.92% memberi tanggapan mereka tidak dilibatkan dalam pelaksanaa alokasi dana desa sedangkan 19 atau 73,17 responden mengatakan mereka dilibatkan. pertanyaan kedua, apakah dalam pelaksanaan add berupa pembangguna fisik cukup menyerap tenaga kerja lokal. dari 26 responden, 21 atau 80,76% menjawab cukup sedangkan 5 atau 19,24% responden menjawab kurang. berdasarkan tanggapan responden penulis menyimpulkan pemberdayaan masarakat dalam pelaksanaan alokasi dana desa kurang efektif hal ini dapat dilihat masih kurang terserapnya tenaga kerja lokal dan dilibatkanya masyarakat dalam pelaksanaan add secara keseluruhan. 1.3. pelaksanaan asas akuntabel dan disiplin anggaran mempunyai pengertian bahwa setiap tindakan atau kinerja pemerintah/lembaga dapat dipertanggungjawabkan kepada pihak pihak yang memiliki hak atau berkewenangan untuk meminta keterangan akan pertanggungjawaban. dengan demikian, pelaksanaan kegiatan dan penggunaan anggaran harus dapat dipertanggungjawabkan dengan baik, mulai dari proses perencanaan hingga pertanggungjawaban. asas ini mempertanggung jawabkan dan melaporkan issn 2528-360x volume 1 nomor 2 april 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 efektifitas pelaksanaan alokasi dana desa berdasarkan permendagri no 113 tahun 2014 tentang pengelolaan keuangan desa page186 pelaksanaan apbdesa secara tertib, kepada masyarakat maupun kepada jajaran pemerintahan diatasnya, sesuai peraturan perundangundangan. tabel 1.3. hasil kuesionerterkait pelaporan dan pertanggung jawaban dalam pengelolaan add di desa banabungi. no pertanyaan j awaban jumlah responden (n) persentas e (0/0) l . apakah pelaporan dan pertanggung jawaban alokasi dana desa di desa banabungi sudah sesuai dengan ketentuan yang ada ? sesua kurang sesuai tidak sesuai 8 2 0 80 20 0 jumlah 10 100 2 apakah ada temuan penyimpanganpenyimpangan terkait pelaporanh dan pertanggung jawaban alokasi dana desa? tidak temuan 10 0 100 0 jumlah 10 100 sumber : data primer (banabungi 7-13 januari 2017 dari 10 responden, 8 atau 80% memberi tanggapan sudah sesuai ketentuan dalam pelaksanaanalokasi dana desa sedangkan 2 atau 20% responden mengatakan kurang sesuai dengan prosedur yang ada dan 0 atau 20% responden mengatakan tidak sesuai dengan ketentuan yang ada. pertanyaan kedua, apakah ada temuan penyimpangan dalam pelaksanaan add dari io responden, 10 atau 100% menjawab tidak ada temuan sedangkan 0 atau 0% responden menjawab ada temuan. issn 2528-360x volume 1 nomor 2 april 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 efektifitas pelaksanaan alokasi dana desa berdasarkan permendagri no 113 tahun 2014 tentang pengelolaan keuangan desa page187 berdasarkan hasil kuesioner diatas dari segi pelaporan dan pertanggung jawaban sudah efektif hal ini terbukti mayoritas responden memberikan tanggapan tidak ada permasalahan dalam pelaporan dan pertanggung jawaban alokasi dana desa. berdasarkan hal-hal tersebut diatas peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa transparansi merupakan salah satu aspek mendasar bagi terwujudnya pemerintahan yang efektif. perwujudan tata pemerintahan yang efektif mensyaratkan adanya keterbukaan, keterlibatan dan kemudahan aspek bagi masarakat terhadap proses penyelenggaraan pemerintahan. penutup d. kesimpulan dari uraian-uraian yangdikemukakan pada bab-bab terdahulu, maka peneliti menyimpulkan hal-hal sebagai berikut: berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan di desa banabungi maka penulis menyimpulkan pelaksanaan alokasi dana desa di desa banabungi telah dilaksanakan namum dalam pelaksanaanya tidak efektif. hal ini berdasarkan penelitian yang penulis lakukan dilapangan, faktor mendasar yang mempengaruhi tidak efektifnya pelaksanaan alokasi dana desa di desa banabungi adalah tidak dilaksanakanya asas transparansi dan partisipatif dalam pelaksanaanya, faktor hukumnya sendiri yaitu tidak adanya sanksi hukum atau daya paksa bagi pemerintah desa apabila tidak melaksanakan norma-norma hukum. disamping itu, pelaksanaan asas transparansi dalam permendagri no 113 tahun 2014 masih kurang. hal ini dapat pada uraian penelitian diatas yakni dampak yang paling mendasar ketidak efektifan pelaksanaan alokasi dana desa adalah kurangnya transparansi dalam pelaksanaan alokasi dana desa issn 2528-360x volume 1 nomor 2 april 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 efektifitas pelaksanaan alokasi dana desa berdasarkan permendagri no 113 tahun 2014 tentang pengelolaan keuangan desa page188 daftar pustaka asshiddiqie,jimly. 2010. perihal undang-undang, rajawali pers.: jakarta awang, azam.2010. implementasi pemberdayaan pemerintah desa, pustaka pelajar : yogyakarta hamidi, jazim.2011. optik hukum peraturan daerah bermasalah, prestasi pustaka : jakarta huda, ni"matul.2007. pengawasan pusat terhadap daerah. fh uii press: yogyakarta jeddawi, murtir.2006. hukum pemerintahan daerah, ull pers: yogyakarta koenjaranigrt. 2011. manifestasi otonomi daerah, total media : yogyakarta muluk, khairul.2006. desentralisasi dan pemerintahan daerah,bayumedia publishing : malang ridwan.2009. hukum administrasi di daerah, fh uii press : yogyakarta rahardjo, sajipto. 2010, sosiologi hukum perkembangan metode dan pilihan masala., genta publishing : jogjakarta soekanto, soejono. 1998. pengatar penelitian flukum. jakarta universitas indonesia press sugiono, 2008, metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif dan r&d. tim penyusun kamus pusat pembinaan dan pengembangan bahasa 1988 kamus besar bahasa indonesia. cetakan pertama. jakarta : balai pusataka winarno. budi. 2008. kehijakan puhlik teori dan proses, buku kita : yogyakarta jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 3 issue 2, june 2019 p-issn : 2528-360x, e-issn : 2621-6159 147 legal review of the implementation of work safety and health atpt multi nabatimaleo unit, pohuwato district herlina sulaiman abstract author’s information: implementation of occupational safety and health at pt. multi nabati unit maleo is done by enviromental unit, health and safety. ehs is a policy applied by pt multi nabati unit maleo in providing protection for the safety and health of its workers. ehs is a direct handle or the first handle if there is an accident and also work to make preventive efforts to prevent accidents. in addition, the company develops the health and work safety management system (smk3 & l). the efforts undertaken by pt multi nabati to reduce the risk of occupational accidents by applying: engineering (engineering), administration (administration) and labor must use apd (personal protective equipment).. keywords: occupational safety, occupational health, pt. multi nabati fakultashukum universitasichsan gorontalo, (herlina.sulaiman.hs@gmail.com) doi: https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v3i2. 126 1. introduction regarding labor, it is contained in the 1945 constitution of the republic of indonesia in article article 27 paragraph (2) which says "every citizen has the right to work and livelihood that is appropriate for humanity". workers are residents who are in working age. according to law no. 13 of 2003 chapter i article 1 paragraph 2 states that labor is anyone who is able to do work to produce goods or services both to meet their own needs and for the community (hardijanrusli, 2011: 4). in addition, workers are development actors and economic actors both individually and in groups, so that they have a very significant role in national economic activities, namely increasing productivity and welfare of the community. factors that influence productivity levels include education and skills training, nutrition / nutrition, health, talent or innate, motivation or willingness, employment opportunities, management opportunities and government policies (suma'mur, 1993: 1). the increasing role and position of workers as actors to achieve development goals and influenced by the development of the use of technology in various sectors of business activities can lead to higher risks that can threaten the safety, health and welfare of the workforce. so that efforts are needed to protect workers who can make a positive contribution to labor productivity efforts. recognizing the importance of workers for the company, the government, and the community, it is necessary to think so that workers can maintain their safety in carrying out their work. likewise, it is necessary to strive for calm and health of workers so that what they face at work can be considered as much as possible, so that the vigilance in carrying out the work is guaranteed. these thoughts are workers' protection programs, which in daily practice are useful to be able to maintain the productivity and stability of the company (zinalasikin, 2010: 95). https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v3i2.126 https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v3i2.126 jurnalhukumvolkgeist herlina sulaiman.3(2): 147-151 148 occupational safety and health is one aspect of labor protection regulated in law number 13 of 2003. law no. 13 of 2003 concerning manpower (labor law) states that "every worker / laborer has the right to obtain protection from safety and occupational health, morality and morality, treatment that is in accordance with human dignity and values and religious values ". by implementing occupational safety and health control technology, it is expected that the workforce will achieve physical resilience, work power, and a high level of health. besides that occupational safety and health can be expected to create high work comfort and work safety. so, the elements in occupational health and safety are not fixed on physical factors, but also mental, emotional and psychological. the demand for the creation of safety and occupational health is a necessity in every workplace, to support harmony for workers at work in order to create peace in carrying out every work activity. protection of occupational safety and health is a human right that must be fulfilled by the company, where the company is fully responsible for the work security of its workers. job security is seen as the company's obligation to make various preventive efforts (preventive) against the occurrence of workplace accidents. thus, workers have the right to the security of their soul and body during work (surya tjandra and jafarsuryomenggolo, 2006: 181). pt multi nabati indonesia maleo unit is one of the companies located in pohuwato district. the company was founded in 2002 based on company deed no.c1665.ht.03.02-th.2002. the company is included in the business field of coconut oil industry. pt. multi nabatimaleo unit until now has employed around 224 workers. in the industrial process every day, workers interact with factory machinery which can then occur in an accident at work. looking at the background above, the writer then wants to make a study that focuses on occupational safety and health at pt multi nabatimaleo unit. the formulation of the problem in this paper is how the implementation of occupational health and safety at pt. multi-vegetable maleo unit? and how are the efforts made by pt multi nabati unit maleo in reducing the risk of workplace accidents? 2. method the type of research used in this study is a type of empirical legal research that is research that is directly carried out at pt. multi nabati, aims to explain the process of implementing occupational health and safety (k3). empirical legal research is legal research that examines primary data to answer problems. the object in this study is about the implementation of occupational safety and health at pt multi nabatimaleo unit. in accordance with the problem and purpose of this study, the types and sources of data used are primary data, namely data obtained directly from a study in the form of direct interviews with hr managers, workers, and laborers as resource persons in the field and other data obtained from pt. multi nabati, besides that it can be in the form of study documents and questionnaires. 3. implementation of occupational safety and health at pt. multi vegetable maleo unit occupational safety and health at pt multi nabati unit maleo has been included in the wilmar group collective labor agreement (pkb) for 2015 2017. in the collective labor agreement listed in chapter v concerning social security, health and employee welfare / workers in article 17 regarding health conditions, article 18 concerning health examination and article 19 concerning treatment and treatment. jurnalhukumvolkgeist herlina sulaiman.3(2): 147-151 149 then in chapter iv about security, work safety and education which is contained in article 32 concerning work equipment and work safety equipment, article 33 concerning fire prevention and management, work accidents and other hazards. based on the above, of course all the regulations that have been determined must be adhered to by all workers who are engaged in pt multi nabatimaleo unit. based on the research of the author, the company employs more than 200 workers which can be seen in the following table. the two types of workers stipulated in the company regulations above must follow the rules regarding occupational safety and health. at pt multi nabatimaleo unit based on the research of the authors the implementation of occupational safety and health at pt multi nabatimaleo unit is handled specifically by the ehs (environmental health and safety). in accordance with the corporate policy environment, safety, health, work and community development wilmar group industry is responsible for environmental management, safety, occupational health and community development around the company so that each business unit conducts. a. pollution prevention in every activity b. prevention of occupational accidents and diseases c. compliance with laws and regulations d. efficient use of energy e. having concern for the social aspects of society based on several points above the occupational health and safety problem is at the second point after environmental pollution. this, of course, is a major focus of pt multi nabati in building a conducive work environment. in achieving a conducive work environment and implementing some of the points above, there are several efforts that need to be carried out by pt multi nabati namely: a. make repairs to dangerous conditions or actions, to prevent work accidents. b. implement the concept of clean production and housekeeping c. carry out environmental management in accordance with laws and regulations d. carry out awareness raising programs at all levels of employees in the environment and k3 fields. the implementation of safety and health also requires cooperation between the company and the workers themselves where the company is obliged to provide facilities and tools to support safety and health for its workers in carrying out their work and workers also have an obligation to comply with all work safety requirements stipulated by company. based on the results of interviews that i have done with mr. nestor sukarame who is the pt multi nabati unit operational head of maleo unit (april 14, 2017) he said: "the meaning of worker's safety and health for the company is very important because every work accident is viewed from the company's system (not from the family / victims). any accident or decline in occupational health can cause harm to the company, such as: apart from work safety issues, of course, every worker at pt multi nabatimaleo unit is required to attend health checks and maintenance. this is done to anticipate the increased risk of greater harm to workers, especially the likelihood of occurrence of disease due to work related to working conditions, the use of machinery and hazardous jurnalhukumvolkgeist herlina sulaiman.3(2): 147-151 150 materials and toxic chemicals. the health check has been regulated in the minister of manpower regulation number: per.02 / men / 1980 concerning the examination of labor health. regarding the health requirements of pt multi nabati unit maleo is stated in article 17 of the collective labor agreement, namely: "if it is deemed necessary by the company, a prospective employee / worker who will be transferred to another place / position must be willing to have his health examination by a doctor appointed by the company either through health bpjs or a health benefit program." then regarding health checks, care and treatment are regulated in the same rules, namely the collective labor agreement in article 18 and article 19. article 18 reads 4. efforts made by pt multi nabati to reduce the risk of workplace accidents given that every workforce wherever they work must be sought to avoid the risk of workplace accidents, then efforts to optimize the control of sources of workplace accidents are sought. based on the results of the author's research on pt multi nabati unit maleo, there is a hierarchy of controls to prevent the occurrence of work accidents, namely. 1. engineering (engineering) protectors or covers, such as covers on cables cables that are not in the process may be peeled off. usually if there is a cable that is not safe or exfoliated then there will be a detector or an alarm that indicates that the situation is not safe. automatic shutdown on the machine aims to avoid overflow hand rail used for prevention if it falls on a high floor does not immediately fall down safety fence, scaffolding, life line guard rail, platform o2 detector lock out system maintenance motivation and modification 2.administration (administration) administration is a way to simplify when identifying employees or people in the pt multi nabatimaleo unit. therefore all people in the industry must pay attention to and comply with the requirements as. the obligation of the company / management and labor in relation to the use of personal protective equipment, regulated in law no. 1 of 1970. in addition there are also in the collective labor agreement article 32: 1. the company is obliged to provide work equipment and or work safety equipment needed by employees / workers in accordance with the nature of their work and the equipment remains the property of the company 2. employees / workers who receive work equipment and or safety equipment mentioned above are required to use and maintain the work goods in question. jurnalhukumvolkgeist herlina sulaiman.3(2): 147-151 151 3. outside of time and work interests are prohibited from using or using the intended equipment. however, based on the author's observation, although the sop was made to minimize the occurrence of work accidents, there are still workers who pay less attention to safety aspects in their work, for example there are still workers who do not use ppe. this is what later became a special concern from the ehs sector to further conduct inspections and observations as well as giving sanctions to workers who neglected the aspects of occupational safety and health of the workforce at pt multi nabati 5. conclusion implementation of occupational safety and health at pt. multi nabatimaleo unit which is carried out by environmental, health and safety unit. ehs is a policy implemented by pt multi nabati unit maleo in providing protection for the safety and health of its workers. ehs is the one who directly or first handles if there is a work accident and is also tasked with making preventive efforts to prevent work accidents. in addition, the company built an occupational health and environmental safety management system (smk3 & l). efforts made by pt multi nabati to reduce the risk of workplace accidents by applying: engineering (engineering), administration (administration). administration is a way to simplify when identifying employees or people in the pt multi nabatimaleo unit. using ppe (personal protective equipment) references khakim, abdul. 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(1988). labor law in occupational health (labor protection). jakarta : pt. pradnya paramita. soepomo, imam. (1999). introduction to labor law. jakarta : djambat. tunggal, iman sjahputra. (2008). questions and answers on indonesian labor law. jakarta: harvarindo. sanusi, then. (2003). introduction to indonesian labor law. jakarta : pt raja grafindo persada. jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 3 issue 2, june 2019 p-issn : 2528-360x, e-issn : 2621-6159 124 legal analysis of the application of raw clause in an agreement rustam abstract author’s information: the standard agreement for its existence is recognized in trade traffic and has become a habit and need of the community. juridically but the standard agreement does not realize the principle of freedom of contract in full. because consumers to obtain goods or services needed only have two choices, namely accepting or rejecting the standard agreement. while the principle of freedom of contract prioritizes the freedom and equality of every human being. the principle of freedom of contract also implies that the community has the freedom to make agreements in accordance with their respective interests. the principle of freedom of contract is a principle that gives every person the freedom to make or not make an agreement, make an agreement with anyone, determine the contents of the agreement, the implementation and requirements and determine the form of the agreement, namely written or oral. in general, the form of legal protection against the implementation of the standard agreement has been regulated in article 18 of law number 8 of 1999 concerning consumer protection. the regulation is to provide legal certainty to all the needs of consumers / debtors and to defend their rights if they are harmed by business actors especially in the implementation or implementation of standard agreements. keywords: law; standard clause; agreement universitas ichsan gorontalo, (mrustam37@yahoo.com) doi: https://doi.org/10.35326/volkge ist.v3i2.123 1. introduction basically everyone is given freedom by law to enter into an agreement, as stipulated in article 1338 paragraph (1) of the civil code (hereinafter referred to as bw) which stipulates that "all agreements made legally apply as laws invite those who make it ". if seen in the article, it can be seen that article 1338 paragraph (1) bw is the source of the entry into force of the principle of freedom of contract. the principle of freedom of contract is a principle that gives every person the freedom to make or not make an agreement, make an agreement with anyone, determine the contents of the agreement and the requirements and determine the form of the agreement, namely written or oral (salim h.s, 2010: 9). pitlo said the background to the growth of the standard agreement was due to socioeconomic conditions. large companies, and government companies establish cooperation within an organization and for their benefit, conditions are unilaterally determined. the opponents generally have a weak position, both because of their principles and because their ignorance only accepts what is offered (wirjono prodjodikoro, 1976: 35). in such circumstances, the consumer does not have the opportunity to be able to make changes regarding the conditions stated in the agreement, he only has the opportunity to take it or leave it agreement. such agreements are referred to as standard agreements or standard agreements, where the standard agreement is the realization of the existence of the principle of freedom of contract. mailto:mrustam37@yahoo.com https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v3i2.123 https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v3i2.123 jurnal hukum volkgeist rustam. 2(1): 124-130 125 the standard agreement cannot be separated from the existence of additional clauses, in addition to the main clause contained in the agreement. the additional clause taken by the author in this writing is the exoneration clause. the definition of an exoneration clause is a clause that contains conditions that limit or even completely erase the responsibility that should be borne by the product distributor inclusion of standard clauses in the agreement cannot be denied to be rife by reason of effectiveness and efficiency in transactions. the existence of a standard clause is based on agreement to the agreement so that it acts as an act for the parties. but on the other hand there are opinions that oppose the inclusion of a standard clause in the agreement, especially based on the principle of balance and justice in contracting. the principle of freedom of contract, which in dutch is called vrijheid contracts, implies that people have the freedom to make agreements according to their will and interests. the freedom in question covers (sutan remy sjahdeini, 1993: 47), 1. the freedom of each person to decide whether he will make an agreement or not make an agreement 2. the freedom of each person to choose with whom he will make an agreement 3. freedom of the parties to determine the form of the agreement 4. freedom of the parties to determine the contents of the agreement 5. freedom of the parties to determine how to make an agreement freedom of contract gives the parties the freedom to make agreements in any form or format, both written, oral, non-authentic, unilateral, standard and so on, and with content or substance as desired by the parties. thus according to the principle of freedom of contract, a person generally has a free choice to enter into an agreement (peter mahmud marzuki, 203: 195). the important thing to note is that contractual freedom and the provisions of article 1338 paragraph (1) of the civil code are not independent. the principle is in one complete system and is related to other provisions. the principle of freedom of contract which can be concluded from the provisions of article 1338 paragraph (1) of the civil code is often not in accordance with the facts that apply in the standard agreement made by business actors. in other words there is a gap between theories (das solen), namely the provisions of article 1338 paragraph (1) of the civil code that reflects the principle of freedom of contract and the prevailing reality or practice (das sein), namely the application of standard agreements in agreements by business actors. the standard agreement raises (impresses) the pattern of contractual relationships that are unbalanced and biased. the standard contract has long been a problem that raises pros and cons among legal experts. the problem lies in the clauses set unilaterally by business actors and enacted en masse for consumers. in these clauses, there appears to be an imbalance in the position of business actors and consumers who need funds. in such conditions consumers cannot submit revisions to the agreement clauses offered by business actors. consumers can only accept or reject the contents of the agreement set by the bank. to obtain economic benefits, business actors design agreements that contain unnatural clauses and burden the consumer. in addition, the agreements offered by business actors often contain exoneration clauses or clauses that aim to free or limit the unilateral responsibility of the business actor against the lawsuit of consumers / debtors who carry out their obligations improperly as determined in the agreement. even though jurnal hukum volkgeist rustam. 2(1): 124-130 126 these clauses should provide legal protection for the parties, especially for consumers / debtors as parties whose position is weak. the problem being examined is whether the application of standard clauses in an agreement reflects the principle of freedom of contract and how is the legal protection for consumers towards the application of standard clauses in an agreement. 2. method the type of research used in this paper is normative research. this research was carried out based on existing legal principles and legal regulations (normative). it focuses on the study of the application of standard clauses in an agreement and forms of legal protection for consumers in the application of standard clauses in an agreement. the sources of primary legal material in this paper include: civil code and consumer protection act while secondary legal material sources used in this study are in the form of theses, theses, dissertations, literature books, legal journals and writings in particular those that relating to the inclusion of standard clauses in an agreement. the source of tertiary legal material in this writing comes from dictionaries, encyclopedias and so on, especially those related to the baku agreement. in this study, the technique of obtaining legal materials is used, namely through library research (library research), where researchers conduct searches in the form of legislation concerning the baku agreement, scientific works and so on that have to do with the subject matter in this study. legal material analyzed in the form of legal issues relating to the application of standard clauses in an agreement. by first describing the facts in the field regarding the implementation of standard clauses in an agreement. furthermore, the results will be interpreted using deductive thinking, namely a way to draw conclusions that depart from general discussion towards specific discussions. after that, the researcher will give a prescription regarding the application of the standard clause in an agreement 3. research results and discussion the results should summarize (scientific) findings of the study. it should be written in clear and concise. the separation or com-bination of results and discussion is accepted. if the result is separated into some subheadings, the subheading should be numbered as following example: the background underlying the inclusion of the standard clause in an agreement was initially born in order to support the efficiency and effectiveness of the contract. soedjono dirdjosisworo argues that the standard agreement (contrac standard), basically is the standardization or standardization of transactions so that transactions can be carried out quickly. therefore, the agreed conditions are standardized, meaning that they are set as a benchmark for each party that makes an agreement with the businessman concerned. in the civil code itself there are no provisions that provide an understanding of the standard clause. the standard clause is built on the opinions of legal scholars who develop in doctrines and writings that discuss this matter. however, basically there is no uniformity of understanding among legal scholars. however, through the opinions below, it can be described about what is meant by the standard clause. a standard contract is a written contract made only by one of the parties to the contract, so usually the standard contract is very biased. to be able to cancel it needs to jurnal hukum volkgeist rustam. 2(1): 124-130 127 highlight whether with the contract there has been an erosion of the bargaining position, so that the existence of an element of "agreement" between the parties is actually not fulfilled. before the researcher examines further about the inclusion of a standard clause in an agreement relating to the principle of freedom of contract, it is better to first examine the opinions of legal experts both pro and contra of the standard agreement. opinions that are pro against the enforceability of standard clauses, namely stein, state that a standard agreement can be accepted as an agreement based on the fiction of willingness and trust (fictie van wil en vertouwen) which arouses trust that the parties bind themselves to the agreement, if the debtor accepts the agreement voluntarily agree to the agreement (mariam darus badrulzaman: 58). meanwhile, asser ruten added that a person is bound to a standard contract because he has signed the contract, so he must be considered aware, and he wants and is therefore responsible for the contents of the contract. so each person who signs a contract is responsible for what content is signed, so that if there is someone who signs the standard contract form, the signature will raise the belief that the signatory knows and wants the contents of the signed form. because, it is not possible for people to sign what is unknown. meanwhile, hondius added that the standard agreement has a binding power based on habits (gebruik), which applies to the community and trade traffic. munir fuady (2007: 60) argues that the existence of a standard clause cannot be completely banned, because even though it has the potential to violate the doctrine of contract law, it can also justify some other contractual legal principles, besides the reasons for contractual freedom that are very commonly used in court. some principles of civil law that strongly support the existence of a standard contract, namely legal principles as follows. 1. principles of agreement on the wishes of the parties 2. the principle of risk assumption from the parties 3. principles of obligation to read (duty to read) and, 4. the principle of contract follows habits. the notion that contradicts the standard agreement is sluitjer, saying that this standard agreement is not an agreement, because the position of the entrepreneur in the agreement is like a private law maker (legio particulary wetgever). the conditions specified by the employer in the agreement are laws not agreements (mariam darus badrlzaman, 1994: 52). furthermore pitlo said that the standard agreement was a forced agreement (dwang contrac). although it is theoretically juridical, this standard agreement does not meet the provisions of the law and is rejected by some lawyers. but in reality, community needs run in the direction that is against the law. the researcher himself in this case does not side with either of these two understandings. on the one hand, researchers see more that the standard agreement is theoretically juridical in contravention of the principle of freedom of contract with the failure of the provisions of the governing law. but on the other hand it cannot be denied that the developments that occur regarding this matter, where in reality, people's needs tend to run in the direction opposite to the wishes of the law and even become a prevailing habit in the community and trade traffic, taking into account good efficiency factors in terms of costs, energy and time, and others. but in this case, the use of this standard agreement should not be allowed to grow wildly and therefore needs to be regulated, with the main consideration being on the aspect of protection for debtors / consumers. jurnal hukum volkgeist rustam. 2(1): 124-130 128 if it is examined more deeply about how the standard agreement is issued, it does not juridically fulfill the elements required by article 1320 jo 1338 paragraph 1 of the civil code. based on the provisions of article 1320 of the civil code, an agreement is declared valid if it has fulfilled 4 (four) cumulative conditions. the four conditions for the validity of the agreement include. akat agree between those who commit themselves. this means that the parties making the agreement have agreed or agreed on the main matters or material agreed upon. and the agreement is considered to be non-existent if given due to mistakes, mistakes, coercion or fraud. skills for making an engagement. the meaning of the word proficiency referred to in this case is that the parties have been declared mature by law, namely in accordance with the provisions of the civil code, those who are 21 years old, have been or have been married. capable also means an adult, healthy mind, and is not prohibited by a law to do a certain act. and people who are considered incompetent to do legal acts, namely: people who are not mature, according to article 1330 of the civil code jo. article 47 of law number 1 of 1974 concerning marriage; people who are placed under guardianship, according to article 1330 jo. article 433 kuperdata; and people who are prohibited by law from carrying out certain legal acts such as those who have been declared bankrupt by the court. certain things. that is, in making an agreement, what is agreed upon must be clear so that the rights and obligations of the parties can be determined. a cause that is halal. that is, an agreement must be based on legal reasons that do not conflict with the provisions of article 1337 of the civil code, namely: • not contrary to public order; • does not conflict with decency; and • not against the law. legal protection for consumers regarding the application of standard clauses in an agreement. agreements in the field of business that are generally in the form of standards are always memorable as unbalanced agreements. this is seen by the fact that the various models of standard agreements are often dominated by options that benefit one party, especially those whose economic position is strong. inclusion of standard clauses in the agreement cannot be denied to be rife by reason of effectiveness and efficiency in transactions. the existence of a standard clause is based on agreement to the agreement so that it acts as an act for the parties. but on the other hand there are opinions that oppose the inclusion of a standard clause in the agreement, especially based on the principle of balance and principle of justice and the principle of freedom of contract in contract. in connection with the principle of freedom of contract as stipulated in article 1338 paragraph 1 of the civil code which reads "all agreements made legally apply as laws for those who make them". on this basis, in the implementation of contracts, especially in the field of business, an agreement or contract that is efficient in terms of time, cost and labor is needed and is effective in terms of content or agreement, business actors often use standard / standard contracts). but in practice, especially in the standard / standard agreement in the agreement associated with the making of unilateral standard agreements raises various problems where the content or content of the standard agreement shows an imbalance in the bargaining position between the parties. the position between the debtor and creditor is jurnal hukum volkgeist rustam. 2(1): 124-130 129 often lame, where we often find that the contents of the agreement are made with words that are difficult to understand and made in small print. the explanation given by the creditor is also incomplete and unclear so that the debtor only understands a small part of the standard agreement. often the agreement is only read at a glance and the creditor provides a not-so-deep understanding even though the juridical consequences are high so the debtor often does not know what is his right. often we find the fact that debtors do not know the nature of making a standard agreement. the debtor or new consumer knows the consequences of jurisdiction where the standard agreement made by the creditor is more concerned with the interests of the business actor than the consumer. the standard agreement, especially in the practice of the business world is actually still justified and various legislation has actually provided protection to consumers and business actors in a balanced manner. if we carefully examine and construct in article 18 of act number 8 of 1999 concerning consumer protection which reads: "(1) business actors in offering goods and / or services intended for trading are prohibited from making or including standard clauses in each document and / or agreement if. a. declare the transfer of responsibility of the business actor b. states that business actors have the right to refuse the return of goods purchased by consumers; c. states that the business actor has the right to refuse the return of money paid for goods and / or services purchased by consumers; d. declare power of attorney from consumers to business actors both directly and indirectly to take all unilateral actions relating to goods purchased by consumers in installments; e. regulate the matter of proof of loss of use of goods or utilization of services purchased by consumers; f. giving rights to business actors to reduce service benefits or reduce consumer assets that are the object of buying and selling services; g. states the consumer's submission to regulations in the form of new rules, additions, continuations and / or further amendments made unilaterally by the business actor in the period the consumer uses the services he buys; h. states that the consumer authorizes the business actor to charge mortgages, liens, or collateral rights to the goods purchased by the consumer in installments. (2) business actors are prohibited from including a standard clause whose location or shape is difficult to see or cannot be read clearly or whose disclosure is difficult to understand 4. conclusion the standard agreement for its existence is recognized in trade traffic and has become a habit and need for the community. juridically but the standard agreement does not realize the principle of freedom of contract in full. because consumers to obtain goods or services needed only have two choices, namely accepting or rejecting the standard agreement. while the principle of freedom of contract prioritizes the freedom and equality of every human being. the principle of freedom of contract also implies that the community has the freedom to make agreements in accordance with their respective interests. freedom includes: the freedom of the parties to decide whether to make an agreement or not, freedom to choose with whom to make an agreement, freedom to determine the form of the agreement, freedom to determine the contents of the agreement, and freedom to determine how to make an agreement in general, the form of legal protection against the implementation of the standard agreement has been regulated in article 18 of law number 8 of 1999 concerning jurnal hukum volkgeist rustam. 2(1): 124-130 130 consumer protection. the regulation is to provide legal certainty to all the needs of consumers / debtors and to defend their rights if they are harmed by business actors especially in the implementation or implementation of standard agreements. the aim is to place the position of consumers on par with business actors. according to the researcher if the implementation of the standard agreement there are differences in the interpretation of the standard contract formulations made by the parties, one legal effort can be made to become a defense or legal protection for consumers so that the implementation of the standard agreement does not burden one party in contracting, especially consumers then the standard contract formulation must use the interpretation of the agreement that does not favor the standard contract maker. the interpretations referred to are: 1). if there is a conflict between the standard clause and the non-standard clause in an agreement then the non-standard agreement is used. 2). the interpretation of the standard clause must be for the loss of the party providing the standard contract. 3). the interpretation of the standard clause must be done by looking more at the parties' intentions than just looking at the words in the contract. references ahmadi, miru. (2011). principles of legal protection for consumers in indonesia. jakarta: raja grafindo persada. badrulzaman, mariam, d. (1993). the principle of freedom of contract and the relation to the standard agreement in the media magazine notariat no. 28-29 vii year july-october. badrulzaman, mariam, d. (1994). various business laws. bandung: alumni. badrulzaman, mariam, d. (1980). raw agreement (standaard), its development in indonesia, speech of inauguration of professors' position. bandung: pt. alumni. munir, fuady. (2007). contract law "from the viewpoint of business law. bandung: citra aditya bakti. marzuki, peter m. (2003). freedom of contract contracts. juridika. salim, h.s. (2010). contract law theory and contract preparation techniques. jakarta: sinar grafika. sjahdeini, sutan, r. (1993). freedom of contract and balanced protection for parties to the bank credit agreement in indonesia. jakarta: indonesian banker institute. suharnoko (2005). agreement law: case theory and analysis. jakarta: kencana. wiryono prodjodikoro. (1985). asas-asas hukum agreement. bandung: bale. jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 5 issue 2, 2021 p-issn : 2528-360x, e-issn : 2621-6159 160 moronene indigenous recognition and protection regulation hukaea laea in bombana county bakri sulaiman1, abrar saleng1, kahar lahae1 abstract author’s information: regulations on the recognition and protection of customary law communities are not always effective. this study was to determine the concept of recognition and protection of the customary law community in rawa aopa watumohai national park. this research is a normative legal research. the results of the research are first, the law still provides conditional recognition of indigenous peoples, which limits their space. second, that the recognition and protection of the customary mha of moronene hukaea laea in bombana regency has not been maximized. they have received recognition and protection through a recognition of perda, but their customary territory st i l l has the status of designating a national park area, so they cannot use it as customary land. keyword: recognition, protection, indigenous people s. 1fa culty of la w, ha sa nuddin university, indonesia e-ma il: (bakrisulaiman083@gmail.com ) article’s information: doi: https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v5i2.1203 1. introduction the term'indigenous peoples' became known around the world and became increasingly recognized by many countries, after the international labour organization (ilo) declared the convention concerning indigenous and tribal peoples in independent countrieson 27 june 1989. the term indigeneous peoples³ used in the ilo convention 169 was also adopted by the world bank in the implementation of development funding projects in a number of countries, especially in third countries, such as in latin america, africa, and asia pacific. today, about 370 million people who are members of the indigenous legal community living in more than 70 countries around the world, make up 5% of the world's population. meanwhile, 80% of the total diversity ofhaya ti on the planet is thriving in 22% of the earth's territory which is the residence of indigenous legal peoples. the researchers stated that when biodiversity is threatened, it will also threaten the relationship between indigenous peoples and their homelands that have been long and hereditary, and will threaten the health and welfare of indigenous peoples. the continued environmental damage jeopardizes their continued relationship with the environment that has been practiced for thousands of years, such as collecting medicines, hunting, fishing, and agricultural activities (corntassel & bryce, 2012). recognition(erkenning) terminology means the process, manner, act of confessing or admitting, while admitting means 'declaring entitlement'. recognition in the context of the existence of a state, namely the existence of a state or government that manifestly exercises effective power in a region called de facto recognition, in addition to legal mailto:indah.kusuma@um.buton.ac.id https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v5i2.1203 jurnal hukum volkgeist bakri sulaiman. 5(2): 160-166 161 recognition (dejure)followed by certain legal actions, such as diplomatic exchanges and the making of treaties of the two countries (abubakar, 2013). kelsen, in his book "generaltheory of law and state", describes confession in relation to the existence of a state as follows: there are two actions in a confession, namely political action and legal action. political action to recognize a country (read: the existence of indigenous legal peoples-writers)means the state recognizes and intends to establish political relations and other relationships with the recognized community, while legal action is the procedure put forward above established by international law (read: national law-author)to establish state facts (read: indigenous peoples-writers)in a case kongkret. recognition of the existence of indigenous peoples varies greatly from sector to sector as well as forms of recognition of the existence of indigenous peoples by different local governments. in addition to policies governing the existence of indigenous legal communities, there are also international agreements that have been partially ratified into the policy of the indonesian law and also discourses at the national level regarding the form of recognition of the existence of indigenous legal peoples (salam, 2016). the basic agrarian law of 1960 has tried to realize the recognition of customary law, meaning that customary law is seated in the national legal system. but in practice the application and regulation of its derivatives, is far from reality. according to syamsudin (2008), state law has a different perspective to customary law. in particular, revitalization should be done by looking at customary law as a source of law (abubakar, 2013). the discussion of this paper is more on the context of the custodiness and protection of the indigenous people of moronene hukaea laea in bombana regency. 2. research methods on the basis of these problems, this research is normative legal research, and the search for materials is more emphasized on primary legal materials, namely the relevant legislation used to see and determine how far mha moronene hukaea laea in bombana district has recognition and protection as legal standing. in addition, secondary and tertiary materials are also used, namely various materials, concepts available in various relevant textbooks. 3. regulation of recognition and protection of indigenous peoples of moronene hukaea laea in bombana regency there are 2 (two) main issues why the regulation of recognition and protection of indigenous peoples has not been effective. based on the academic text of the draft law on indigenous peoples, states that the text of recognition and constitutional protection of indigenous peoples still leaves two main issues: a. first,recognition of indigenous peoples is put on the conditions as long as it is alive, in accordance with the development of the community and the principles of the republic of indonesia. this requirement also stems from the requirements that have been introduced by the law under it. on many sides, the normative requirement becomes an obstacle to the recognition and protection of the existence of the rights of indigenouspeoples, because the phrase "as long as it is alive and in accordance with the development of society and the principles of the unitary state of the republic of indonesia" in fact causes the recognition effort itself to stop jurnal hukum volkgeist bakri sulaiman. 5(2): 160-166 162 more on the discourse concerning indicators of these requirements. some operational laws and regulations do not even have similar indicators to translate the constitutional requirements of the existence of indigenous peoples. b. second, the constitution introduces two terms, namely unity of indigenous peoples (article 18 b paragraph 2) and traditional society (article 28 i paragraph 3). there is absolutely no explanation for both terms. law no. 6 of 2014 on villages has tried to translate article 18 b paragraph (2) of the 1945 constitution by introducing "indigenous villages" as the equivalent of "unity of indigenous peoples." but it turns out that the application of the law still leaves the main issue concerning the social unit of indigenous peoples, where the term indigenous people can not be accommodated perfectly in the terminology "indigenous village" introduced by the village law. meanwhile, in the draft report on the legal review of the mechanism of recognition of indigenous peoples law states that the recognition and protection of the rights of indigenous peoples is important, because it must be recognized the traditional side of indigenous legal people born and has existed long before the unitary state of the republic of indonesia was formed (sukirno, 2013). but in the development of traditional rights that must conform to the principles and spirit of the unitary state of the republic of indonesia through normative requirements in the legislation itself. on many sides, the normative requirements become constraints on the existence of the rights of indigenous peoples, because: 1) first, in the practice of organizing development, the formulation of the phrase "as long as it is alive and in accordance with the development of society and the principles of the unitary state of the republic of indonesia" is interpreted that the presence of the rights of indigenous peoples as a recognized institution as long as it does not conflict with the spirit of development, so that there is an impression of the government ignoring the rights of indigenous peoples. while factually in the community there is a spirit of reaffirming the rights of indigenous peoples. 2) second, in the 1945 constitution it is stated that the traditional rights of indigenous peoples are respected as long as they are alive and in accordance with the development of society and the principles of the unitary st ate of the republic of indonesia, which are stipulated in the law. the issue that arises is the law on what or how the arrangement regarding the recognition of the rights of indigenous peoples. that is, it is still unclear what the legal form or substance of the arrangement is. so there are regulated in the law, but there are also general arrangements at the local level that are set out in the respective localregulations. article 18b of the 1945 constitution states that "the state recognizes and respects the unity of the mha and its traditional rights as long as it is alive and in accordance with the development of society and the principles of the republic of indonesia, which are stipulated in the law". the phrase "regulated in law" indicates that a form of recognition and respect for the mha and its traditional rights is exercised "in law", not "by law". the point is that the arrangement does not require a specific law on the recognition, but it is done in various laws, and this has been done by indonesia. previous descriptions have addressed various laws governing the recognition and respect of mha rights, both in the context of governance and in the context of human and cultural rights. all laws governing land and natural wealth have governed the recognition and respect of the existence and rights of the mha. jurnal hukum volkgeist bakri sulaiman. 5(2): 160-166 163 as stated above that the arrangement of further arrangements and determination of the existence and rights of the mha is a regional authority. in that, the appropriate legal form for the regulation and determination of the existence and rights of mha is the product of local law, especially local regulations (perda). there are even sectoral laws such as forestry and plantations that require the existence of a regulation to recognize the existence and rights of mha. thus, local governments, especially districts / cities need to be encouraged to immediately establish a regulation related to the recognition of the existence and rights of mha (muezzin, 2014). the reason for the delegation of regulatory authority was based on the diversity of mha conditions in each region. uniformity of its arrangements in the form of universal laws is considered inappropriate because it is not necessarily relevant to certain areas that do not have or no more mha. even for areas that have mha, the conditions are different. there are districts / cities even provinces that have the same mha as minangkabau called nagari, aceh called mukim, java called the village. but there are also many districts / cities that have different forms of mha unity. therefore the model or arrangement should also be distinguished. based on the differences in the existence and condition of mha in each region in indonesia, it can be distinguished by the regulatory model of recognition and respect for the existence and rights of mha as follows: a) for areas where the condition of indigenous peoples homogeneous regulatory model can be done by forming a regulation on the existence and rights of mha. b) for areas where the condition of the indigenous legal community heterogeneous regulatory model can be done by forming a regulation of determination. c) for the area that will make the unity of the indigenous legal community as a customary village, as referred to law no. 6 of 2014 on villages, the regulatory model is also separate, namely in the perda establishment of indigenous village. according to zen zanibar, the traditional right of indigenous legal peoples as well as the cultural identity of customary law and a prerequisite for the existence of indigenous law community unity is the right of autonomy (zen zanibar, 2008:7). the right of autonomy of indigenous peoples is the right of indigenous peoples to take care of their own households. according to van vollenhoven, the scope of autonomy includes activities to form its own legislation (zelfwetgeving),carrying out its own(zelfuitvoering), conductingits own judiciary (zelfrechtspraak),and performing its own policeduties(zelf-politie). "recognition" referred to is the formal ratification of the customary judiciary that has a special status (ad hoc committee of dpd ri, 2009: 50). formal ratification means that customary justice is strictly regulated as part of the justice system in indonesia which has special status and special authority. based on this situation, moronene hukaea laea indigenous legal community who have obtained recognition for their existence as indigenous legal community through bombana district regulation no. 4 of 2015 but have not automatically obtained their rights to indigenous territory including the right of management and utilization of natural resources. the exercise of its customary rights is still limited by the regulations applicable to a national park. the recognition of the existence of indigenous legal peoples in this case does not implicate the recognition of authority over the territory and the right to manage orutilize its natural resources (safiuddin, 2018). jurnal hukum volkgeist bakri sulaiman. 5(2): 160-166 164 indigenous legal people who have gained recognition of its existence cannot directly exercise its rights. especially indigenous legal communities whose customary territory is within a certain area still need determination (novianti, 2018). regulation of the minister of agrarian and spatial affairs / head of the national land agency n o. 9 of 2015 on the procedure of determining the communal rights of indigenous peoples and communities within a particular area. this regulation introduces a new term that is communal rights which are joint property rights to the land of an indigenous legal community or a common property of land granted to people in forest or plantation areas. fransisco moga as the head of the national park hall explained, currently hukaea village area is still in the jungle zone area. an area that is prohibited from conducting community activities conducting agricultural activities. after the presence of the regulation, bombana regency reported to the ministry of environment because the areais located in nasioana parkl so that hierarchically, rawa aopa watumohai national park hall reported to the relevant ministry, as a solution step of course there must be a change in zoning (from jungle zoning to traditional forest zoning). according to mansur labamba who is the customary chairman of the moronene customary legal community hukaea laea that for indigenous peoples it does not matter if the customary territory is partly included in the national park area, but what is desired is a recognition of it. moronene hukaea laea customary law community objected if due to the problem of some indigenous areas related to the national park so that recognition of the customary territory became delayed. the existence of the rights of indigenous peoples also depends on the recognition of the customary territory, including the entire existence of the customary law known as adati tongano wonua. the effort to gain recognition and respect for the existence of this indigenous legal community is for the sake of the continuity of the moronene hukaea laea customary law community. in the opinion of derek hall (2020) the power of exclusion (darmanto simapea translation, achmad chorudin). (2020:63-77)) states that: “claims on land based on tribal identity over indigenous territories, when one group states that they are present first and entitled to exclusively to the other through historical claims and attachment to one particular area, presents dilemmasthat are very difficult tohandle. claims to tribal-based territories are expanding in southeast asia as decentralized programs reaffirm colonial and lo ca l concepts of tribalism as the primary justification for access to land, and su ppo rted by transnational legal instruments that protect the rights of indigenous people s. in extreme cases, exclusion turns into expulsion by involving violence to ethnic extermination. usually, the land struggle based on this claim is peace ful, b ut it is always dobly divided when "local people" make it difficult for "outsiders" to ga in or control the land. the government is sometimes prepared to recognize tribal based territorial ownership as a basis for the legitimacy of claim justification. however, the issue of who gets access is not solved. in much o f so uth ea s t a s ia, times of war, migration, eviction, and forced displacement make the issue of "w h o belongs, where" usually flee. since it is impossible to return everyone to their original place, the issue of how to allocate land to people who realize that the y a re outside the land of ulayat leluhur but demand the right to lif e, re m ains ra is e d. tribal-based regional claims also clash with other schemes of granting access (a nd legitimacy of exclusion) in the name of improving population welfare, such as economic growth, conservation, and land needs for the homeless”. jurnal hukum volkgeist bakri sulaiman. 5(2): 160-166 165 finally, the double face of exclusion is also seen in aspects of land administration that often frustrate experts, administrators, and investors. conflicting laws, inconsistent government agendas, overlapping land allocations, fickle priorities, confusing boundaries, poor maps, and incomplete data, all of these can be interpreted as evidence of weak government capacity or a veil for land grab efforts. but this situation also has a positive position that is rarely noticed. the inconsistency of the rules allows various parties to make claims that it is their rights that are recognized. rules recognizing land rights come alongside rules that authorize expulsion: on the one hand, they legitimize a variety of exclusionary measures: on the other hand, they leave an unresolved dilemma. depending on the situation, the party tasked with driving farmers out of protected forests or abandoned land in the corner of the plantation can carry out the t ask according to the rules that support them: or they can choose another way because they know the farmers (perhaps their own relatives or neighbors) not only need hdiup connectors but also have rights to the land. these confusing boundaries provide know -all conditions, and these are well-liked by smallholder farmers when they are threatened with being driven away by being in areas designated as restricted areas. however, obscurity also harbors danger: because it opens up opportunities for officials at various levels to act as tyrants, use their power to expel, threaten, deprive resources, or selectively demand levies. precisely sees various factors inhibiting the implementation of the recognition of the protection of basic rights of indigenous peoples, namely: 1) the prominence of symbolization especially in the political scene of indigenous institutions, ceremonies, clothing, and customary titles dominate the symbols of indigenous peoples, 2) conflict resolution of the demands for the return of indigenous lands, can not be done because the group that demands can not be established as a community of customary law, 2) the local government did not do the confirmation of ulayat land and indigenous legal communities because it did not allocate its own budget. this budget elimination is deliberate for fear of the risk of being criticized, questioned and even sued by community groups, and for some governments, the recognition and protection of indigenous peoples is communicated as a movement of secession. the procedure for giving recognition to the indigenous legal community is stipulated in several laws, namely: a. first article 67 paragraph (2) law no. 41 of 1999 on forestry which reads "confirmation of the existence and removal of indigenouspeoples as referred to in paragraph (1) stipulated by regional regulations". b. the second is also stipulated in law no. 6 of 2014 on villages. in article 96 of the village law stated that "thegovernment, provincial government, and district/municipal government conduct the structuring of the unity of indigenous legal communities and are determined to be indigenous villages. " based on both laws there is a conflict of norms between the two, in the forestry law the recognition of the existence of indigenous peoples is done by means of confirmed while according to the village law it is done by being determined to be a traditional village. conflict of norms is one of the legal issues that occur because the laws are not harmonious or overlapping. jurnal hukum volkgeist bakri sulaiman. 5(2): 160-166 166 4 conclusion the government's recognition of indigenous peoples is still limited to conditional recognition, which limits the movement space of indigenous people to gain access to their rights, especially ulayat rights. moronene hukaea laea indigenous law society in bombana regency, has not received maximum recognition and protection. this is because in the regulatory regulations on indigenous peoples in indonesia generally provide a variety of restrictions on indigenous peoples. so that it provides a legal loophole to the application of regulations that are also not maximal. therights of moronene indigenous peoples in bombana regency will also be easily violated by outside corporate powers if the government does not immediately make improvements to the regulation of recognition and protection of mha in indonesia, which directly implicates the region. moronene hukaea laea customary legal community in bombana regency who have gained recognition about its existence through perda can not directly use its rights, considering its customary territory is in a certain area still needs a determination that is national park. the establishment of the indigenous legal community territory as a national park is an act of violating the rights of indigenouspeoples, because long before the establishment, mha moronene had first occupied hukaea laea area. so the government should revoke the status of the national park and restored its function as a customary forest. references abubakar, l. (2013). revitalization of customary law as a legal source in building the indonesian legal system. legal dynamics, 13(2), 319–331. corntassel, j., & bryce, c. (2012). (spring/summer 2012). practicing sustainable self determination: indigenous approaches to cultural restoration and revitalization. brown journal of world affairs, 18(2). derek hall, p. h. (2020). power of exclusion (darmanto simapea translation, achmad choirudin). yogyakarta: insist press. muezzin. (2014). indigenous peoples’ rights to natural resources: international law perspective. padjadjaran journal of legal sciences, 1(2), 322–344. novianti, k. w. (2018). indigenous peoples: the right to welfare-based development. journal of legal literacy, 2(2), 6–25. safiuddin, s. (2018). indigenous people’s rights and the right to control the state in rawa aopa watumohai national park. law pulpit, 30(1), 63–77. salam, s. (2016). perlindungan hukum masyarakat hukum adat atas hutan adat. jurnal hukum novelty, 7(2), 209–224. solomon. (2017). repositioning the state’s viewpoint on customary law in indonesia. petita journal of legal and sharia studies, 2(1), 31–46. sukirno. (2013). urgency of requirements for indigenous peoples in the land bill. legal issues, 42(4), 486–489. syamsudin, m. (2008). the burden of indigenous peoples facing state law. journal of law, 15(3), 338–351. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 perlindungan hukum bagi penyedia atas penghentian kontrak pengadaan barang dan jasa page 13 perlindungan hukum bagi penyedia atas penghentian kontrak pengadaan barang dan jasa oleh : dimas tegar paliling mahasiswa fakultas hukum universitas airlangga abstrak from the juridical standpoint that there are issues that are not acomodate in the technical regulations for the procurement of goods and services, in this presidential regulation number 54 year 2010 along with the revised document. in an implementation of the contract for the procurement of goods and services, such as the implementation of the construction made possible the occurrence state of kahar. the goal of the research in this paper is analyzing the meaning of termination of contracts in the procurement of goods and services and analyze the legal consequences of termination of the contract against the execution of a contract for the procurement of goods and services .research methods used in the writing of scientific papers using normative legal research methods. research results show that the meaning of termination and termination of contracts for the procurement of goods and services differs. termination of the contract is a contract that is caused by the suspension not work power force of the implementation of the contract, but the contract still exist, such as the circumstances of the termination of legal consequences whereas kahar contract is the provider is entitled to payment for the work that has been done and the user must make payment upon receipt of the goods/services; and the provider is entitled to financial compensation, in unison with the user having to provide financial compensation for the delay in payment, include the clause of the contract to change the determination of the length of time until when the contract is terminated and payout system. keywords: legal protection, contracts, goods and services. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 perlindungan hukum bagi penyedia atas penghentian kontrak pengadaan barang dan jasa page 14 a. pendahuluan sesungguhnya perihal yang menyoal tentang pengadaan barang dan jasa masih menyisahkan permasalahan yang menarik untuk dikaji. hal tersebut banyak ditemui dalam rana praktik maupun secara konsep dalam peraturan perundang-undangan yang berkaitan. kemudian baru-baru ini di susul dengan keluarnya aturan baru di bidang jasa konstruksi yakni undang-undang nomor 2 tahun 2017 tentang jasa konstruksi. implikasinya bahwa banyak aturan-aturan di bawahnya yang otomatis akan mengikuti/menyesuaikan aturan yang baru ini. persoalan-persoalan di atas di antaranya terkait prakontrak, masa kontrak, masa pelaksanaan kontrak hingga pengakhiran kontrak. salah satu di antara hal-hal ini yang menjadi sorotan yakni tentang hubungan pelaksanaan kontrak dan pengakhiran kontrak. dalam konteks ini menyinggung tentang penghentian kontrak. sekaligus hal ini akan menjadi objek kajian penulis. ada problematika hukum hasil dari temuan penulis. problem tersebut dari segi yuridis dan konseptual. dari segi yuridis bahwa ada persoalan penting yang tidak terakomodasi dalam peraturan teknis pengadaan barang dan jasa, dalam hal ini peraturan presiden nomor 54 tahun 2010 berserta perubahannya. dalam suatu pelaksanaan kontrak pengadaan barang dan jasa, seperti pelaksanaan konstruksi dimungkinkan terjadinya keadaan kahar. dalam pasal 91 (1) perpres 54 tahun 2010 dijelaskan bahwa keadaan kahar adalah suatu keadaan yang terjadi diluar kehendak para pihak dan tidak dapat diperkirakan sebelumnya, sehingga kewajiban yang ditentukan dalam kontrak menjadi tidak dapat dipenuhi. hal tersebut berarti dalam keadaan kahar tidak mungkin kontrak akan dilaksanakan secara utuh atau bahkan sampai selesai. sekalipun secara konsep, kahar dibedakan menjadi 2 (dua), yaitu kahar temporer dan kahar permanen. kahar temporer yaitu keadaan kahar yang bersifat sementara seperti banjir yang mengakibatkan pelaksanaan tertunda untuk sementara. sementara kahar permanen adalah keadaan di mana prestasi sama sekali tidak bisa terpenuhi, seperti gempa bumi. bahkan keadaan kahar tidak lagi dibatasi hanya pada bencana alam, tapi juga bencana non alam ataupun issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 perlindungan hukum bagi penyedia atas penghentian kontrak pengadaan barang dan jasa page 15 keadaan industri lainnya sebagaimana dinyatakan melalui keputusan bersama menteri keuangan dan menteri teknis terkait. dalam keadaan kahar permanen, maka pelaksanaan kontrak harus dihentikan. karena keadaan kahar tersebut mengakibatkan perikatan tidak lagi bekerja (werking) walaupun perikatannya sendiri tetap ada. salah satu pihak tidak dapat menuntut agar perikatan itu dipenuhi dan debitur tidak dapat dikatakan berada dalam keadaan lalai. prinsipnya, perikatannya masih tetap ada, yang gugur hanyalah daya kerjanya. hal ini penting apalagi mengenai keadaan kahar yang temporer. perikatan itu kembali mempunyai daya kerja jika keadaan kahar itu berhenti. oleh sebab perikatan tidak dapat bekerja maka pelaksanaan menjadi tidak mungkin. sehingga bila dipaksakan salah satu pihak akan merugi. artinya dalam keadaan yang ideal ketika keadaan kahar terjadi maka pihak penyedia berhak mengajukan penghentian kontrak dan berhak mendapat pembayaran sejauh yang prestasi yang telah diselesaikn. poin berikutnya yang menjadi permasalahan ialah secara konsep penyedia berhak menghentikan kontrak sementara bilamana pihak ppk belum membayar biaya pelaksanaan sesuai yang diperjanjikan. tapi secara yuridis, ketentuan peraturan yang berkenan dengan penghentian pelaksanaan kontrak tidak diakomodasi. dulu perihal ini ada termuat dalam ketentuan lama, yaitu keputusan presiden nomor 80 tahun 2003. namun setelah digantikan dan tidak berlaku lagi ketentuan tentang penghentian kontrak tidak dimasukkan. ini menjadi problem, karena keadaan lapangan memungkinkan terjadinya kahar. sementara tidak ada dasar hukum untuk melakukan penghentian. sekalipun dalam peraturan presiden nomor 54 tahun 2010, pasal 91 terkait keadaan kahar, pada poin ke enam (6) menjelaskan tentang dimungkinkan perubahan kontrak bila terjadi keadaan kahar, para pihak dapat melakukankesepakatan, yang dituangkan dalam perubahan kontrak. namun perubahan kontrak sebagaimana pada pasal 87 perpres 54 tahun 2010 tidak menjelaskan terkait penghentian kontrak secara utuh. ia hanya menyinggung mengenai penambahan atau pengurangan volume issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 perlindungan hukum bagi penyedia atas penghentian kontrak pengadaan barang dan jasa page 16 pekerjaan, jenis pekerjaan, pengubahan spesifikasi teknis pekerjaan, sampai pengubahan jadwal pelaksanaan. esensinya bukan penghentian kontrak. akibat dari tidak dimasukkannya pengaturan tentang penghentian kontrak dalam peraturan teknis terkait pengadaan barang dan jasa, memunculkan masalah baru. masalah itu bersifat konseptual. seperti yang penulis dapatkan di lapangan, dalam rana praktis terjadi penggunaan istilah yang serampangan. ada penghentian kontrak yang esensinya pemutusan dan ada pemutusan yang esensinya adalah penghentian kontrak. dampaknya bahwa pihak yang dirugikan atas keputusan tersebut mengalami kesulitan dalam menegakkan haknya. ketika pihak penyedia menggugat karena dilakukan pengakhiran kontrak atas dasar pemutusan, ternyata pihak ppk mendalilkan bahwa ini bukan pemutusan tapi penghentian. karena perpres 54 tahun 2010 hanya menyediakan upaya hukum untuk pemutusan kontrak. terlepas bahwa perbedaan penghentian dan pemutusan kontrak ini sifatnya hanya berbeda secara gradual, tapi memiliki akibat hukum yang berbeda. maka sehubungan dengan itu, penulis mengangkat isu penghentian kontrak sebagai permasalahan utama. mengingat istilah penghentian kontrak hanya ada ditemukan dalam keputusan presiden nomor 80 tahun 2003, tapi faktanya hal ini masih dibutuhkan untuk menjamin hak-hak para pihak. maka dari itu pentingnya memahami makna pemutusan dan penghentian kontrak, lebih khusus dalam sistem pengadaan barang dan jasa. adapun tujuan penelitian dalam tulisan ini adalah menganalisis makna penghentian kontrak dalam pengadaan barang dan jasa dan menganalisis akibat hukum penghentian kontrak terhadap pelaksanaan kontrak pengadaan barang dan jasa. manfaat penelitian adalah secara teoretik, memberikan masukan ilmu pengetahuan dan ilmu hukum pada umumnya yang berkaitan dengan perlindungan hukum bagi penyedia barang dan jasa atas penghentian kontrak secara sepihak dan secara praktis, memberikan sumbangan pengetahuan kepada masyarakat pada umumnya dan dunia akademis pada khususnya mengenai perlindungan hukum atas penghentian kontrak. b. metode penelitian issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 perlindungan hukum bagi penyedia atas penghentian kontrak pengadaan barang dan jasa page 17 metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penulisan karya ilmiah ini adalah suatu metode yang terarah dan sistematis sebagai cara untuk menemukan, mengembangkan, dan menguji kebenaran sebab nilai ilmiah suatu penelitian selalu beriringan dengan metode penelitian apa yang ia pergunakan. setiap penulisan tesis harus mengandung suatu kebenaran yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan, maka diperlukan metode yang sistematis dan terarah sehingga memperoleh hasil sesuai dengan prosedur yang benar. metode penelitian, pendekatan masalah, sumber bahan hukum, dan analisis bahan hukum harus dilakukan secara benar dan tepat. penelitian hukum merupakan suatu proses untuk menemukan aturan hukum, prinsip-prinsip hukum, maupun doktrin-doktrin guna menjawab isu hukum terkait permasalahan hukum yang dihadapi c. pembahasan 1. makna penghentian kontrak dalam pengadaan barang dan jasa penghentian kontrak berbeda dengan pemutusan kontrak. dalam literatur asing, penghentian ini diistilahkan sebagai suspension dan pemutusan adalah termination. sehingga secara konseptual makna kedua istilah ini berbeda. penghentian kontrak lebih dimaknai pada penangguhan. sementara pemutusan kontrak esensinya adalah putus karena kesalahan. sekalipun di lapangan kedua istilah ini sering dipakai secara serampangan dan tidak bertanggung jawab. tapi, kamus besar bahasa indonesia memberikan arti yang berbeda secara kedua gradual saja antara pemutusan dan penghentian kontrak. kedua istilah ini merupakan sinonim. penghentian adalah keadaan tanpa gerak; halangan;jeda:pemberhentian/pem·ber·hen·ti·an/ adalah proses, cara, perbuatan memberhentikan; tempat berhenti;menghentikan/meng·hen·ti·kan/, yakni meminta sesuatu (mobil dan sebagainya) berhenti; menyetop; membuat (menyebabkan), berhenti: ia ~ mobilnya tepat di depan pintu; mengakhiri; menyudahi: ia belumpetualangannya;penghentian/peng·hen·ti·an/ adalah halmenghentikan (mengakhiri, menyetop, dan sebagainya). sedangkan pemutusan adalah proses, cara, perbuatan memutuskan; penetapan, tidak berhubungan (bersambung) lagi (karena terpotong dan sebagainya). issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 perlindungan hukum bagi penyedia atas penghentian kontrak pengadaan barang dan jasa page 18 contoh kawat telepon itu putus; habis: modalnya telah putus/habis; selesai; rampung; berakhir: perundingan sudah --; ada kepastian (ketentuan, ketetapan, penyelesaian); mendapat kepastian: sampai sekarang perkaranya belum --; hilang; tidak ada lagi; tidak mempunyai lagi (tentang harapan, pikiran); mendapat; tidak ada hubungan lagi; berpisah (tentang hubungan persahabatan, jalinan cinta, dan sebagainya): hubungan cinta mereka berdua sudah -; penghentian merupakan akibat. karena terputus akhirnya terhenti. namun berhentinya ini lebih ke keadaan alami. ia terhenti karena memang faktanya menunjukkan keadaan yang terhenti. berbeda jika dikatakan terhenti karena dihentikan. sehingga perbedaan antara penghentian dan pemutusan hanyalah gradual.penghentian dan pemutusan dalam perspektif hukum nomenklatrur penghentian dan pemutusan dapat ditemukan dalam hukum ketenagakerjaan. menurut undang-undangno. 13 tahun 2003 mengartikan bahwa pemberhentian atau pemutusan hubungan kerja adalah pengakhiran hubungan kerja karena suatu hal tertentu yang mengakibatkan berakhirnya hak dan kewajiban antar pekerja dan pengusaha. pemberhentian juga bisa berarti pemutusan hubungan kerja (phk) karyawan dari suatu organisasi perusahaan. pemberhentian yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan harus berdasarkan dengan undang – undang no 12 tahun 1964 kuhp. lalu, pemberhentian juga mesti memperhatikan pasal 1603 ayat 1 kuhp yaitu mengenai “tenggang waktu dan izin pemberhentian”. perusahaan yang melakukan pemberhentian akan mengalami kerugian karena karyawan yang diberhentikan membawa biaya penarikan, seleksi, pelatihan dan proses produksi berhenti. dalam keputusan presiden nomor 80 tahun 2003 pasal 35 menjelaskan tentang penghentian dan pemutusan kontrak dalam pengadaan barang dan jasa. (1) penghentian kontrak dilakukan bilamana terjadi hal-hal di luar kekuasaan para pihak untuk melaksanakan kewajiban yang ditentukan dalam kontrak, yang disebabkan oleh timbulnya perang, pemberontakan, perang saudara, sepanjang kejadian-kejadian tersebut berkaitan dengan negara kesatuan republik indonesia, kekacauan dan huru hara serta bencana alam yang dinyatakan resmi oleh pemerintah, atau keadaan yang ditetapkan dalam kontrak. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 perlindungan hukum bagi penyedia atas penghentian kontrak pengadaan barang dan jasa page 19 (2) pemutusan kontrak dapat dilakukan bilamana para pihak cidera janji dan/atau tidak memenuhi kewajiban dan tanggung jawabnya sebagaimana diatur di dalam kontrak. 2. akibat penghentian kontrak terhadap pelaksanaan barang dan jasa dari segi sebabnya, penghentian kontrak dilakukan karena adanya keadaan di luar kesalahan masing-masing pihak dalam kontrak. keadaan tersebut dipahami sebagai kahar. perlu diperhatikan bahwa kahar berbeda dengan hardship. hardship adalah suatu kedaan di mana kinerja kontrak menjadi lebih berat bagi salah satu pihak, pihak yang tetap terikat melaksanakan kewajibannya “jadi, para pihak tidak bisa keluar dari kontrak hanya karena menjadi tidak menguntungkan untuk mereka. sebaliknya, kewajiban kontrak harus dilakukan meskipun perubahan di pasar telah menyebabkan salah satu pihak menjadi lebih berat bagi debitur. di amerika serikat istilah “hardship” terbatas pada situasi di mana dimungkinkan untuk melakukan kontrak. dalam peraturan jasa konstruksi, force majeure diartikan sebagai suatu kejadian yang timbul di luar kemauan dan kemampuan para pihak yang menimbulkan kerugian bagi salah satu pihak. dalam peraturan pengadaan barang dan jasa, force majeure disebut keadaan kahar, artinya suatu keadaan yang terjadi di luar kehendak para pihak sehingga kewajiban yang ditentukan dalam kontrak menjadi tidak dapat dipenuhi. dalam peraturan jasa konstruksi dan peraturan pengadaan barang dan jasa, pembentuk peraturan mewajibkan para pihak untuk memasukkan klausul force majeure. jadi, hardship lebih menekankan pada keadaan yang tidak seimbang secara mendasar diantara pihak, sedangkan force majeure memiliki pengertian lebih umum yang menunjuk pada peristiwa-peristiwa tak terduga di luar kekuasaan para pihak.akibat hukum dari force majeure absolute menyebabkan pemenuhan prestasi tidak mungkin dapat dilakukan lagi dan seketika itu kontrak putus, sedangkan akibat hukum dari hardship terhadap kontrak terutama menyangkut pada kesempatan pihak yang dirugikan untuk mengajukan negosiasi ulang (renegosiasi). sebelumnya telah diurai bahwa force majeur atau keadaan memaksa/kahar dibedakan menjadi kahar yang bersifat temporer dan kahar permanen. kahar yang bersifat temporer mensyaratkan kejadian yang berlangsung untuk beberapa saat saja. misalnya banjir, demo, pemadaman listrik. maka setelah peristiwa kahar terjadi, issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 perlindungan hukum bagi penyedia atas penghentian kontrak pengadaan barang dan jasa page 20 pelaksanaan kontrak dapat kembali dilanjutkan. lain halnya dengan kahar permanen yang sifat kejadiannya paten dan berlangsung dalam periode yang lama, seperti tsunami, gempa bumi. untuk peristiwa kahar temporer, maka akan dilakukan penghentian kontrak. akibatnya adalah pelaksanaan kontrak ditangguhkan. dalam hal ini yang tidak bekerja hanyalah pelaksanaannya, tapi kontraknya tetap ada. akibat dari penghentian kontrak ini adalah penyedia berhak mendapatkan pembayaran atas pekerjaan yang telah dilakukan dan pengguna harus melakukan pembayaran atas barang/jasa yang diterimanya; dan penyedia berhak mendapatkan ganti rugi finansial, berbarengan dengan itu pengguna harus memberikan ganti rugi finansial atas keterlambatan pembayaran mencantumkan klausula perubahan kontrak untuk penetapan jangka waktu sampai kapan kontrak dihentikan dan sistem pembayarannya. sementara untuk kahar permanen, akibat hukumnya hampir sama dengan di atas. cuma dalam kasus ini tanpa perlu mencantumkan penetapan jangka waktu sampai kapan kontrak dihentikan mengingat sifat keadaannya permanen. jadi bukan hanya pelaksanaannya yang terhenti tapi kontraknya. akibat hukum ini juga berlaku untuk penghentian kontrak yang disebabkan oleh karena perintah undang-undang (tidak didasari oleh kesalahan masing-masing pihak). untuk keadaan ini, diberikan kebebasan kepada pemerintah sebagai wakil badan hukum pemerintah untuk memilih apakah menghentikan untuk sementara atau memberhentikan secara permanen 3. upaya hukum bagi penyedia karena kajian ini menyangkut perlindungan hukum, maka seyogyianya direkomendasikan upaya perlindungan hukum bagi penyedia. kontrak pengadaan barang dan jasa dalam ketentuannya dihadirkan untuk melaksanakan tujuan bernegara, secara khusus mensukseskan kelancaran pengadaan bagi pedmerintah. jadi semangat ketentuannya baik itu undang-undang jasa konstruksi maupun peraturan presiden berserta perubahannya diperuntukkan terhadap kepentingan pemerintah. tapi perlu diketahui bahwa pengadaan barang dan jasa pemerintah juga harus diselenggarakan berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip keadilan dan kebenaran. tidak boleh issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 perlindungan hukum bagi penyedia atas penghentian kontrak pengadaan barang dan jasa page 21 boleh menegasikan hak-hak penyedia. kontrak pengadaan berada dalam rezim privat, olehnya diikat dengan beberapa ketentuan seperti burgelijk wetboek. lepas bahwa pemerintah merupakan satu entitas publik tapi dalam hal ini ia bertindak sebagai wakil badan hukum negara yang mempunyai kepentingan. dan kepentingannya disini menggunakan sarana hukum privat, yaitu kontrak. maka pemerintah harus tunduk pada aturan hukum privat. dalam hal penyedia merasa dirugikan dalam konteks penghentian kontrak, upaya hukum yang diajukan adalah memohon perubahan kontrak kepada ppk untuk segera dilakukan penghentian kontrak. dalam hal ppk melanggar ketentuan kontrak, maka penyedia mengajukan tuntutan terhadap ppk atas dasar wanprestasi. karena pelanggaran yang menyangkut tidak diberikannya hak yang pantas terhadap penyedia merupakan pelanggaran kontraktual. d. penutup adapun kesimpulan dari uraian pada pembahasan yang telah di jelaskan pada bab sebelumnya adalah sebgai berikut: 1. makna penghentian dan pemutusan kontrak pengadaan barang dan jasa berbeda. penghentian kontrak adalah penangguhan kontrak yang disebabkan oleh tidak berlakunya daya kerja pelaksanaan kontrak, tetapi kontraknya tetap ada, seperti keadaan kahar. sementara pemutusan kontrak membawa makna adanya kesalahan/kelalaian. jadi pemutusan kontrak dilakukan oleh penyedia karena adanya kesalahan/kelalaian dari pihak penyedia. 2. akibat hukum penghentian kontrak adalahpenyedia berhak mendapatkan pembayaran atas pekerjaan yang telah dilakukan dan pengguna harus melakukan pembayaran atas barang/jasa yang diterimanya; dan penyedia berhak mendapatkan ganti rugi finansial, berbarengan dengan itu pengguna harus memberikan ganti rugi finansial atas keterlambatan pembayaran, mencantumkan klausula perubahan kontrak untuk penetapan jangka waktu sampai kapan kontrak dihentikan dan sistem pembayarannya. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 perlindungan hukum bagi penyedia atas penghentian kontrak pengadaan barang dan jasa page 22 daftar pustaka buku: badrulzaman, mariam darus, 1998, perjanjian dengan pemerintah (government contract), dalam hukum kontrak indonesia, elips: jakarta. bruggink, j.j.h., 1996, refleksi hukum-alih bahasa arief sidharta, citra aditya bakti: bandung. hartkamp, arthur s, 1995, contract law in the netherlands, kluwer law international the hague: london-boston hernoko, agus yudha, 2010, hukum perjanjian asas proporsionalitas dalam kontrak komersial, kencana prenada media group, jakarta peter mahmud marzuki, 2008, penelitian hukum, kencana: jakarta. s.b. marsh and j. soulsby, alih bahasa abdulkadir, 2006, business law hukum perjanjian, pt alumni: bandung. saragih, d. 1998, pembentukan hukum kontrak menurut bw baru belanda dalam hukum kontrak indonesia (seri dasar hukum ekonomi 5), elips: jakarta. simamora, yohanes sogar, hukum kontrak, kontrak pengadaan barang dan jasa pemerintah di indonesia, kantor hukum wins & partners: surabaya. sofwan, sri soedaewi masjchoen, 1980, hukum perdata (hukum perutangan-bagian a), fakultas hukum universitas gadjah mada: yogyakarta. subekti, 1996, hukum perjanjian, internusa: jakarta. subekti, 1995, aneka perjanjian, citra aditya bakti: bandung. jurnal: peter mahmud marzuki, 2003, batas-batas kebebasan berkontrak, yuridika: surabaya. perundang-undangan: burgelik wetboek (b.w.), s. 1847-23, terjemahan r. subekti dan r. tjitrosudibio, 1995, pradnya paramitha: jakarta. undang-undang dasar negara republik indonesia tahun 1945; undang-undang nomor 2 tahun 2017 tentang jasa konstruksi; undang-undang nomor 18 tahun 1999 tentang jasa konstruksi; undang-undang nomor 17 tahun 2003 tentang keuangan negara; issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 perlindungan hukum bagi penyedia atas penghentian kontrak pengadaan barang dan jasa page 23 undang-undang nomor 1 tahun 2004 tentang perbendaharaan negara; peraturan pemerintah republik indonesia nomor 43 tahun 2013 tentang tata cara pelaksanaan anggaran pendapatan dan belanja negara; peraturan presiden nomor 54 tahun 2010 tentang pengadaan barang/jasa pemerintah; peraturan presiden nomor 35 tahun 2011 tentang perubahan pertama atas peraturan presiden nomor 54 tahun 2010 tentang pengadaan barang/jasa; peraturan presiden nomor 70 tahun 2012 tentang perubahan kedua atas peraturan presiden nomor 54 tahun 2010 tentang pengadaan barang/jasa; peraturan presiden nomor 172 tahun 2014 tentang perubahan ketiga atas peraturan presiden nomor 54 tahun 2010 tentang pengadaan barang dan jasa; peraturan presiden nomor 4 tahun 2015 tentang perubahan keempat atas peraturan presiden nomor 54 tahun 2010 tentang pengadaan barang/jasa; peraturan presiden nomor 157 tahun 2014 tentang perubahan atas peraturan presiden nomor 106 tahun 2007 tentang lembaga kebijakan pengadaan barang/jasa pemerintah; peraturan kepala lembaga kebijakan pengadaan barang/jasa pemerintah nomor 12 tahun 2011 tentang pedoman umum perencanaan pengadaan barang/jasa pemerintah; peraturan kepala lembaga kebijakan pengadaan barang/jasa pemerintah nomor 5 tahun 2012 tentang unit layanan pengadaan; peraturan kepala lembaga kebijakan pengadaan barang/jasa pemerintah nomor 13 tahun 2012 tentang pengumuman rencana umum pengadaan barang/jasa pemerintahan. jurnal hukum volkgeist https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v6i1.1585 vol. 6 no.1, december 2021 35 legal protection of ikat-pahikung woven fabric motifs in east sumba regency rambu susanti mila maramba1*, rambu hada indah1, pajaru lombu1 1faculty of business law and humanities, universitas wira wacana sumba christian, indonesia *correspondence: ramburasti@yahoo.com article history abstract received: 09.11.2021 accepted: 21.12.2021 published: 27.12.2021 ikat weaving has been a source of employment, an important livelihood for the family and is widely recognized for a long time. one of the problems, in the last five years, has been the influx of "fake" ikat and even ikat textiles from outside east sumba, which increasingly pushes the original ikat on the island of sumba. there have been many "imitation" ikat weavings that use the original sumba motif from the island of java, forexample; jepara, pekalongan, klaten, and other weaving clusters on the island of java. this fact has implications for issues of performance, competitiveness, and sustainability of the ikat industry in east sumba regency which greatly impacts on the sources of employment and livelihoods of the local community. therefore, this research will analyze the legal protection of the ikat-pahikung woven fabric motif in east sumba regency. this research is conducted by using field research (empirical research), which is to go directly to the field to conduct research using the legal sociolog y approach, which is to examine and understand social phenomena in society to see the existin g legal facts. keywords: legal protection; law; motive; weaving ikat article licence copyright © 2021 the author(s): this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution sharealike 4.0 international (cc by-sa 4.0) 1. introduction the existence of a indigenous people in a country is recognized and protected by law through the constitution of article 18b paragraph (2) of the 1945 constitution. (salam et al., 2016) one of the recognitions is the existence of ikat weaving sumba community. (salam et al., 2016)ikat weaving has been a source of work, an important livelihood for families, and is widely known for a long time on sumba island. the existence of this weaving becomes the legal source of the existence of a society. (safrin salam, nurwita ismail, faharudin, nuragifah, erni dwita lalubi, shinta nurhidayati salam, rosnida, 2020) (safrin salam, nurwita ismail, faharudin, nuragifah, erni dwita silambi, shinta nurhidayati salam, rosnida, 2020)ikat-pahikung weaving is a work of art that has a high value (socio-economic), targeted by the collectors of the world with a high price and has a good economic impact on the weavers who make it. however, behind the economic benefits enjoyed by traders, there are also some problems that occur such as production and marketing circulation does not run smoothly, the marketing chain is too long, market information is not available, and limited innovation and technology to strengthen the competitiveness and sustainability of ikat-pahikung weaving becomes complexity in the development of ikat weaving in east sumba regency. however, the fundamental problem today is that in the last five years the entry of"imitation" ikat weaving (using the original motif of east sumba) even ikat woven textiles from outside east sumba are increasingly urgent for weavers of ikat-pahikung. there have been many found 'imitation' ikat weaving from the island of java, for example; jepara, pekalongan, klaten, and other weaving clusters of java island. this has implications on the issue of performance, competitiveness, and sustainability of the ikat weaving industry in east sumba regency. the people of east sumba have long made, worn and traded ikat woven fabrics known as east sumba woven fabrics which in the local language are called hinggi (men's custom dress in the shape of four rectangles) and lawu or sarongs (traditional clothing for women), while scarves can be worn by men and women who are stretched on the shoulders and headbands for men. weaving activities are carried out manually and traditionally and are women's activities. named ikat weaving because before being colored, the thread to be woven is tied with raffia rope or kalita on certain parts, then dipped in a natural dye liquid (blue or red). the part that is tied after https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v6i1.1585 mailto:ramburasti@yahoo.com p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 35-37 36 opening remains white, while the untied part becomes colored according to the color of the liquid (natural coloring). when woven the threads will form a pattern of ornamental variety with a certain color. sumba ikat-pahikung weaving has a variety of patterns and motifs (pictured) of ikat-pahikung woven fabric that a person uses shows his social status in society. ikat-pahikung woven fabric is a fixture in traditional ceremonies (marriage, death), religion and art. sumba ikat-pahikung weaving contains a symbolic meaning that is closely related to the conception of human life on earth and the hereafter. in the original belief of the people of sumba(marapu),the pattern is not just an image, but also emits the powerful power of the depicted. therefore, certain woven fabrics of their use are adapted to the situation and place of use. but the problem faced by weavers weaving ikat-pahikung today is the entry of artificial ikat weaving where the weavers feel aggrieved by the presence of artificial ikat weaving from outside sumba island. t his is detrimental to the weavers because the "imitation" ikat weaving has used the original motifs of the east sumba people where the motif has a traditional meaning. therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the law in the protection of ikat weaving motifs in east sumba regency. 2. methodology research methods have a specific purpose to obtain data using scientific means. (darmadi, 2013) this type of research method in legal research uses socio legal methods. this research is a legal sociology approach that examines and understands social symptoms in the community that cause losses to events / cases of east sumba ikat weaving motifs that are imitated / taken. in this approach is done by observing directly in order to find legal facts and know how legal protection of the motif of fabric-woven ikat pahikung in east sumba regency. 3. results and discussion in traditional society wisdom becomes the identity of the existence of society one of which is woven fabric. (greetings, 2017) (salam, 2017)motif is a work of art in the form of patterns to beautify a fine art, in this case the intended motif is a woven motif ikat-pahikung. according to palulu p. ndima in his book entitled "cultural studies of east sumba ikat woven fabric" that weaving activities are carried out manually and traditionally and are women's activities. (takandjandji, n.d.) named ikat-pahikung weaving because before being colored, the thread to be woven is tied with raffia rope or kalita on certain parts, then dipped in a natural dye liquid (blue or red). further explained by a. langgar that ntt woven fabric where the tied part after opening remains white, while the untied part becomes colored according to the color of the liquid. when woven the threads will form a pattern of ornamental variety with a certain color. (takandjandji, n.d.) the patterns and motifs of woven fabrics used by a person indicate their social status in society. ikat-pahikung woven fabric is a fixture in traditional ceremonies (marriage, death), religion and art until now sumba ikat woven fabric as a cultural heritage still survives and develops cultural and economic value that is targeted by world collectors at high prices to be marketed both locally, nationally and internationally. the protection of the law is an act or attempt to protect society from arbitrary acts by rulers that are not in accordance with the rule of law, to realize order and tranquility, thus enabling man to enjoy his dignity as a human being. (setiono, 2004) while satjipto raharjo stated that the protection of the law is to provide protection to human rights (human rights) harmed by others and that protection is given to the community in order to enjoy all the rights granted by law. (raharjo, 2000) because the nature and purpose of the law according to him is to provide protection (protection) to the community, which must be realized in the form of legal certainty. legal protection is an act for those that are preventive and repressive. (hadjon, 1987) legal protection is a rule that regulates the rights of the people in this case citize ns, in order to be protected from interference and threats. valid guarantees as guidelines are used as guarantees to guarantee basic freedoms. legal protection in the form of written regulations is used as protection to protect human rights. this legal pro tection becomes the essence of the existence of the law and the implementation of the purpose of the law that provides legal certainty, justice and legal expediency. (greetings, 2020)(salam, 2020) protection of ikat-pahikung weaving as a form of state / government presence and the entire community for the sustainability of ikat-pahikung weaving as the wealth of the people of east sumba. one way of legal protection that can be done is by filing a geographical indigation document of ikat-pahikung weaving that is compiled as evidence of ikat-pahikung weaving is the wealth of the people of east sumba. a geographical indication is a sign p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 35-37 37 indicating the area of origin of an item and/or product that due to geographical environmental factors including naturalfactors, humanfactors, or a combination of the two factors confers a particular reputation, quality, and characteristics on the goods and/or products produced. this means that with the geographical indication document it will provide a clear policy direction in organizing resources in supporting the process of transformation of both human resources, natural resources and social value / capital resources of the community so that the weaving of the belts become an integrated economic force with other aspects, such as tourism, edu cation and the environment for sustainability of ikat-pahikung weaving; and a clear direction in provides / encourages the protection of ikatpahikung weaving. therefore, with geographical indications, legal protection for weavers / craftsmen of ikat pahikung woven fabrics can be realized so that anyone who uses the motif of the east sumba area will be given legal sanctions and east sumba weavers will also not get losses. 4. conclusion legal protection of the motif of ikat-pahikung woven fabric in east sumba regency is very important because it is a form of state protection against weavers (communities). with the establishment of geographical indication as a form of state / government presence for weavers or people of east sumba for the sustain ability of the woven motif of ikat-pahikung as the original wealth of the people of east sumba. so that the state through the east sumba regional government must increase the empowerment and protection of ikat-pahikung weaving in the strategic policy of the east sumba regency government, as well as formulate the synchronization of programs between the east sumba regency government and community elements in an effort to develop the direction of empowerment policy and protection of ikat-pahikung weaving. so it is thus true that the state is present in providing legal protection over pahikung ikat weaving in east sumba regency, east nusa tenggara. references darmadi, h. (2013). metode penelitian pendidikan dan sosial. bandung: alfabeta bandung. hadjon, p. m. (1987). perlindungan hukum bagi rakyat indonesia. surabaya: pt. bina ilmu. raharjo, s. (2000). ilmu hukum. bandung: pt. citra aditya bakti. safrin salam, nurwita ismail, faharudin, nuragifah, erni dwita silambi, shinta nurhidayati salam, rosnida, s. (2020). perkembangan filsafat hukum kontemporer. yogyakarta: zifatama jawara. retrieved from https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=id&lr=&id=rf7_dwaaqbaj&oi=fnd&pg=pa1&dq=filsafat+hukum+kont emporer&ots=dykjingbfl&sig=fzoqvhduz4fp8vnedpkbdkudcq4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=filsafat hukum kontemporer&f=false salam, s. (2017). analysis of cooperation agreements and comparison patterns of out-of-court dispute resolution. jurnal hukum volkgeist, 2(1), 71–81. salam, s. (2020). rekonstruksi paradigma filsafat ilmu : studi kritis terhadap ilmu hukum sebagai ilmu. ekspose: jurnal penelitian hukum dan pendidikan, 18(2), 885–896. https://doi.org/10.30863/ekspose.v18i2.511 salam, s., hukum, f., muhammadiyah, u., adat, d. h., adat, m. h., & adat, h. (2016). perlindungan hukum masyarakat hukum adat. jurnal hukum novelty, 7(2), 73–88. setiono. (2004). rule of law (supremasi hukum). surakarta: magister ilmu hukum pasca sarjana universitas sebelas maret. takandjandji, m. d. m. (n.d.). analisis usaha tenun ikat berbasis pewarna alam di kabupaten sumba timur : kasus di kecamatan kambera dan umalulu analysis of han. https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/alam https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/manusia issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 perlindungan terhadap anakberhadapan dengan hukum i dony pribad 14 perlindungan terhadap anak
 berhadapan dengan hukum dony pribadi magister hukum universitas airlangga surabaya abstrak undang-undang no. 11 tahun 2012 tentang sistem peradilan pidana anak (sppa) sudah disahkan oleh pemerintah indonesia, uu no. 11 tahun 2012 tentang sistem peradilan pidana anak ini menggantikan uu no. 3 tahun 2007 tentang pengadilan anak. uu sppa ini telah memberikan perlindungan terhadap anak yang berhadapan dengan hukum sejak proses awal penanganannya sampai pada pelaksanaan hukuman. hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa menurut uu no. 11 tahun 2012, perlindungan terhadap anak yang berhadapan dengan hukum melalui beragam bentuk. anak berhadapan hukum (abh) dibagi atas 3 klasifikasi yaitu sebagai anak pelaku, anak korban dan anak saksi. selain itu dalam penanganannya anak berhadapan hukum harus dibedakan dari orang dewasa pada setiap tingkatan proses, baik itu dari mulai penyelidikkan, penyidikkan maupun saat litigasi. selain itu, setiap pelaksanaan proses anak wajib didampingi oleh pendamping. pada aturan yang baru ini juga mengenalkan dan menekankan diversi, yaitu aspek non litigasi dalam menyelesaikan perkara. pada proses diversi, penyelesaian kasus diupayakan sebisa mungkin di luar peradilan. keywords: peradilan, sppa, konselor a. pendahuluan untuk membangun bangsa yang besar sangat dibutuhkan masyarakat yang pintar dan mempunyai budi yang baik. agar dapat mencapai hal tersebut tentunya pendidikan dan budi yang baik sudah seharusnya diterapkan sejak dini pada anak-anak bangsa. anak adalah salah satu aset untuk memajukan bangsa. berkembangnya jaman membuat pola piker dan tata krama anak semakin menurun. tidak sedikit perkara anak sebagai aktor tindak kejahatan di zaman saat ini. tingkat kenakalan anak yang semakin meningkat dari tahun ke tahun disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor. faktor penyebab kenakalan anak sehingga anak terjebak dalam perkara kriminal dan akhirnya harus berhadapan dengan hukum diantaranya seperti kurangnya perhatian orang tua, keadaan yang mengharuskan anak memenuhi kebutuhan hidup, atau bahkan pencarian jati diri. beberapa faktor penyebab kenakalan pada anak tersebut seringkali membuat anak issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 perlindungan terhadap anakberhadapan dengan hukum i dony pribad 15 terjerumus terlalu dalam. tidak adanya peringatan atau tindakan tegas terhadap anak yang terlibat dalam kenakalan tersebut justru akan membuat anak semakin jauh terlibat dalam kenakalan. hal seperti ini dapat memunculkan keberanian anak untuk terlibat dalam kenakalan yang menjurus ke tindak pidana. semakin maraknya anak yang melakukan tindak pidana kekerasan merupakan hal yang miris, karena anak merupakan generasi yang harus dilindungi dan merupakan salah satu bagian dari penerus bangsa yang dapat memajukan bangsa ini. dewasa ini di indonesia, perlindungan terhadap anak yang berhadapan dengan hukum merujuk ke dalam uu no. 11 tahuan 2012 tentang sistem peradilan pidana anak. sebelumnya terkait peradilan yang melibatkan anak merujuk kepada uu no. 3 tahun 1997 tentang pengadilan anak. disahkannya uu no. 11 tahun 2012, maka uu no. 3 tahun 1997 tidak berlaku lagi. terdapat perbedaan perlindungan terhadap anak yang diberikan oleh uu no. 11 tahun 2012 dengan yang diatur dalam uu no. 3 tahun 1997. dalam uu no. 3 tahun 1997 setiap anak yang melakukan perbuatan pidana dikenakan proses hukum yang sama dengan proses hukum orang dewasa substansi yang diatur dalam undang-undang no. 11 tahun 2012 ini, antara lain, adalah mengenai penempatan anak yang menjalani proses peradilan dapat ditempatkan di lembaga pembinaan khusus anak (lpka). menurut wagiati soetodjo (2008:70), substansi yang paling mendasar dalam undang-undang ini adalah pengaturan secara tegas mengenai keadilan restoratif dan diversi yang dimaksudkan untuk menghindari dan menjauhkan anak dari proses peradilan sehingga dapat menghindari stigmatisasi terhadap anak yang berhadapan dengan hukum dan diharapkan anak dapat kembali ke dalam lingkungan sosial secara wajar. menurut pasal 1 poin 7 uu no. 11 tahun 2012 menyatakan bahwa diversi dapat artikan sebagai pengalihan penyelesaian perkara anak dari proses peradilan pidana ke proses di luar peradilan pidana.keadilan restoratif menurut penjelasan umum undangundang no. 11 tahun 2012 adalah suatu proses diversi, yaitu semua pihak yang terlibat dalam suatu tindak pidana tertentu bersama-sama mengatasi masalah serta menciptakan suatu kewajiban untuk membuat segala sesuatunya menjadi lebih baik dengan melibatkan korban, anak, dan masyarakatdalam mencari solusi untuk memperbaiki, rekonsiliasi dan menenteramkan hati yang tidak berdasarkan pembalasan.keadilan restoratif dan diversi issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 perlindungan terhadap anakberhadapan dengan hukum i dony pribad 16 merupakan hal yang menjadi pembeda paling penting antara uu no. 11 tahun 2012 dengan uu no. 3 tahun 2007. memperhatikan pengertian diversi, diketahui bahwa setiap kasus anak yang berhadapan dengan hukum terlebih dahulu harus diselesaikan melalui jalur non litigasi. di sinilah sebenarnya peran pemuka lingkungan dan agama dapat memainkan peran untuk mengisi bentukbentuk penyelesaian kasus anak yang berhadapan dengan hukum yang dapat dilakukan sesuai dengan nilai-nilai agama dan lokal setempat. kebiasaan adat dianggap memberikan nilai positif terhadap penyelesaian kasus anak secara bermartabat dan dapat menciptakan kepuasan tersendiri bagi pelaku, korban maupun lingkungan disekitar. kasus-kasus yang berkembang saat ini tentang tindakan pelanggaran hukum yang kebetulan dilakukan oleh anak dibawah umur memperlihatkan terdapat kesalahan dalam proses tumbuh kembang anak.pasal 1 ayat (3) undang-undang no.11 tahun 2012 tentang sistem peradilan pidana anak, menyatakan bahwa anak yang berkonflik dengan hukum yang selanjutnya disebut anak adalah anak yang telah berumur 12 (dua belas) tahun, tetapi belum berumur 18 (delapan belas) tahun yang diduga melakukan tindak pidana. menurut muladi dalam bukunya setya wahyudi (2011:35) istilah sistem peradilan pidana anak merupakan terjemahan dari istilah the junevile justice system, yaitu suatu istilah yang digunakan sedefinisi dengan jumlah institusi yang terkandung dalam pengadilan, yang meliputi polisi, jaksa, penuntut umum, hakim, penasehat hukum, lembaga pengawas, pusat-pusat penahanan anak, dan fasilitas-fasilitas pembinaan anak. dalam bukunya romli atmasasmita (1996:17), muladi mendefenisikan sistem peradilan pidana sebagai jaringan (network) peradilan yang menggunakan hukum pidana materiil, hukum pidana formil ataupun hukum pelaksanaan pidana. proses peradilan pidana anak mulai dari penyidikan, penuntutan, pengadilan dan dalam menjalankan putusan pengadilan di lembaga permasyarakatan anak wajib dilakukan oleh pejabat-pejabat terdidik khusus atau setidaknya mengetahui tentang masalah anak nakal. perlakuan selama proses peradilan pidana anak harus memperhatikan proses-proses perlindungan anak dan tetap menjunjung tinggi harkat dan martabat anak tanpa mengabaikan terlaksanan keadilan dan bukan membuat nilai kemanusiaan anak menjadi lebih rendah. b. metode penelitian issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 perlindungan terhadap anakberhadapan dengan hukum i dony pribad 17 penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah dengan menggunajan jenis penelitian hukum normative dipergunakan untuk menyusun penelitian ini. bahan-bahan hukum yang akan digunakan diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan. bahan-bahan hukum tersebut terdiri dari bahan hukum primer yaitu: peraturan perundang-undangan yang mengatur mengenai anak dan literatur, karya ilmiah hukum yang membahas mengenai persoalan anak indonesia. bahanbahan hukum yang dtersedia dianalisis secara normatif. c. hasil dan pembahasan 1. pengertian anak menurut aturan perundang-undangan mengenai pengertian dan batasan umur anak telah banyak jabarkan dalam beberapa peraturan perundang-undangan. berikut pengertian anak menurut beberapa peraturan perundang-undangan: a. pengertian anak menurut kitab undang-undang hukum pidana (kuhp) anak dalam hukum pidana diletakkan dalam pengertian seorang anak yang belum dewasa, sebagai orang yang mempunyai hak-hak khusus dan perlu mendapatkan perlindungan menurut ketentuan hukum yang berlaku. pengertian anak dalam hukum pidana menimbulkan aspek hukum positif terhadap proses normalisasi anak dari perilaku menyimpang untuk membentuk kepribadian dan tanggung jawab yang pada akhirnya anak tersebut berhak atas kesejahteraan yang layak. pengertian anak dalam kuhp dapat kita ambil contoh dalam pasal 287 kuhp, disebutkan bahwa anak di bawah umur adalah apabila anak tersebut belum mencapai usia 15 (lima belas) tahun. b. pengertian anak menurut undang-undang no. 3 tahun 1997 yang dimaksud dengan anak dalam undang-undang ini yaitu orang yang dalam perkara anak nakal telah mencapai umur 8 (delapan) tahun tetapi belum mencapai umur 18 (delapan belas) tahun dan belum pernah kawin. anak nakal adalah anak yang melakukan perbuatan yang dinyatakan terlarang bagi anak, baik menurut peraturan perundangundangan maupun menurut peraturan hukum lain yang hidup dan berlaku dalam masyarakat yang bersangkutan. c. pengertian anak menurut undang-undang no. 11 tahun 2012 tentang sistem peradilan pidana anak pengertian anak menurut undang-undang ini yang disebut anak yang telah berumur 12 (dua belas) tahun, tetapi belum berumur 18 (delapan belas) tahun yang diduga issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 perlindungan terhadap anakberhadapan dengan hukum i dony pribad 18 melakukan tindak pidana. d. pengertian anak menurut undang-undang no. 35 tahun 2014 tentang perubahan atas uu nomor 23 tahun 2002 tentang perlindungan anak anak adalah seseorang yang belum berusia 18 (delapan belas) tahun, termasuk anak yang masih dalam kandungan. dari beberapa penafsiran mengenai anak yang telah disebutkan diatas maka sehubungan dengan pembahasan penulis merujuk kepada pengertian yang terdapat pada uu sppa. 2. hak-hak anak negara mempunyai kewajiban untuk melindungi warga negaranya sejak mulai lahir hingga meninggal. oleh karena hal tersebut, maka pada setiap proses peradilan para penegak hukum harus dan wajib mengutamakan kepentingan anak dimana dalam kepentingan itu terdapat hak-hak dari anak. sejauh ini negara indonesia telah meratifikasi konvensi hak-hak anak. hal tersebut tercantum di dalam keputusan presiden (keppres) republik indonesia nomor 36 tahun 1990 tentang pengesahan convention on the rights of the child (konvensi tentang hakhak anak), dengan diratifikasinya konvensi hak-hak anak tersebut maka sejak tahun 1990 indonesia terikat secara hukum utruk melaksanakan ketentuan yang termaktub di dalam konvensi hak-hak anak. menurut setya wahyudi (2012:22) menyatakan bahwa berdasarkan konvensi hakhak anak 1989 (resolusi pbb nomor 44/25 tanggal 5 desember 1989), hak-hak anak secara umum dapat dikelompokan dalam 4 (empat) kategori hak-hak anak yaitu: hak untuk kelangsungan hidup (the right to survival), hak untuk tumbuh kembang (the right to develop), hak untuk perlindungan (the right to protection), dan hak untuk partisipasi (the right to participation). menurut abu huraerah (2012, h. 31) yang didalam bukunya menyatakan bahwa hak anak secara universal juga telah ditetapkan melalui sidang umum perserikatan bangsa-bangsa (selanjutnya disingkat pbb) pada tanggal 20 november 1959, dengan memproklamasikan deklarasi hak-hak anak. adanya deklarasi yang telah dilakukan pbb melalui siding umumnya diharapkan semua pihak baik individu, orang tua, organisasi sosial, pemerintah dan masyarakat mengakui hak-hak anak dan mendorong pelaksanaanya. issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 perlindungan terhadap anakberhadapan dengan hukum i dony pribad 19 berdasarkan hal diatas deklarasi hak-hak anak di sidang umum pbb mempunyai tujuan yaitu memberikan perlindungan khusus untuk segala tindakan yang berhubungan langsung dengan anak, tindakan atas suatu persoalan yang melibatkan anak harus selalu mengutamakan dan mengedepankan anak. 3. pengertian anak yang berhadapan hukum (h.20) berdasarkan pasal 1 ayat (2) undang-undang nomor 11 tahun 2012 tentang sistem peradilan pidana anak yang dimaksud dengan anak yang berhadapan dengan hukum adalah anak yang berkonflik dengan hukum, anak yang menjadi korban tindak pidana, dan saksi tindak pidana. menurut pasal 1 ayat 3 undang 11 tahun 2012 tentang sistem peradilan pidana anak (sppa) menyatakan bahwa anak yang berhadapan dengan hukum adalah anak yang telah mencapai usia 12 (dua belas) tahun tetapi belum mencapai usia 18 (delapan belas) tahun. menurut apong herlina dalam bukunya (2014:17) anak yang berkonflik dengan hukum dapat juga dikatakan sebagai anak yang terpaksa berkonflik dengan sistem pengadilan pidana karena: a. disangka, didakwa, atau dinyatakan terbukti bersalah melanggar hukum; atau b. telah menjadi korban akibat perbuatan pelanggran hukum dilakukan orang/kelompok orang/lembaga/negara terhadapnya; atau c. telah melihat, mendengar, merasakan atau mengetahui suatu peristiwa pelanggaran hukum. apong herlina (2014:43) berpandangan jika dilihat dari ruang lingkupnya anak yang berhadapan dengan hukum dapat dibagi menjadi: a. pelaku atau tersangka tindak pidana; b. korban tindak pidana, dan c. saksi suatau tindak pidana sebelum lahirnya undang-undang nomor 23 tahun 2002 tentang 
 perlindungan anak, pada dasarnya anak-anak yang bermasalah dikategorikan dalam istilah kenakalan anak, yang mengacu pada undang-undang nomor 3 tahun 1997 tentang pengadilan anak. setelah diundangkannya undang-undang perlindungan anak, maka istilah tersebut berubah menjadi anak yang berkonflik dengan hokum (abh), dan saat ini undang-undang nomor 11 tahun 2012 tentang sistem peradilan pidana anak pun menggunakan istilah issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 perlindungan terhadap anakberhadapan dengan hukum i dony pribad 20 anak yang berkonflik dengan hukum. menurut muhammad joni dan zulchaina z tanamas (1999, h. 83), masalah anak merupakan arus balik yang tidak diperhitungkan dari proses dan perkembangan pembangunan bangsa-bangsa yang mempunyai cita-cita tinggi dan masa depan cemerlang guna menyongsong dan menggantikan pemimpin-pemimpin bangsa indonesia. terkait dengan hal itu paradigma pembangunan haruslah pro anak. pada dasarnya terlihat tidak etis apabila tindak pidana yang dilakukan oleh anak disebut dengan kejahatan, karena pada dasarnya anak-anak memiliki kondisi kejiwaan yang sangat labil, proses kemantapan psikis menghasilkan sikap kritis, agresif dan menunjukkan tingkah laku yang cenderung bertindak mengganggu ketertiban umum. hal ini belum dapat dikatakan sebagai kejahatan, melainkan kenakalan yang ditimbulkan akibat kondisi psikologis yang tidak seimbang dan si pelaku belum sadar dan mengerti atas tindakan yang telah dilakukan anak. harry e. allen and clifford e. simmonsen (2003, h. 2) menjelaskan bahwa ada 2 (dua) kategori perilaku anak yang membuat anak harus berhadapan dengan hukum, yaitu: 1. status offence adalah perilaku kenakalan anak yang apabila dilakukan oleh orang dewasa tidak dianggap sebagai kejahatan, seperti tidak menurut, membolos sekolah, atau kabur dari rumah; 2. juvenile deliquence adalah perilaku kenakalan anak yang apabila dilakukan oleh orang dewasa dianggap kejahatan atau pelanggaran hukum. menurut romli atmasasmita (1983, h. 17) istilah deliquency tidak identik dengan istilah kenakalan dan istilah junevile tidak identik dengan istilah anak. istilah junevile deliquency lebih luas artinya dari istilah kenakalan ataupun istilah anak-anak. oleh karena itu, romli lebih cenderung menggunakan istilah kenakalan anak daripada istilah kejahatan anak-anak 3. upaya perlindungan hukum terhadap anak berhadapan hukum 1. perlindungan terhadap anak pelaku pasal 1 ayat 3 uu no. 11 tahun 2012 memberikan batasan usia terhadap anak yang berhadapan dengan hukum. batasan usia anak yang berhadapan dengan hukum adalah anak yang telah berumur 12 (dua belas) tahun, dan tetapi belum berumur 18 (delapan belas) tahun. issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 perlindungan terhadap anakberhadapan dengan hukum i dony pribad 21 kemudian dalam ketentuan pasal 3 undang-undang nomor 11 tahun 2012 tentang sistem peradilan anak mencantumkan dengan tegas apa saja yang menjadi hak-hak anak dalam peradilan pidana. pada saat proses peradilan pidana anak hak-hak anak harus mendapatkan perlindungan dari setiap tingkatan, perlindungan tersebut diberikan sebagai salah satu bentuk penghormatan hak asasi anak. perlindungan terhadap anak yang berkonflik dengan hukum ini mengalami perubahan yang mendasar yakni pengaturan secara tegas mengenai “keadilan restoratif dan diversi”. pengaturan ini dimaksudkan untuk menghindari dan menjauhkan anak dari proses peradilan, sehingga dapat menghindari stigmatisasi terhadap anak yang berkonflik dengan hukum. dalam ketentuan pasal 5 undang-undang nomor 11 tahun 2012 tentang sistem peradilan anak mencantumkan dengan tegas bahwa: 1) sistem peradilan pidana anak wajib mengutamakan pendekatan keadilan restoratif. 2) sistem peradilan pidana anak sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) meliputi: a. penyidikan dan penuntutan pidana anak yang dilaksanakan sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan, kecuali ditentukan lain dalam undangundang ini; b. persidangan anak yang dilakukan oleh pengadilan di lingkungan peradilan umum; dan c. pembinaan, pembimbingan, pengawasan,dan/atau pendampingan selama proses pelaksanaan pidana atau tindakan dan setelah menjalani pidana atau tindakan. 3) dalam sistem peradilan pidana anak sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) huruf a dan huruf b wajib diupayakan diversi. pasal 6 undang-undang nomor 11 tahun 2012 tentang sistem peradilan anak diversi bertujuan: a. mencapai perdamaian antara korban dan anak; b. menyelesaikan perkara anak di luar proses peradilan; c. menghindarkan anak dari perampasan kemerdekaan; d. mendorong masyarakat untuk berpartisipasi; dan e. menanamkan rasa tanggung jawab kepada anak. dalam melakukan perlindungan anak yang berhadapan dengan hukum, proses penyelesaiannya diharuskan melibatkan semua pihak yang meliputi peran orang tua, issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 perlindungan terhadap anakberhadapan dengan hukum i dony pribad 22 keluarga, masyarakat, pemerintah, lembaga negara lainnya yang berkewajiban dan bertanggungjawab dalam peningkatan kesejahteraan anak, serta perlindungan khusus terhadap anak yang bersangkutan. pada konsep keadilan restoratif yang dikenal adanya proses diversi. dalam proses diversi yaitu semua pihak yang terkait dalam suatu tindak pidana tertentu bersamasama mengatasi masalah serta menciptakan suatu kewajiban untuk membuat segala sesuatunya menjadi lebih baik dengan melibatkan korban, anak, masyarakat dan pihak terkait untuk mencari solusi yang terbaik bagi anak tanpa ada unsur pembalasan. dalam penyelesaian perkara anak yang berkonflik dengan hukum yang menggunakan pendekatan keadilan restorative justice penyelesaian yang melibatkan semua pihak dan secara bersama-sama mengatasi perkara dan mencari solusi yang terbaik terhadap perkara yang dihadapi anak dengan demikian perlindungan terhadap anak yang berkonflik dengan hukum yang lebih mengutamakan kepentingan terbaik bagi anak. 2. perlindungan terhadap anak korban perlindungan terhadap anak korban kejahatan sebagaimana diatur dalam undangundang nomor 35 tahun 2014 tentang perubahan atas undang-undang nomor 23 tahun 2002 tentang perlindungan anak. pasal 1 ayat (2) perlindungan anak adalah segala kegiatan yang menjamin dan melindungi anak dan hak-haknya agar dapat hidup, tumbuh berkembang dan berpartisipasi, secara optimal sesuai harkat dan martabat kemanusiaan, serta medapat perlindungan dari kekerasan dan diskriminasi. penanganan perkara anak yang berhadapan dengan hukum khususnya korban anak, harus ditangani secara khusus baik represif maupun tindakan preventif demi menciptakan masa depan anak yang baik dan sejahtera. mengenai anak korban, undangundang nomor 11 tahun 2012 tentang sistem peradilan pidana anak pada pasal 1 ayat (4) undang-undang nomor 11 tahun 2012 tentang sistem peradilan pidana anak menyebutkan bahwa:“anak yang menjadi korban tindak pidana yang selanjutnya disebut sebagai anak korban adalah anak yang belum berumur 18 (delapan belas) tahun yang mengalami penderitaan fisik, mental dan/atau kerugian ekonomi yang disebabkan oleh tindak pidana.”selanjutnya dalam undang-undang nomor 11 tahun 2012 tentang sistem peradilan pidana anak, pasal 90 ayat (1) menjelaskan bahwa anak korban dan anak saksi berhak atas upaya rehabilitasi medis dan rehabilitasi sosial, baik di dalam lembaga maupun di luar lembaga”. selain hak-hak tersebut, terdapat beberapa hak anak issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 perlindungan terhadap anakberhadapan dengan hukum i dony pribad 23 sebagai korban untuk mendapatkan bantuan medis dan bantuan rehabilitasi psikososial. 3. perlindungan terhadap anak saksi anak sebagai saksi sebagaimana yang disebutkan dalam pasal 1 ayat (5) undangundang nomor 11 tahun 2012 tentang sistem peradilan pidana anak: “anak yang menjadi saksi tindak pidana yang selanjutnya disebut anak saksi adalah anak yang belum berumur 18 tahun yang dapat memberikan keterangan guna kepentingan penyidikan, penuntutan, dan pemeriksaan disidang pengadilan tentang suatu perkara pidana yang didengar, dilihat, dan/atau dialaminya sendiri” pengaturan mengenai saksi anak alam undang-undang nomor 11 tahun 2012 tentang sistem peradilan pidana anak diatur dalam bab vii pada pasal 89 s/d pasal 91. pada pasal 89 disebutkan bahwa anak korban dan/atau anak saksi berhak atas semua perlindungan dan hak yang diatur dalam ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan. perlindungan terhadap anak sebagai saksi sebagaimana yang diatur dalam undangundang sistem peradilan anak menunjukkan pentingnya perlindungan terhadap anak, adanya pengaturan mengenai perekaman elektronik merupakan pelayanan saksi untuk mengurangi rasa rasa trauma si anak agar tidak bertemu langsung dengan pelaku kejahatan. dengan demikian, si anak sebagai saksi dalam memberi keterangan akan lebih bebas dan leluasa disamping mereka didampingi oleh orang tua/wali, pekerja social maupun petugas pembimbing pemasyarakatan (bapas) anak sehingga dapat terciptanya fakta hukum sesuai dengan kejadian yang diliat maupun yang dirasakan sendiri oleh si anak. d. penutup anak berhadapan hukum baik itu sebagai anak pelaku, anak saksi maupun anak korban sering mengalami penderitaan secara fisik juga mengalami penderitaan secara psikis yang membutuhkan waktu lama untuk memulihkannya. oleh karena hal tersebut terkadang penderitaan yang dialami oleh anak berhadapan hukum tidak ringan dan membutuhkan waktu yang tidak singkat untuk bisa memulihkannya, maka pemerintah memberikan perlindungan terhadap korban yang diimplementasikan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan sebagai produk hukum yang memihak kepentingan anak. dalam konteks perlindungan terhadap anak yang berhadapan dengan hukum, adanya upaya preventif maupun represif yang dilakukan, baik oleh masyarakat maupun pemerintah (melalui aparat penegak hukumnya), seperti pemberian issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 perlindungan terhadap anakberhadapan dengan hukum i dony pribad 24 perlindungan/pengawasan dari berbagai ancaman yang dapat membahayakan nyawa korban, pemberian bantuan medis, maupun hukum secara memadai, proses pemeriksaan dan peradilan yang fair merupakan salah satu perwujudan dari perlindungan hak asasi manusia serta instrumen penyeimbang. perlindungan terhadap anak yang berhadapan dengan hukum dengan pendekatan restorative justice membawa dampak yang positif terhadap penanganan perkara anak. undangundang nomor 11 tahun 2012 tentang sistem peradilan pidana anak memisahkan dan mengatur secara tegas tegas tentang anak yang berhadapan dengan hukum yang meliputi anak yang berkonflik dengan hukum, anak yang menjadi korban tindak pidana, anak yang menjadi saksi tindak pidana. penyelesaian perkara anak yang berhadapan dengan hukum selama ini yang proses penyelesaiannya melalui lembaga peradilan dengan adanya undang-undang nomor 11 tahun 2012 tentang sistem peradilan pidana anak mengenalkan proses penyelsaian diversi. dimana perkara yang melibatkan anak sebagai pelaku dapat diselesaiakan di luar peradilan melalui diversi dengan melibatkan semua pihak untuk duduk bersama baik itu pihak pelaku, korban dan saksi dalam menyelesaikan konflik yang terjadi dengan menggunakan pendekatan restorative justice yang mengutamakan pemulihan keadaan dari pada pembalasan dalam penyelesaian perkara anak yang berhadapan dengan hukum dan mengutamakan kepentingan terbaik bagi anak demi kesejahteraannya. daftar pustaka abu, h. (2012). kekerasan terhadap anak. bandung: nuansa cendekia. apong, h, dkk. (2014). perlindungan terhadap anak yang berhadapan dengan hukum, buku saku untuk polisi. jakarta: unicef. harry, e. a. & clifford e. s. dalam purniati, mamik, sri supatmi, dan ni made martini tinduk (2003). correction in america an introduction, analisa situasi sistem peradilan pidana anak (juvenile justice system) di indonesia. jakarta: unicef. marlina. (2009). peradilan pidana anak di indonesia, pengembangan konsep diversi dan restorative justice. bandung: refika aditama. muhammad, j. & zulchaina, z. t. (1999). aspek perlindungan anak dalam perspektif konvensi hak anak. bandung: pt citra aditya bakti. maidin, g. (2008). perlindungan hukum terhadap anak. bandung: refika aditama. issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 perlindungan terhadap anakberhadapan dengan hukum i dony pribad 25 romli, a. (1983). problema kenakalan anak-anak/remaja. jakarta: armico. romli, a. (1996). sistem peradilan pidana. bandung: bina cipta. setya, w. (2012). implementasi ide diversi dalam pembaruan sistem peradilan pidana anak di indonesia. yogyakarta: genta publishing. penjelasan umum, uu no.11 tahun 2012 tentang sistem peradilan pidana anak. uu no. 3 tahun 1997 tentang pengadilan anak. uu no. 11 tahun 2012 tentang sistem peradilan pidana anak. undang-undang no. 35 tahun 2014 tentang perubahan atas uu nomor 23 tahun 2002 tentang perlindungan anak. wagiati, s. (2008). hukum pidana anak. bandung: refika aditama. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap tindak pidana pengancaman yang dilakukan secara bersama-sama i al furqon page 119 yuridis terhadap tindak pidana pengancaman yang dilakukan secara bersama-sama (studi kasus putusan pengadilan negeri makassarno.755/pid.b/2014/pn.mks) oleh al furqon mahasiswa pascasarjana magister hukum universitas airlangga abstract this research was carried out at the makassar district court in makassar, with research methods using data collection techniques by means of research library and field research. the results of this research indicate that all the elements of a criminal offence committed by the pengancaman the second defendant had sesuasi with the elements contained in article 335 of the penal code with article 55 paragraph (1) of the criminal code. this is apparent from satisfy all the elements in accordance with the article didakwakan on the defendant. article didakwakan, namely article 335 paragraph (1) of the criminal code. with satisfy the elements and look at the application of the criminal law against the crime pengancaman, then the defendant must account for his actions in accordance with the ruling of the district court judges deposed by the makassar imprisonment of three (3) months and pay the fees. in deciding the matter state court judge makassar has pretty much consideration, starting from the demands of the public prosecutor, the accused, description of witnesses, as well as satisfy the elements pursuant to article didakwakan, as well as the things that are incriminating and relieve. so defendants are convicted with imprisonment for 3 (three) months and pay the fees, not fully contain the benefit law. considering the act committed by the two defendants, then according to the author, the criminal who dropped by the tribunal of judges rated very lightly. keywords: tindika, pengancaman, ruling the criminal a. pendahuluan di era pasca runtuhnya rezim orde baru, pemerintah indonesia dituntut agar dalam setiap pengambilan kebijakan yang ditempuh harus selalu memperhatikan nilai-nilai demokrasi, yang terkandung di dalamnya penghormatan terhadap hak asasi manusia. reformasi hukum dan keadilan bukan masalah sederhana dan hal ini telah diperjuangkan saat dahulu kala. masalahnya sangat luas dan kompleks. reformasi hukum tak hanya berarti reformasi peraturan perundang-undangan, tetapi mencakup reformasi sistem hukum secara keseluruhan yaitu reformasi materi dan subtansi hukum, struktur hukum dan budaya hukum. pada dasarnya indonesia merupakan negara yang berdasarkan atas hukum (rechtstaat) bukan berdasarkan atas kekuasaan (machtstaat). demikianlah penegasan yang issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap tindak pidana pengancaman yang dilakukan secara bersama-sama i al furqon page 120 terdapat dalam undangundang dasar 1945. hal ini berarti bahwa negara indonesia sebagaimana digariskan adalah negara hukum yang demokratis berdasarkan pancasila dan undang-undang dasar 1945 dengan menjunjung tinggi hak asasi manusia dan menjamin kedudukan yang sama dan sederajat bagi setiap warga negara dalam hukum dan pemerintahan. implementasi dari konsep negara hukum ini tertuang dalam pasal 27 ayat (1) undang-undang dasar 1945. sebagai negara hukum, maka seyogyanya hukum di indonesia harus berperan dalam segala bidang kehidupan, baik dalam kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara maupun dalam kehidupan warga negaranya. hal tersebut bertujuan untuk menciptakan keamanan, ketertiban, keadilan, dan kesejahteraan. menurut bellfroid (achmad ali, 2002:22) bahwa, “hukum yang berlaku di dalam suatu masyarakat mengatur tata tertib masyarakat, dan didasarkan atas kekuasaan yang ada di dalam masyarakat itu”. suatu perbuatan yang dibentuk menjadi kejahatan dan dirumuskan dalam undangundang lantaran perbuatan itu dinilai oleh pembentuk undang-undang sebagai perbuatan yang membahayakan suatu kepentingan hukum dan publik. dengan menetapkan larangan untuk melakukan suatu perbuatan dengan disertai ancaman atau sanksi pidana bagi barang siapa yang melanggarnya, berarti undangundang telah memberikan perlindungan hukum atas kepentingankepentingan hukum tersebut. dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat, berhukum, dan bernegara kita semua mengharapkan ketertiban, kerukunan, namun tentu tidak jarang kita temui kerukunan tersebut tidak berjalan sebagaimana yang diharapkan. misalnya, ada diantara kerabat kita yang berwatak keras dan seenaknya melakukan tindakan arogan kepada siapa saja. hal ini bertentangkan dengan nilai luhur dan kebaikan bersama bangsa indonesia. di sinilah letak penting keberadaan hukum di tengah masyarakat. walaupun kehidupan kita telah dibentengi oleh hukum namun tetap saja terjadi perubahan struktur tata nilai sosial budaya di dalam masyarakat dewasa ini. perubahan struktur tersebut meliputi segala aspek kehidupan. perubahan tersebut misalnya dipengaruhi oleh kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi. dampak lain dari ilmu issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap tindak pidana pengancaman yang dilakukan secara bersama-sama i al furqon page 121 pengetahuan dan teknologi terkadang berakibat negatif terhadap pola tingkah laku individu, antara lain timbulnya berbagai bentuk kejahatan, yang mengalami perkembangan seiring dengan laju perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi dengan kualitas yang semakin berat, kejam dan sadis. dalam kehidupan sehari-hari sering terjadi hal kecil yang tanpa disadari dapat menimbulkan masalah besar. masalah kecil yang dianggap biasa yakni pengancaman. banyak di antara manusia yang menyepelehkan perihal pengancaman ini. entah mereka belum atau tidak sama sekali membaca peraturan yang berlaku. pengancaman bisa dilakukan melalui senjata tajam dan bisa pula dengan kata-kata. pengancaman merupakan perbuatan melawan hukum yang olehnya disebut pelanggaran hukum. ia disebut pelanggaran hukum karena undang-undanglah yang mengatakan demikian. manakala undang-undang tidak mengatakannya, maka ia bukan pelanggaran. di dalam pengancaman ini terdapat unsur perampasan terhadap hak asasi manusia. artinya, ada rangkaian perbuatan terdakwa yang bersifat melawan hukum yang melahirkan akibat yaitu orang lain atau korban tidak berbuat apa-apa sehingga terpaksa membiarkan terjadinya sesuatu sedang dia (korban) tidak setuju atau tidak mau terjadinya sesuatu tersebut, baik karena dia tidak suka maupun karena dia tidak membolehkan terjadinya sesuatu tersebut, akan tetapi dia tidak mempunyai kemampuan fisik dan psikis untuk menolak, menghalangi, menghindar dari terjadinya perbuatan yang bersifat melawan hukum tersebut. bahwa penekanan pada unsur “memaksa” sebenarnya adalah logis, karena perbuatan yang diatur dalam pasal 335 ini bila dikaji sesungguhnya termasuk dalam kejahatan terhadap kemerdekaan seseorang yang diatur dalam bab xviii kuhp. bila melihat tindak pidana atau katakanlah kejahatan yang diatur di dalamnya kesemuanya menentukan bahwa seorang korban kejahatan tidak dapat berbuat atau tidak berbuat sesuatu sebagaimana kehendaknya sendiri. berdasarkan uraian latar belakang masalah tersebut diatas, maka penulis membatasi pokok permasalahan yang akan dibahas dalam penelitian, antara lain issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap tindak pidana pengancaman yang dilakukan secara bersama-sama i al furqon page 122 bagaimanakah penerapan hukum pidana materiil terhadap tindak pidana pengancaman yang dilakukan secara bersama-sama dalam putusan pengadilan negeri makassar nomor 755/pid.b/2014/pn.mks dan bagaimanakah pertimbangan hukum hakim dalam memutus perkara pidana pengancaman yang dilakukan bersama-sama dalam putusan pengadilan negeri makassar nomor 755/pid.b/2014/pn.mks adapun tujuan penelitian dalam tulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui penerapan hukum pidana materiil terhadap tindak pidana pengancaman yang dilakukan secara bersamasama dalam putusan pengadilan negeri makassar nomor 755/pid.b/2014/pn.mks dan untuk mengetahui pertimbangan hukum hakim dalam memutus perkara pidana pengancaman yang dilakukan secara bersamasama dalam putusan pengadilan negeri makassar nomor 755/pid.b/2014/pn.mks b. metode penelitian dalam melaksanakan penelitian, untuk mendapatkan data dan informasi yang diperlukan untuk membahas permasalahan yang ada dalam penulisan ini, penulis melakukan penelitian di pengadilan negeri makassar. penulis juga melakukan wawancara dengan hakim yang menangani perkara tindak pidana perbuatan tidak menyenangkan. untuk mendapat data yang lengkap dan menyeluruh dalam penelitian ini, maka teknik pengumpulan data yang dipergunakan oleh penulis adalah penelitian kepustakaan (library research) yaitu penelitian kepustakaan ini juga disebut studi dokumen yang dilakukan penulis dengan mencari dan mempelajari dokumendokumen atau bahan-bahan pustaka, seperti buku, karya tulis, jurnal ilmiah, majalah, koran, dan informasi di internet serta datadata yang terdapat di pengadilan negeri makassar dan penelitian lapangan yaitu diperoleh langsung dari lokasi yang berupa hasil wawancara dengan beberapa hakim yang menangani kasus yang penulis teliti. jenis data yang dipergunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data primer dan data sekunder. data primer adalah data yang langsung diperoleh dari responden, sedangkan issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap tindak pidana pengancaman yang dilakukan secara bersama-sama i al furqon page 123 data sekunder adalah data yang diperoleh dari buku-buku, media cetak, dokumendokumen, internet dan peraturan perundang-undangan yang terkait. semua data yang diperoleh, baik data sekunder dan primer, selanjutnya diolah dan kemudian dianalisis secara kuantitatif. hal ini dimaksudkan untuk memberikan gambaran secara umum, kongkrit dan jelas tentang ketentuan pasal 335 kuhp dan penerapannya dalam putusan hakim nomor 755/pid.b/2014/pn.mks. kemudian, dideskripsikan dengan maksud untuk memperoleh gambaran yang dapat dipahami secara jelas dan terarah mengenai permasalahan tersebut. c. hasil penelitian dan pembahasan 1. penerapan hukum pidana terhadap tindak pidana pengancaman dalam putusan hakim nomor 755/pid.b/2014/pn.mks. a. posisi kasus ramli siga dg ruma dan saharuddin dg naba, pelaku pada hari jumat tanggal 15 desember 2013 sekitar pukul 09.30 wita telah melakukan pengancaman, bertempat di jl. jaya dg nanring kel. barombong kec. tamalate kota makassar. pada awalnya, saksi korban berada di rumah ibu mertuanya bersama suaminya tidak lama kemudian datang terdakwa berdiri diluar pekarangan rumah saksi dan berteriak dengan mengatakan “keluar mako saya bunuh sundala taibaro” dan saksi melihat satu terdakwa membawa parang panjang yang dipegang dengan tangan kanannya, sedangkan terdakwa lainnya mengatakan “anak sundala suluko punna rewako erotongko kubalukan” dengan membawa sebilah badik ditangan kanannya dan kedua terdakwa tersebut mengeluarkan katakata tersebut secara brutal. b. dakwaan jaksa penuntut umum perbuatan terdakwa tersebut diaturam pidana pasal 335 ayat (1) kuhp jo pasal 55 ayat (1) ke-1 kuhp issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap tindak pidana pengancaman yang dilakukan secara bersama-sama i al furqon page 124 c. tuntutan jaksa penuntut umum berdasarkan fakta-fakta yang terungkap dari persidangan dengan didukung oleh barang bukti, maka terdakwa terbukti secara sah dan meyakinkan melanggar ketentuan pasal 335 ayat (1) kuhp jo pasal 55 ayat (1) ke-1 kuhp. oleh karena itu jaksa penuntut umum menuntut terdakwa sebagai berikut: 1. menyatakan bahwa terdakwa i ramli siga dg ruma dan terdakwa ii saharuddin dg naba terbukti secara sah dan menyakinkan melakukan tindak pidana pengancaman, sebagaimana diatur dan diancam pidana dalam pasal 335 ayat kuhp jo pasal 55 ayat (1) ke-1 kuhp,dalam surat dakwaan jaksa penuntut umum 2. menjatuhkan pidana terhadap terdakwa i ramli siga dg ruma dan terdakwa ii saharuddin dg naba dengan pidana penjara masing-masing selama 3(tiga) bulan 3. menetapkan agar para terdakwa dibebani membayar biaya perkara masing-masing sebesar rp.1000,-(seribu rupiah) apabila dipersalahkan dan dijatuhi pidana. d. putusan hakim mengingat dan meperhatikan ketentuan pasal 335 ayat (1) kuhp jo pasal 55 ayat (1) ke-1 kuhp serta segala ketentuan yang berlaku, maka majelis hakim memutuskan sebagai berikut : mengadili – menyatakan 1. ramli siga dg ruma dan terdakwa 2. saharuddin dg naba, sebagaimana identitasnya tersebut di atas telah terbukti secara sah dan menyakinkan bersalah melakukan tindak pidana “pengancaman” – menghukum terdakwa 1. ramli siga dg ruma dan terdakwa 2. saharuddin dg naba tersebut diatas dengan pidana penjara masing-masing 3 (tiga) bulan. – memerintahkan bahwa pidana yang dijatuhkan tersebut diatas, tidak perlu dijalani jikalau dikemudian hari ada perintah lain dalam putusan, karena terpidana tersebut sebelum lewat masa percobaan selama 6 (enam) bulan bersalah melakukan tindak pidana. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap tindak pidana pengancaman yang dilakukan secara bersama-sama i al furqon page 125 – membebani terdakwa membayar biaya perkara masingmasing sebesar rp.1000, (seribu rupiah) e. analisis penulis dalam pemeriksaan perkara pidana hakim berusaha mencari dan membuktikan kebenaran berdasarkan fakta yang terungkap dalam persidangan, serta berpegang teguh pada rumusan surat dakwaan penuntut umum. berdasarkan posisi kasus sebagaimana telah diuraikan diatas, maka telah terpenuhinya unsur-unsur tindak pidana perbuatan tidak menyenangkan, hal ini berdasarkan pada pemeriksaan dalam persidangan, dimana alat bukti yang diajukan oleh jaksa penuntut umum, termasuk keterangan saksi yang sesuai dan ditambah keterangan terdakwa yang mengakui secara jujur perbuatan yang dilakukannya dan telah mencakup rumusan delik dalam pasal 335 ayat (1) kuhp jo pasal 55 ayat (1) ke-1 kuhp. 2. pertimbangan hukum hakim dalam menjatuhkan pemidanaan terhadap tindak pidana perbuatan tidak menyenangkan dalam putusan nomor 755/pid.b/2014/pn.mks. a. keterangan saksi-saksi dari hasil pemeriksaan sidang pengadilan diperoleh faktafakta melalui keterangan saksi, keterangan terdakwa, surat, dan barang bukti sebagai berikut : saksi a charge : 1. saksi hasnah ; umur 53 tahun, tempat lahir di ujungpandang tanggal 05 november 1960, agama islam, suku makassar, kewarganegaraan indonesia, pendidikan terakhir smp (berijasah), pekerjaan ibu rumahtangga, alamat jl. jaya dg. nanring no.02 kel. barombong kec. tamalate kota makassar. dibawah sumpah memberikan keterangan didepan persidangan yang pada pokoknya menerangkan sebagai berikut : issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap tindak pidana pengancaman yang dilakukan secara bersama-sama i al furqon page 126 bahwa pada hari jumat tanggal 15 desember 2013 sekira jam 09.30 wita bertempat di jl. jaya dg. nanring kel. baromong kec. tamalate kota makassartelah terjadi pengancaman yang dilakukan oleh terdakwa dg. ruma dan dg. naba; bahwa ketika saksi hasnah berada di rumah keluarga ibu mertuanya bersama suaminya saksi muh. said, tidak lama kemudian datang terdakwa dg. ruma dan dg. naba keduanya berdiri diluar pekarangan rumah saksi dan berteriak dengan mengatakan, “keluar mako saya bunuhko sundala taibaro”. dan saksi hasnah melihat terdakwa dg. naba membawa parang panjang yang dipegang tangan kanannya, sedangkan terdakwa dg. ruma mengatakan, “anak sundala suluko punna rewako erotongko kubalukan”, dengan membawa sebilah badik di tangan kanannya dan kedua terdakwa tersebut mengeluarkan kata-kata tersebut secaara berulangulang, dan ada salah seorang yang menasehati terdakwa untuk pulang sehingga kedua terdakwa pulang saat itu; bahwa penyeab terdakwa melakukan pengancaman adalah sehubungan dengan terdakwa dg. naba memasang papan bicara diatas tanah garapan milik orangtua saksi yang berbatasan dengan tanah garapan terdakwa dg ruma dan saksi menegur dg naba dengan mengatakan, “tidak salah ji itu?” dan tersangka dg naba mengatakan, “apa anak sundala erotongko kubalukang”. sehingga saksi menduga berawal dari kejadian itulah sehinggah terdakwa dg naba dan terdakwa dg ruma marah pada saksi dan keluarganya. atas keterangan saksi tersebut, terdakwa membantahnya. 2. saksi muh said ; umur 53 tahun, lahir makassar tanggal 06 juli 1960, agama islam, suku makassar, kewarganegaraan indonesia, pendidikan terakhir sma, pekerjaan pns, alamat jl. jaya dg. nanring no.02 kel. barombong kec. tamalate kota makassar. dibawah sumpah memberikan keterangan didepan persidangan yang pada pokoknya menerangkan sebagai berikut : issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap tindak pidana pengancaman yang dilakukan secara bersama-sama i al furqon page 127 bahwa pada hari jumat tanggal 15 desember 2013 sekira jam 09.30 wita bertempat di jl. jaya dg. nanring kel. baromong kec. tamalate kota makassartelah terjadi pengancaman yang dilakukan oleh terdakwa dg. ruma dan dg. naba; bahwa ketika saksi muh. said berada di rumah keluarga ibunya bersama istrinya saksi hasnah, tidak lama kemudian datang terdakwa dg. ruma dan dg naba keduanya berdiri diluar pekarangan rumah saksi dan berteriak dengan mengatakan, “keluar mako saya bunuhko sundala taibaro”. dan saksi muh. said melihat terdakwa dg. naba membawa parang panjang yang dipegang tangan kanannya, sedangkan terdakwa dg. ruma mengatakan, “anak sundala suluko punna rewako erotongko kubalukan”, dengan membawa sebilah badik di tangan kanannya dan kedua terdakwa tersebut mengeluarkan kata-kata tersebut secaara berulangulang, dan ada salah seorang yang menasehati terdakwa untuk pulang sehingga kedua terdakwa pulang saat itu; bahwa penyeab terdakwa melakukan pengancaman adalah sehubungan dengan terdakwa dg. naba memasang papan bicara diatas tanah garapan milik orangtua saksi yang berbatasan dengan tanah garapan terdakwa dg ruma dan saksi menegur dg naba dengan mengatakan, “tidak salah ji itu?” dan tersangka dg naba mengatakan, “apa anak sundala erotongko kubalukang”. sehingga saksi menduga berawal dari kejadian itulah sehinggah terdakwa dg naba dan terdakwa dg ruma marah pada saksi dan keluarganya. atas keterangan saksi tersebut, terdakwa membantahnya. 3. saksi jamaluddin bin mappa dg siama; umur 68 tahun, lahir di bulu gowa tanggal 17 september 1948, agama islam, warganegara indonesia, pekerjaan wiraswasta, pendidikan terakhir sd (berijasah), alamat jl. dusun bonto pajja kel. lembangparang kab. gowa. dibawah sumpah memberikan keterangan didepan persidangan yang pada pokoknya menerangkan sebagai berikut : issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap tindak pidana pengancaman yang dilakukan secara bersama-sama i al furqon page 128 bahwa pada hari jumat tanggal 15 desember 2013 sekira jam 09.30 wita bertempat di jl. jaya dg. nanring kel. baromong kec. tamalate kota makassartelah terjadi pengancaman yang dilakukan oleh terdakwa dg. ruma dan dg. naba; bahwa saat kejadian saksi berada di dalam rumah saksi said, sementara saksi said dan saksi hasnah berada di rumah orangtuanya di rumah sebelah; bahwa saksi melihat para terdakwa mengamuk dan marah-marah didepan rumah saksi dengan jarak sekitar 3 (tiga) meter dari jalan/halaman; bahwa saksi mendengar para terdakwa marah-marah dan mengatakan, “sundala kongkong, sulukomae teurewaya” kemudian sambil berjalan mengatakan, “sulumeko said, nanah punna rewako”, bahwa saksi melihat tedakwa dg ruma membawa sebilah badik, sedangkan terdakwa dg naba membawa sebilah parang panjang; bahwa para terdakwa tidak melihat keberadaan saksi karena saksi berada di dalam rumah tersebut. atas keterangan saksi tersebut, para terdakwa membatahnya. saksi ad charge 1. saksi nurlia; umur 35 tahun, lahir di ujung kassi, agama islam, suku makassar, kewarganegaraan indonesia, pendidikan terakhir smp (berijasah), pekerjaan ibu rumah tangga, alamat jl. ujung kassi desa aeng batu-batu kec. galesong utara. dibawah sumpah memberikan keterangan didepan persidangan yang pada pokoknya menerangkan sebagai berikut: bahwa antara para terdakwa dan saksi adalah saudara sepupu; bahwa pada hari jumat tanggal 15 desember 2013 sekira jam 07.00 wita para terdakwa mendatangi lokasi tanah miliknya dan melihat bahwa patok tanah miliknya telah dicabut oleh orang yang tidak diketahui; issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap tindak pidana pengancaman yang dilakukan secara bersama-sama i al furqon page 129 bahwa kemudian para terdakwa mencari patok tanah tersebut dan tidak menemukannya, sementara saksi nurlia mengikuti para terdakwa dibelakangnya; bahwa karena tidak menemukan patok tanah miliknya dan tidak menemukan orang yang mencabut patok tersebut, para terdakwa lalu pulang ke rumahnya, demikian juga dengan saksi nurlia; bahwa jarak antara lokasi tanah para terdakwa dengan rumah para terdakwa sekira 30 (tiga puluh) meter; bahwa dari lokasi tanah untuk pulang ke rumah terdakwa tidak melewati rumah saksi hasnah dan saksi said. 2. saksi aminah; umur 30 tahun, tempat lahir di ujung kassi, agama islam, suku makassar, kewarganegaraan indonesia, pendidikan terakhir smp (berijasah), pekerjaan karyawan swasta, alamat bonto kapetta, barombong. dibawah sumpah memberikan keterangan didepan persidangan yang pada pokoknya menerangkan sebagai berikut: bahwa pada hari jumat tanggal 15 desember 2013 sekira jam 07.00 wita para terdakwa mendatangi lokasi tanah miliknya dan melihat bahwa patok tanah miliknya telah dicabut oleh orang yang tidak diketahui; bahwa kemudian para terdakwa mencari patok tanahnya yang dicabut oleh orang yang tidak diketahuinya, di sekitar lokasi tanah tersebut, namun para terdakwa tidak menghiraukannya; bahwa sebelumnya ada permasalahan antara para terdakwa dengan saksi hasnah dan saksi said yaitu soal tanah milik nenek mereka yang sedang bersengketa; bahwa pada saat kejadian, saksi aminah bersama-sama dengan para terdakwa berada di lokasi tanah yang di patok oleh terdakwa; bahwa setelah kejadian, saksi aminah ikut pulang kerumahnya bersama-sama dengan para terdakwa dan para terdakwa tidak ke rumah saksi hasnah; bahwa rumah para terdakwa dengan saksi berdekatan; issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap tindak pidana pengancaman yang dilakukan secara bersama-sama i al furqon page 130 bahwa pada saat kejadian saksi aminah melihat para terdakwa tidak membawa alat apa-apa. b. pertimbangan hakim dalam putusan. 1. menimbang, bahwa terdakwa diajukan di persidangan oleh jaksa penuntut umum dengan dakwaan sebagaimana dalam surat dakwaan no.reg.perk.pdm292/mks/ep/05/2014 tanggal 20 maret 2014 yaitu melanggar sebagaimana dalam dakwaan pasal 335 ayat (1) kuhp jo pasal 55 ayat (1) ke-1 kuhp; 2. menimbang, bahwa setelah surat dakwaan dibacakan oleh jaksa penuntut umum, atas pertanyaan majelis terdakwa menyatakan mengerti dan tidak keberatan atas dakwaan tersebut; 3. menimbang, bahwa selanjutnya jaksa penuntut umum mengajukan saksi-saksi dalam persidangan yang terdiri dari: saksi 1. hasnah dan 2. muh. said telah memberikan keterangan bahwa sumpah sesuai apa yang diberikan didepan penyidik dan keterangannya telah termuat dalam berita acara persidangan dimana keterangannya tersebut telah dibenarkan oleh terdakwa 4. menimbang, bahwa terdakwa dipersidangan telah memberikan keterangan yang pada pokokny mengakui perbuatannya dan keterangan tersebut telah termuat dalam berita acara; 5. menimbang, bahwa berdasarkan keterangan saksi-saksi yang saling bersesuaian dengan keterangan terdakwa serta barang bukti, maka unsur-unsur yang mendukung dalam pasal dakwaan jaksa penuntut umum telah terpenuhi oleh perbuatan terdakwa; 6. menimbang, bahwa oleh karena semua unsure-unsur dalam rumusan delik telah terpenuhi, maka para terdakwa dinyatakan terbukti menurut hukum, dan majelis yakin terdakwa telah melakukan perbuatan sebagaimana dalam dakwaan jaksa penuntut umum; 7. menimbang, bahwa majelis tidak melihat adanya lasan penghapus pidana baik alas an pemaaf maupun lasan pembenar dalam perbuatan terdakwa tersebut sehingga perbuatan terdakwa dapat dipertanggungjawabkan kepadanya; issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap tindak pidana pengancaman yang dilakukan secara bersama-sama i al furqon page 131 8. menimbang, bahwa karena terbukti bersalah maka terdakwa akan dijatuhi pidana yang dipandang setimpal dengan perbuatannya dengan memperhatikan hal-hal yang memberatkan dan meringankan sebagai berikut :hal-hal yang memberatkan : a. perbuatan terdakwa mengancam diri sendiri; hal-hal yang meringankan: b. terdakwa mengakui perbuatannya; c. terdakwa sopan di persidangan; 9. menimbang, bahwa masa tahanan terdakwa harus diperhitungkan seluruhnya dari masa tahanan yang dijatuhkan 10. menimbang,bahwa status tahanan terdakwa harus dipertahankan; 11. menimbang bahwa karena terbukti bersalah maka terdakwa dibebani pula membayar biaya perkara; c. analisis penulis pertimbangan hukum oleh hakim dalam menjatuhkan putusan harus mencerminkan rasa keadilan masyarakat, yakni tidak hanya berdasarkan pertimbangan yuridisnya tetapi juga pertimbangan sosiologisnya yang mengarah pada latar belakang terjadinya kejahatan. hakim dituntut untuk mempunyai keyakinan dan mengaitkan keyakinan itu dengan cara dan alat-alat bukti yang sah serta menciptakan hukum sendiri yang tentunya tidak bertentangan dengan pancasila sebagai sumber dari segala hukum di indonesia. secara yuridis, pertimbangan hukum hakim dalam menjatuhkan putusan pemidanaan terhadap seseorang didasarkan pada pasal 183 undang-undang nomor 8 tahun 1981 tentang kitab undang-undang hukum acara pidana (kuhap) yang menentukan sebagai berikut: “hakim tidak boleh menjatuhkan pidana kepada seseorang kecuali apabila dengan sekurang-kurangnya dua alat bukti yang sah ia memperoleh keyakinan bahwa suatu tindak pidana benarbenar terjadi dan bahwa terdakwalah yang bersalah melakukannya”. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap tindak pidana pengancaman yang dilakukan secara bersama-sama i al furqon page 132 dalam pertimbangan putusan perkara nomor 755/pid.b/2014/pn.mks dinyatakan bahwa putusan didasarkan pada surat dakwaan jaksa penuntut umumno.reg. perk.pdm292/mks/ep/05/2014 tanggal 20 maret 2014. selanjutnya pada persidangan dihadapkan beberapa saksi yang didengar keterangannya di bawah sumpah (saksi hasnah, muh. said, jamaluddin, abd haris dan hamja dg rani), serta keterangan terdakwa yang juga membenarkan seluruh keterangan saksi-saksi tersebut. berdasarkan putusan nomor 755/pid.b/2014/pn.mks.dengan terdakwa ramli siga dg ruma dan saharuddin dg naba maka penulis berpendapat bahwa pertimbangan hakim dalam menjatuhkan pemidanaan telah tepat karena hakim dalam perkara tersebut menjatuhkan pemidanaan berdasarkan keterangan saksi dan keterangan terdakwa yang menurut pasal 185 kuhap merupakan alat bukti yang sah. keterangan saksi dan keterangan terdakwa tersebut juga saling berkesesuaian sehingga hakim kemudian memperoleh keyakinan bahwa tindak pidana perbuatan tidak menyenangkan sebagaimana diatur dan diancam pidana dalam pasal 335 ayat (1) kuhp jo pasal 55 ayat (1) ke-1 kuhp benar-benar terjadi dan terdakwalah yang dipersalahkan melakukannya. pertimbangan hakim putusan perkara nomor 755/pid.b/2014/pn.mks.dengan demikian, ketentuan pasal 183 kuhap telah terpenuhi. berdasarkan putusan perkara nomor: 755/pid.b/2014/pn.mks. menyatakan bahwa terdakwa ramli siga dg ruma dan saharuddin dg naba telah terbukti secara sah menurut hukum melanggar pasal 335 ayat (1) kuhp yaitu dengan sengaja melakukan pengancaman secara melawan hukum dan pasal 55 ayat (1) ke-1 kuhp yaitu melakukan tindak pidana secara bersama-sama. terdakwa dijatuhi hukuman penjara selama 3 (tiga) bulan. hukuman yang dijatuhkan majelis hakim terhadap terdakwa relatif ringan. menurut penulis seharusnya majelis hakim menjatuhkan pidana yang sesuai dengan peraturan perundangundangan yang berlaku. hukuman yang ringan ini tidak menjamin bahwa terdakwa maupun masyarakat sekitar tidak lagi melakukan perbuatan sebagaimana yang dimaksud dalam putusan nomor: 755/pid.b/2014/pn.mks. padahal issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap tindak pidana pengancaman yang dilakukan secara bersama-sama i al furqon page 133 tujuan utama dari penjatuhan hukum adalah agar terdakwa tidak lagi mengulangi perbuatannya, dan juga masyarakat sekitar tidak berani lagi melakukan perbuatan yang sama dengan alasan bahwa hukuman yang dijatuhkan oleh hakim sangat berat. d. penutup berdasarkan uraian penulis, maka penulis dapat berkesimpulan sebagai berikut: 1. semua unsur tindak pidana pengancaman yang dilakukan oleh kedua terdakwa telah sesuasi dengan unsur-unsur yang terdapat dalam pasal 335 kuhp beserta pasal 55 ayat (1) kuhp. hal ini terlihat dari terpenuhinya semua unsur-unsur tersebut sesuai dengan pasal yang didakwakan pada terdakwa. pasal yang didakwakan yaitu pasal 335 ayat (1) kuhp. dengan terpenuhinya unsur-unsur tersebut dan melihat penerapan hukum pidana terhadap tindak pidana pengancaman, maka terdakwa harus mempertanggungjawabkan perbuatannya sesuai dengan putusan yang dijatuhkan oleh hakim pengadilan negeri makassar dengan pidana penjara 3 (tiga) bulan dan membayar biaya perkara. 2. dalam memutuskan perkara hakim pengadilan negeri makassar mempunyai pertimbangan yang cukup banyak, mulai dari tuntutan jaksa penuntut umum, keterangan saksi, keterangan terdakwa, serta terpenuhinya unsur-unsur sesuai dengan pasal yang didakwakan, serta hal-hal yang memberatkan dan meringankan. sehingga terdakwa dipidana dengan penjara selama 3 (tiga) bulan dan membayar biaya perkara, tidak sepenuhnya mengandung kemanfaatan hukum. mengingat tindakan yang dilakukan oleh kedua terdakwa, maka menurut penulis, pidana yang dijatuhkan oleh majelis hakim dinilai sangat ringan. daftar pustaka ali, achmad. 2002. menguak tabir hukum. jakarta: pt. toko gunung agung. chazawi, adami. 2012. hukum pidana bagian i. jakarta: pt. raja grafindo persada. ______________. 2011. pelajaran hukum pidana 3. jakarta: raja grafindo persada. farid, andi zainal abidin. 2007. hukum pidana bagian i. jakarta: sinar grafika. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap tindak pidana pengancaman yang dilakukan secara bersama-sama i al furqon page 134 hamzah, andi. 1993. sistem pidana dan pemidanaan indonesia. jakarta: pt. pradnya paramita. hamzah, andi. 1994. asas asas hukum pidana. bandung: pt. rineka cipta. ____________. 2008. hukum acara pidana indonesia. jakarta: sinar grafika. lamintang, p.a.f. 2011. dasar-dasar hukum pidana indonesia. bandung: pt. citra aditya bakti. lamintang, p.a.f. 1997. delik-delik khusus. bandung: bina cipta. marpaung, leden. 2009. azas-teori-praktek hukum pidana. jakarta: sinar grafika. muladi. 1992. teori-teori dan kebijakan pidana. bandung: alumn issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 26 kewenangan pemerintah daerah dalam menentukan harga jual dalam transaksi jual beli tanah dan atau bangunan i tis’at afriyandi kewenangan pemerintah daerah dalam menentukan harga jual dalam transaksi jual beli tanah dan atau bangunan tis’at afriyandi magister hukum universitas airlangga surabaya abstrak bisnis properti tanah, rumah, dan bangunan merupakan suatu aktivitas bisnis yang mulai banyak diminati oleh masyarakat. mengingat tanah dan bangunan merupakan benda tidak bergerak, maka terdapat ketentuan-ketentuan yang harus dilakukan oleh para pihak sebelum proses peralihan haknya. dalam proses jual beli tanah dan atau bangunan menimbulkan kewajiban pajak bagi masing-masing pihak. sebagaimana amanat dari undang-undang no. 28 tahun 2008 tentang pajak daerah dan retribusi daerah, pihak pembeli dibebankan bphtb sebesar 5% dari harga transaksi yang telah disepakati. kesepakatan para pihak dalam menentukan harga transaksi harus pula memperhatikan nilai wajar yang berpedoman pada nilai njop tanah dan atau bangunan pada saat terjadi transaksi. pemerintah daerah sebagai pemungut pajak dapat melakukan proses validasi perhitungan bphtb yang telah dibayarkan oleh pembeli. dengan adanya proses validasi bphtb ini pemerintah daerah memiliki wewenang untuk melakukan penelitian perhitungan dan penelitian lapangan terkait objek jual beli tersebut. proses validasi bphtb ini dapat mempengaruhi harga transaksi jual beli karena dianggap harga transaksi yang disepakati masih terlalu rendah dari harga pasar. keywords: jual beli tanah dan atau bangunan, harga transaksi, bphtb, wewenang pemerintah daerah a. pendahuluan bisnis properti merupakan suatu aktivitas bisnis yang mulai diminati oleh sebagian masyarakat pada saat ini. diantara jenis properti yang banyak diminati oleh masyarakat adalah tanah, rumah, dan bangunan. hal tersebut dikarenakan jenis properti ini sangat relevan dan memiliki prospek yang bagus untuk dikelola dan dikembangkan. properti bukan hanya digunakan untuk masyarakat dalam berbisnis, namun juga untuk kebutuhan investasi seperti tempat tinggal. issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 27 kewenangan pemerintah daerah dalam menentukan harga jual dalam transaksi jual beli tanah dan atau bangunan i tis’at afriyandi memiliki properti tentu tidak didapat dengan harga yang murah. meskipun dengan harga yang selangit, namun keinginan masyarakat untuk memiliki aset properti berupa tanah atau bangunan masih tetap saja tinggi. dalam memperoleh properti bukan hal yang mudah, ada ketentuan-ketentuan yang harus dilakukan oleh para pihak yang berkepentingan. mengingat tanah dan bangunan merupakan benda tidak bergerak, sehingga cara perolehannya tidak seperti dalam aktivitas jual beli barang bergerak yang hanya sebatas penyerahan barang dari penjual ke pembeli. jual beli tidak serta merta terjadi begitu saja, namun para pihak terlebih dahulu harus benar-benar mendapat kesepakatan tentang objek dan harga. kesepakatan merupakan sebuah landasan seseorang yang nantinya akan melahirkan suatu perjanjian. dengan adanya kesepakatan tersebut maka suatu transaksi dapat terjadi. seperti halnya dalam proses jual beli, kesepakatan antara penjual dan pembeli terkait objek jual beli maupun harga merupakan hal penting untuk lahirnya suatu perjanjian yang akan menimbulkan hak dan kewajiban bagi para pihak. hal ini berarti bahwa jika salah satu pihak tidak memperoleh kesepakatan maka transaksi jual beli tidak mungkin dapat terjadi, sehingga perjanjian tentu tidak akan lahir. sepakat yang dibangun para kontraktan dalam transaksi jual beli, pada pokoknya berintikan pada sesuatu benda tertentu dengan sejumlah harga yang pasti. suatu hubungan hukum, mana kala dari situ tertengarai ada benda dan ada harga, itulah perjanjian jual beli. tanpa ada unsur keduanya benda dan harga, maka hubungan hukum yang bersangkutan, bukan merupakan perjanjian jual beli (moch isnaeni, hlm.27). ketika para pihak yang membuat suatu perjanjian telah memenuhi unsurunsur yang disebutkan dalam pasal 1320 bw tersebut, maka perjanjian yang dibuat telah sah secara hukum, dan mengikat antara kedua belah pihak. kesepakatan mengenai harga dan objek jual beli ini merupakan tahap awal sebelum akhirnya dilakukan pembuatan akta jual beli di hadapan ppat. tahapan ini dikenal dengan proses perjanjian pengikatan jual beli (ppjb). dalam tahap ini, para pihak bebas dalam menentukan harga. para pihak memiliki kebebasan untuk menyatakan kehendaknya pada tingkat jumlah berapa yang diajukan kepada masing-masing pihak (asas kebebasan berkontrak). namun saat menyatakan kehendak berujud sejumlah nominal tertentu, mestinya para pihak juga wajib menjaga angka pagu yang patut dan issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 28 kewenangan pemerintah daerah dalam menentukan harga jual dalam transaksi jual beli tanah dan atau bangunan i tis’at afriyandi wajar, paling tidak selaras dengan fluktuasi pasar (prinsip itikad baik). mana kala harga yang diajukan para pihak menemukan persamaan, lalu disepakati, inilah prinsip konsesualisme, yang kemudian akan dipergunakan oleh para pihak untuk melangkah selanjutnya, baik dalam melunasi pembayaran ataupun perbuatan melakukan penyerahan. proses jual beli tanah dan bangunan menimbulkan beban kewajiban pajak bagi para pihak yang harus dibayarkan kepada pemerintah. pajak merupakan alat bagi pemerintah dalam mencapai tujuan untuk mendapatkan penerimaan guna membiayai pengeluaran rutin serta pembangunan sosial dan ekonomi masyarakat sehingga pajak dikatakan sebagai suatu kewajiban warga negara untuk membiayai berbagai keperluan negara berupa pembangunan nasional yang pelaksanaannya di atur dalam undangundang perpajakan. pajak untuk pembeli akan dikenakan bea perolehan hak atas tanah dan atau bangunan (bphtb), dasar pengenaan bphtb untuk pembeli ini dalam undang-undang no. 28 tahun 2009 tentang pajak daerah dan retribusi daerah, sebagaimana tercantum dalam pasal 85. kemudian untuk tarif besarannya ditetapkan sebesar 5 %, yang tertuang dalam pasal 88, yaitu: (1) tarif bea perolehan hak atas tanah dan bangunan ditetapkan paling tinggi sebesar 5% (lima persen). (2) tarif bea perolehan hak atas tanah dan bangunan ditetapkan dengan peraturan daerah. dalam pasal 87 ayat (1) undang-undang nomor 28 tahun 2009 tentang pajak daerah dan retribusi daerah selanjutnya ditulis uu pdrd diatur bahwa dasar pengenaan bea perolehan hak atas tanah dan atau bangunan (bphtb) adalah nilai perolehan objek pajak (npop). selanjutnya diatur bahwa penentuan npop berbedabeda tergantung transaksi yang terjadi. untuk transaksi jual beli diatur bahwa npop adalah harga transaksi (harga yang tertulis dalam akte jual beli). pasal 87 ayat (3) uu pdrd mengatur bahwa apabila harga transaksi tidak diketahui atau lebih rendah dari njop yang digunakan dalam pengenaan pbb pada tahun terjadinya perolehan, dasar pengenaan yang dipakai adalah njop pbb. issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 29 kewenangan pemerintah daerah dalam menentukan harga jual dalam transaksi jual beli tanah dan atau bangunan i tis’at afriyandi permasalahan yang sering terjadi adalah adanya pencantuman harga transaksi yang tidak sesuai dengan yang sebenarnya. hal ini terjadi justru karena masih rendahnya penetapan njop jika dibandingkan dengan harga pasar tanah dilokasi tersebut. sebenarnya hal tersebut telah disadari oleh fiskus (saat ini pemda), sehingga sebelum bphtb dibayar oleh wajib pajak, dilakukan validasi atas surat setoran bphtb (ssb). hal ini dilakukan karena mereka kurang yakin dengan harga transaksi yang tertera dalam akta jual beli. untuk mencari solusi atas permasalahan tersebut, beberapa daerah telah menetapkan nilai pasar tersendiri (diluar njop). penentuan nilai pasar tersebut dipakai sebagai pedoman penentuan harga transaksi apabila terjadi kasus seperti tersebut di atas. hal inilah yang sering membuat masyarakat wajib pajak menjadi bingung, seolah-olah fiskus menentukan harga transaksi tersendiri. penentuan harga transaksi yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah daerah setelah dilakukan proses validasi bphtb yang dirasa harga transaksi tidak layak padahal para pihak telah menyepakati harga transaksi yang didasarkan pada njop yang berlaku. pada akhirnya hal tersebut mempengaruhi kesepakatan para pihak yaitu penjual dan pembeli dengan berubahnya nilai transaksi yang telah disepakati sebelumnya. b. metode penelitian penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah dengan menggunajan jenis penelitian hukum normative dipergunakan untuk menyusun penelitian ini. bahanbahan hukum yang akan digunakan diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan.bahan-bahan hukum tersebut terdiri dari bahan hukum primer yaitu: peraturan perundangundangan yang mengatur mengenai yang terkait dan literatur-literatur, karya ilmiah hukum. bahanbahan hukum yang dtersedia dianalisis secara normatif. c. pembahasan dan hasil 1. bea perolehan hak atas tanah dan atau bangunan (bphtb) merupakan pajak daerah dengan lahirnya undang-undang no. 28 tahun 2009 tentang pajak daerah dan retribusi daerah diatur lebih banyak mengenai kewenangan pemerintah daerah dalam memungut pajak dan retribusi untuk meningkatkan pendapatan daerah, yang issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 30 kewenangan pemerintah daerah dalam menentukan harga jual dalam transaksi jual beli tanah dan atau bangunan i tis’at afriyandi sebelumnya pemungutan pajak tersebut hanya dilakukan oleh pemerintah pusat dalam hal ini direktur jenderal pajak. dalam undang-undang ini ditentukan mengenai pembagian jenis pajak daerah, yang mana tercantum dalam pasal 2 undang-undang no. 28 tahun 2009, yaitu : (1) jenis pajak provinsi terdiri atas: a. pajak kendaraan bemotor; b. bea balik nama kendaraan bermotor; c. pajak bahan bakar kendaraan bermotor; d. pajak air permukaan; dan e. pajak rokok. (2) jenis pajak kabupaten/kota terdiri atas : a. pajak hotel; b. pajak restoran; c. pajak hiburan; d. pajak reklame; e. pajak penerangan jalan; f. pajak mineral bukan logam dan batuan; g. pajak parkir; h. pajak air tanah; i. pajak sarang burung walet; j. pajak bumi dan bangunan perdesaan dan perkotaan; k. bea perolehan hak atas tanah dan bangunan. dengan adanya undang-undang no. 28 tahun 2009 tentang pajak daerah dan retribusi daerah menjadikan bea perolehan hak atas tanah dan bangunan tergolong dalam pajak daerah yang mana pemungutanya dilakukan oleh pemerintah daerah. bphtb merupakan pajak yang dikenakan atas perolehan hak atas tanah dan bangunan berdasarkan ketentuan undang-undang nomor 21 tahun 1997 tentang bphtb, yang kemudian diadakan perubahan dengan undang-undang nomor 20 tahun 2000. sebelum adanya undang-undang nomor 28 tahun 2009, bphtb merupakan pajak pusat yang penerimaannya dibagikan kembali kepada pemerintah daerah melalui bagi hasil ke issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 31 kewenangan pemerintah daerah dalam menentukan harga jual dalam transaksi jual beli tanah dan atau bangunan i tis’at afriyandi pemerintah daerah, akan tetapi setelah ditetapkannya undang-undang nomor 28 tahun 2009 maka bphtb telah resmi menjadi pajak daerah. tujuan dari adanya pengalihan bphtb tidak lain adalah untuk meningkatkan kemandirian daerah dan pembangunan daerah dalam hal pengelolaan keuangan. dengan tujuan seperti itu maka diharapkan dengan dialihkannya bphtb menjadi pajak daerah, maka kemampuan daerah dalam hal penggalian sumber dana akan semakin baik, serta pendapatan yang bersumber dari pajak daerah terutama bphtb, proporsinya semakin besar. 2. sistem pemungutan pajak bea perolehan hak atas tanah dan bangunan (bphtb) berdasarkan tata cara pemungutan pajak yang dituangkan dalam pasal 96 uu pdrd bahwa “setiap wajib pajak membayar pajak yang terutang berdasarkan surat ketetapan pajak atau dibayar sendiri oleh wajib pajak berdasarkan peraturan perundangundangan perpajakan”, dapat dianalisa mengenai sistem pemungutan pajak daerah menggunakan 2 sistem yaitu: 1. official assessment system pajak yang terutang dibayarkan berdasarkan surat ketetapan pajak, hal ini dimaksudkan bahwa pemungutan pajak untuk menentukan besarnya pajak terutang ditentukan oleh pemerintah daerah dalam hal ini adalah kepala daerah sebagai fiskus. sedangkan wajib pajak bersifat pasif meunggu surat ketetapan pajak dari fiskus. 2. self assessment system pajak yang terutang dibayar sendiri oleh wajib pajak berdasarkan peraturan perundang-undangan perpajakan. dalam sistem ini wajib pajak mendaftarkan diri, menghitung, memperhitungkan, membayar/ menyetor, dan melaporkan sendiri jumlah pajak yang terutang dengan surat pemberitahuan pajak daerah. wajib pajak harus bersifat aktif dan pemerintah daerah sebagai fiskus bersifat pasif, yakni hanya melakukan penyuluhan, pengawasan, dan pemeriksaan dalam rangka uji kepatuhan dari laporan wajib pajak atas jumlah pajak yang terutang. kemudian apabila dalam pelaksanaan pemungutan pajak ternyata wajib pajak yang diberi kepercayaan untuk menghitung, memperhitungkan, menyetor, dan issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 32 kewenangan pemerintah daerah dalam menentukan harga jual dalam transaksi jual beli tanah dan atau bangunan i tis’at afriyandi melaporkan sendiri jumlah pajak yang terutang tidak memenuhi kewajiban perpajakan sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundangan yang berlaku, maka atas dasar tersebut dapat diterbitkan surat ketetapan pajak daerah kurang bayar dan atau surat ketetapan pajak daerah kurang bayar tambahan sebagai sarana untuk melakukan penagihan pajak yang terutang. pemungutan bea perolehan hak atas tanah dan bangunan yang merupakan pajak daerah, tata cara yang digunakan oleh wajib pajak dalam pemenuhan kewajibannya berdasarkan sistem self assessment, yaitu wajib pajak menghitung dan membayar sendiri utang pajaknya. dengan sistem self assessment ini, khususnya pada bphtb, diharapkan masyarakat dapat dengan mudah memenuhi kewajiban pajaknya dan meningkatkan kesadaran pajak masyarakat, terutama pajak yang timbul pada saat terjadinya perolehan hak atas tanah dan bangunan. ketentuan mengenai bphtb yang dituangkan dalam undang-undang pajak daerah dan retribusi daerah tersebut tentu saja sangat memudahkan bagi wajib pajak dalam melakukan perhitungan pajak terutang ketika akan melakukan transaksi jual beli tanah dan bangunan, wajib pajak dalam hal ini adalah penjual dan pembeli sudah dapat menentukan besarnya pajak yang akan dibayarkan sesuai dengan nominal transaksi yang telah disepakati. dengan demikian perhitungan yang dilakukan oleh wajib pajak tidak sembarangan namun didasarkan pada peraturan yang telah ditetapkan dalam undang-undang. 3. kewenangan pemerintah daerah dalam pemungutan bea perolehan hak atas tanah dan bangunan (bphtb) undang-undang nomor 32 tahun 2004 tentang pemerintahan daerah dirasa masih belum maksimal dalam melaksanakan pembangunan di daerah dan dirasa sudah tidak relevan lagi terhadap perkembangan yang terjadi di daerah, sehingga perlu dilakukan suatu perubahan dalam rangka optimalisasi penyelenggaraan pemerintahan daerah. pada akhirnya pemerintah mengeluarkan undang-undang no. 23 tahun 2014 tentang pemerintah daerah untuk mengganti undang-undang nomor 32 tahun 2004. diharapkan dengan adanya undang-undang tersebut wewenang pemerintah daerah akan lebih maksimal dalam proses pembangunan daerah karena wewenang pemerintah issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 33 kewenangan pemerintah daerah dalam menentukan harga jual dalam transaksi jual beli tanah dan atau bangunan i tis’at afriyandi daerah diperluas lagi dengan adanya wewenang pemerintah kabupaten/kota, karena sebelumnya wewenang pemerintah daerah sebatas pada wewenang pemerintah provinsi. kewenangan dapat diperoleh dari tiga sumber, yaitu atribusi, delegasi dan mandate. kewenangan atribusi lazim digariskan melalui pembagian kekuasaan negara yang diatur dalam undang-undang dasar, sedang delegasi dan mandate merupakan suatu kewenangan yang berasal dari pelimpahan. perbedaan antara kewenangan berdasarkan delegasi dan mandat menurut philipus m hadjon adalah terletak pada prosedur pelimpahannya, tanggung jawab dan tanggung gugatnya serta kemungkinan dipergunakannya kembali kewenangan tersebut (suriansyah murhaini, 2016:21). kewenangan pemungutan dan pengelolaan dari bphtb sebagai salah satu jenis pajak daerah yang menurut undang-undang tentang pajak daerah dan retribusi daerah, yang lama merupakan kewenangan pemerintah pusat untuk memungut dan mengelolanya, maka berlakunya undang-undang no. 28 tahun 2009 adalah hal yang penting bagi daerah-daerah untuk menyambutnya serta melengkapinya dalam bentuk perda tentang pajak daerah dan retribusi daerah. pemerintah daerah memperoleh kewenangan untuk membentuk peraturan daerah dalam tentang bea perolehan hak atas tanah dan bangunan yang menjadi dasar dalam pemungutan. pembentukan peraturan daerah tersebut merupakan amanat dari undang-undang no. 28 tahun 2009 tentang pajak daerah dan retribusi daerah. 4. prosedur validasi penentuan harga jual objek transaksi sebagai dasar pengenaan bea perolehan hak atas tanah dan bangunan (bphtb) oleh pemerintah daerah melalui verifikasi lapangan nilai jual objek pajak atau njop menurut undang-undang no. 28 tahun 2009 adalah adalah harga rata-rata yang diperoleh dari transaksi jual beli yang terjadi secara wajar, dan bilamana tidak terdapat transaksi jual beli, njop ditentukan melalui perbandingan harga dengan objek lain yang sejenis, atau nilai perolehan baru, atau njop pengganti. dalam menetapkan njop diatur dalam pasal 79 sebagaimana jangka waktu penetapan njop, pemerintah daerah dalam hal ini adalah kepala daerah dilakukan setiap 3 tahun sekali, kecuali objek pajak tertentu yang besarannya dapat ditetapkan issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 34 kewenangan pemerintah daerah dalam menentukan harga jual dalam transaksi jual beli tanah dan atau bangunan i tis’at afriyandi setiap tahun tergantung perkembangan wilayahnya. penetapan njop dapat dilakukan dengan beberapa cara, yaitu: a. perbandingan harga dengan objek lain yang sejenis, adalah suatu pendekatan/metode penentuan nilai jual suatu objek pajak dengan cara membandingkannya dengan objek pajak lain yang sejenis yang letaknya berdekatan dan fungsinya sama dan telah diketahui harga jualnya. b. nilai perolehan baru, adalah suatu pendekatan/metode penentuan nilai jual suatu objek pajak dengan cara menghitung seluruh biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk memperoleh objek tersebut pada saat penilaian dilakukan, yang dikurangi dengan penyusutan berdasarkan kondisi pisik objek tersebut. c. nilai jual pengganti, adalah suatu pendekatan/metode penentuan nilai jual suatu objek pajak yang berdasarkan pada hasil produksi objek pajak tersebut. pemerintah daerah melakukan penaksiran harga jual sendiri diluar ketentuan njop ketika melakukan proses validasi yang berupa verifikasi lapangan untuk memastikan kebenaran objek jual beli dalam hal ini adalah tanah dan bangunan. pemerintah daerah tidak mempercayai nilai transaksi atas objek jual beli tersebut, pemerintah daerah menganggap nilai transaksi terlalu rendah dari njop. padahal pemerintah daerah sendiri juga yang menetapkan njop terhadap tanah dan bangunan tersebut. proses verifikasi lapangan tersebut tidak diatur dalam undang-undang maupun dalam peraturan daerah. dengan adanya proses verifikasi lapangan yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah daerah dalam menentukan nilai transaksi objek jual beli tersebut, menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum kepada masyarakat yang melakukan transaksi. seharusnya pemerintah dalam melaksanakan kewenangannya harus dilandasi dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang mengatur dengan jelas terkait dengan bphtb. kemudian dengan adanya proses verifikasi lapangan yang berakibat berubahnya nilai bphtb tersebut mengubah sistem pembayaran bea perolehan hak atas tanah dan bangunan, yang seharusnya dilakukan dengan sistem self assessment berubah menjadi sistem official assessment. issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 35 kewenangan pemerintah daerah dalam menentukan harga jual dalam transaksi jual beli tanah dan atau bangunan i tis’at afriyandi 5. akibat hukum penetapan tarif bea perolehan hak atas tanah dan bangunan (bphtb) setelah verifikasi lapangan oleh pemerintah daerah surat ketetapan pajak daerah kurang bayar (skpdkb) yang dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah daerah akibat adanya proses validasi lapangan, sepatutnya tidak dapat dibenarkan, mengingat dalam peraturan perundang-undangan jelas disampaikan bahwa skpdkb dikeluarkan apabila wajib pajak yang diberi kepercayaan menghitung, memperhitungkan, membayar, dan melaporkan sendiri pajak yang terutang tidak memenuhi kewajiban sebagaimana mestinya, bukan karena adanya harga taksiran baru yang ditetapkan oleh pemerintah daerah. dalam pemungutan bphtb pemerintah daerah memiliki kewenangan yang diatur dalam undang-undang, namun dalam penetapan skpdkb yang tidak sesuai dengan kaidah dalam peraturan perundang-undangan perlu digali lagi terkait dengan akibat hukum yang ditimbulkannya apakah berakibat pada batal, dapat dibatalkan, atau batal demi hukum. keputusan yang tidak sah dapat berakibat nietigheid van rechtswege (batal karena hukum), nietig (batal) atau vernietigbaar (dapat dibatalkan). nietig berarti bahwa bagi hukum perbuatan yang dilakukan dianggap tidak ada. konsekwensinya, bagi hukum akibat perbuatan itu dianggap tidak pernah ada. vernietigbaar berarti bagi hukum perbuatan yang dilakukan dan akibatnya dianggap ada sampai waktu pembatalan oleh hakim atau badan lain yang kompeten. nietigheid van rechtswege artinya bagi hukum akibat suatu perbuatan dianggap tidak ada tanpa perlu adanya suatu keputusan yang membatalkan perbuatan tersebut. tindakan pemerintahan dapat berakibat batal karena hukum, batal, atau dapat dibatalkan tergantung pada essentiel-tidaknya kekurangan yang terdapat di dalam keputusan itu. tindakan pemerintah tersebut merupakan hukum administrasi maka berpedoman pada asas vermoeden van rechmatigheid. artinya keputusan organ pemerintah tersebut hanya dapat dibatalkan (vernietigbaar) dan bukan batal atau batal karena hukum. menurut stellinga, keputusan pemerintah selalu tidak boleh dianggap batal karena hukum. lebih lanjut dijelaskan, suatu keputusan tidak pernah boleh dianggap batal karena hukum, baik dalam hal keputusan itu dapat digugat dimuka hakim administrasi issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 36 kewenangan pemerintah daerah dalam menentukan harga jual dalam transaksi jual beli tanah dan atau bangunan i tis’at afriyandi atau banding administrasi, maupun dalam hal kemungkinan untuk menggugat dan untuk memohon banding itu tidak digunakan, demikian juga dalam hal kedua kemungkinan tersebut tidak ada. dalam vernietigbaar, perbuatan hukum adalah sah sampai dinyatakan batal. suatu perbuatan hukum yang dapat dibatalkan adalah suatu perbuatan yang mengandung cacat. selama pihak yang berkepentingan dengan pembatalan itu tidak pernah menyatakan bahwa karena cacat ini perbuatan itu dipandang sebagai tidak sah onrechtmatig, maka tidak bisa dikatakan adanya pembatalan vernietiging. dengan kata lain, ketika ada gugatan dan kemudian gugatan telah mempunyai kekuatan hukum tetap terhitung sejak saat keputusan tata usaha negara itu dinyatakan batal (nietig)(yudhi setiawan, 2008: 3). dalam penentuan harga transaksi melalui proses validasi lapangan yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah merupakan salah satu bentuk tindakan diskresi demi mendorong peningkatan pendapatan asli daerah (pad), namun apabila wewenang yang diperoleh oleh pemerintah daerah jika tidak dilakukan sesuai dengan parameter peraturan perundang-undangan dan aupb akan berpotensi adanya penyalahgunaan wewenang oleh pemerintah daerah. d. penutup berdasarkan uraian di atas dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa kewenangan pemerintah daerah dalam menentukan harga jual dalam transaksi jual beli tanah dan atau bangunan yang dilakukan melalui proses validasi bphtb tidak diatur dalam peraturan perundang-undangan. undang-undang hanya mengatur kewenangan pemungutan bphtb yang merupakan kewenangan pemerintah daerah, sebagaimana diatur dalam undang-undang no. 28 tahun 2009 tentang pajak daerah dan retribusi daerah. proses validasi bphtb yang mengakibatkan perubahan harga transaksi jual beli merupakan tindakan diskresi pemerintah daerah demi meningkatkan pendapatan asli daerah (pad), tetapi tindakan yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah harus tetap mengacu pada asasasas umum pemerintahan yang baik (aupb) agar tidak terjadi penyalahgunaan wewenang yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah daerah. daftar pustaka issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 37 kewenangan pemerintah daerah dalam menentukan harga jual dalam transaksi jual beli tanah dan atau bangunan i tis’at afriyandi ahmadi, w. (2006). sinkronisasi kebijakan pengenaan pajak tanah dengan kebijakan pertanahan di indonesia. yogyakarta: refika aditama. arifin, y. (2013). panduan lengkap mengurus dokumen properti (tanah dan rumah). jogjakarta: diva press. hadjon, p. m, dkk. (2008). pengantar hukum administrasi indonesia. yogyakarta: gajah mada university press. hadjon, p. m, dkk. (2010). hukum administrasi dan good governance. jakarta: universitas trisakti. harahap, m. y. (2006). hukum acara perdata. jakarta: sinar grafika. harsono, b. (2002). hukum agraria indonesia: himpunan peraturan-peraturan hukum tanah. jakarta: djambatan. hermit, h. (2009). teknik penaksiran harga tanah perkotaan teori dan praktek. bandung: mandar maju. hernoko, a. y. (2010). hukum perjanjian asas proporsionalitas dalam kontrak komersial. jakarta: kencana. isnaeni, m. (2016). hukum benda dalam burgerlijk wetbok. surabaya: revka petra media. isnaeni, m. (2016). perjanjian jual beli. bandung: refika aditama. kurniawan, p & agus, p. (2006). pajak daerah dan retribusi daerah di indonesia. malang: bayumedia publishing. mardiasmo. (2016). perpajakan edisi terbaru. yogyarkarta: penerbit andi. marzuki, p. m. (2015). penelitian hukum edisi revisi. jakarta: kencana. marzuki, p. m. (2009). pengantar ilmu hukum, kencana, jakarta. minarno, n. b. (nd). penyelahgunaan wewenang dan tindak pidana korupsi. jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 3 issue 2, june 2019 p-issn : 2528-360x, e-issn : 2621-6159 104 audit of state losses by the gorontalo attorney general in a corruption case suardi rais abstract author’s information: in the process of proving corruption crime, it must fulfill the three elements contained in corruption, one of the elements of which is the loss of state finances as well as the corruption act. to prove the state's loss, the institutions that are authorized to audit the results of state losses will be involved. in this case the supreme audit agency (bpk). as in law no. 15 of 2006 and other institutions regulated outside the constitution, based on circular of the chief of the supreme court number 4 of 2016, and based on the decision of the constitutional court number. 31 / puu-x / 2012. but in some of the decisions of the corruption criminal court, the process of proving the loss of state finances was carried out by the gorontalo high prosecutor's office who did not have the authority to audit state financial losses in cases of corruption. keywords: legal analysis; audit; state losses and corruption fakultas hukum universitas ichsan gorontalo (suardi.rais@gmail.com) doi: https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v3i2. 120 1. introduction in the administration of the state, sometimes the government often acts against the law, so that it triggers the loss of state finances. the state's own financial losses in article 1 number 22 of act number 1 of 2004 concerning state treasury are: "state / regional losses are a reduction in money, securities, and goods that are real and certain in number as a result of unlawful or negligent acts" . based on the above understanding, the elements of state losses can be stated, namely: 1. state loss is a reduction in state finances in the form of valuable money, state property of the amount and / or value that should be. 2. the deficiency in the state finances must be real and certain in number or in other words the loss has actually occurred with the amount of loss that can be determined by the amount, with the amount determined, thus the state's loss is only an indication or in the form of potential loss. 3. the loss is due to unlawful acts, whether intentional or negligent, the element of violating the law must be proven carefully and accurately. state losses from aspects of law number 15 of 2004 concerning examination of management and accountability of state finance can occur in two stages, namely at the stage of funds going to the state treasury and at the stage of funds going out of the state treasury. at the stage of the funds going to the state treasury, it can occur through: tax conspiracies, conspiracy fines, conspiracy to recover losses from state finances and smuggling. whereas at the stage of funds going out of the state treasury, losses occur as a result of: mark up, bad credit, implementation of activities that are not in accordance with the program and others (muhammad djafar saidi, 2013: 113). https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v3i2.120 https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v3i2.120 jurnal hukum volkgeist suardi rais. 3(2): 104-110 105 to overcome the things mentioned above, the government needs to conduct supervision / audit on the use of funds obtained from the state budget for expenditures and expenditures, the regional revenue and expenditure budget and separated state assets that are used by government agencies or other government-owned bodies. understanding of supervision according to the state administration law itself is a process of activities that compares what is carried out carried out, or held it with what is desired, planned, or ordered (adrian sutedi, 2010: 172) the purpose of the supervision is to find out whether the task and work have been done according to the right or not. the form of supervision in the context of management and responsibility of state finances in terms of calculating state financial losses can be in the form of: a. internal monitoring 1. performed by superiors against subordinates in a work environment; 2. inspector general, provincial inspectorate and inspectorate of the city district; 3. financial and development supervisory agency; b. external oversight by the supreme audit agency at this time, what is often a debate is related to the authority of agencies that can calculate and determine the state financial losses. as is known that in the legal process of criminal acts of corruption, the proof must fulfill 3 elements contained in corruption and one of the elements is the existence of state financial losses in accordance with law number 31 of 1999 concerning eradication of corruption crimes as amended and supplemented by lawlaw number 20 of 2001 concerning changes to law number 31 of 2001 concerning eradication of corruption crimes. besides bpk, bpkp and inspektorat. in the practice of law enforcement of the prosecutor's office whose function is as a public prosecutor and as an executor, in fact it often also proves the existence of state financial losses against corruption, even though the prosecutor has the authority to conduct investigations into certain crimes but does not mean the prosecutor can audit state financial losses in decision no. 5 / pid.sustpk / 2018 / pn gto, and decision no. 6 / pid.sus-tpk / 2018 / pn gto. in the decision of the corruption criminal court, the process of proving the loss of state finances was carried out by the gorontalo high prosecutor's office so that the author was interested in explaining who has the authority to audit state financial losses in corruption and know whether the prosecutor has the authority to audit state financial losses against corruption. 2. institutions authorized to audit state financial losses in corruption crimes to find out which institution has the authority to audit losses on state finances, this requires a systematic and comprehensive scientific breakdown based on the entire legal product of the prevailing laws and regulations. so that in the end the conclusions we take are based on full consideration and the objectivity can be accounted for. with this authority, the function of the bpk actually consists of three main areas, namely (jimly asshiddiqie, 2006; 168): a. operative function, namely in the form of examination, supervision, and investigation of mastery, management and management of wealth over the state. jurnal hukum volkgeist suardi rais. 3(2): 104-110 106 b. judicial functions, namely in the form of authority to demand treasury and claims for compensation to treasurers and civil servants not treasurers who because of their actions violate the law or neglect obligations that cause financial loss and state wealth. c. advisory function, namely giving consideration to the government regarding management and management of state finances. for this reason, from the provisions of article 23e of the 1945 constitution of the republic of indonesia, the only body that has constitutional legitimacy in determining the alleged loss of state finances, especially in cases or acts of corruption is the supreme audit agency (bpk). so as to facilitate the implementation of this authority, law number 15 of 2006 concerning the supreme audit agency (bpk) was established. the provisions of article 10 of act number 15 of 2006 concerning the supreme audit agency, confirm the following: paragraph (1): the supreme audit agency assesses and / or determines the amount of state losses caused by unlawful acts, both intentionally and negligently carried out by the treasurer, the management of state-owned enterprises / regionally-owned business entities, and other institutions or bodies that conduct management of state finances. paragraph (2): evaluation of state financial losses and / or the determination of parties that are obliged to pay compensation as referred to in paragraph (1) shall be stipulated by the decision of the supreme audit board. the determination of the amount of state financial losses by the supreme audit agency is confirmed by the chair of the supreme court of the republic of indonesia. the affirmation is stipulated in the form of the fatwa of the supreme court of the republic of indonesia number 068 / kma / hk.01 / vii / 2012, july 27, 2012. actually, the fatwa of the supreme court of the republic of indonesia is a guide or guideline for judges in examining and deciding cases or cases that related to state financial losses. if there is an institution other than the supreme audit agency that determines the amount of state financial losses, then the determination of the state's financial losses is null and void by law. because of its existence to determine the amount of state financial losses not recognized by the 1945 constitution of the republic of indonesia. thus, there is no other body or accountant authorized to determine the amount of state financial losses, except the supreme audit agency. in addition to the fatwa issued by the chairperson of the supreme court above, a circular of the chief of the supreme court was issued no. 4 of 2016 concerning the implementation of the formulation of results of the 2016 supreme court room plenary as implementation guidelines for judicial duties. letter a legal form of criminal chamber number 6 of the a quo circular stipulates that: "the authorized agency declares whether or not there is a state financial loss is the supreme audit agency which has constitutional authority while other institutions such as the financial and development supervisory agency / regional work unit still has the authority to carry out audits and audits of state financial management but is not authorized to declare or declare the existence of state financial losses. in certain cases the judge based on the facts of the trial can assess the state's loss and the amount of state losses. according to the author, besides the above description. there are appropriate changes that must be considered carefully regarding the determination of state financial losses. that is a change based on the decision of the constitutional court number 25 / jurnal hukum volkgeist suardi rais. 3(2): 104-110 107 puu-xiv / 2016, where previously the criminal act of corruption was a formal offense turned into a material offense. in its decision, the constitutional court stated that: "the word" can "in article 2 paragraph (1) and article 3 of the anti-corruption law is against the 1945 constitution and does not have binding legal force". strictly speaking, the element of detrimental to state finances is no longer understood as an estimate (potential loss), but must be understood to have actually happened or actual (actual loss) in criminal acts of corruption 3. authority of the prosecutor's office in auditing state financial losses against corruption before describing the legal position regarding the authority of the prosecutor's office in auditing state financial losses against corruption cases. it is important to describe in advance some theories of authority: authority is often equated with the term authority. the term authority is used in the form of nouns and is often equated with the term "bevoegheid" in dutch legal terms. according to philipus m. hadjon, if observed, there is little difference between the term authority and the term "bevoegheid". the difference lies in its legal character. the term "bevoegheid" is used in the concepts of public law and private law. in our legal concept the term authority or authority should be used in the concept of public law (philipus m. hadjon, without year: 20). every government action and / or public official must rely on legitimate authority. the authority is obtained through 3 sources, namely: a. attribution in a legal state, every act of a state administrative body or official must be based on law, and such principle is called the principle of legality. the implementation of the principle of legality is done through attribution, so that every authority of the body or state administration official is obtained through attribution authority (s.f. marbun, 2018: 85). attribution is related to the surrender of new authority. in other words, attribution means the emergence of new authority that previously had the authority, not owned by the organ of the government / institution concerned. attribution is also said to be a normal way to obtain government / agency authority. so that it seems clear that the authority gained through attribution by government organs / institutions is the original authority, because the authority is obtained directly from the legislation (especially the 1945 constitution). b. delegates delegation is the surrender of authority that belongs to the organ of government to other organs. in the delegation it contains a submission, namely what was originally the authority of the a, henceforth it becomes the authority of b. the authority that has been given by the delegate is then the responsibility of the authority. this means that there is a transfer of responsibility from the delegate to the recipient of the delegation (delegetaris). c. mandate the mandate is the authority originating from the process or procedure of delegation from a higher official or body to lower officials (subordinate superiors) jurnal hukum volkgeist suardi rais. 3(2): 104-110 108 tables and figures are presented center and cited in the manuscript. the figures should be clearly readable and at least have a resolution of 300 dpi (dots per inch) for good printing quality. table made with the open model (without the vertical lines) as shown below: from the 3 theories of authority sources described above. so to assess whether the prosecutor has the authority or not in auditing state financial losses against corruption cases. this can be traced based on the authority of attribution which is basically given in the provisions of law number 16 of 2004 concerning the prosecutor's office. affirmed in article 30 of law number 16 year 2004, namely: a. in the criminal field, the prosecutor's office has the duty and authority: 1) prosecuting; 2) carry out the determination of judges and court decisions that have obtained permanent legal force; 3) supervise the implementation of conditional criminal decisions, criminal supervision decisions, and conditional release decisions; 4) investigate certain crimes based on the law; 5) completing certain case files and for that can carry out additional examinations before being delegated to the court which is coordinated with the investigator. b. in the field of civil and administrative affairs, the prosecutor's office with special powers can act both inside and outside the court for and on behalf of the state or government. c. in the field of public order and peace, the prosecutor's office also organizes activities: 1) increasing community legal awareness; 2) safeguarding law enforcement policies; 3) safeguarding circulation of printed goods; 4) supervision of the flow of trust that can endanger the community and the state; 5) prevention of abuse and / or blasphemy of religion; 6) research and develop criminal law and statistics. from the authority of attribution article 30 of law no. 16/2004 concerning the prosecutor's office above, specifically paragraph (1) in a criminal case in casu for criminal acts of corruption. none of the attribution authority gives legitimacy to the prosecutor's office to audit state financial losses against corruption. the opinion of the gorontalo high prosecutor's office that there is currently no regulation that regulates the authority of the prosecutor's office to carry out its own calculations of state financial losses in cases of corruption. but on the other hand, there are also no rules that prohibit the prosecutor from calculating state financial losses in tipikor. however, by mentioning the provisions of article 30 of law no. 16/2004 concerning the prosecutor's office, regarding the duties and authorities of the prosecutor's office, one of them is to investigate corruption. as well as based on the provisions of article 1 number 2 of the criminal procedure code which states that, an investigation is a series of investigative actions in terms of and according to the method stipulated in the law to search for and collect evidence which makes it clear about a crime happens and in order to determine the suspect. of the two provisions. according to you. moh. mulyadi abdullah as kasi for the supervisory office of the gorontalo prosecutor's office, that: jurnal hukum volkgeist suardi rais. 3(2): 104-110 109 "the attorney general's office of investigation in carrying out its duties (main duties and functions) as stipulated in the act, namely investigating criminal cases, especially corruption in an effort to uncover the truth and determine the amount of state losses, there are still two opinions, namely that corruption cases where the amount of state financial losses are truly real and clear, the prosecutor can calculate state financial losses that can be obtained from letters, files or data as well as from other evidence, but some say that the prosecutor cannot calculate the state's own financial losses, arguing that those who calculate and determine the state's financial losses must be experts ". for the second opinion, the prosecutor said that he could not calculate the financial losses of his own country. according to you. moh. mulyadi abdullah, this opinion is not wrong, because for the calculation of state financial losses in complicated tipikor cases, such as in cases of corruption in construction-related work, special experts are required to perform calculations so that the truth and accuracy of the losses can be believed. state finance that has been caused in the corruption act. separately, mr. imam makmur saragih, as the gorontalo high prosecutor's office coordinator, confirmed that: "one of the reasons for the prosecutor's office is calculating state financial losses in corruption cases whose state losses are real and clear, because if you use an auditor from the bpk or bpkp, it takes quite a long time (months), so that corruption will harm the country. already exists and clearly, the prosecutor's office can calculate the losses of their own country. for example cases of corruption that occurred at the pohuwato district prosecutor's office were carried out by the treasurer of expenditure and financial operators that had been decided and had permanent legal force. from some of the statements or answers of officials at the gorontalo high prosecutor's office above. in the opinion of the author, there are several important things to comment on again, namely: first; a statement that there is also no rule that prohibits the prosecutor from calculating state financial losses in criminal acts of corruption, so that this is the reason the prosecutor's office calculates its own financial losses. according to the author, this is not a valid legal reason. because, the calculation of state financial losses is an act whose legitimacy must be based on orders or authority that are governed by the provisions of legislation (attribution authority). an action without authority can cause the action to be defective in authority, so that it can result in the act / action being null and void (van rechtswege nietig). this is even an indicator of abuse of authority. it is also like the concept of philipus m. hadjon's thinking which deals with the parameters of authority of the agency. according to him, it can be seen from "rechmatig bestuur", in more detail, saying "rechmatig bestuur is the principle of government that relies on the principle of state law, namely the principle of legality. based on the principle of legality, every government action must be based on legitimate authority, appropriate procedures and the right substance (hernold ferry makawimbang, yogyakarta: 53). as little explained above, that the implementation of the principle of legality is the granting of authority to administrative bodies or officials in carrying out actions must be based on the orders of legislation (attribution). this is what the prosecutor does not have in exercising his authority to audit state financial losses. second; based on two opinions, where the prosecutor's office can calculate state losses against events that have been truly real and clear. as well as opinions that state jurnal hukum volkgeist suardi rais. 3(2): 104-110 110 prosecutors cannot calculate the losses of their own country in complicated tipikor cases. save author, this argument cannot be legally justified. because, the provisions of the law relating to proof of state financial losses, do not classify the clear / tangible state financial losses and complicated losses of state finances. both clear and complicated both should be left to competent institutions in determining or determining the state financial losses. 4. conclusion first, the authority to audit state financial losses in cases of corruption, constitutionally and derivatives are regulated under law no. 15 of 2006 is the authority of the supreme audit agency (bpk). while other institutions are regulated outside the constitution, based on circular of the chief of the supreme court number 4 of 2016, and based on the decision of the constitutional court number. 31 / puu-x / 2012, namely, the financial and development supervisory agency (bpkp), state administrators wealth examination commission (kpkpn), inspectorates in departments or nondepartmental government institutions and the corruption eradication commission (kpk). secondly, the prosecutor's office does not have the authority granted by legislation (attribution authority) to audit the loss of state finances in cases of corruption. references makawimbang, hernold f. (2014). state financial losses. yogyakarta: thafa media. marbun, s.f. (2018). state administrative law i. yogyakarta: fh. uii press. philipus m. hadjon. (nd). about authority. papers. surabaya: airlangga university. saidi, muhammad d. (2013). state finance law. jakarta: pt. raja grafindo persada. sutedi, adrian. (2010). state finance law. jakart: sinar grafika. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 kedudukan dissenting opinion dalam perkara tindak pidana korupsi (analisis putusan pengadilan tipikor nomor: 04/pid.tipikor/2013/pn.kdi) i dewi ratnasari rustam page 203 kedudukan dissenting opinion dalam perkara tindak pidana korupsi (analisis putusan pengadilan tipikor nomor:04/pid.tipikor/2013/pn.kdi) oleh dewi ratnasari rustam mahasiswa pascasarjana magister hukumuniversitas airlangga abstract dissenting opinion is the difference of opinion between the tribunal judges who handle certain a matter with other judges of the tribunal dealing with certain cases. dissenting opinion does not have the force of law because it cannot be the foundation for the inception of the award. dissenting opinion itself is an aspect of the law that need to be examined in order to prevent the formation of false opinion among the public. so, nowadays have started to formed the perception that dissenting opinion was an engineering law, instead of enforcing the rule of law but rather media that gave the opportunity for the defendant in corruption regardless of criminal trapping; but on the other hand is a form of difference of opinion and the independence of the judges as the metre is guaranteed by the provisions of the law; that the importance of dissenting opinion in the court ruling was the judge's opinion be weighted, in an attempt of law appeal or cassation; as an indicator to determine the career judge, as an attempt to avoid the practice of corruption, collusion and nepotism (kkn) and the judicial mafia; as a real step towards the transparency of judicial democratization; the judiciary; and kemandiarian the judge require the freedom of speech. keywords: dissenting opinion, the crime of corruption a. pendahuluan negara indonesia dikonsepsikan secara tegas sebagai negara hukum, di dalam pasal 1 ayat (3) undang-undang dasar 1945 hasil perubahan; menyebutkan bahwa indonesia adalah negara hukum. hukum sebagai sebagai dasar pemerintah untuk menjalankan pemerintahan dan untuk membatasi kekuasaan pemerintahan. kepentingan individu, masyarakat dan negara terus berkembang dinamis sesuai dengan tuntutan modernisasi dan globalisasi. perubahan masyarakat yang dinamis ini perlu diatur di dalam hukum. proses pembuatan hukum harus mendasarkan pada nilai-nilai atau jiwa bangsa, sehingga tidak bisa langsung diterima konsep hukum yang berasal dari luar. jati diri bangsa inilah yang merupakan filter masuknya nilai-nilai dari bangsa lain (teguh prasetyo: 2010). sebagai suatu negara hukum, sudah selayaknya prinsip-prinsip dari suatu negara hukum harus dihormati dan dijunjung tinggi. sejalan dengan ketentuan tersebut maka salah satu prinsip negara hukum adalah adanya jaminan penyelenggaraan kekuasaan kehakiman yang issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 kedudukan dissenting opinion dalam perkara tindak pidana korupsi (analisis putusan pengadilan tipikor nomor: 04/pid.tipikor/2013/pn.kdi) i dewi ratnasari rustam page 204 merdeka, bebas dari pengaruh kekuasaan lainnya untuk menyelenggarakan peradilan guna menegakkan hukum dan keadilan. kekuasaan kehakiman menurut undang-undang dasar negara republik indonesia tahun 1945 merupakan kekuasaan yang merdeka yang dilakukan oleh sebuah mahkamah agung dan badan peradilan di bawahnya, dan oleh sebuah mahkamah konstitusi. berkaitan dengan kemandirian kekuasaan kehakiman, hal tersebut telah diatur secara konstitusional dalam penjelasan pasal 24 dan 25 undang-undang dasar 1945, dengan tegas disebutkan bahwa „kekuasaan kehakiman ialah kekuasaan yang merdeka, artinya terlepas dari pengaruh kekuasaan pemerintah. berhubung dengan itu, harus diadakan jaminan dalam undang-undang tentang kedudukan para hakim.“ sejalan dengan amanat undang-undang dasar 1945 tersebut adalah tap mpr nomor iii/mpr/1978, pasal 11 ayat (1) menyebutkan „mahkamah agung adalah badan yang melaksanakan kekuasaan kehakiman yang dalam pelaksanaan tugasnya terlepas dari pengaruh kekuasaan pemerintah“. bila ditelusuri lebih lanjut, tentang kekuasan kehakiman yang merdeka dalam arti terlepas dari pengaruh kekuasaan pemerintah, ditegaskan kembali dalam undangundang nomor 48 tahun 2009 tentang kekuasaan kehakiman maupun dalam undang-undang nomor 14 tahun 1985 juncto undang-undang nomor 3 tahun 2009 tentang mahkamah agung. pasal 1 undang-undang nomor 48 tahun 2009 menyebutkan : kekuasaan kehakiman adalah kekuasaan negara yang merdeka untuk menyelenggarakan peradilan guna menegakkan hukum dan keadilan berdasarkan pancasila dan undang-undang dasar negara republik indonesia tahun 1945, demi terselenggaranya negara hukum republik indonesia“. penjelasan pasal 1 undang-undang nomor 48 tahun 2009 memuat keterangan lebih yang tegas tentang adanya kemerdekaan badan-badan peradilan. dikatakan bahwa, „kekuasaan kekuasaan kehakiman yang merdeka mengandung pengertian di dalamnya kekuasaan kehakiman yang bebas dari campur tangan pihak kekuasaan ekstra yudisial, kecuali dalam hal-hal sebagaimana disebut dalam undang-undang dasar negara republik indonesia 1945“. kedudukan kekuasaan kehakiman seperti terurai di atas, juga berlaku terhadap mahkamah agung. hal itu diatur dalam pasal 2 undang-undang nomor 14 tahun 1985 yang berbunyi sebagai „mahkamah agung adalah pengadilan negara tertinggi dari semua lingkungan peradilan, yang issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 kedudukan dissenting opinion dalam perkara tindak pidana korupsi (analisis putusan pengadilan tipikor nomor: 04/pid.tipikor/2013/pn.kdi) i dewi ratnasari rustam page 205 dalam melaksanakan tugasnya terlepas dari pengaruh pemerintah dan pengaruh-pengaruh lainnya“. uraian di atas menunjukkan bahwa baik secara konstitusional maupun berdasarkan hukum positif yang berlaku, terdapat jaminan yang kuat terhadap kedudukan kekuasaan kehakiman pada umumnya dan mahkamah agung dalam melaksanakan tugas dan wewenangnya. seiring dengan perkembangan zaman, di mana muncul banyak kasus-kasus yang menuntut kecermatan dari para hakim dalam memutus perkara maka di indonesia diterapkan juga dissenting opinion tersebut. selain itu penerapan dissenting opinion tersebut juga dilatarbelakangi oleh sebuah pemikiran sederhana yang menyatakan bahwa sebuah putusan baru bisa disebut adil apabila setiap hakim bisa menggunakan haknya untuk mengungkapkan pandangannya secara bebas, terbuka dan jujur dengan menggunakan pertimbangan hukum, sampai dihasilkan satu putusan yang bersifat kolektif. di indonesia istilah dissenting opinion mulai mencuat dikarenakan kasus-kasus korupsi yang ditangani oleh mahkamah agung. salah satu perubahan yang sangat mendasar dalam revisi undang-undang kekuasaan kehakiman adalah ketentuan pengaturan lembaga perbedaan pendapat yang sangat berlainan dengan ketentuan dalam perundangan sebelumnya. dalam undang-undang nomor 48 tahun 2009 tentang kekuasaan kehakiman disebutkan bahwa dalam sidang permusyawaratan, setiap hakim wajib menyampaikan pertimbangan atau pendapat tertulis terhadap perkara yang sedang diperiksa dan menjadi bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dari putusan. ketentuan ini selanajutnya menyebutkan bahwa jika dalam sidang permusyawaratan tidak dapat dicapai mufakat bulat, maka pendapat hakim yang berbeda wajib dimuat dalam putusan. keharusan majelis hakim untuk memuat pendapat hakim yang berbeda dalam putusan juga diatur telah dalam undang-undang nomor 5 tahun 2005 tentang mahkamah agung yaitu pada pasal 30 ayat (2) yang menetapkan bahwa dalam musyawarah pengambilan putusan setiap hakim agung wajib menyampaikan pertimbangan atau pendapat tertulis terhadap perkara yang sedang diperiksa dan menjadi bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dari putusan. selanjutnya pada ayat (3) ditambahkan bahwa, dalam hal musyawarah tidak dicapai mufakat bulat, pendapat hakim yang berbeda wajib dimuat dalam putusan. dalam hal musyawarah tentang putusan yang akan dijatuhkan, ada beberapa pilihan:(1) mereka sepakat untuk menjatuhkan putusan; (2) apabila musyawarah tidak disepakati, maka dilakukan voting; dan (3) issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 kedudukan dissenting opinion dalam perkara tindak pidana korupsi (analisis putusan pengadilan tipikor nomor: 04/pid.tipikor/2013/pn.kdi) i dewi ratnasari rustam page 206 juga harus dimuat dalam pertimbangan putusan, pendapat dari hakim yang tidak sependapat disebut dissenting opinion (eman ramelan:2010). namun demikian, terjadi perbedaan dalam penerapan dissenting opinion pada lembagalembaga yudikatif, khususnya dalam hal model pencantuman dissenting opinion itu sendiri. perbedaan tersebut dapat ditemukan pada pengadilan niaga dan pada mahkamah konstitusi :(1) pada pengadilan niaga, model pencantuman dissenting opinion terpisah dari putusan; (2) pada mahkamah konstitusi, dissenting opinion merupakan bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dari putusan. sehubungan dengan penjatuhan putusan hakim yang berkaitan dengan dissenting opinion yang sering menjadi perdebatan para hakim adalah masalah korupsi. achmad zainuri (2017: 15) mengungkapkan bahwa korupsi di negeri ini telah merambah di semua lini bagaikan gurita. penyimpangan ini bukan saja merasuki kawasan yang sudah dipersepsi publik sebagai sarang korupsi, tetapi juga menyusuri lorong-lorong instansi yang tidak terbayangkan sebelumnya bahwa di sana ada korupsi. demikian juga marwan effendy (2007: 1), mengungkapkan bahwa korupsi di indonesia seperti tidak habis-habisnya semakin ditindas makin meluas, bahkan perkembangannya terus meningkat dari tahun ke tahun, baik dalam jumlah kasus, jumlah kerugian negara maupun kualitasnya. akhir-akhir ini tampak makin terpola dan sistematis, lingkupnya juga telah menyentuh keseluruh aspek kehidupan masyarakat dan lintas batas negara. atas dasar hal tersebut, korupsi secara nasional disepakati tidak saja sebagai extra ordinary crime, tetapi juga sebagai kejahatan transnasional. berkaiatan dengan penerapan dissenting opinion dalam penjatuhan putusan perkara dalam tindak pidana korupsi, yang mengadili terdakwa dr. h. buhari matta,s.e.m.si. selaku bupati kolaka, telah terbukti melakukan tindak pidana korupsi, sebagaimana diatur dan diancam pidana dalam pasal 2 ayat (1) jo pasal 18 undang-undang nomor 31 tahun 1999 tentang pemberantasan tindak pidana korupsi jo undang-undang nomor 20 tahun 2001 tentang perubahan atas atas undangundang nomor 31 tahun 1999 tentang pemberantasan tindak pidana korupsi jo pasal 55 ayat 1 (1) ke-1 kuhp. selain itu jaksa penuntut umum menerapkan dakwaan berlapis dengan menerapkan dakwaan subsidair sebagaimana diatur dan diancam pidana dalam pasal 3 jo pasal 18 undangundang nomor 31 tahun 1999 tentang pemberantasan tindak pidana korupsi jo undang-undang nomor 20 tahun 2001 tentang perubahan atas undang-undang nomor 31 tahun 1999 tentang pemberantasan tindak pidana korupsi jo pasal 55 ayat (1) ke1 kuhp. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 kedudukan dissenting opinion dalam perkara tindak pidana korupsi (analisis putusan pengadilan tipikor nomor: 04/pid.tipikor/2013/pn.kdi) i dewi ratnasari rustam page 207 berdasarkan kasus posisi yang telah diajukan, jaksa penuntut umum dalam tuntutan pidananya antara lain; menuntut agar hakim yang memeriksa dan mengadili perkara memutus dengan menghukum terdakwa dengan pidana penjara selama 7 (tujuh) tahun dan membayar denda sebesar rp 500.000.000, (lima ratus juta rupiah). di pihak lain, penasihat hukum terdakwa dalam pleidoinya mengajukan agar terdakwa dinyatakan tidak terbukti bersalah dan membebaskan terdakwa dari seluruh surat dakwaan. selanjutnya, judex factie dalam ratio decidendinya, berdasarkan fakta hukum yang terungkap di persidangan menetapkan bahwa terdakwa telah terbukti secarah sah dan meyakinkan bersalah melakukan tindak pidana korupsi secara bersama-sama sebagaimana dalam dakwaan primer, dan menjatuhkan terdakwa dengan pidana penjara 4 (empat) tahun 6 (enam) bulan serta denda sebesar rp. 500.000.000,(lima ratus juta rupiah). berkaitan dengan uraian pendahuluan di atas, maka tulisan ini difokuskan untuk mengkaji penjatuhan putusan hakim di mana terjadi dissenting opinion para hakim, hakim anggota 2 berbeda pendapat dengan dua orang hakim lainnya, maka isu hukum dan permasalahan yang perlu dikemukakan adalah (1) apakah dissenting opinion mempunyai kekuatan mengikat (legal binding) dalam penjatuhan putusan hakim, dan (2) apakah dissenting opinion dapat digunakan dalam penjatuhan putusan pengadilan. jenis penelitian ini adalah normatif, pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konsep dan pendekatan kasus. b. pembahasan 1. konsep dasar dissenting opinion dalam blacks law dictionary“.explisicit disagreement of one or more judges of a with the decicion passed by the majority upon a case before them…”(didik endro purwoleksono, 2010: 13)historisnya, lembaga perbedaan pendapat (dissenting opinion) terutama dianut di negaranegara anglosaxson yang menggunakan common law system, dan dapat dikatakan merupakan konsekuensi dari dianutnya system common law itu di negara-negara tersebut. di negara-negara yang menganut sistem hukum ini, hakim sebagai pelaksana hukum, ia juga pembentuk hukum (judge made law). peranan hakim (pengadilan) sangat penting dalam pembentukan hukum, karena dalam system ini prinsipnya yaitu common law adalah “the law that develops and derives thtough judicial decision” (black henry campbell, 2011: 73). pada hakekatnya dissenting opinion adalah merupakan perbedaan pendapat yang terjadi antara majelis hakim yang menangani suatu perkara tertentu dengan majelis hakim lainnya yang issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 kedudukan dissenting opinion dalam perkara tindak pidana korupsi (analisis putusan pengadilan tipikor nomor: 04/pid.tipikor/2013/pn.kdi) i dewi ratnasari rustam page 208 menangani kasus tertentu lainya. majelis hakim yang menangani suatu perkara menurut kebiasaan dalam hukum acara berjumlah tiga orang, dari ketiga orang hakim majelis hakim ini apabila dalam musyawarah menjelang pengambilan putusan terdapat perbedaan pendapat diantara satu sama lain maka putusan akan diambil dengan jalan voting atau kalau hal ini tidak memungkinkan, pendapat hakim yang paling menguntungkan bagi terdakwa yang akan dipakai dalam putusan. sedangkan bagi hakim anggota yang kalah suara dalam menentukan putusan, harus menerima pendapat mayoritas majelis hakim dan dapat menuliskan pendapatnya yang berbeda den gan putusan dalam buku khusus yang dikelola oleh ketua pengadilan negeri dan bersifat rahasia. 2. konsep pemidanaan secara dogmatis (dwidja priyatno, 2006: 45) dapat dikatakan bahwa di dalam hukum pidana terdapat tiga permasalahan pokok, yaitu (1) perbuatan yang dilarang, (2) orang yang melakukan perbuatan yang dilarang itu; dan (3) pidana yang diancamkan terhadap pelanggaran larangan itu. sejalan dengan itu, menurut sauer ada tiga pengertian dasar dalam hukum pidana, yaitu (1) sifat melawan hukum; (2) kesalahan dan (3) pidana. ciri khas hukum pidana, yang membedakan dengan hukum yang lain ialah adanya sanksi yang berupa pidana. pidana itu sendiri dari pelbagai pandangan para pakar merupakan suatu nespatapa, derita, ketidakenakan, ketidaknyamanan, pengekangan hak-hak seseorang, yang dijatuhkan oleh hakim kepada seseorang yang telah terbukti secara sah dan meyakinkan telah melakukan tindak pidana. hukum pidana sengaja memberikan penderitaan dalam mempertahankan yang diakui dalam hukum (didik endro purwoleksono, 2010: 13). lebih lanjut ditegaskan (didik endro purwoleksono, 2010: 22), bahwa fungsi hukum pidana itu sendiri adalah melindungi kepentingan hukum, baik kepentingan hukum orang, warga masyarakat maupun negara dari rongrongan atau pelanggaran atau perkosaan oleh siapapun. disisi lain, fungsi hukum pidana melalui pengaturan sanksi pidana dalam undang-undang ada dua fungsi yaitu (1) ultimum remedium yang diletakkan atau diposisikan sebagai sanksi terakhir dan (2) primum remedium yang diletakkan atau diposisikan sebagai sanksi yang utama. penjatuhan pidana dan pemidanaan dapat dikatakan cermin peradilan pidana. apabila proses peradilan pidana yang berakhir dengan penjatuhan pidana itu berjalan sesuai dengan asas peradilan, niscaya peradilan dinilai baik, tetapi apabila sebaliknya tentu saja dinilai sebaliknya pula bahkan dapat di cap sebagai kemerosotan kewibawaan hukum. walaupun undang-undang issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 kedudukan dissenting opinion dalam perkara tindak pidana korupsi (analisis putusan pengadilan tipikor nomor: 04/pid.tipikor/2013/pn.kdi) i dewi ratnasari rustam page 209 mengatur persamaan semua orang dihadapan hukum (equality before the law), sebagaimana diatur dalam peraturan perundang-undangan, namun berdasarkan undang-undang itu pula terdapat pengecualian, yaitu tiada undang-undang tanpa pengecualian. pemidanaan mempunyai beberapa tujuan yang dapat diklasifikasikan berdasarkan teoriteori tentang pemidanaan. teori tentang tujuan pemidanaan yang berkisar pada perbedaan hakekat ide dasar tentang pemidanaan yang dapat dilihat dari beberapa pandangan. herbert l. packer, (2005:10) menyatakan bahwa ada dua pandangan konseptual yang masing-masing mempunyai implikasi moral yang berbeda satu sama lain, yakni pandangan retributif dan pandangan utilitarian. pandangan retributif mengandaikan pemidanaan sebagai ganjaran negatif terhadap perilaku menyimpang yang dilakukan oleh warga masyarakat sehingga pandangan ini melihat pemidanaan hanya sebagai pembalasan terhadap kesalahan yang dilakukan atas dasar tanggung jawab moralnya masing-masing. pandangan utilitarian melihat pemidanaan dari segi manfaat dan kegunaannya di mana yang dilihat adalah situasi atau keadaan yang ingin dihasilkan dengan dijatuhkannya pidana itu. di satu pihak, pemidanaan dimaksudkan untuk memperbaiki sikap atau tingkah laku terpidana dan dipihak lain pemidanaan itu juga dimaksudkan untuk mencegah orang lain dari kemungkinan melakukan perbuatan yang serupa. pandangan ini dikatakan berorientasi ke depan dan sekaligus mempunyai sifat pencegahan. muladi, membagi teori-teori tentang tujuan pemidanaan menjadi tiga kelompok yakni: 1) teori absolut; 2) teori teleologis; dan 3) teori retributif teleologis. sedangkan bambang poernomo dan van bemmelen juga menyatakan ada tiga teori pemidanaan sebagaimana yang dinyatakan oleh muladi, yakni teori pembalasan, teori tujuan dan teori gabungan (bambang poernomo, 1986: 27). demikian juga widodo (2009:70) mengemukakan tiga macam teori tujuan pemidanaan yaitu teori absolut, teori relatif dan teori gabungan. teori tersebut mengkaji tentang alasan penjatuhan pidana. teori absolut memandang bahwa pemidanaan merupakan pembalasan atas kesalahan yang dilakukan sehingga berorientasi pada perbuatan dan terletak pada terjadinya kejahatan itu sendiri. teori ini mengedepankan bahwa sanksi dalam hukum pidana dijatuhkan semata-mata karena orang telah melakukan sesuatu kejahatan yang merupakan akibat mutlak yang harus ada sebagai suatu pembalasan kepada orang yang melakukan kejahatan sehingga sanksi bertujuan untuk memuaskan tuntutan keadilan. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 kedudukan dissenting opinion dalam perkara tindak pidana korupsi (analisis putusan pengadilan tipikor nomor: 04/pid.tipikor/2013/pn.kdi) i dewi ratnasari rustam page 210 teori teleologis (tujuan) memandang bahwa pemidanaan bukan sebagai pembalasan atas kesalahan pelaku tetapi sarana mencapai tujuan yang bermanfaat untuk melindungi masyarakat menuju kesejahteraan masyarakat. sanksi ditekankan pada tujuannya, yakni untuk mencegah agar orang tidak melakukan kejahatan, maka bukan bertujuan untuk pemuasan absolut atas keadilan. berdasarkan teori tersebut muncul tujuan pemidanaan sebagai sarana pencegahan, baik pencegahan khusus yang ditujukan kepada pelaku, maupun pencegahan umum yang ditujukan kepada masyarakat. teori relatif berasas pada tiga tujuan utama pemidanaan yaitu preventif, detterence, dan reformatif. tujuan preventif untuk melindung masyarakat dengan menempatkan pelaku kejahatan terpisah dari masyarakat. tujuan menakuti (untuk menimbulkan rasa takut melakukan kejahatan yang bisa dibedakan untuk individual, publik dan jangka panjang). teori retributif teleologis memandang bahwa tujuan pemidanaan bersifat plural, karena menggabungkan antara prinsi-prinsip teleologis (tujuan) dan retributif sebagai satu kesatuan. teori ini juga sering dikenal sebagai teori integratif atau juga teori paduan. teori ini bercorak ganda, di mana pemidanaan mengandung karakter retributif sejauh pemidanaan dilihat sebagai suatu kritik moral dalam menjawab tindakan yang salah. sedangkan karakter teleologisnya terletak pada ide bahwa tujuan kritik moral tersebut ialah suatu reformasi atau perubahan perilaku terpidana dikemudian hari. pandangan teori ini menganjurkan adanya kemungkinan untuk mengadakan artikulasi terhadap teori pemidanaan yang mengintegrasikan beberapa fungsi sekaligus retribution yang bersifat utilitarian di mana pencegahan dan sekaligus rehabilitasi y ang semuanya dilihat sebagai sarana yang harus dicapai oleh suatu rencana pemidanaan. karena tujuannya bersifat integratif, maka perangkat tujuan pemidanaan adalah: a) pencegahan umum dan khusus; b) perlindungan masyarakat; c) memelihara solidaritas masyarakat; dan d) pengimbalan/ pengimbangan. perkembangan teori pemidanaan selalu mengalami pasang surut dalam perkembangannya. teori pemidanaan yang bertujuan rehabilitasi telah dikritik karena didasarkan pada keyakinan bahwa tujuan rehabilitasi tidak dapat berjalan. pada tahun 1970an telah terdengar tekanantekanan bahwa treatment terhadap rehabilitasi tidak berhasil serta indeterminate sentence tidak diberikan dengan tepat tanpa gais-garis pedoman (sholehuddin, 2003:61). lebih lanjut dikemukan bahwa terhadap tekanan atas tujuan rehabilitasi lahir “model keadilan” sebagai justifikasi modern untuk pemidanaan yang dikemukakan oleh se situs reid. model keadilan yang dikenal juga dengan pendekatan keadilan atau model ganjaran setimpal (just issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 kedudukan dissenting opinion dalam perkara tindak pidana korupsi (analisis putusan pengadilan tipikor nomor: 04/pid.tipikor/2013/pn.kdi) i dewi ratnasari rustam page 211 disert model) yang didasarkan pada dua teori tentang tujuan pemidanaan, yaitu pencegahan (prevention) dan retribusi (retribution). dasar retribusi dalam just disert model menganggap bahwa pelanggar akan diniliai dengan sanksi yang patut diterima oleh mereka mengingat kejahatankejahatan yang telah dilakukannya, sanksi yang tepat akan mencegah para kriminal untuk melakukan tindakan-tindakan kejahatan lagi dan mencegah orang-orang lain melakukan kejahatan. memperhatikan beberapa teori klasik tentang tujuan pemidanaan sebagaimana yang dikemukakan oleh para pakar, dapat disimpulkan bahwa penjatuhan pidana lebih banyak ditujukan untuk “kepentingan” pelaku. dengan kata lain, tujuan pemidanaan hanya dimaksudkan untuk mengubah perilaku dari pelaku kejahatan, agar pelaku tidak mengulangi lagi perbuatannya, sedangkan kepentingan korban sama sekali diabaikan. 3. konsep tindak pidana korupsi tidak ada jawaban yang tunggal dan sederhana untuk menjawab mengapa korupsi timbul dan berkembang demikian masif di suatu negara. ada yang menyatakan bahwa korupsi ibarat penyakit ‘kanker ganas’ yang sifatnya tidak hanya kronis tapi juga akut. ia menggerogoti perekonomian sebuah negara secara perlahan, namun pasti. penyakit ini menempel pada semua aspek bidang kehidupan masyarakat sehingga sangat sulit untuk diberantas. perlu dipahami bahwa dimanapun dan sampai pada tingkatan tertentu, korupsi memang akan selalu ada dalam suatu negara atau masyarakat. berbagai definisi yang menjelaskan dan menjabarkan makna korupsi dapat ditemukan, dengan penekanan pada studi masing-masing individu makna korupsi menjadi bermakna luas dan tidak hanya dari satu perspektif saja. setiap orang memaknai korupsi, namun satu kata kunci yang bisa menyatukan berbagai macam definisi itu adalah bahwa korupsi adalah perbuatan tercela dan harus diberantas. korupsi berasal dari kata latin “corruptio atau corruptus” yang berarti kebobrokan atau kerusakan. kemudian muncul dalam bahasa inggris dan prancis “coruption”, dalam bahasa belanda “corruptie” dan selanjutnya diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa indonesia dengan sebutan korupsi yang berarti perbuatan yang tidak baik, buruk, curang, dapat disuap, tidak bermoral, menyimpang dari kesucian, melanggar norma-norma agama, mental dan hukum. demikian juga dalam transparensy international mendefinisikan korupsi sebagai “menyalagunakan kekuasaan dan kepercayaan publik untuk keuntungan pribadi (sukardi, 2009: 69). issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 kedudukan dissenting opinion dalam perkara tindak pidana korupsi (analisis putusan pengadilan tipikor nomor: 04/pid.tipikor/2013/pn.kdi) i dewi ratnasari rustam page 212 selanjutnya kata korupsi yang telah diterima dalam perbendaharaan kata bahasa indonesia itu, disimpulkan oleh poerwadarminta dalam kamus umum bahasa indonesia “korupsi ialah perbuatan yang buruk seperti penggelapan uang, penerimaan uang sogok dan sebagainya. 4. putusan pengadilan tipikor nomor: 04/pid.tipikor/2013/pn.kdi. isi putusan : 1) menyatakan terdakwa dr. h. buhari matta, se.,m.sitelah terbukti secara sah dan meyakinkan bersalah melakukan tindak pidana “korupsi secara bersama”. 2) menjatuhkan pidana terhadap terdakwa dr. h. buhari matta, se.,m.si; dengan pidana penjara selama 4 (empat) tahun 6 (enam) bulan dan pidana denda sebesar rp. 500.000.000,(lima ratus juta rupiah) dengan ketentuan apabila denda tersebut tidak dibayar maka diganti dengan pidana kurungan selama 6 (enam) bulan; isi perbedaan pendapat (dissenting opinion) pendapat hakim anggota 2 (dua) kusdarwanto s.e.,s.h.,m.h yang melakukan dissenting opinion terhadap perkara nomor 04/pid.tipikor/2013/ pn.kdi, yang berpendapat bahwa “barang yang berupa kadar nikel rendah disebut juga ora nikel atau pun low grade saprolite (lgs) sebanyak 222.000 wmt (dua ratus dua puluh ribu weight metrich ton) yang terletak di blok pomalaa pt. inco, tbk dan telah diserahterimakan oleh pt. inco, tbk, kepada bupati kepala daerah kabupaten kolaka berupa hak pengolaan dan pemanfaatannya pada tanggal 25 juni 2010; adalah bukan merupakan milik pemerintah daerah kabupaten kolaka, dengan pertimbangan sebagai berikut: 1) bahwa sesuai fakta dipersidangan dan berdasarkan keterangan saksi-saksi clayton allen weans sh (presiden direktur pt.tbk) edi permadi (direktur eksternal relation pt. inco,tbk non akta) dan kuyung jaya andrawinata (general manager pt. inco, tbk) yang pada pokoknya menyatakan pt. inco tbk. adalah perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang pertambangan berupa pma (penanaman modal asing) di mana saham terbesarnya dimiliki oleh vale dari negara brasil; 2) bahwa sesuai fakta di persidangan dan berdasarkan keterangan-keterangan saksi-saksi clayton allen weans sh (presiden direktur pt.tbk) edi permadi (direktur eksternal relation pt. inco,tbk non akta) dan kuyung jaya andrawinata (general manager pt. inco, tbk) yang pada pokoknya menerangkan pt. inco tbk. berinvestasi di bidang pertambangan di indonesia berdasarkan kontrak karya antara pt. inco, tbk. dengan pemerintah republik issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 kedudukan dissenting opinion dalam perkara tindak pidana korupsi (analisis putusan pengadilan tipikor nomor: 04/pid.tipikor/2013/pn.kdi) i dewi ratnasari rustam page 213 indonesia dan bekerjasama dengan pt. antam sebagai supliyer nikel mate dengan kadar diatas 2 % (dua persen); 3) bahwa sesuai fakta di persidangan berdasarkan keterangan-keterangan saksi-saksi clayton allen wenas, sh (presiden direktur pt.inco,tbk), edi permadi (direktur eksternal relation pt.inco, tbk non akta) ir. ishak nurdin, m.si (kabid pertambangan umum kabupaten kolaka), yang pada pokoknya menerangkan, ore nikel adalah merupakan sisa hasil produksi dari pt. inco, tbk. yang kadarnya di bawah yang disyaratkan oleh pt. antam yang menumpuk di stockfile pt. inco, tbk dan sudah ada sejak lama; 4) bahwa sesuai kontrak antara pt. inco tbk. dengan pemeritah ri pembayaran royalti untuk produk nikel mate sudah dibayar lunas, sedangkan untuk bayaran royalty produk ora nikel tidak diatur dalam kontrak karya. hal ini sesuai dengan keterangan clayton allaen wenas, s.h. (presiden direktur pt.inco,tbk), kuyung jaya andrawinata (general manager pt.inco, tbk); 5) bahwa sesuai fakta dipersidangan dan berdasarkan keterangan saksi-saksi clayton allaen wenas, sh (presiden direktur pt.inco,tbk), kuyung jaya andrawinata (general manager pt.inco, tbk) yang pada pokoknya menerangkan yang membayar royalty ore nikel adalah pt kmi untuk dan atas nama pt. inco, tbk. karena ora nikel adalah pt. inco, tbk; 6) bahwa menurut surat menteri esdm no. 5824/30/sjh/2009 tanggal 21 desember 2009, pada pokoknya menerangkan royalty harus dibayar terlebih dahulu sebelum pengapalan dan kalau belum dibayar royaltynya maka ora nikel adalah milik negara, sedangkan menurut surat edaran menteri esdm no. 32.e/35/djb/2009 tangal 13 oktober 2009 angka 2 (dua) pada pokoknya menjelaskan royalty yang dibayar 1 bulan setelah pengapalan dan titik jual sebagai dasar perhitungan iuran produksi harus dilakukan di atas kapal pengangkut/free on board (fob) sehingga terdapat peraturan yang berbeda tentang pembayaran royalty, hal ini sesuai dengan keterangan ir hakku wahab, selaku kepala dinas energi dan sumber daya mineral (esdm) prov.sultra; selanjutnya berdasarkan keterangan saksi-saksi kuyung jaya andrawinata (general manager pt.inco, tbk) , ahmad syafei (asisten 2 bidang ekonomi pemkab kolaka) yang pada pokoknya menyatakan bahwa royalty baru dibayar setelah ora nikel dijual ; hakim dalam pertimbangannya mengacu pada keterangan saksi clayton allen wenas (presiden direktur pt. inco, tbk) dan ir. hakku wahab (kepala dinas energi dan sumber issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 kedudukan dissenting opinion dalam perkara tindak pidana korupsi (analisis putusan pengadilan tipikor nomor: 04/pid.tipikor/2013/pn.kdi) i dewi ratnasari rustam page 214 daya mineral dinas prov.sultra) pada pokoknya menerangkan untuk membayar royalty garus diketahui volumenya, kadarnya atau nilainya. menimbang, bahwa oleh karena nilai royalty ini harus pasti maka untuk dapat membayar royalty ini ore nikel ini harus diketahui kadar, volume dan harga jualnya. sehingga menurut anggota majelis 2 (du), ore nikel ini baru dapat dibayar setelah dikapalkan dengan demikian penjual dan pembeli dapat mengetahui terlebih dahulu tentang kadar, volume dan harga ore nikel yang dikapalkan dan pembayaran royalty tidak akan keliru; 7) bahwa sesuai fakta dipersidangan dan berdasarkan keterangan saksi-saksi clayton allaen wenas, sh (presiden direktur pt. inco,tbk), kuyung jaya andrawinata (general manager pt. inco, tbk), edi permadi (direktur eksternal relation pt. inco, tbk non akta) menjelaskan bahwa ore nikel ini kalau tidak dimanfaatkan pihak lain maka akan ditanam kembali (direklamasi) oleh pt. inco, tbk. kalau tidak ditanam kembali atau direklamasi maka ora nikel itu kalau kena air akan menjadi asam tambang dan dapat mencemari lingkungan; menimbang, bahwa dari uraian di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa ore nikel atau nikel kadar rendah adalah merupakan salah satu hasil produksi tambang pt. inco tbk, yang mempunyai kadar dibawah yang telah ditentukan oleh pt. antam, sehingga tidak dapat dikelola dan tidak dapat dimanfaatkan oleh pt, inco tbk, karena ore nikel ini hanyalah berupa sisa-sisa nikel yang ditumpuk di stock file pt .inco, tbk dan bukan tambang nikel yang posisinya masih berada di dalam perut bumi di mana untuk mendapatkan hasil tambang tersebut harus melalui proses penggalian terlebih dahulu; 8) bahwa berdasarkan undang-undang nomor 4 tahun 2009 tentang pertambangan mineral dan batubara, pasal 92 menyatakan : pemegang iup dan iupk berhak memiliki mineral, termasuk mineral ikutannya, atau batubara yang telah diproduksi apabila telah memenuhi iuran eksplorasi atau iuran produksi, kecuali mineral ikutan radioaktiv, dimana pt. inco sudah memenuhi iuran eksplorasi atau iuran produksi. menimbang, bahwa dari uraian di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa ore nikel itu adalah milik pt.inco, tbk, hal ini diperkuat dengan keterangan saksi-saksi clayton allaen wenas, sh (presiden direktur pt. inco,tbk),kuyung jaya andrawinata (general manager pt. inco, tbk), edi permadi (direktur eksternal relation pt. inco, tbk non akta). issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 kedudukan dissenting opinion dalam perkara tindak pidana korupsi (analisis putusan pengadilan tipikor nomor: 04/pid.tipikor/2013/pn.kdi) i dewi ratnasari rustam page 215 bahwa pt.inco, tbk. melakukan serah terima ore nikel yang ditandatangani oleh presiden direktur pt. inco, tbk kepada dr.h. buhari matta se.,m.si selaku bupati kolaka berupa pengeolaan dan pemanfaatan ore nikel berdasarkan surat naskah serah terima pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan nikel rendah di block pomalaa pt. inco tbk, sebanyak 222.000 wmt (dua ratus dua puluh dua ribu weight metric ton) dimana pada angka 5 disebutkan “penyerahan ini adalah bagian dari program corporate social responsibility (csr) pihak pertama (pt.inco tbk)”. hal ini bersesuaian dengan keterangan pertimbangan hakim: menelaah pertimbangan hakimdalam perkara korupsi sebagaimana dikemukakan di atas, maka dapat diketahui dissenting opinion dalam perkara tindak pidana korupsi terdakwadr. buhari matta,s.e.,m.si. tidak mempunyai kekuatan mengikat (legal binding) dalam penjatuhan putusan hakim terhadap putusan pengadilan tipikor pada pengadilan negeri klas ia kendari nomor: 04/pid.tipikor/2013/pn.kdi. berangkat dari pemahaman yang sederhana, penulis mencoba melakukan reposisi terhadap persepsi masyarakat tentang eksistensi dissenting opinion dalam skema hukum nasional. hal tersebut dimaksudkan untuk menghindari pemikiran konstruktif yang disalah artikan sebagai sarana penggelapan hukum dan menjadikan suatu preseden buruk dalam kerangka sistem peradilan indonesia. sebagaimana diketahui bahwa istilah dissenting opinion mencuat disebabkan kasus-kasus korupsi yang ditangani mahkamah agung. pada hal sebenarnya dissenting opinion tidak harus didominasi oleh lingkup hukum pidana semata. hal ini dikarenakan setiap manusia tidak luput dari silang pendapat. bidang ilmu hukum menyikapi hal silang pendapat sebagai suatu keadaan yang wajar dikarenakan suatu perbedaan dipandang sebagai suatu kultur yang telah memasyarakat. perbedaan lazimnya dikarenakan pandangan, kepentingan, kehendak ataupun rasa keadilan, yang tidak jarang seseorang atau suatu institusi memperjuangkan apa yang diyakininya secara maksimal. hukum menjembatani upaya-upaya perbedaan pendapat tersebut dengan maksud dan tujuan agar tidak tercipta deadlock, karena dikhawatirkan justru akan menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum. berbagai kasus-kasus pidana (korupsi) yang sampai pada tingkat mahkamah agung, perbandingan antara yang dapat dipidana dengan yang tidak dapat dipidana merupakan issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 kedudukan dissenting opinion dalam perkara tindak pidana korupsi (analisis putusan pengadilan tipikor nomor: 04/pid.tipikor/2013/pn.kdi) i dewi ratnasari rustam page 216 pemandangan yang masih memprihatinkan. para koruptor yang jelas-jelas merugikan negara tetap dapat menikmati kehidupan layaknya orang yang tidak memiliki kesalahan apapun. c. penutup berdasarkan bahasan yang telah dikemukakan di atas dapat disimpulkan sebagai satu kesatuan pemikiran sebagai berikut: 1. bahwa dissenting opinion tidak mempunyai kekuatan mengikat karena tidak menjadi landasan bagi lahirnya putusan. dissenting opinion itu sendiri merupakan aspek hukum yang perlu ditelaah guna mencegah terbentuknya opini yang keliru di kalangan masyarakat. hal tersebut, dewasa ini sudah mulai terbentuk persepsi bahwa dissenting opinion adalah suatu rekayasa hukum, yang bukannya menegakkan supremasi hukum tetapi malah media yang memberi kesempatan bagi para terdakwa korupsi terlepas dari jeratan pidana; namun disisi lain perbedaan pendapat merupakan suatu bentuk dan para meter kemandirian hakim sebagaimana yang dijamin oleh ketentuan undang-undang; 2. bahwa pentingnya dissenting opinion dalam putusan pengadilan adalah dapat diketahui pendapat hakim yang berbobot, dalam upaya hukum banding atau kasasi; sebagai indikator untuk menentukan jenjang karir hakim, sebagai upaya untuk mencegah praktek korupsi, kolusi dan nepotisme (kkn) dan mafia peradilan; sebagai langkah nyata demokratisasi peradilan; menuju transparansi peradilan; dan kemandiarian hakim memerlukan kebebasan berpendapat. daftar pustaka abidin, zainal, et al, pemidanaan, pidana dan tindakan dalam rancangan kuhp 2005, lembaga studi dan advokasi masyarakat, elsam 2005 adi, kusno, kebijakan kriminal dalam penanggulangan tindak pidana narkotika oleh anak, umm press, malang, 2009 effendy, marwan, pengadilan tindak pidana korupsi, lokakarya anti korupsi bagi jurnalis, surabaya, 2007 krisnawati, dani, dkk, bunga rampai hukum pidana khusus, pena pundi aksara, jakarta, 2006, purwoleksono, didik endro, kebijakan hukum pidana, program magister ilmu hukum unair, tnp, surabaya, 2010 issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 kedudukan dissenting opinion dalam perkara tindak pidana korupsi (analisis putusan pengadilan tipikor nomor: 04/pid.tipikor/2013/pn.kdi) i dewi ratnasari rustam page 217 poernomo, bambang, pelaksanaan pidana penjara dengan sistem pemasyarakatan, liberty yogyakarta, 1986 prasetyo, teguh, kriminalisasi dalam hukum pidana, nusa media, bandung, 2010 priyatno, dwidja, sistem pelaksanaan pidana penjara diindonesia, refika aditama, bandung, 2006 ramelan, eman, sistem peradilan indonesia, tnp., surabaya, 2010 sholehuddin, sistem sanksi dalam hukum pidana, raja grafindo persada, jakarta, 2003 sukardi, penyidikan tindak pidana tertentu, restu agung, jakarta, 2009 wijayanta, tata. dan hery firmansyah, perbedaan pendapat dalam putusan pengadilan, pustaka yustisia, yogyakarta, 2011 widodo, sistem pemidanaan dalam cyber crime alternatif ancaman pidana kerja sosial dan pidana pengawasan bagi pelaku cyber crime, laksbang mediatama, yogyakarta, 2009 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 3 issue 2, june 2019 p-issn : 2528-360x, e-issn : 2621-6159 111 price agreement and market provision between principal and distributor in the constitution no. 5, 1999 ria permata sukma abstract author’s information: market structure is one of the things that determines potential occurance of price fixing. market characteristics with large entry barriers for newcomers causing difficulties for competitors to enter so that there are no substitutes. distributor is one of the business actors namely a national trading company that acts for and in its own name based on an agreement with the principal to make purchases, storage, sales and marketing of goods and/or services. there are pricing activities in business activities carried out by distributors with their networks in controlled markets, so the main issue in this study is whether the pricing is included in the price fixing agreement which is prohibited by the law prohibition of monopolistic practices and unfair business competition. the approach used to analyze the problem is statute and conceptual approach to examine and find legal concepts that are relevant to the issues raised, thus finding a way out and produce solution for business actors to become more competitive and avoid anticompetitive behavior. keywords: business competition, price fixing, market share, distributors, principals magister hukum universitas airlangga surabaya, (riapermatasukma1@gmail.co m) doi: https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v3i2. 121 1. introduction developments arising from the globalization process pose new challenges that require separate solutions including in the field of law. the development of indonesian economic law in essence must refer to the formulation of article 33 of the 1945 constitution that the economy is prepared based on family principles, and production branches which are important for the state and society are controlled by the state, and all natural resources are used entirely for the welfare of the people. in order to realize this prosperity, the interests of the people as consumers must be considered one of which is through conducive economic activities, and run optimally. economic activity is an activity carried out by humans to obtain goods and services. sellers and buyers meet to obtain goods and services in the market that are currently developing very rapidly because of innovation, research and developments by businesses to perfect their products and meet the needs and desires of consumers for a product. due to the demands of this development, the conditions of competition among business people have become increasingly stringent. the state requires equal opportunity for citizens to be involved in the process of production and marketing of goods or services in a healthy business climate so that the behavior of business actors is regulated in business competition law through law number 5 of 1999 concerning prohibition of monopolistic practices and business competition no healthy (law no. 5 of 1999). the enactment of law no. 5 of 1999 is to maintain the continuity of competition among business actors in order to stay alive and to be acknowledged. in other words, the purpose of business competition is also to protect competition itself by abolishing or mailto:riapermatasukma1@gmail.com mailto:riapermatasukma1@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v3i2.121 https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v3i2.121 jurnal hukum volkgeist ria permata sukma. 3(2): 111-117 112 preventing the restraint or limitation of private and public businesses that can cause or harm the competition process (l. budi kagramanto, 2012: 13) the next objective is to protect the competition system what is on the market like what has long happened in the united states, by applying competitive preserve systems. based on the need to reduce the negative excesses that may arise from business people, the objective to be achieved by making various regulations concerning the prohibition of monopoly and unfair business competition, as practiced by developed countries is to maintain competition. business competition is maintained for the sake of achieving efficiency, both for the community as consumers and for the company. competition will encourage each company to carry out its activities as efficiently as possible in order to be able to sell goods and / or services at prices that compete with other companies that are competitors in the market. in the definition of business competition, besides covering business competition law, it also includes deregulation, foreign direct investment, and other policies aimed at supporting business competition such as reducing restrictions on the quantification of imports and aspects of ownership (intellectual property) uu no. 5 of 1999 is present with the need that the state guarantees the integrity of the business competition process against interference from business actors by drafting a law that prohibits businesses from changing trade barriers by a state that has just been abolished by the private sector. the principle of law no. 5 of 1999 as stipulated in article 2 is economic democracy. democracy means having its own peculiarities, namely realizing the interests of society by all people by serving the welfare of the community itself. in connection with this principle, it is necessary to understand that the legislation in the field of antimonopoly does not only aim to protect business competition in the interest of competition itself. article 3 of law no. 5 of 1999 states that the purpose of establishing this law is to: a. safeguarding public interests and increasing national economic efficiency as one of the efforts to improve people's welfare; b. realizing a conducive business climate through sound business competition arrangements so as to ensure the certainty of the same business opportunities for large business actors, medium business actors, and small business actors; c. prevent monopolistic practices and or unfair competition caused by business actors; and d. creating effectiveness and efficiency in business activities. the process of business competition can achieve these objectives by means of limited resource efficiency, adjusting product capacity with production methods and demand structures and adjusting the supply of goods and services to consumer interests (business competition regulatory functions), by ensuring optimal economic growth, technological progress and stable price level (function of driving business competition) and by channeling income according to market performance based on marginal productivity (distribution function) (. abdul hakim g. nusantara, 1999: 105). basically the steps taken to achieve the objectives of the establishment of the law must remain within the corridor permitted by the applicable legislation. in this era of globalization and transparency, the results of fair business competition cannot only benefit certain groups, but with the rules regarding the prohibition of monopolistic practices and unfair business competition, the interests and welfare of consumers will automatically be guaranteed and increased. theoretically, business competition law will benefit consumers on the one hand and develop a better business climate for business people on the other. in the consumer perspective, with the prohibition of monopolistic practices, the consumer gains, namely. jurnal hukum volkgeist ria permata sukma. 3(2): 111-117 113 1. ease to choose alternative goods or services offered; 2. prices of goods or services will tend to be cheaper with competition among business actors; and 3. services that compete between business actors at first, prices are seen as the things that most influence consumer behavior in the selection of a product both goods or services. therefore the strategy used to dominate the market by business actors in general is to play a price on the market. prices are payments for goods or services that do not only cover basic costs or services, but also must include additional costs such as discounts or delays in payments (asri ernawati, 2004: 23). this is based on the fact that payments in return for goods or services must be fully determined by free business competition. the price mechanism is a process that runs on the basis of the style or force of attraction between consumers and producers that meet on the market. at one time, the price of an item or service might rise because the consumer's attraction becomes stronger, that is, consumers ask for more of the goods or services. conversely the price of an item or service falls when consumer demand weakens. price mechanism is very closely related to pricing. pricing does not only occur due to production factors, but also comes from the location of sales, the size of the market, the uniqueness of a product, the brand of an item, the holder of a patent, and the way of selling (marshall c. howard, 1964: 23). pricing agreements can easily be done in certain markets compared to other practices, however it is very possible that the pricing cannot work at all in other markets. this is important to know because pricing agreements are usually clandestine agreements and are often very difficult to detect. it takes a good economic instinct to create law enforcement in the related market which is most conducive to price fixing. price fixing that occurs vertically or horizontally is considered as a restraint of trade, which has a negative effect on price competition. in other words, if price fixing is done, freedom to determine prices independently becomes reduced. known 2 (two) kinds of pricing, horizontal pricing (horizontal price fixing) (rs khemani, 1999: 27), occurs when more than one company is at the same stage of production, thus one company with another is a competitor that determines the price sell their products at the same level. the second pricing is the vertical price fixing, which occurs when a company is in a certain stage of production, determines the price of the product that must be sold by other companies that are in the lower production stage. pricing is carried out by business actors in the market. markets with ideal conditions are considered to guarantee the realization of optimal production of goods or services known as perfect competition markets. market structure is a market condition that provides guidance on aspects that have an important influence on the behavior of business actors and market performance, including the number of sellers and buyers, market entry and exit barriers, product diversity, distribution systems, and market share control. market structure is one of the things that determines the potential for pricing. the characteristics of the market with large barriers to entry for migrant business actors (barriers to entry) make it difficult for competitors to enter so that substitute goods are not available in the market. market conditions with obstacles cause the old players in the relevant market (incumbent) most likely to make a price fix. for example, conditions in the motorized bicycle market are one of the increasingly popular and widespread use of technology products. supported by the improved land development sector, motorized bicycles are one of the types of needs that are in high demand today. honda is one of the jurnal hukum volkgeist ria permata sukma. 3(2): 111-117 114 motorcycle brands with a majority market share compared to its competitors (complete aisi data 2009-2018). for the east java and ntt areas the distribution is held by pt mpm distributor. sales of honda brand motorcycles are targeted to increase every year in accordance with the obligations given by pt astra honda motor (ahm) as the principal. as a distributor, pt mpm has a registered network to receive motorcycle unit distribution from the principal. in the distribution process the network has an obligation to sell motorcycle units at predetermined prices. principals provide prices to distributors, distributor companies deliver and ensure prices to their networks. the price is the on the road price (otr) which is the purchase price of a motor vehicle after all vehicle taxes and various documents (stnk and bpkb) are added. 2. pricing agreement as a distribution strategy a business will not be great if the distributor does not function properly, so it is very important to create conducive conditions between the principal and the distributor. so far, the distributor is considered to be in an inferior position from the principal. principal and distributor relations do not always go easily because of the very minimal provision of net margins to distributors while the demand for increased service as a method to increase product engagement with consumers is increasingly high. often if there are obstacles in the distribution or marketing process of a product, mistakes are imposed on the performance of distributors, who are considered unable to control the market so that the market share is limited. though many things affect whether or not a product is accepted in the market, the most dominant is the presence of competitors. the activities of competitors in carrying out branding on their products are sometimes difficult to predict by principals, not infrequently such errors are bestowed on distributors the responsibility of distributors to principals is basically to the limits of spreading (spread), coverage, and penetration to the market. but principals often intervene in determining distributor strategies to fulfill their responsibilities, and some distributors do not object to this. for example, the principal specifically monitors the distribution process by placing supervisor areas in each distributor's marketing location. in fact, this kind of relationship between principals and distributors is one of the anticipatory or preventive actions of the principal to minimize friction with the distributor. mistakes of distributors that are often carried out such as submission of forecast demand that are unfounded and difficult to be realized by the distributors themselves, payments to retained principal products even though there are guarantees given by distributors to principals, price games made by distributors themselves with their networks, poor service from distributors to their networks or to consumers if through a direct distribution process that affects the brand image of the principal's products. therefore, in the agreement between the principal and the distributor, it is also usually stipulated about the marketing strategy proclaimed. through this program, principals will not easily break their business relationships with distributors, on the contrary if the distributor manages to establish good relations with the principal through fulfilling the marketing targets provided by the principal, the bank guarantee benefits that are deposited to the principal become minimal. as explained in the previous chapter that in carrying out its business activities, the principal gives the price agreed upon by the distributor. the price component here consists of a list of prices, rebates or discounts, special discounted prices, payment periods, and price credit terms (philip kotler and kevin lane keller, 2007: 23). in setting prices agreed upon by principals and distributors there are steps taken by both, including. jurnal hukum volkgeist ria permata sukma. 3(2): 111-117 115 a. choose a pricing goal the company decides where to position its market offer. the clearer the goal of a company, the easier it is to set prices. b. determining requests each price will produce a different level of demand and therefore have a different influence on the marketing objectives of a company. c. estimating costs the request determines the highest price limit that the company can charge for its product. d. analyze competitors' costs, prices and offers in the range of price possibilities determined by market demand and company costs, the company must take into account the costs, prices and possible reaction of competitor prices. e. choose a pricing method with the schedule of customer requests, cost functions, and competitor prices, the company is now ready to choose prices. f. choose the final price pricing methods narrow the space that companies must use to choose the final price. in choosing this final price the company must consider additional factors which include the impact of other marketing activities, company pricing policies, pricing that share profits and risks, and the impact of prices on other parties 3. distributor obligations in improving performance through market share / market mastery strategies in the marketing strategy set by principals, distributors are also burdened with the obligation to continue to improve their permits by increasing market share so that the principals can be guaranteed that their products will be easily channeled to the market so that demand from distributors will automatically increase against the principal's products. in an economic perspective, companies that have market power have the ability to raise prices above marginal costs, marginal costs themselves are a condition of rising total costs caused by the production of one unit of output. the greater the market power possessed by the company, the greater the price difference will be towards marginal costs. so that the higher the market power possessed by a company, the more inefficient the market will be (ayu sitoresmi, 2012: 20). mastery of market share and excellence in financial terms, access range, efficiency, technology and so on can make a business actor have a dominant position in a relevant market. based on this, having a dominant position is an achievement for business actors. business competition law is a law that regulates the interaction of a company or business actor in the market. in business competition law to be superior (market leader) is not prohibited, businesses will certainly be encouraged to innovate and efficiency in terms of producing quality products at competitive prices in order to obtain a superior position (market leader) from other business actors in a relevant market. competition is what drives business actors to become dominant business actors. however, by having a dominant position, the business actor has the potential to carry out anti-competitive actions in the form of abuse of dominant position (abuse of dominant position), this is due to his dominant position that the business actor can easily take actions that affect jurnal hukum volkgeist ria permata sukma. 3(2): 111-117 116 market dynamics (supply and demand ) widely without being affected by other business actors. this action ultimately has the potential to threaten the sustainability of fair and effective business competition in a relevant market. talking about the distributor's obligation to improve performance through market share / market share, the behavior of distributors in carrying out their business activities must be considered. the misuse of the market share can be seen from the strategic behavior of the business actors. strategic behavior is a concept of how a company can reduce the level of competition that comes from existing competitors and potential competitors that will enter the relevant market. this strategic behavior is basically aimed at increasing the profits of business actors, which include pricing and quality, pursuing market share, and widening capacity to narrow the competition for competitors. the application of strategic behavior aimed at inhibiting competition by business actors can have a negative impact on both competition and consumers 4. impact of dominant position of distributors as market leaders ownership of a dominant position by a distributor company is not prohibited as long as the business actor in achieving his dominant position in the relevant market is carried out in his own capacity in a justified manner. business competition law on this matter focuses on maintaining fair business competition in the relevant market and encourages business actors to become business actors who have a dominant position through fair and effective business competition. having a dominant position of a business actor has the ability to influence market conditions independently by pricing, controlling production or marketing of important parts of the products requested. the ownership of a dominant position in this case by a new distributor is prohibited if with the dominant position it has, the business actor carries out anti-competitive actions that can lead to unfair competition in the relevant market. in business competition law there are 2 (two) forms of abuse of dominant position, namely exploitative abuse (exclutionary abuse) and exclutionary abuse. in the event that a distributor company becomes a market leader, the opportunity to abuse a dominant position can be done through the selection of consumers and business partners based on the principle of discrimination on the basis of economic (business) and non-economic considerations. distributors choose their networks as business partners without objective reasons that clearly accept or reject them at will. for example because of differences in ethnicity, race, social status and others. misuse of dominant positions always occurs in the same industry, among companies that have a dominant position, with distributors, suppliers and retailers (hanif nur widhiyanti, 2015: 406) therefore, to ensure that abuse of dominant positions by distributors as market leaders must be proven fulfillment of the dominant position limit conditions which is equal to 50% for one or a group of business actors, or 75% for two or three business actors or groups of business actors 5. conclusion the prohibition on pricing agreements and market control is regulated in law no. 5 of 1999. the behavior of principals and distributors who make price-fixing agreements that can affect consumer behavior towards a product, if proven to result in loss of competition so as to have an adverse effect on consumers and the economy as a whole, is considered contrary to law no. 5 of 1999. likewise with market control that makes a jurnal hukum volkgeist ria permata sukma. 3(2): 111-117 117 distributor have a dominant position, it must be ensured that his achievement in that position is due to his own ability and is not misused. references bertents. (2000). introduction to business ethics. yogyakarta: kanisius. boediono. (2002). series synopsis introduction to economics no. 1 micro economy issue 2. yogyakarta: bpfe. daughter, vegitya ramadhani. (2013). concept business law & case study. comparative study of indonesian business law, european union, and the united states. malang: setara press. ernawati, asri. (2004). pricing in the perspective of law no. 5 of 1999 concerning prohibition of monopolistic practices and unfair business competition case study of determination of ac patas city bus fares in the dki jakarta region. thesis, faculty of law, university of indonesia. g. nusantara; abdul, hakim; & benny k. harman. (1999). analysis and comparison of antitrust laws: law prohibiting monopolistic practices and unfair business competition. jakarta: pt elex media komputindo. hansen, knud, et al. (2002). prohibition of monopolistic practices and unfair business competition: law concerning the prohibition of monopolistic practices and unfair business competition. jakarta: gtz & catalyst publishing media services. hertanto, ari wahy. (2007). aspects of the law of the distributor and agency agreement (a civil analysis). journal of law & development, vol. 37, no. 3. howard, marshall c. (1964). legal aspect marketing. massachusetts: mcgraw-hill, inc. jusmadi, ridho. (2014). business competition law concept. malang: setara press. kagramanto, l. budi. (2012). getting to know business competition law. surabaya: laros. lubis, fahmi lubis et al. (2009). business competition law between text & context. jakarta: rov creative media. mankiw, n. gregory; euston, quah & peter wilson. (2012). introduction to asian microeconomics. principles of economics an asian edition volume 1. jakarta: salemba empat publishers. margono, suyud. (2009). anti-monopoly law. jakarta: sinar grafika. marzuki, peter mahmud. (2008). legal research. jakarta: kencana. meyliana, devi. (2013). business competition law. malang: setara press,. murniati, rilda. (2014). business competition law theoretical study creating healthy competition in business. bandar lampung: justice publisher. nugroho, susanti adi. (2001). business competition law in indonesia. jakarta: research center for the supreme court. issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 penerapan sanksi pidana bagi pelaku tindak pidana aborsi menurut peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku ( kitab hukum pidana dan undang-undang nomor. 36 tahun 2009 tentang kesehatan) i ida bagus made putra manohara 1 penerapan sanksi pidana bagi pelaku tindak pidana aborsi menurut peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku ( kitab hukum pidana dan undang-undang nomor. 36 tahun 2009 tentang kesehatan) oleh ida bagus made putra manohara fakultas hukum universitas airlangga surabaya abstrak aborsi merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat karena memberikan dampak pada kematian ibu. sebagaimana diketahui penyebab utama kematian ibu hamil dan melahirkan adalah perdarahan, infeksi, dan eklampsia namun sebenarnya aborsi juga merupakan penyebab kematian ibu dalam bentuk komplikasi perdarahan sepsis. dibeberapa negara seperti di amerika serikat memperbolehkan aborsi dengan alasan medis tertentu, aborsi ini disebut sebagai aborsi terapeutik di negara jepang dan eropa timur memperbolehkan aborsi dengan alasan terbatasnya jumlah penduduk sehingga praktik aborsi di negara tersebut dilegalkan. namun di indonesia melarang keras praktik aborsi dalam bentuk apapun, namun menurut undang-undang kesehatan tahun 1992 praktik aborsi diperbolehkan dengan indikasi medis, namun dalam ketentuan yang tertera dalam undang-undang kesehatan tahun 1992 menjadi dilematis antara memperbolehkan atau melarang tindakan aborsi tersebut. setelah mengalami gejolak yang sangat panjang pemerintah mencabut peraturan tentang undang-undang kesehatan tahun 1992 dan diganti dengan undang-undang nomor 36 tahun 2009 seiring dengan perkembangan jaman dan banyak penolakan terhadap peraturan yang lama. dalam kitab undang-undang hukum pidana sendiri perbuatan aborsi merupakan tindakan kriminal atau dikatagorikan sebagai kejahatan terhadap nyawa, pasal yang mengatur terhadap kejahatan terhadap nyawa adalah pasal 229, pasal 346, pasal 349, dan pasal 535. penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan. serta menggunkan sumber bahan hukum sekunder sebagai sumber data utama, yang didasarkan pada bahan hukum primer yaitu kitab undang-undang hukum pidana, undangundang nomor 36 tahun 2009 tentang kesehatan, dan bahan hukum sekunder berupa buku, catatancatatan ilmiah dan sumber bahan hukum lainnya.. hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa hanya undang-undang kesehatan yang memperbolehkan seorang wanita melakukan aborsi dengan alasan faktor penyakit bawaan, dimana ternyata pada ibu hamil yang sudah melakukan pemeriksaan kehamilan mendapatkan kenyataan bahwa bayi yang dikandungnya mengalami cacat secara fisik sehingga apabila bayi tersebut lahir akan mengancam jiwa ibu maupun bayi yang akan dilahirkan. issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 penerapan sanksi pidana bagi pelaku tindak pidana aborsi menurut peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku ( kitab hukum pidana dan undang-undang nomor. 36 tahun 2009 tentang kesehatan) i ida bagus made putra manohara 2 a. pendahuluan aborsi berasal dari istilah latin abortus provocatus yang berarti dengan sengaja mengakhiri kehidupan kandungan dalam rahim seorang wanita hamil (dorland, 2002:6). karena itu, abortus provocatus harus dibedakan dari abortus spontaneus yang berarti keguguran, sepanjang sejarah aborsi bukan hanya diartikan sebagai penggugur kandungan tapi juga infanticide (pembunuhan anak kecil) ditemukan diberbagai tempat dan kebudayaan(r. masri sareb purba, 1998: 35). berbagai manuskrip memuat keterangan laku aborsi yang tertua berasal dari tiongkok, dalam sebuah manuskrip kedokteran yang berusia 5000 tahun menunjukkan penggunaan merkuri (shu yin) sebagai perantara aborsi (abortifacient). manuskrip medis (materia medica) shen nong, tabib tersohor tiongkok menyebut trichosanthes kirilowii sebagai ramuan aborsi, ramuan ini berasal dari tiongkok selatan (derek liewellyn,1983: 81). yunani kuno misalnya juga melakukan ramuan dengan menggunakan tanaman pennyroyal, artemesia, rue, silpihium dan mentimun sembur. praktik aborsi sendiri berlangsung luas di yunani, orang yunani tidak memandang perbuatan aborsi sebagai perbuatan yang keji atau sebuah pembunuhan. sejumlah filsuf misalnya berlaku toleran terhadap perilaku aborsi. plato (427-347 sm) berpendapat bahwa janin belum dianggap sebagai manusia seutuhnya, maka pengguguran janin tidak bisa dianggap sebagai perbuatan kriminal. aristoteles (384-322 sm) sendiri berpendapat bahwa aborsi adalah proses pengendalian kelahiran, ini sesuai dengan konsepnya tentang kota ideal jika pembunuhan berlangsung kala jumlah penduduk berlebihan aborsi dapat dilakukan. filsuf yang menentang tindakan aborsi adaalah pengikut phytagoras (582 – 496 sm) menurut mereka, nyawa manusia sudah masuk sejak pembuahan kapanpun aborsi dilakukan itu berarti penghilang nyawa mahkluk hidup. hippocrates (460 – 370 sm) juga menolak metode aborsi karena berbahaya, karena kandungan racun selain bisa membunuh janin juga dapat membahayakan ibunya. hal ini juga terdapat dalam sumpahnya yang menjadi sumpah kedokteran hingga kini (luwdig edelstein, 1943: 43). pada masyarakat indonesia yang agraris dan tidak mengenal sistem feodal dalam pengolahan lahan pertanian. lahan perkebunan dan sawah dikelola dengan mengandalkan seluruh keluarga dan anak-anak, ketika anak-anak dalam keluarga issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 penerapan sanksi pidana bagi pelaku tindak pidana aborsi menurut peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku ( kitab hukum pidana dan undang-undang nomor. 36 tahun 2009 tentang kesehatan) i ida bagus made putra manohara 3 dibutuhkan untuk menjaga kelanjutan keturunan dan juga mengangkat derajat keluarga, serta menunjang orang tua dan harta kekayaan berupa lahan pertanian. aborsi untuk membatasi jumlah keluarga sepertinya hanya dilakukan wanita yang tidak besuami. walaupun pada masa itu praktik aborsi dianggap kejadian biasa. ketika bangsa eropa menjajah asia tenggara pada abad ke – 19 seperti di indonesia. pemerintah kolonial hindia belanda padaa tahun 1981 mengeluarkan undang – undang tentang aborsi. undang – undang ini membuat aborsi yang tindakan yang awalnya hanya untuk menggugurkan kandungan menjadi sebuah tindakan kejahatan. peraturan ini bertahan hingga masa kemerdekaan dimana pemerintah tetap melarang praktik aborsi dalam bentuk apapun. hal ini membuat praktik aborsi ilegal seperti dukun, dokter dan praktik pemijatan tradisional membuka praktiknya secara tertutup. memasuki abad ke – 20 gerakan pro aborsi kembali menguat dan erat kaitannya dengan gerakan feminisme di negara barat. dibeberapa negara seperti di amerika memperbolehkan aborsi dengan alasan medis tertentu, praktik ini disebut aborsi terapeutik. di negara jepang dan eropa timur mereka menerapkan legalisasi aborsi dengan alasan pembatasan jumlah penduduk. setelah perang dunia ke – 2 jepang mengalami masalah kependudukan dan terbatasnya tempat tinggal dan pekerjaan. pada tahun 1949 jepang menjadi negara pertama yang melegalisasi aborsi ini berdampak penurunan angka kelahiran. indonesia melarang keras praktik aborsi secara bebas. menurut undang – undang kesehatan tahun 1992 aborsi diperbolehkan dengan indikasi medis (k. bertens,2001:76). tetapi di kota – kota besar praktik aborsi dengan mudah diperoleh melalui praktik illegal. hal ini membuat banyak kematian ibu hamil akibat komplikasi aborsi yang tidak aman, terdapat alasan – alasan kuat untuk mempertimbangkan aborsi tetapi indikasi terapeutik merupakan alasan yang sekarang diterima secara umum. praktik aborsi sekarang tejebak dalam berbagai situasi dilematis seperti legalisasi aborsi dengan alasan medis, terapeutik dan alasan lain secara fisik atau menggugurkan kandungan karena alasan psikis seperti pada korban perkosaan, hasil inses, atau pada remaja. aborsi menjadi pilihan dilematis antara membolehkan atau melarangnya. sebelum norma hukum mengatur dunia kedokteran melalui beberapa peraturan perundang – undangan, norma etik merupakan norma tertua yang mengatur komunitas issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 penerapan sanksi pidana bagi pelaku tindak pidana aborsi menurut peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku ( kitab hukum pidana dan undang-undang nomor. 36 tahun 2009 tentang kesehatan) i ida bagus made putra manohara 4 kedokteran. tercatat dalam sejarah 2500 sm adanya kode etik hammurabi (code of hammurabi) yang dipegang oleh sebuah bangsa di lembah mesopotamia babylonia. kode etik hammurabi memiliki aturan yang keras untuk semua aspek kehidupan, tidak terkecuali untuk kedokteran. seorang dokter atau tabib akan kehilangan tangannya jika pasien yang ditanganinya meninggal dunia. dari beberapa kode etik yang terbit sebelum masehi tidak ada satupun yang memberikan celah bagi dokter atau pengobat untuk menggugurkan kandungan dengan alasan apapun, melakukan pengguguran kandungan dengan alasan tertentu baru ditemukan pada buku al qanun yang ditulis oleh ibnu sina pada abad ke -10 sesudah masehi. dibentuknya undang – undang no.36 tahun 2009 tentang kesehatan yaitu berdasarkan 5 pertimbangan landasan undang – undang antara lain sebagai berikut : pertama kesehatan merupakan hak asasi manusia dan merupakan unsur kesejahteraan, kedua upaya memelihara dan meningkatkan kesehatan masyarakat harus dilakukan berdasarkan prinsip non diskriminatif, partisipatif, dan berkelanjutan, ketiga kesehatan adalah investasi bagi pembangunan negara, keempat kesehatan merupakan tanggung jawab semua pihak baik masyarakat maupun pemerintah, dan kelima undang – undang nomor 23 tahun 1992 tentang kesehatan sudah tidak sesuai lagi, dengan perkembangan, tuntutan dan kebutuhan bagi masyarakat sehingga perlu dicabut dan di ganti dengan undang – undang baru. undang – undang tersebut dilaksanakan berdasarkan asas – asas sebagai berikut : asas perikemanusiaan, keseimbangan, manfaat, perlindungan, penghormatan terhadap hak dan kewajiban, keadilan, gender, nondiskriminatif, dan norma – norma agama. tujuan undang – undang kesehatan ini adalah untuk meningkatkan kesadaran, kemauan, dan kemampuan hidup sehat setiap orang agar terwujud derajat kesehatan masyarakat sebagai investasi pembangunan sumber daya manusia yang produktif secara sosial dan ekonomis. tindakan aborsi menurut kitab undang – undang hukum pidana di indonesia dikatagorikan sebagai tindakan kriminal atau dikatagorikan sebagai kejahatan terhadap nyawa. pasal – pasal kuhp yang mengatur hal ini adalah pasal 229, 346-349, dan 535. pasal 346 menerangkan bahwa seseorang yang dengan sengaja bermaksud untuk issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 penerapan sanksi pidana bagi pelaku tindak pidana aborsi menurut peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku ( kitab hukum pidana dan undang-undang nomor. 36 tahun 2009 tentang kesehatan) i ida bagus made putra manohara 5 melakukan aborsi baik secara legal maupun illegal kepada janin yang tidak berdosa baik orang yang mengandungnya maupun orang lain yang membantu untuk melakukan perbuatan tersebut sama – sama dijerat dengan pasal ini, bunyi pasalnya antara lain sebagai berikut (ranoemiharja atang, 1991:51). “ seorang wanita yang dengan sengaja menggugurkan atau mematikan kandungannya atau menyuruh orang lain untuk itu, diancam dengan pidana empat tahun.” perumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan arah penelitian agar lebih terarah pada tujuan-tujuan dari penelitian. berdasarkan uraian dan pemaparan latar belakang masalah timbul permasalahan sebagaipenegakan hukum terhadap pelaku aborsi sesuai peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. b. metode penelitian tipe penelitian hukum normatif dimaksudkan untuk menelaah ketentuanketentuan hukum positif, dan perangkat hukum positif yang diteliti secara normatif akan digunakan sebagai sumber bahan hukum. penelitian hukum harus dilakukan pada tataran kenormatifan hukum, morris l. cohen yang sependapat dengan peter mahmud marzuki(2005:56 ) menyatakan “ legal research is the process of finding the law that governs activities in human society” tipe reform oriented research dalam penulisan penelitian ini, dimungkinkan karena nantinya penelitian ini merupakan hasil research yang lebih tinggi lagi tarafnya. sama hanlnya dengan field study, penelitian ini meminta sumbangan material yaitu penemuan-penemuan hukum baru dalam menemukan dalil-dalil tentang hukum. penelitian hukum (legal research) dilakukan dengan metode sesuai dengan karakter yang khas dari ilmu hukum. penelitian hukum terdapat beberapa pendekatan yang dengan pendekatan tersebut, penulis akan mendapat informasi dari berbagai aspek mengenai isu yang dicoba untuk dicari jawabannya. pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian hukum ini adalah pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan (statue approach) dan pendekatan konseptual (conseptual approach). issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 penerapan sanksi pidana bagi pelaku tindak pidana aborsi menurut peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku ( kitab hukum pidana dan undang-undang nomor. 36 tahun 2009 tentang kesehatan) i ida bagus made putra manohara 6 metode pendekatan perundang-undangan (statue approach), penulis perlu memahami hierarki dan asas-asas dalam peraturan perundang-undangan menurut pasal 1 angka 2 undang-undang nomor 12 tahun 2011 tentang pembentukan perundang-undangan, pembentukan peraturan ini memuat norma hukum yang mengikat secara umum dan dibentuk atau ditetapkan oleh lembaga negara atau pejabat yang berwenang melalui prosedur yang ditetapkan dalam peraturuan perundangundangan. pendekatan konseptual beranjak dari pandangan-pandangan para ahli, perlu mencari ratio legis dan dasar ontologi lahirnya undang-undang sehingga penulis mampu memahami kandungan filosofi yang ada di belakang undang-undang dan menyimpulkan mengenai ada atau tidaknya benturan filosofi antara undang-undang dengan isu yang dihadapi. pendekatan konseptual, penulis akan menemukan ide-ide yang melahirkan pengertian-pengertian hukum, konsep-konsep hukum, dan asas-asas hukum yang relevan dengan isu yang dihadapi. 1. sumber bahan hukum penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa pada penelitian hukum berbeda dengan penelitian sosial. penelitian hukum tidak mengenal adanya data, melainkan penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memecahkan isu hukum yang diperlukan sumber bahan hukum untuk penelitian. sumber bahan hukum dalam penelitian ini dibedakan menjadi sumber bahan hukum primer dan sumber bahan hukum sekunder. sumber bahan hukum primer merupakan bahan hukum yang bersifat autoritatif yang mempunyai otorisasi. bahan-bahan hukum primer terdiri dari perundang-undangan yaitu : a. undang-undang nomor 36 tahun 2009 tentang kesehatan b. undang-undang nomor 35 tahun 2014 tentang perubahan atas undang-undang nomor 23 tahun 2002 tentang perlindungan anak c. undang-undang nomor 73 tahun 1958 tentang hukum pidana d. peraturan pemerintah nomor 61 tahun 2014 tentang kesehatan reproduksi sumber bahan hukum sekunder berupa semua publikasi tentang hukum yang bukan merupakan dokumen-dokumen resmi. publikasi tentang hukum meliputi bukubuku, teks, kamus hukum, jurnal hukum, dan komentar atas putusan pengadilan. issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 penerapan sanksi pidana bagi pelaku tindak pidana aborsi menurut peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku ( kitab hukum pidana dan undang-undang nomor. 36 tahun 2009 tentang kesehatan) i ida bagus made putra manohara 7 disamping sumber penelitian berbahan hukum, peneliti juga dapat menggunakan bahan-bahan non hukum apabila dipandang perlu. bahan-bahan non hukum dapat berupa buku-buku mengenai kesehatan reproduksi, dan laporan penelitian non hukum sepanjang mempunyai relevansi dengan topik penelitian. bahan non hukum tersebut berguna untuk memperluas wawasan peneliti, relevan atau tidaknya bahan non hukum tergantung pada kajian penelitian terhadap bahan-bahan tersebut. 2. pengumpulan dan pengolahan bahan hukum pengumpulan bahan hukum ini berbanding lurus dengan pendekatan masalah yang dipilih oleh peneliti dalam penelitiannya. kepentingan terhadap bahan hukum harus relevan, mengumpulkan bahan hukum yang sesuai dengan pembahasan penelitian. apabila dalam penelitian hukum tersebut, peneliti sudah menyebutkan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statue approach) adalah mencari peraturan perundang-undangan mengenai atau yang berkaitan dengan isu tersebut. perundangundangan dalam hal ini berupa legislation maupun regulation apabila peneliti melakukan pendekatan konseptual (conseptual approach) yang harus dikumpulkan lebih dahulu bukan peraturan perundang-undangan untuk isu hukum yang hendak dipecahkan. c. hasil penelitian dan pembahasan 1 tindak pidana pelaku aborsi sesuai ketentuan perundang-undangan tindakpidana pengguguran kandungan/aborsi dalam berbagai literatur pengertian tentang tindak pidana pengguguran kandungan/aborsi berbeda-beda akan tetapi memiliki suatu makna yang sama mengenai pengertian tindak pidana pengguguran kandungan/aborsi, dalam berbagai peraturan perundang-undangan. dalam bagian buke ii tentang kejahatan terhadap kesusilaan (misdrijven tegen de zeden) termuat pasal 299 kuhp yang melarang suatu perbuatan yang mirip dengan abortus, tetapi tidak harus dengan penegasan bahwa harus ada suatu kandungan yang hidup, pasal ini berbunyi : 1. barang siapa dengan sengaja mengobati seorang perempuan atau menyuruh seorang perempuan supaya diobati dengan memberi tahu atau menimbulkan issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 penerapan sanksi pidana bagi pelaku tindak pidana aborsi menurut peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku ( kitab hukum pidana dan undang-undang nomor. 36 tahun 2009 tentang kesehatan) i ida bagus made putra manohara 8 pengharapan, bahwa karna pengobatan itu dapat gugur kandungannya, di hukum dengan hukuman penjara selama-lamanya 4 (empat) tahun atau denda sebanyak tiga ribu rupiah. 2. kalau yang bersalah berbuat karena mencari keuntungan, atau melakukan kejahatan itu ia jadikan pekerjaan sehari-hari (bereop) atau kebiasaan, atau kalau ia seorang dokter, bidan, atau tukang obat, maka hukumannya ditambah dengan sepertiganya. 3. kalau kejahatan ini dilakukan dalam melakukan pekerjaan sehari-hari, maka boleh dicabut haknya untuk menjalankan pekerjaan itu. peristilahan aborsi sesungguhnya tidak dapat ditemukan pengutipannya dalam kuhp. hanya mengenal istilah pengguguran kandungan, secara terminologi atau tata bahasa aborsi atau abortus berasal dari kata bahasa latin yaitu abortio yang artinya pengeluaran hasil konsepsi dari uretus secara prematur pada umur dimana janin itu belum bisa hidup di luar kandungan pada umur 24 minggu. secara medis aborsi berarti pengeluaran kandungan sebelum berumur 24 minggu dan mengakibatkan kematian, sedangkan apabila pengeluaran janin sesudah 24 minggu dan mati tidak disebut aborsi tetapi pembunuhan bayi (infanticide) (kusmaryanto, 2005: 15 ). terjadinya aborsi bisa secara alami dan tidak disengaja, bisa juga karena suatu kesengajaan. pengguguran kandungan atau aborsi yang sengaja dilakukan dengan menggunakan obat-obatan dan cara-cara medis tertentu atau dengan cara tradisional. pengguguran kandungan pada umumnya dikatagorikan sebagai tindak pidana pembunuhan yang tidak berprikemanusiaan dan melanggar hukum (waluyadi, 2005:96). aborsi provocatus merupakan istilah lain yang secara resmi dipakai dalam kalangan kedokteran dan hukum. ini adalah suatu proses pengakhiran hidup dari janin sebelum diberi kesempatan untuk bertumbuh. aborsi yang dilakukan secara sengaja (abortus provocatus) ini terbagi menjadi dua yaitu : a. abortus provocatus medicalis, aborsi yang dilakukan oleh dokter atas dasar indikasi medis, yaitu apabila tindakan aborsi tidak diambil akan membahayakan jia ibu. issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 penerapan sanksi pidana bagi pelaku tindak pidana aborsi menurut peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku ( kitab hukum pidana dan undang-undang nomor. 36 tahun 2009 tentang kesehatan) i ida bagus made putra manohara 9 b. abortus provokatus medisinalis/artificalis/therapeuticus aborsi yang dilakukan dengan disertai indikasi medis. di indonesia yang dimaksud dengan indikasi medis adalah demi menyelamatkan nyawa ibu. dalam praktek di dunia kedokteran, abortus provocatusmedicinalis juga dapat dilakukan jika anak yang akan lahir diperkirakan akan mengalami cacat berat dan harapan hidupnya tipis. c. abortus provocatus criminalis, aborsi yang terjadi oleh karena tindakantindakan yang tidak legal atau tidak berdasarkan indikaasi medis, sebagai contoh aborsi yang dilakukan dalam rangka meleyapkan janin sebagai akibat hubungan seksual di luar perkawinan. secara yuridis, abortus provocatus criminalis setiap pnghentian kehamilan sebelum hasil konsepsi dilahirkan tanpa memperhitungkan umur bayi dalam kandungan dan janin dilahirkan dalam keadaan mati atau hidup. aturan hukum yang mengatur tentang aborsi, yaitu kitab undang-undang hukum pidana (kuhp) dan undang-undang nomor 36 tahun 2009 tentang kesehatan, sebagaimana diatur dalam pasal-pasal sebagai berikut: pasal 346 kitab undang-undang hukum pidana (kuhp) seorang wanita yang sengaja menggugurkan atau mematikan kandungannya atau menyuruh orang lain untuk itu, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama empat tahun. subjeknya adalah seorang wanita yang hamil atau yang sedang mengandung. tidak dipersoalkan apakah seorang wanita itu mempunyai suami yang sah atau tidak. dari judul bab xix kejahatan terhadap jiwa, berarti bahwa yang didalam kandungan itu adalah yang sudah mempunyai jiwa atau lebih tepat adalah masih hidup. wanita pelaku dari kejahatan ini dapat berupa pelaku tunggal dan dapat juga sebagai pelaku dalam rangka penyertaan sebagaiman ditafsirkan dari perumusan : atau menyuruh orang lain dalam hal ini wanita tersebut dapat berupa penyuruh, pelaku-peserta, pelakupenggerak atau pelaku utama dimana yang lain berturut-turut berupa : yang disuruh, pelaku peserta yang digerakkan atau pembantu. apabila terhadap wanita itu diterapkan issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 penerapan sanksi pidana bagi pelaku tindak pidana aborsi menurut peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku ( kitab hukum pidana dan undang-undang nomor. 36 tahun 2009 tentang kesehatan) i ida bagus made putra manohara 10 pasal 346, maka kepada yang disuruh itu (kecuali jika sama sekali tiada kesalahan padanya) diterapkan pasal 348. dengan demikian, menggugurkan kandungan harus dibaca dengan menggugurkan kandungan yang masih hidup. menggugurkan disini adalah mengeluarkan dengan paksa (abortus provocatus). karenanya kejahatan ini disebut “abortus provocatus criminalus” apabila kandungan itu dipaksa keluar dan pada saat keluar itu masih hidup, sedangkan yang dimaksud dengan mematikan kandungan ialah kandungan itu kandungan itu dimatikan ketika masih dalam tubuh wanita. mengeluarkan kandungan yang sudah mati bukan suatu kejahatan, bahkan demi keselamatan wanita tersebut kandungan yang sudah mati harus dikeluarkan. pasal 348 kitab undang-undang hukum pidana (kuhp) : 1. barang siapa dengan sengaja menggugurkan atau mematikan kandungan seorang wanita dengan persetujuannya, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama lima tahun enam bulan. 2. jika perbuatan itu mengakibatkan matinya wanita tersebut, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama tujuh tahun. subjeknya di sini adalah barangsiapa, tetapi dalam hal ini tidak termasuk wanita hamil itu sendiri. karena jika ia sendiri yang melakukan, terhadapnya diterapkan pasal 346 yang maksimum ancaman pidananya lebih ringan. jelas terlihat dibedakan antara wanita hamil itu sendiri sebagai pelaku dan orang lain sebagai pelaku kendati atas persetujuan wanita itu sendiri. dalam rangka penerapan pasal 348 perlu diperhatikan, bahwa jika wanita itu memberikan persetujuannya sama saja dengan bahwa wanita tersebut telah melakukan pasal 346, pasal 349 kuhp. jika seorang dokter, bidan atau juru obat membantu melakukan kejahatan berdasarkan pasal 346, ataupun melakukan atau membantu melakukan salah satu kejahatan yang diterangkan dalam pasal 347 dan 348, maka pidana yang ditentukan dalam pasal itu dapat ditambah dengan sepertiga dan dapat dicabut hak untuk menjalankan pencarian dalam mana kejahatan dilakukan issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 penerapan sanksi pidana bagi pelaku tindak pidana aborsi menurut peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku ( kitab hukum pidana dan undang-undang nomor. 36 tahun 2009 tentang kesehatan) i ida bagus made putra manohara 11 subjeknya adalah dokter, bidan atau tukang obat. mereka ini adalah subjek khusus, tindakan yang dilakukan adalah : a. membantu kejahatan tersebut pasal 346 ; membantu disini adalah dalam arti pasal 56. namum kepada mereka ini bukannya diancamkan maksimum empat tahun dikurangi dengan sepertiganya, melainkan empat tahun ditambah sepertiganya. b. melakukan kejahatan tersebut pasal 347 atau 348. dalam hal ini maksimum ancaman pidananya ditambah dengan sepertiganya dari pasal 347 atau 348. 1. pengertian aborsi dalam undang-undang nomor 36 tahun 2009 tentang kesehatan pasal 75 ayat (1) undang-undang nomor 36 tahun 2009 tentang kesehatan menyebutkan : undang-undang kesehatan mengatur masalah aborsi yang secara substansial berbeda dengan kuhp, menurut undang-undang ini aborsi dapat dilakukan apabila ada indikasi medis. a. setiap orang dilarang melakukan aborsi. b. larangan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dapat dikecualikan berdasarkan : 1. indikasi kedaruratan medis yang dideteksi sejak usia dini kehamilan, baik yang mengancam nyawa ibu dan atau janin yang menderita penyakit genetik dan cacat bawaan 2. kehamilan akibat pemerkosaan yang dapat menyebabkan taruma psikolog bagi korban perkosaan. pasal 194 undang-undang kesehatan setiap orang yang dengan sengaja melakukan aborsi tidak sesuai dengan ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam pasal 75 dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 10 (sepuluh) tahun dan denda paling banyak rp.1.000.000.000 (satu milyar rupiah). ketentuan pidana mengenai abortus provocatus criminalis dalam undangundang nomor 36 tahun 2009 tentang kesehatan dianggap bagus karena mengandung umum dan prevensi khusus untuk menekan angka kejahatan aborsi kriminalis. dengan issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 penerapan sanksi pidana bagi pelaku tindak pidana aborsi menurut peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku ( kitab hukum pidana dan undang-undang nomor. 36 tahun 2009 tentang kesehatan) i ida bagus made putra manohara 12 merasakan ancama pidana yang demikian beratnya itu, diharapkan para pelaku aborsi criminalis menjadi jera dan tidak mengulangi perbuatannya, dalam dunia hukum hal ini disebut sebagai prevensi khusus yaitu usaha pencegahannya agar pelaku abortus provocatus criminalis tidak lagi mengulangi perbuatannya. d. penutup berdasarkan uraian dalam bab 2 maka dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa di dalam sistem hukum di indonesia telah ada aturan yang mengatur tentang aborsi, yaitu : 1. undang-undang republik indonesia nomor 36 tahun 2009 tentang kesehatan 2. undang-undang nomor 35 tahun 2014 tentang perubahan atas undang-undang nomor 23 tahun 2002 tentang perlindungan anak 3. undang-undang nomor 73 tahun 1958 tentang hukum pidana 4. peraturan pemerintah nomor 61 tahun 2014 tentang kesehatan reproduksi dalam pasal 75 undang-undang kesehatan, bahwa setiap orang dilarang melakukan aborsi. pengecualian terhadap larangan melakukan aborsi diberikan hanya dalam 2 kondisi yaitu :1. indikasi kedaruratan medis yang dideteksi sejak usia dini kehamilan, baik yang mengancam nyawa ibu atau janin, yang menderita penyakit genetik berat dan/atau cacat bawaan, mauoun yang tidak dapat diperbaiki sehingga menyulitkan bayi tersebut hidup di luar kandungan. 2. kehamilan akibat perkosaan yang dapat menyebabkan trauma psikologis bagi korban perkosaan. namun tindakan aborsi yang diatur dalam pasal 75 ayat (2) undang-undang kesehatan itu pun dapat hanya dapat dilakukan setelah melalui konseling dan/atau penasehat pra tindakan dan diakhiri dengan konseling pasca tindakan yang dilakukan oleh konselor yang kompeten dan berwenang, selain itu aborsi hanya dapat dilakukan a. sebelum kehamilan berumur 6 minggu dihitung dari hari pertama haid terakhir, kecuali dalam hal kedaruratan medis b. oleh tenaga kesehatan yang yang memiliki keterampilan dan kewenangan yang memiliki sertifikat yang ditetapkan oleh menteri c. dengan persetujuan ibu hamil yang bersangkutan d. dengan izin suami, kecuali korban perkosaan, dan issn 2528-360x volume 3 nomor 1 desember 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 penerapan sanksi pidana bagi pelaku tindak pidana aborsi menurut peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku ( kitab hukum pidana dan undang-undang nomor. 36 tahun 2009 tentang kesehatan) i ida bagus made putra manohara 13 e. penyedia layanan kesehatan yang memenuhi syarat yang ditetapkan oleh menteri. jadi praktek aborsi yang bertentangan dengan peraturan perundang-undangan sebagaimana disebut diatas merupakan aborsi ilegal diatur dalam pasal 194 undang undang nomor 36 tahun 2009 tentang kesehatan dan pasal 346 sampai dengan pasal 348 undang-undang nomor 73 tahun 1958 tentang hukum pidana. daftar pustaka atang, r. (1991). ilmu kedokteran kehakiman. bandung:penerbit tarsito. bertens, k. (2001). aborsi sebagai masalah etika. jakarta: grasindo. dorland. (2002). kamus kedokteran dorland. terjemahan huriawati hartanto. jakarta : egc. derek, l. (1983). ginekologi dan kesehatan wanita. jakarta: gaya favorit press. edelstein, l. (1943). the hippocratic oath. baltimore: the john hopkins press. marzuki, p. m. (2005). penelitian hukum. jakarta: kencana prenada media. kusmaryanto. (2005). tolak aborsi budaya kehidupan versus budaya kematian. yogyakarta: kanisius. purba, r. m. s. (1998). aborsi sebagai masalah etika. jakarta: balai pustaka. waluyadi. (2005). ilmu kedokteran kehakiman. cirebon: djambatan. jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 5 issue 2, 2021 p-issn : 2528-360x, e-issn : 2621-6159 185 juridical review of the application of digital mapping (plotting) of land ownership rights in the prevention of multiple certificates mashendra1*, deddy mursanto1 abstract author’s information: the implementation of land registration aims to create an accurate information center regarding land ownership. to ensure that land registration administration runs effectively, the computerization of land activities (kkp) policy is implemented gradually and thoroughly. even so, the application of a computerized system that is so sophisticated, still finds overlapping ownership of land titles. overlapping the certi f i c a t e will result in legal uncertainty for the certificate holder, b e c a u se the main purpose listed is to get the certificate as valid evidence .. sampling in this study was carried out purposively with a non random sampling technique that focused only on land that had multiple certificates. the data analysis pattern in this study is based on qualitative methods. the findings of this study are thatthe implementation of computerization of land activities (kkp) at bpn city of baubau in preventing the occurrence of double certificates is carried out with all processes from the beginning of land registra tion to issuance of certificates and stored digitally.the factors that result in the occurrence of a double certificate can be seen from 2 (two) things, namely first, when viewed from the factor of the community. second, if it is seen from the human resource factor of the land officedue to carelessness and carelessness of the land officers. keywords: land ownership, double certificate, kkp 1 fa culty of la w, universita s muha mmadiya h buton, indonesia ema il: (hendra umi88@gma il.com ) article’s information: doi: https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v5i2.1 081 1. introduction land as part of the surface of the earth, has a very important meaning in the life of a nation, which must be guarded and utilized properly with legal rules that must be implemented seriously and orderly because land reflects the dignity of an individual, group and even the sovereignty of an individual. nation. in the history of the indonesian state, land has become one of the main objects in legal development, especially because the existence of land directly touches the basic needs of all levels of societ y to live and carry out activities within the framework of state sovereignty (sutedi, 2008). a land problem is very actual for humans where alone, is said to be mainly in development. based on observations on the implementation of supervisory duties, providing to us that the problem soil is an important factor that influence on the course of development (salam, 2017). mailto:hendraumi88@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v5i2.1115 jurnal hukum volkgeist mashendra. 5(2): 185-193 186 before the birth of colonial agrarian law, in indonesia customary land law and self-governing land law were applied. customary land law is original law that has its own legitimacy where the right to land owned is a private right in which there is an element of togetherness to support social functions (razak, patittingi, & maskun, 2020). meanwhile, the self-governing land law is the law on land given to the part of the region recognized by the colonial government and includes various forms of administration, such as sultanates, kingdoms and duchies. self -governing status means that the area is led by a native who has the right to manage administrative, legal and internal cultural affairs (sumaya, 2018). in the new order era the need for laws regulating agrarian issues to guarantee and provide legal certainty over land ownership was an urgent one so that on september 24, 1960, law number 5 was enacted concerning the basic basic regulations for agrarian affairs which abbreviated as uupa. this law was created with considerations and a long process, where the law adheres to legal unification based on customary law (negara kesatuan republik indonesia, 1960). to ensure legal certainty and rights to land, regulates and requires indonesian people to register their land (santoso, 2019). apart from ensuring certainty of rights, the purpose and objective of the implementation of land registration is to create an accurate information center on land parcels. with this information base, the relevant parties, including the government, can easily obtain accurate data in regulating and deciding the guarantee of rights regarding the disputed land parcels. as the end of the land registration, the land owner is entitled to obtain a land certificate issued by the national land agency as a form of legal guarantee and protection for the land parcels they own. the implementation of land registration is a form of orderly administration in the land sector (parmahan sibuea, 2011). many steps have been taken by the government to make land registration administration services run more efficiently and effectively. one of them is by issuing a policy on the computerization of land activities (kkp). the application of the kkp system is so sophisticated, we still find overlapping ownership of the land. with overlapping certificates, it will result in legal uncertainty for the certificate holder, because the main purpose is listed to get the certificate as valid evidence. this can occur due to several factors including, due to human error committed by the land office officials. the inaccuracy and inaccuracy carried out by the land officers in checking and researching the parcels of land the community requested. in addition, the limitation of the land data being requested can be a factor in the existence of multiple certificates, usually the land data is lost or scattered so that the land data is no longer found. this could also occur due to the lack of data on land that is neither registered nor registered with the national land agency. in addition, overlapping certificates can also occur because the community itself, usually there are still many people who do not fully control the boundaries of their land, the dishonesty factor of the certificate owner who has sold their land several times, and it is also common for the community to deliberately or unintentionally show it. wrong land boundaries with a certain max. of course this is one of the causes for the emergence of land disputes in society. it is hoped that the computerized service pattern can reduce problems related to land. this is supported by the circular of the head of the indonesian national land agency number 5 / se-100 / i / 2015 concerning the use of computerized applications jurnal hukum volkgeist mashendra. 5(2): 185-193 187 for land activities to carry out all types of land services as well as dispute and conflict resolution at the office of the ministry of agrarian affairs and spatial planning / national land agency, office territories of the national land agency and regency / city land offices. 2. methodology this research uses an empirical legal approach to answer the formulated problems because the scope of this research is only to carry out legal studies in practice which are always framed by legal doctrines. the juridical approach is carried out by using legal provisions that apply in indonesia. in addition, this study applies a normative approach by examining library materials by studying and examining theories, concepts and regulations related to problems. the population of this research is all people who take care of land certificates and employees of the land office of baubau city, southeast sulawesi province. sampling was carried out purposively with focus only on land which has a overlap certificate (double certificate). the sampling technique is purpose sampling. the data analysis pattern in this study was based on qualitative methods, namely through qualitative interpretation of the collected data, both primary and secondary data. this qualitative analysis which is descriptive and analytical in its analysis activities is based on normative juridical analysis, methods of data collection by means of observation, interviews, and documentation. 3. result and discussion 3.1 implementation of computerization of land activities (kkp) in preventing double certificates (overlapping) at bpn city of baubau the national land agency has made several efforts to prevent the occurrence of double certificates, one of which is by procuring land registration maps, which have begun to be carried out in stages which are carried out by measuring from village to village. given the implementation of land registration maps takes a long time. this village by village measurement is contained in the provisions of regulation number 10 of 1961 concerning land registration. in order to prevent this double certificate, the national land agency has programmed the procurement of a digital land registration map. improving the quality of services in the land office and to carry out the functions and duties of the ministry of agrarian affairs and spatial planning / national land agency of baubau city, it has used technology and communication-based system applications, namely computerization of land activities. the information and communication technology-based application is provided to support the quality of service in the context of mapping and regulation as well as solving problems related to land. the use of computerized applications for land activities at the baubau city land agency aims to: 1. improve the quality of services at the bpn city of baubau; 2. make it easier for the community to access land services; 3. coordinating all services of all sub-section fields in the land office of baubau city; jurnal hukum volkgeist mashendra. 5(2): 185-193 188 4. facilitate management in terms of land registration and settlement of land conflicts; 5. helping the tasks and functions of the bpn city of baubau become much easier; 6. modernizing existing services at bpn kota baubau. the kkp application is available and can be used to carry out activities related to land and the resolution of problems and conflicts at the land office of baubau city. table. 3 number of land rights (source: bpn baubau) no land rights year total 1 proprietary right 2015 1693 2016 3002 2017 6012 2018 3955 2019 9806 based on data from the land office of baubau city, the land ownership rights from 2015-2019 amounted to 24,468. in 2015 there were 1,693, in 2016 there were 3,002, in 2017 they were 6,012, in 2018 they were 3,955 and in 2019 they were 9,806. the land agency of the city of baubau implements computerized land activities (kkp) to prevent double certificates, that is, all processes from the initial land registration to the issuance of the certificate are digitized / computerized. its implementation includes: a. ptsl data (complete systematic land registration) are kept / stored in electronic / digital form. b. management of land rights through computerized / digital. c. land measurement data (land area, land boundaries) is stored in electronic / digital form d. land registration mapping is done digitally (ploting) according to the head of the sub-section for basic and thematic measurement and mapping (la ode safrin), plotting is the process of online / digital land remapping. the plotting process is carried out by means of a bpn officer with a certified person together to the land location, then the location of the land coordinates, then take the location of the land coordinates into the kkp, then the image of the certificate is scanned (digitized) including the land nib . then the land is mapped according to the location coordinates earlier. land that has been certified but has not been plotted must be reported to bpn for plotting. (interview, tuesday 18 february 2020) e. data / digital land certificate creation (certificate data is stored in electronic / digital form). according to dirham., sh, (head of sub-section on land rights and community land empowerment), that one of the obstacles to the implementation of the kkp is bad network and blackout. however, i think the implementation of the kkp is quite effective. it's just that there are still obstacles as previously described. (interview, monday, february 17, 2020). implementing and using computerized application of land activities carried out consistently and developing them in accordance with the decree of the head of bpn r i no. 277 of 2012 concerning sapta land order, indicators of land administration orderly jurnal hukum volkgeist mashendra. 5(2): 185-193 189 implementation. the use of the kkp application can improve the quality of services in the land sector and can minimize errors that usually occur when done manually. image. 1 geo kkp application display with a computerized service pattern as it is today, of course it will increase higher accuracy of the data to be processed, for example in terms of matching physical data and juridical data, with the kkp application system checking physical data and juridical data can be done with more time efficiency. fast and accurate when compared to checking manually. in addition, services using the kkp application make it easier for the public to access land services, and provide information transparency to the general public. in using the kkp application in terms of preventing overlapping certificates, this application functions to enter any data from the initial land registration until the certificate issuance is carried out and stored in electronic form which is then entered in the kkp application. this application also presents land plots that have been mapped in the kkp application and land plots that have not been mapped in the kkp application. the land registration data is then entered into the kkp geo server, which is a system derived from the kkp application and then checked for the authenticity of the data. the function of this kkp geo is to present an overview of land parcels that have been mapped in the kkp application and the unmapped fields in the kkp application. of course, with the help of geo, kkp can parse the problems that arise related to overlapping land parcels status, because one of the factors affecting the overlapping of certificates is due to limited data and information related to land parcels t hat have been certified and land parcels that have been certified. not yet certified. with the help of geo kkp, problems that often occur in registration, such as double certificates for the status of land parcels, can be avoided. because this application can provide a comprehensive overview of land parcels in an area, both certified and uncertified. the use of the kkp application is of course very useful for resolving and reducing disputes that occur due to overlapping ownership certificates over the status of land parcels. this application works by presenting information related to land as a whole with a high degree of accuracy, faster time efficiency so that it does not take a long time and saves costs. with the kkp application, the community does not need to worry anymore if the original ownership certificate is lost, because with the use of this kkp application there is a digital certificate program which is expected to help and facilitate the community in accessing data on their land ownership, namely by entering the password or password for the land to be applied by the kkp. jurnal hukum volkgeist mashendra. 5(2): 185-193 190 with the opening of the circular letter of the head of the national land agency of the republic of indonesia number 5 / se-100 / i / 2015 concerning the use of computerized application of land activities in the national land agency of baubau city, it has implemented computerization of land activities in relation to preventing the occurrence of double certificates by means of all data from the initial registration. land until the certificate is issued and stored using computerized. furthermore, all data related to land registration are entered into the kkp geo serer, which is a system derived from the kkp application to check the authenticity of the land data. this kkp geo system also presents the entire land parcels that have been certified and those that are not yet certified, which are then entered into the kkp application. with the computerized application of land activities and its derivative application, namely geo kkp, it is hoped that it can reduce the problems and conflicts that arise as a result of double certificates of the status of land parcels that overlap with one another, either in whole or in part. however, in reality, with computerized services such as the current bpn b aubau, certificates overlap still occur. here are 3 findings of a double certificate at bpn baubau from 2015-2019 as follows: 1. shm no. 00640 / kel bukit wolio indah year 2014 on behalf of moane in tinder. shm no. 01992 / kel bukit wolio indah year 2014 on behalf of zaeru 2. shm no. 00426 / kel sulaa 2006 on behalf of lutfi hasan, shm no. 00646 /kel sulaa 2007 on behalf of hasan pou, shm no. 00419 / kel sulaa 2006 on behalf of ld. mz sakti qadratullah, shm no. 00644 / kel sulaa 2007 on behalf of anas maisu, shm no. 00418 / kel sulaa 2006 on behalf of wd. masfida, shm no. 00414 / kel sulaa 2006 on behalf of mohammad kamil. in tinder, shm no. 3102 / kel sulaa year 2017 on behalf of la runa, shm no. 3092 / kel sulaa year 2017 on behalf of la munara, shm no. 3129 / kel sulaa year 2017 on behalf of zanudin, shm no. 3142 / kel sulaa year 2017 on behalf of la ingke, shm no. 3081 / ex sulaa 2017 on behalf of la sindi 3. shm no. 100 / kel tarafu 1996 on behalf of la hiad. in tinder, shm no. 00732 / kel tarafu tahun 2017 on behalf of aminu. of the three findings, all of these double certificates occurred because there were still many land certificates that were not registered in the kkp application. 3.2 factors that influence the occurrence of double certificates (overlapping) in bpn kota baubau with the existence of multiple certificates that overlap with one another on the same land parcel object, the problem that will arise is that it will result in legal uncertainty for the certificate holder (rizki, 2020). the national land agency explained that, overlapping certificates usually occurred on parcels of land that were still empty and no buildings had yet been built on the land. the factors that cause a double certificate, can be seen from 2 factors, namely: 3.2.1 community factor when viewed from the aspect of society, many things cause the double certificate, based on the results of an interview with dwi almuswahir zuliadi as a legal analyst for bpn city of baubau said that: “one of the factors in the occurrence of a double certificate is because the community itself does not directly control the land, the p e rso n w h o m a na ges o r jurnal hukum volkgeist mashendra. 5(2): 185-193 191 manages the land is not committed, where he will only take care o f it if th e la n d owner is in the location, at the time of measuring or researching the field, the applicant deliberately or accidentally showing the location of the land and the wrong boundaries, the existence of a letter of proof or acknowledgment of the right after the date is proven to contain untruth, falsity or is no longer valid, for the a re a concerned the land registration map is not yet available and also the case of issuing more than one certificate of a parcel of land can also occur on inherite d la n d. the background of this case is the dispute over inheritance p rope rty, n am ely b y th e owner before his death had been sold to another party (unknown to h is c h ildren ) and a certificate was issued on behalf of the buyer, and then the heirs certified th e same land, resulting in a double certificate. because the previous certificate had not been mapped online in the kkp application” (interview, tuesday, february 18, 2020). according to the head of the sub-section of basic and thematic measurement and mapping (la ode safrin), one of the factors of overlapping is seen from the aspect of society, namely: “it could be that the certificate owner does not understand the boundarie s o f th e land or usually the person who has the certificate has sold the land several times so that the person who buys the land becomes the victim (dishonesty of the land owner)”. (interview, tuesday, 18 february 2020) 3.2.2 the land office human resource factor. the occurrence of multiple certificates can also be caused by human resource factors (chandra, 2020). as happened in the land office of the city of baubau, the cause is that sometimes the land officers are not thorough and inaccurate in checking both physical data and juridical data on the land area that is being applied for certification. so that data errors occur when making land certificates and cause overlapping certificates on the same land parcel object, either in whole or only part of the land that is being applied for. based on the results of an interview with mr. muhammad zakaria as the head of the land infrastructure section who said that: "another factor that could cause overlapping certificates could be that sometimes due to the mistakes of the bpn officers themselves, the bpn o ffice rs' lack of thoroughness could be, the bpn officers thought the land parcels registered were not yet certified but it was only recently discovered that the land was overlapping" . (interview, tuesday, 18 february 2020) this is in line with the statement from mr. la ode safrin as head of the sub section of basic and thematic measurement and mapping who said that: "it is true that one of the factors in the overlapping of certificates co uld b e th e human error of the land office officers. this can happen because usually th ere is missing data, it could also be that the data on the land parcels is scattered. wh at is clear is that this is not an intentional element. bpn officers usually forget to save where the land data is or can also be scattered or not found, usually due to moving rooms or offices so that some data is scattered or cannot be obtained again ”. (interview, tuesday, 18 february 2020) however, apart from the factors described above, there are also ot her factors that have become one of the main factors causing overlapping certificates or double jurnal hukum volkgeist mashendra. 5(2): 185-193 192 certificates since the kkp came into force, namely that there are still many lands that have been certified but have not registered in the kkp application(pranoto, 2020). based on the results of an interview with mr. la ode safrin as the head of the sub-section for basic and thematic measurement and mapping, said that: "overlapping certificates can also occur because the land has been certified but has not been plotted in the kkp application. to date, the land office of ba ub au city has issued 52,552 ownership certificates. of the total number of certificates, 27 631 ownership certificates have been plotted on the kkp application and 24,921 ownership certificates have not been plotted on the kkp application . (in te rvie w, tuesday, 18 february 2020) based on the explanation above, there are still many land certificates that have not been plotted or registered in the kkp application, of course this can be one of the factors causing overlapping certificates or multiple certificates. this is in line with what was conveyed by mr. la ode maniana as head of the land issues management and control section, saying that one of the main factors that led to the occurrence of double certificates, namely: "there is already a kkp, but not all of it is in the kkp. the kkp in re la tio n to the prevention of double certificates has not been comprehensive in all c e rtifie d land parcels registered in the kkp application. so that there are land measurements and land certificates which were not problematic in th e p a s t b ut since the kkp came into effect only problems have arisen, because there are more people who have applied for status in the previously certified la nd p arc el. bpn does not see whether this land is certified or not so there will be a new process to be certified, this is because the land parcels that h av e b e en c e rtifie d have not been registered or have not been mapped in the kkp application. so that bpn continues to process the land as the first application, this first applicatio n is a land registration that has never been measured or registered before. what should have been no longer a first-time application because the la n d p a rce l h as been certified, it should have been a request for separatio n, a n a p plic atio n f or merger or an application for restriction of boundaries. (in te rvie w, tu es d ay, 1 8 february 2020). according to the head of the sub-section of basic and thematic measurement and mapping (la ode safrin), one of the factors of overlapping is seen from the aspect of the land office, namely: "there are still a lot of land that has been certified but n ot p lo tted , h u ma n e rror from bpn officers (accidental factor), for example: certificate data w a s s c atte red when moving offices, lack of thoroughness from bpn officers". (interview, tuesday, 18 february 2020) according to laode maniana (head of the problem complaint section), the factors that occurred were overlapping, namely: "there is already a kkp but everything has not been in the kkp, is not comprehensive, and lacks control over land officers, lack of thoroughness in land officials." (interview, tuesday, 18 february 2020) 4. conclusion implementation of computerization of land activities (kkp) at bpn city of baubau in preventing the occurrence of double certificates is carried out with all processes from the beginning of land registration to issuance of certificates carried out and stored digitally / computer. spatial data (registration maps) and textual data (land jurnal hukum volkgeist mashendra. 5(2): 185-193 193 books, land certificates) are stored in electronic form which are then entered in the computerized land activities application (kkp). overall in its implementation to prevent double certificates, this application is not fully maximized because there are still many land parcels that have been certified but have not been registered in the kkp application, so that there is still a possibility of overlapping certificates. as for the factors that lead to a double certificate, it can be seen from 2 (two) factors. first, if seen from the community factor, there are still many people who do not fully control the boundaries of their land, usually people who have certificates have sold the land several times so that those who buy the land are the victims (dishonesty). it may also happen that the certificate owner intentionally or unintentionally points out the wrong boundaries. second, if it is seen from the human resource factor of the lan d officedue to carelessness and carelessness of land officials in checking and researching the requested land. references chandra, r. o. . (2020). penyelesaian sengketa sertifikat ganda hak atas tanah menurut pp no. 24/1997 tentang pendaftaran tanah. jurnal ilmiah ilmu hukum. negara kesatuan republik indonesia. undang-undang nomor 5 tahun 1960 tentang peraturan dasar pokok-pokok agraria. , (1960). parmahan sibuea, h. y. (2011). arti penting pendaftaran tanah untuk pertama kali. negara hukum, 2(2). razak, m., patittingi, f., & maskun. (2020). pemetaan sertipikat secara digital (plotting) dalam memberikan kepastian hukum terhadap hak atas tanah. petitum, 8(2), 143–155. rizki, k. (2020). perlindungan hukum pemegang sertifikat hak milik atas terbitnya sertifikat ganda berdasarkan asas kepastian hukum. aktualita (jurnal hukum). salam, s. (2017). analisis hukum penetapan tarif pnbp pada pihak tertentu dalam percepatan sertifikasi tanah. justitia jurnal hukum, 1(1), 22. santoso, u. (2019). pendaftaran dan peralihan hak atas tanah. jakarta: kencana. sumaya, p. (2018). pemaknaan tanah swapraja dalam konflik pertanahan di kota cirebon. al’adl, 10(1). sutedi. (2008). peralihan hak atas tanah dan pendaftarannya. jakarta: sinar grafika. jurnal hukum volkgeist https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v6i1.1586 vol. 6 no.1, december 2021 46 the application of the principle of openness in realizing good governance abdul rauf1* 1 universitas dipa makassar, indonesia *correspondence: abdulrauf.wa@gmail.com article history abstract received: 09.11.2021 accepted: 21.12.2021 published: 27.12.2021 the essence of good governance is a government that includes all levels of society in the design of development in a transparent and responsible, effective and fair, and ensure the implementation of the rule of law. the purpose of this research is to find out how to apply the principle of openness in realizing good governance, using normative juridical research methods, namely discussing theories and laws and regulations related to the principle of openness in the implementation of governance systems. the results showed that the application of the principle of openness in the governance system can be realized by involving the participation of the community starting from the process of policy formulation, monitoring to the evaluation of government activities or activities. the community as a mandate to the government has the right to exercise supervision or control over the administration of government. however, effective control can only be implemented if governance takes place transparently based on the principle of openness. keywords: good governance; openness; society; government article licence copyright © 2021 the author(s): this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution sharealike 4.0 international (cc by-sa 4.0) 1. introduction governance is a concept derived from the early dem theory formation. the concept of good governance discusses the relationship between rulers and people, but only the last decade the concept has again been noticed by international policy makers. (akhmadi, 2004) while in indonesia the development of the concept of governance was rolled out since the 1990s, and increasingly developed in 1996, along with the indonesian government's interaction with foreign countries as aid countries that highlighted the objective conditions of indonesia's economic and political development. (p, 2002) along with the arrival of the reform era, the demands for changes in governance also strengthened. corrupt governmental organizations, whether executive, legislative, or judicial, must be changed and returned to their founding identity, namely to protect and fulfill the rights and interests of the people and to achieve national goals. the principles of the state of law and democratic government became the mainstream of reform. this is to prevent conflict (imron rizki, safrin salam, 2019) the implementation of government then gave birth to a new paradigm known as good governance or good governance. the desire to bring good and clean governance into legal norms began after indonesia experienced a crisis in 1997 followed by the fall of the new order regime in may 1998. this effort can be seen by the decree of mpr no. xi / mpr / 1998 on the implementation of a clean and corruption-free state, collusion and nepotism (kkn). then followed by the enactment of law no. 28 of 1999 on the implementation of a clean and free state kkn. this law is then further elaborated in four government regulations as implementing regulations, namely pp no. 65 of 1999 on procedures for checking the wealth of state organizers no. 66 of 1999 on the requirements and procedures for the appointment and dismissal of members of the examining commission no. 67 of 1999 on procedures for monitoring and evaluation of the implementati on of duties and authorities of the examiner commission. , and pp no. 68 of 1999 on procedures for the implementation of community participation in state governance. https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v6i1.1586 mailto:abdulrauf.wa@gmail.com p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 46-50 47 state organizers have a very important role in realizing the ideals of the nation's strugg le. state organizers are the spearhead in realizing good and clean state governance. this is as the essence of the purpose of the law is to humanize man. (salam, 2020) but the reality shows that there are so many abuses that occur in relation to the implementation of the country. the practice of corruption is so rife and even by some is considered a chronic disease. state organizers cannot carry out their duties and functions optimally, so governance does not work as it should. one of the factors that cause this is because the government has not been run transparently. in addition, the community has not been fully able to participate, playing a role in carrying out its function as an effective social control over the implementation of the state. based on the description in at as, then the problem that paling stands out in this case is how to apply the principle of openness in an effort to realize good and clean governance. in this case, the public should have the opportunity to access every information needed properly and easily, especially related to the performance of government and public services. the openness of information in governance will encourage public participation to play an active role in controlling the running of government. the existence of social control of the community is expected to encourage the realization of good and clean government both at the pus at and regional levels. 2. methodology this research examines the application of the principle of openness in realizing good governance. the discussion in this study is based on theories and laws and regulations related to the principle of openness in the governance system. the results of the research will be clearly and systematically presented. based on the above, this research includes research in the field of constitutional la w. this research is a type of normative research whose studies include the provisions of legislation (in abstracto). the type of legal research is descriptive, which is to explain in full, detailed, and systematic in accordance with the problems being discussed. 3. result and discussion the concept of clean government and good governance not only requires the implementation of clean government, but also includes efficient, effective, open, and accountable. (hadjon, 2002) the concept of governance is supported by three pillars, namely politics, economics and administration. the first pillar is that governance in the field of politics is intended as decision-making processes for the formulation of public policy, both carried out by the bureaucracy itself and by the bureaucracy with politicians. the second pillar, namely governance in the field of economics includes the decision-making process to facilitate economic activity in the country and interaction among economic organizers. while thethird pilar is the governance systemin the field of administration that contains the implementation of policy processes that have been decided by political institutions. (bpkp, 2002) building good governance is changing the way the state works, making government accountable, and building capable overseas actors, to play a role in creating a new system that can be useful in general. development goals will be well achieved, when they can improve the characteristics and workings of state and government institutions. the essence of the concept of good governance as outlined above lies in the activeness of the state sector, society and market to interact. therefore, the implementation of good governance, must look at the condition of sectors abroad, so that there is an interconnection between sectors that string together governance. (p, 2002) based on the above description, it can be understood that the essence of good governance, is a government that includes all levels of society in the design of development in a transparent and responsible, effective and fair, and ensure the implementation of the rule of law. the rule of law is carried out on the basis of good legal principles. (safrin salam, 2020) good governance must also be able to guarantee that priorities in the political, social, economic, and defense and security fields are based on community consensus; pay attention to the people’s interests; support the strategic vision of leaders; and a society capable of looking far ahead from a good and development-oriented government for all levels of society. the implementation of good governance is not a simple process, but requires commitment and a number of provisions that can be used as guidelines or foundations for all parties involved(stakeholders),especially the government. (salam, 2020) in terms of law, there must be a clear rule of law, meaning that the state must build a fair and impartial legal framework, especially regarding human rights, security and public safety laws. 3.1 clean government p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 46-50 48 government is defined as bestuurs voering (the implementation of government duties), while the organ that carries out the task is called the government. thus the term government has two dimensions, first government in the sense of function, namely government activities, secondly government in the sense of organization (structure) that is the whole of the organs of government. the implementation of the function of government is manifested in various acts of government, such as decisions, written determinations of a general nature, and concrete actio ns in maintaining order and efforts to prosper society. various instruments of government, both physical and non physical, are used in the implementation of government functions. (hr, 2006) ganie-rochman as quoted by joko widodo revealed that the concept of "governance" is more inclusive than “government". the conceptof "government"refersto a management organization based on the highest authority(state and government). the concept of governance involves not only the government and the state but also the role of various actors outside the government and thestate, so that the parties involved are also very broad. governance is an economic and social resource management mechanism that involves the influence of the state sector and the non-governmental sector in a collective activity. (widodo, 2001) governance translates into governance i.e. the use of economic, political and administrative authority to manage state affairs at all levels. governance encompasses all mechanisms, processes and institutions by which citizens and community groups express their interests, exercise legal rights, fulfill obligations and bridge differences between them. (widodo, 2001) good governance reflects the synergy between government, private sector, and society. one of the components is clean government, which is a government based on the validity of acting according to the law. therefore, the discussion of clean government cannot be separated from the discussion of good governance. synergy between good governance and the general principles of good governance creates authoritative government. the concept of good governance has become political will in various laws and regulati ons in the unitary state of the republic of indonesia. (fahmal, 2008) benchmarks for assessing the actions of the state / government whether in line with the objectives of the state, namely by using the general principles of good governance / aaupb (algemene beginselen van behoorlijk bestuur)ya ngin principle identical to the basic values of good governance. in accordance with the provisions of article 10 paragraph (1) of law no.30 of 2014 on government administration, it is stated that the general principles of good governance (aaupb) include: principles of legal certainty, expediency, impartiality, adjudication, not abusing authority, openness, public interest and good service. aaupb is a prerequisite for the realization of good state administration decisions, while the principles of good governance are prerequisites for the creation of synergistic and constructive state management. (nugraha, 2007) however, the challenge is how to have the existence of the principles of good governance recognized juridically, so that the legal force is formally in its enactment general principles of good governance as detailed by wiarda is (hadjon, 2002): a) asas fairplay (het beginselvan fairplay); b) asas kecermatan (zorgvuldigheid); c) asas sasaran yang tepat (zuiverhedvan oogmerk); d) asas keseimbangan (evenwichtigheid); e) asas kepastianhukum (rechtszekerheid) as a comparison material, di belgia according to sabient lust, the general principles of good governance are divided into: there are two kinds, namely the formal principle and the material principle (ust, 2007). the formal principle is related to the problem of decision-making procedures while the material principle concerns the substance of the decision. sadu wasistiono argued that the demand for good governance arises because of irregularities in the implementation of the country from democratic values, thus encouraging awareness of citizens to create a new system or paradigm to oversee the course of government so as not to deviate from its original purpose. (wasistiono, 2003) a paradigm based on the principle of openness or transparency that allows all parties, including the public can participate in controlling the course of government. the paradigm to be developed is a good and clean state government that is also supported by good and clean government organizers as well. p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 46-50 49 based on the provisions of article 1 paragraph (1) of law no. 28 of 1999, on the maintenance of a clean and free state kkn, the understanding of state organizers is a state official who carries out executive, legislative, or judicial functions, and other officials who are function and its main duties related to the implementation of the state in accordance with the provisions of applicable laws and regulations. a clean state organizer is a state organizer who adheres to the general principles of state administration and is free from the practice of kkn,as well as other reprehensible acts. thus government pays more attention to the system, while governance pays more attention to human resources working in the system. without maintaining a balance of these two things there will be inequality in the practice of government governance, which will eventually cause problems in the state system. (widodo, 2001) 3.2 the role of society based on the principle of openness in realizing good and clean government based on the provisions of article 8 paragraph (1) of law no.28 of 1999 concerning clean and free state organizers from kkn, it is stated that the participation of the community in the implementation of the state is the right and responsibility of the community to participate in realizing a clean state administration. furthermore, in the provisions of article 9 paragraph (1) of law no.28 of 1999,it is regulated that the participation of the community is realized in the form of: a) the right to seek, obtain, and provide information about the stewardship of the state; b) the right to express advice and opinions responsibly to the policies of the state organizer; c) the right to legal protection. the essence of good governance is the implementation of a clean and free state government from kkn by involving the participation of the community in it. in this case there are 5 (five) main conditions for creating " good governance",namely: first, creating efficiency in public sector management by introducing models of corporate management in the government administration environment, performing contracts with private parties or ngos, and decentralizing government administration; second, creating public accountability, in the sense that what is being acted on by the government must be accountable to the public; third, the availability of adequate legal infrastructure and in line with the aspirations of the community in order to ensure the certainty of the government management system; fourth, the existence of information systems that ensure public access to legal instruments and various government policies; fifth, there is transparency from various policies ranging from the planning process to evaluation asia implementation of rights from the community(rights to information). (ida, 2002) the five conditions as stated above are not separated from the participation of society. government administration, must build cooperation with the community, both private parties and with non-governmental organizations (ngos), and the most important related to the role of society is the need for an information system that is able to guarantee public access to legal instruments and various government policies. this is very important in realizing good and clean governance. however, effective supervision and control of the community can only be carried out if governance takes place in a transparent or open manner, making it possible for all parties to access the information-information they need. this is what then underlies the birth of the law on public information disclosure. based on the provisions of article 3 of law no.14 of 2008, it is stated that the purpose of the public information disclosure act is to; a) guarantee the right of citizens to know the plan of public policy making, public policy programs, and public decision-making processes, as well as the reasons for public decision -making. b) encourage public participation in the public policy-making process; c) increase the active role of the community in public policy making and good management of public bodies, d) realize the implementation of a good state, which is transparent, effective and efficient, accountable and accountable. the government is the recipient of a mandate or mandate holder sourced from the community to organize and manage the country as well as possible. on that basis, the community as a trustee must be involved in terms of governance. this community involvement can be done starting from the process of policy formulation, monitoring to evaluation of government activities or activities. good governance can be realized when there is synergy and good cooperation between the government, the private sector and civil society in general. therefore, there is a need for transparency, accountability, and community participation. public po licies issued by the government must be transparent, effective and efficient, and able to answer the demands of the public interest fairly. p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 46-50 50 4. conclusion the role of society in realizing good and clean governance can be applied starting from the process of policy formulation, monitoring to the evaluation of government activities or activities. the community as a mandate to the government has the right to exercise supervision or control ove r the administration of government. however, effective controls can only be implemented if governance is transparent or open, making it possible for all parties to access the information they need. on this basis, the principle of openness or transparency h as a very important role in realizing good and clean governance. references akhmadi, n. (2004). tata kelola pemerintah dan penanggulangan kemiskinan : bukti-bukti awal desentralisasi di indonesia. bpkp, l. dan. (2002). akuntabilitas dan good governance. jakarta. fahmal, m. (2008). asas-asas umum pemerintahan yang layaka dalam mewujudkan pemerintahan yang bersih. yogyakarta: kreasi total media. hadjon, p. m. (2002). good governance dalam penyelenggaraan daerah. meritokrasi, 1. hr, r. (2006). hukum administrasi negara. jakarta: pt. raja grafindo. ida, l. o. (2002). otonomi daerah, demokrasi lokal dan clean government. jakarta: pspk. imron rizki, safrin salam, a. m. (2019). menguji eksistensi pengadilan agama dalam menyelesaikan sengketa ekonomi syariah. indonesia journal of criminal law, 1(1), 65–76. nugraha, s. (2007). laporan akhir tim kompendium bidang hukum pemerintahan yang baik. jakarta. p, l. lalolo k. (2002). indikator dan alat ukur prinsip akuntabilitas, t ransparansi dan partisipasi. jakarta: pt citra aditya bakti. safrin salam, d. (2020). perkembangan filsafat hukum kontemporer. zifatama jawara. retrieved from https://books.google.co.id/books?id=rf7_dwaaqbaj&dq=+safrin+salam+filsafat+hukum&lr=&hl=id&sourc e=gbs_navlinks_s salam, s. (2020). rekonstruksi paradigma filsafat ilmu : studi kritis terhadap ilmu hukum sebagai ilmu. ekspose: jurnal penelitian hukum dan pendidikan, 18(2), 885–896. https://doi.org/10.30863/ekspose.v18i2.511 ust, s. (2007). administrative law in belgium dalam rene j.g.h. united state: oxford university press. wasistiono, s. (2003). kapita selekta penyelenggaraan pemerintahan daerah. bandung: fokus media. widodo, j. (2001). good governance (telaah dan dimensi akuntabilitas dan kontrol birokrasi pada era disentralisasi dan otonomi daerah). surabaya: insan cendekia. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 pelaksanaan undang-undang nomor 15 tahun 2014 dalam penetapan labungkari sebagai ibukota kabupaten buton tengah page 1 pelaksanaan undang-undang nomor 15 tahun 2014 dalam penetapan labungkari sebagai ibukota kabupaten butontengah oleh : darmawan wiridin dosen fakultas hukum universitas dayanu ikhsanuddin abstract the law’s observation of regulation number 15th 2014 related with the establishment of labungkari as the capital city of middle buton districk..the aim of this research is to find out the advisability of labungkari as the capital city of middle buton districk observed from a law’s side and to find out a background, a weakness, and surplus of established labungkari as the capital city of middle buton districk. this research was done in labungkari, exactly in a government of middle button districk.the method was applied in this research is the descriptive method and purposed to describe anything that have forms the background of establishment labungkari as the capital city of middle buton districk. the writer use a qualitative analysis based on a reports and a documentation in the field. a data collecting technique in this research includes by a profound interview and a secondary data and a tertiary data a study book, a document, and the articles.from the research, the writer concluded that the establishment labungkari as the capital city of middle burtondistrict is not advisable because the establishment is not based on a mechanism that have permanently in a law and the establishment is just based on a collective consensus between a societies element. keyword : region establishment , requirement of establishment region. a. pendahuluan dalam penyelenggaraanpemerintahan didaerah diberikan otonomi yang lebih luas dan lebih nyata kepada pemerintah daerah untukmenyelenggarakan urusan rumah tangganya sendiri. hal ini dimungkinkan sebagai konsekuensi kebijakan desentralisasi yang dianut dalam undang-undang nomor 23 tahun 2014 tentang pemerintahan daerah. perlu dibentuk daerah-daerah otonomi dalam wilayah negarakesatuan republik indonesia. hal ini sejalan dengan ketentuan pasal 18 ayat (1),(2) undang-undang dasar negara republik indonesia tahun 1945. semangat otonomi daerah dan fenomena keinginan masyarakat pada berbagai wilayah untuk membentuk daerah otonomi baru yang terjadi dihampir seluruh daerah dinegara ini juga terasa pada masyarakat buton. masyarakat buton yang menghendaki daerah kabupaten buton dimekarkan lagi menjadi dua daerah otonomi baru yang salah satunya adalah kabupaten buton tengah. tuntutan masyarakat yang sangat kuat issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 pelaksanaan undang-undang nomor 15 tahun 2014 dalam penetapan labungkari sebagai ibukota kabupaten buton tengah page 2 ditingkat bawah (grassroot) tersebut didorong oleh keinginan memperoleh pelayanan yang baik dari pemerintah daerah. dalam pembentukan daerah otonomi baru harus memenuhi syarat fisik kewilayahan yang meliputi persyaratan dasar kewilayahan dan persyaratan dasar kapasitas daerah. syarat fisik kewilayahan ini meliputi cakupan wilayah, lokasi calon ibukota kabupaten, sarana dan prasarana pemerintahan. penetapan lokasi ibukota tersebut dilakukan setelah adanya kajian daerah terhadap aspek tata ruang, ketersediaan fasilitas, aksestabilitas, kondisi dan letak geografis, kependudukan, sosial ekonomi, sosial politik dan sosial budaya. adanya sarana dan prasarana pemerintahan meliputi bangunan dan lahan untuk kantor kepala daerah, kantor dprd, dan kantor perangkat daerah yang dapat digunakan untuk memberikan pelayanan kepada masyarakat. bangunan dan lahan berada dalam wilayah calon daerah serta lahan dimiliki pemerintah daerah dengan bukti kepemilikan yang sah. kabupaten buton tengah menjadi daerah otonomi baru yang sebelumnya masuk dalam cakupan wilayah kabupaten buton. hal ini bertujuan untuk mendorong perkembangan dan kemajuan provinsi sulawesi tenggara pada umumnya dan kabupaten buton pada khususnya. adanya aspirasi yang berkembang dalam masyarakat juga dipandang perlu, untuk meningkatkan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan, pembangunan dan pelayanan publik sehingga mempercepat terwujudnya kesejahteraan masyarakat. dalam undang-undang nomor 15 tahun 2014 tentang pembentukan buton tengah ditetapkan labungkari sebagai ibukotanya. sebelum adanya pemekaran ini ada beberapa wilayah yang diusulkan untuk menjadi ibukota kabupaten, diantaranya wamengkoli, lakudo dan mawasangka. dalam hal ini labungkari tidak masuk dalam pengusulan calon ibukota kabupaten buton tengah. b. tinjauan pustaka a. otonomi daerah otonomi daerah berasal dari bahasa yunani “autonomie” yang berarti auto adalah sendiri dan nomos adalah undang-undang. jadi secara harfiah otonomi dapat diartikan sebagai pemberian hak dan kekuasaan untuk mengatur dan mengurus rumah tangganya sendiri kepada instansi, perusahaan dan daerah. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 pelaksanaan undang-undang nomor 15 tahun 2014 dalam penetapan labungkari sebagai ibukota kabupaten buton tengah page 3 menurut bagir manan otonomi daerah mempunyai dua arti, pertama dalam arti formal otonomi daerah diperlukan dalam rangka memperluas partisipasi masyarakat dalam pemerintahan, kedua dalam arti materiil otonomi daerah mengandung makna sebagai usaha mewujudkan kesejahteraan yang bersanding dengan prinsip negara kesejahteraan dan sistem pemencaran kekuasaan menurut dasar negara berdasarkan atas hukum. sedangkan menurutjoko widodo, pada hakekatnya otonomi daerah bertujuan menciptakan sebuah sistem pemerintahan yang lebih demokratis, dimana keterlibatan rakyat baik dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan, pembangunan dan pelayanan publik maupun dalam melakukan kontrol atas apa yang sedang dan dilakukan pemerintah dalam menjalankan tugas pokok, fungsi dan kewenangan dapat dilaksanakan secara maksimal. oleh karena itu dengan otonomi daerah diharapkan akan dapat memberi peluang pada perubahan kehidupan pemerintah daerah. pengertian daerah otonom menurut uu no. 23 tahun 2014, “daerah otonom selanjutnya disebut daerah adalah kesatuan masyarakat hukum yang mempunyai batasbatas wilayah yang berwenang mengatur dan mengurus urusan pemerintahan dan kepentingan masyarakat setempat menurut prakarsa sendiri berdasarkan aspirasi masyarakat dan sistem negara kesatuan republik indonesia”. prinsip otonomi daerah yang digunakan berdasarkan ketentuan undang-undang nomor 23 tahun 2014 yang menekankan pada perwujudan otonomi yang seluas-luasnya nyata dan bertanggung jawab. prinsip otonomi seluas-luasnya dalam arti daerah diberikan kewenangan mengurus dan mengatur semua urusan pemerintahan diluar yang menjadi urusan pemerintah. daerah memiliki kewenangan membuat kebijakan daerah untuk member pelayanan, peningkatan, peran serta, prakarsa dan pemberdayaan masyarakat yang bertujuan pada peningkatan kesejahteraan rakyat. adapun prinsip otonomi nyata adalah suatu prinsip bahwa untuk menangani urusan pemerintahan dilaksanakan berdasarkan tugas, wewenang, dan kebijakan yang senyatanya telah ada, serta berpotensi untuk tumbuh, hidup, dan berkembang sesuai dengan potensi dan kekhasan daerah. dengan demikian, isi dan jenis otonomi bagi setiap daerah tidak selalu sama dengan daerah lainnya (otonomi bersifat objektif). sedangkan yang dimaksud dengan otonomi yang bertanggung jawab adalah otonomi yang dalam penyelenggaraannya harus benar-benar sejalan dengan tujuan dan maksud pemberian issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 pelaksanaan undang-undang nomor 15 tahun 2014 dalam penetapan labungkari sebagai ibukota kabupaten buton tengah page 4 otonomi yang pada dasarnya untuk memberdayakan daerah termasuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan rakyat yang merupakan bagian utama dari tujuan nasional. adapun tujuan otonomi daerah adalah mencapai efektifitas dan efisiensi dalam pelayanan masyarakat sehingga tujuan yang diharapkan dapatmenumbuhkembangkan daerahdalam berbagai bidang ,meningkatkan pelayanan kepada masyarakat, menumbuhkan kemandirian daerah dan meningkatkan daya saing daerah dalam proses pertumbuhan. b. pembentukan daerah sejak penerapan sistem desentralistik di indonesia kata pembentukan menjadi sesuatu yang tak terpisahkan dalam undang-undang otonomi daerah. dalam undangundang tersebut daerah diberi kewenangan untuk membentuk atau memisahkan wilayah-wilayahnya menjadi satu atau dua bagian wilayahnya. banyak daerah menggunakan istilah pembentukan untuk memaknai sebuah pembentukan daerah otonomi baru dalam suatu wilayahnya. pembentukan daerah dapat berupa pemecahan daerah provinsi atau daerah kabupaten/kota untuk menjadi dua atau lebih daerah baru, atau penggabungan bagian daerah dari daerah yang bersanding dalam 1 (satu) daerah provinsi menjadi satu daerah baru. dalam hubungannya dengan pembentukan daerah/wilayah otonomi, pasal 18 uud 1945 antara lain menyatakan bahwa pembagian daerah indonesia atas daerah besar dan daerah kecil dengan bentuk dan susunan pemerintahannya yang ditetapkan oleh undang-undang. daerah indonesia akan dibagi menjadi daerah provinsi dan daerah provinsi akan dibagi menjadi daerah kabupaten dan daerah kota untuk mendukung pelaksanaan otonomi daerah. peraturan pemerintah menyebutkan bahwa pembentukan daerah adalah pemecahan provinsi atau kabupaten/kota menjadi dua daerah atau lebih.menurut penulis, pembentukan daerah adalah pemisahan suatu wilayah dari wilayah lain untuk membentuk wilayah baru yang disebabkan oleh meningkatnya kebutuhan masyarakat serta keinginan masyarakat untuk mendapatkan pelayanan yang lebih baik dan merata. istilah pemekaran daerah sebenarnya dipakai sebagai upaya memperhalus bahasa yang menyatakan proses perpisahan atau pemecahan satu wilayah untuk membentuk satu unit administrasi lokal baru. dilihat dari kacamata filosofi harmoni, istilah perpisahan atau perpecahan memiliki makna yang negatif sehingga istilah issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 pelaksanaan undang-undang nomor 15 tahun 2014 dalam penetapan labungkari sebagai ibukota kabupaten buton tengah page 5 pemekaran daerah dirasa lebih cocok digunakan untuk menggambarkan proses terjadinya daerah-daerah otonom baru pasca reformasi di indonesia. jika kita lihat kebelakang, pemekaran daerah begitu gencarnya dilaksanakan sejak zaman reformasi. hal ini disebabkan oleh adanya anggapan bahwa zaman orde baru yang sentralistis itu sangat tidak adil bagi daerah. daerah hanya menjadi sapi perahan yang diambil sumber daya alamnya dan hasilnya diserahkan kepemerintah pusat. tidak ada pembangunan di daerah, pembangunan hanya terpusat di ibu kota negara. sehingga menimbulkan kesenjangan pembangunan antara pemerintah pusat dan pemerintah daerah. secara hukum, syarat-syarat pembentukan suatu wilayah untuk menjadi kabupaten/kota atau provinsi tidak terlalu sulit. pembentukan harus memenuhi persyaratan dasar dan persyaratan administrasi. persyaratan dasar meliputi, persyaratan dasar kewilayahan dan persyaratan dasar kapasitas daerah. persyaratan dasar kewilayahan ini meliputi luas wilayah minimal (berdasarkan pengelompokan pulau atau kepulauan), jumlah penduduk minimal, batas wilayah (dibuktikan dengan titik koordinat pada peta dasar), cakupan wilayah meliputi paling sedikit 5 (lima) kecamatan untuk pembentukan kabupaten, dan 4 (empat) kecamatan untuk pembentukan kota, lokasi calon ibukota, sarana dan prasarana pemerintahan. namun bukan berarti apabila suatu daerah telah memenuhi persyaratan dasar kewilayahan dan kapasitas daerah maka dengan sendirinya pemekaran wilayah dapat dilakukan. c. kedudukan dan syarat pembentukan ibukota kabupaten buton tengah kabupaten buton tengah merupakan salah satu kabupaten di provinsi sulawesi tenggara. ibukotanya berada di labungakri kecamatan lakudo. buton tengah merupakan hasil pemekaran dari kabupaten buton yang disahkan pada tanggal 24 juli 2014. salah satu alasan pemekaran wilayah ini adalah karena permasalahan akses. seluruh wilayah buton tengah tidak berada di pulau buotn, sedangkan ibukota kabupaten buton berada di pasarwajo. pelayanan dan kontrol membutuhkan biaya dan waktu yang panjang karena harus melewati laut menuju kota baubau, lalu dilanjutkan perjalanan darat menuju pasarwajo di ujung timur pulau buton. wilayah kabupaten buton tengah terdiri atas 7 kecamatan yang berasal dari sebagian wilayah kabupaten buton dengan cakupan wilayah kecamatan lakudo, kecamatan gu, kecamatan sangia wambulu, kecamatan mawasangka, kecamatan mawasangka tengah, kecamatan mawasangka timur, dan kecamatan talaga raya. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 pelaksanaan undang-undang nomor 15 tahun 2014 dalam penetapan labungkari sebagai ibukota kabupaten buton tengah page 6 jika dilihat dari sisi aturan, penetapan labungkari sebagai ibukota kabupaten buton tengah telah memenuhi syarat sesuai dengan pp nomor 78 tahun 2007, yang terdiri dari syarat administrasi, syarat teknis, dan syarat fisik kewilayahan. syarat administrasi dan syarat fisik kewilayahan penetapan labungkri sebagai ibukota kabupaten buton tengah dituangkan dalam: a. surat keputusan dprd kabupaten buton nomor 09/dprd/2008 tanggal 10 mei 2008 tentang persetujuan pembentukan calon kabupaten buton tengah. b. keputusan dewan perwakilan rakyat daerah kabupaten buton nomor 8/dprd/2010 tanggal 2 juni 2010 tentang persetujuan lokasi ibukota calon kabupaten buton tengah. c. keputusan dprd kabupaten buton nomor 9/dprd/2010 tanggal 2 juni 2010 tentang persetujuan pelepasan kecamatan yang menjadi cakupan wilayah calon kabupten buton tengah. d. keputusan dprd kabupaten buton nomor 10/dprd/2010 tanggal 2 juni 2010 tentang persetujuan pemberian dana hibah untuk penyelenggaraan pemerintahan calon kabupaten buton tengah. e. keputusan dprd kabupaten buton nomor 11/dprd/2010 tanggal 2 juni 2010 tentang persetujuan pemberian dukungan dana untuk penyelenggaraan pemilihan kepala daerah pertama kali calon kabupaten buton tengah. f. keputusan dprd kabupaten buton nomor 12/dprd/2010 tentang persetujuan penyerahan kekayaan daerah/sarana prasarana kepada calon kabupaten buton tengah. g. keputusan dprd nomor 10/dprd/2014 tanggal 9 mei 2014 tentang persetujuan penetapan penempatan ibukota dan cakupan wilayah calon dob kabupaten buton tengah dan calon dob kabupatern buton selatan. h. keputusan dprd kabupaten buton nomor 19/dprd/2013 tanggal 5 juli 2013 tentang perubahan calon ibukota daerah otonomi baru kabupaten buton tengah. i. keputusan bupati nomor 148 tahun 2008 tanggal 18 maret 2008 tentang persetujuan nama calon kabupaten buton tengah. j. keputusan bupati nomor 149 tahun 2008 tanggal 18 maret 2008 tentang persetujuan lokasi calon ibukota kabupaten buton tengah. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 pelaksanaan undang-undang nomor 15 tahun 2014 dalam penetapan labungkari sebagai ibukota kabupaten buton tengah page 7 k. keputusan bupati buton nomor 150 tahun 2008 tanggal 18 maret 2008 tentang persetujuan pelepasan kecamatan yang menjadi cakupan wilayah calon kabupaten buton tengah. l. keputusan bupati buton nomor 150 tahun 2008 tanggal 18 maret 2008 tentang persetujuan pemberian dana hibah untuk mendukung penyelenggaraan pemerintahan calon kabupaten buton tengah m. keputusan bupati buton nomor 152 tahun 2008 tanggal 18 maret 2008 tentang persetujuan pemberian dana untuk penyelenggaraan pemilihan kepala daerah pertama kali calon kabupaten buton tengah. n. keputusan bupati nomor 153 tahun 2008 tanggal 18 maret 2008 tentang persetujuan penyerahan kekayaan daerah/sarana dan prasarana yang berada dalam cakupan wilayah calon kabupaten buton tengah. o. keputusan bupati buton nomor 415 tahun 2010 tanggal 7 juni 2010 tentang persetujuan pelepasan kecamatan yang menjadi cakupan wilayah calon kabupaten buton tengah. p. keputusan bupati buton nomor 416 tahun 2010 tanggal 7 juni 2010 tentang persetujuan pemberian hibah untuk mendukung penyelenggaraan pemerintahan calon kabupaten buton tengah. q. keputusan bupati buton nomor 417 tahun 2010 tanggal 7 juni 2010 tentang persetujuan pemberian dukungan dana dalam rangka membiayai pemilihan kepala daerah pertama kali pada calon kabupaten buton tengah. r. keputusan bupati buton nomor 418 tahun 2010 tanggal 7 juni 2010 tantang persetujuan penyerahan kekayaan daerah/sarana dan prasarana yang berada dalam cakupan wilayah calon kabupaten buton tengah. s. keputusan dprd provinsi sulawesi tenggara nomor: 02 tahun 2008 tanggal 22 mei 2008 tentang persetujuan pembentukan daerah otonomi kabupaten buton tengah. t. keputusan dprd provinsi sulawesi tenggara nomor: 7 tahun 2010 tanggal 16 juni 2010 tentang penyempurnaan atas keputusan dprd provinsi sulawesi tenggara nomor 2 tahun 2008 tentang persetujuan pembentukan daerah otonomi baru kabupaten buton tengah. u. surat gubernur sulawesi tenggara nomor 136/3056 tanggal 6 juni 2008, perihal usul pembentukan daerah otonomi baru. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 pelaksanaan undang-undang nomor 15 tahun 2014 dalam penetapan labungkari sebagai ibukota kabupaten buton tengah page 8 syarat teknis yaitu hasil kajian daerah yang salah satunya yaitu kemampuan ekonomi. masyarakat buton tengah masyarakat buton tengah berprofesi sebagai petani, nelayan, pelaut, pedagang, dan sebagian kecil bekerja di sektor pertambangan. wilayah kabupaten buton tengah sangat berpotensi untuk dikembangkan perkebunan jagung, singkong, ubi jalar, dan kacang hijau. perkebunan jagung di kecamatan gu seluas 2.679 ha dengan total produksi 537 ton jagung. di kecamatan gu juga memiliki luas area pertanian singkong dengan luas area 2.679 ha dengan total produksi 11.258 ton, perkebunan kapuk 56,35 ha dengan total produksi mencapai 480 ton, dan perkebunan kakao seluas 32 ha dengan total produksi mencapai 390 ton. potensi laut yang dapat dimanfaatkan yaitu perikanan dan budidaya rumput laut yang produksinya mencapai 13.966,34 ton. kecamatan talaga raya juga menyimpan kekayaan mineral berupa tambang nikel. dari sektor pariwisata, beberapa objek wisata baik wisata alam, sejarah maupun budaya menjadi daya tarik tersendiri. seperti beberapa benteng bekas peninggalan kesultanan buton, adat dan tradisi masyarakat gulamasta. c. metode penelitian teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah : wawancara, yakni dilakukan wawancara langsung dengan responden yang diharapkan mampu memberikan masukan dan penjelasan mengenai masalah tersebut dengan baik dan benar. kepustakaan, yakni pengumpulan bahan dengan menelaah peraturan perundangundangan yang berhubungan dengan masalah tersebut, atau literatur lain yang berhubungan dengan masalah tersebut. jenis dan sumber data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut: 1. bahan hukum primer yakni bahan hukum yang diperoleh dari responden berdasarkan hasil wawancara. 2. bahan hukum sekunder yakni bahan hukum yang diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan, referensi-referensi hukum, peraturan perundang-undangan dan dokumen hukum. 3. bahan hukum tersier yakni bahan hukum pelengkap,yaitu artikel yang berkaitan dengan penelitian ini. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 pelaksanaan undang-undang nomor 15 tahun 2014 dalam penetapan labungkari sebagai ibukota kabupaten buton tengah page 9 teknik analisa penelitian yang digunakan adalah teknik kualitatif yang informasinya digali melalui wawancara mendalam serta informasi yang diperoleh melalui penelusuran kepustakaan, baik dari peraturan perundang-undangan, dokumen yang berkaitan dengan penulisan skripsi ini sehingga apa yang menjadi pertanyaan dalam penelitian ini terjawab dengan maksimal. d. pembahasan a. analisis sesuai atau tidaknya syarat-syarat pembentukan daerah otonomi baru kabupaten buton tengah berdasarkan peraturan perundangundangan dalam skripsi ini hanya akan dijelaskan gambaran umum kecamatan lakudo dan kecamatan mawasangka yang merupakan wilayah yang diusulkan untuk calon ibukota kabupaten buton tengah. dengan menganalisis kondisi fisik wilayah berupa konfigurasi wilayah, aksesibilitas dan ketersediaan fasilitas. ketersediaan fasilitas dasar sebagai pendukung pelaksanaan pemerintahan dan perekonomian, terdiri dari gedung pembantu bupati wilayah gulamas mawasangka, fasilitas pemerintahan kecamatan, lembaga perbankan (bri) kantor pos dan pasar. secara lebih khusus, pembentukan daerah diatur dalam uu no. 23 tahun 2014 tentang pemerintahan daerah. dalam undang-undang tersebut dijelaskan bahwa pembentukan dapat berupa pemekaran daerah dan penggabungan daerah. pemekaran daerah dilakukan melalui tahapan daerah persiapan kabupaten/kota. tahapan daerah persiapan kabupaten/kota ini salah satu syarat yang harus dipenuhi adalah penentuan calon ibukota kabupaten/kota. awalnya wamengkoli yang telah memenuhi syarat sesuai dengan pp no. 78 tahun 2007, dalam perkembangannya kemudian muncul nama mawasangka yang kalau dikaji juga memenuhi syarat. tapi satu hal yang menjadi pertimbangan bahwa pemekaran kabupaten itu semangatnya bukan hanya dilihat dari memenuhi atau tidaknya syarat yang ditetapkan uu tapi bagaimana ada sebuah konsensus bersama ditingkat masyarakat dicakupan itu. labungkari awalnya muncul dari konsensus itu, bahwa polemik pemekaran buton tengah itu ada pada letak ibukota dan berbagai pertimbangan bahwa kalau di wamengkoli masih sama saja, kesulitan yang dihadapi saudara-saudara kita dari mawasangka, talaga, mawasangka tengah, mawasangka timur terkait dengan akses issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 pelaksanaan undang-undang nomor 15 tahun 2014 dalam penetapan labungkari sebagai ibukota kabupaten buton tengah page 10 pemerintahan juga wamenkoli masih sangat dekat dengan kota baubau. namun kalau di mawasangka, ada juga komplain dari lakudo, lombe, dan sangia wambulu bahwa masih terlalu jauh juga. sehingga disepakatilah oleh perwakilan elemen-elemen yang ada dimana kita mencari titk temu yaitu di tengah-tengah maka disepakatilah labungkari. padahal jika dilihat dari pemaparan nur alam dalam rapat dengar pendapat terbuka pada 30 januari 2014 di gedung dpr ri senayan jakarta tentang kondisi objektif terkini terkait buton tengah mengenai syarat teknis yang ditampilkan dengan data scoring bahwa angka tertinggi adalah kecamatan mawasangka dengan nilai scoring 26 sedangkan labungkari. berdasarkan hasil kajian akademisyang dilakukan universitas haluoleo bahwa analisis skalogram menunujukkan bahwa kecamatan gu peringkat 1(satu) dan kecamatan lakudo peringkat 2 (dua) yang memiliki jumlah fasilitas dan pelayanan, sedangkan kecamatan mawasangka peringkat 3 (tiga) kemudian kecamatan mawasangka tengah peringkat 4 (empat), kecamatan mawasangka timur peringkat 5 (lima), kecamatan sangiawambulu peringkat 6 (enam) dan talaga raya peringkat 7 (tujuh). letak lokasi labungkari di kecamatan gu dan kecamatan lakudo sehingga kriteria labungkari sebagai pusat pertumbuhan wilayah memiliki jumlah dan jenis fasilitas terbanyak untuk memenuhi berbagai kebutuhan penduduk di kabupaten buton tengah.dengan adanya kajian akademis itu sehingga syarat formal yang sesuai dengan pp no. 78 tahun 2007 itu sudah terpenuhi, ada kajian akademisnya, akta hibah, tapal batas kawasan ibukota dan kriteria-kriteria lainnya khusus kawasan ibukotanya sementara labungkari tetap dalam kawasan kecamatan lakudo. b. kelemahan dan kelebihan ditetapkanya labungkari sebagai ibukota kabupaten buton tengah kelebihan di tetapkanya labungkari sebagai ibukota kabupaten buton tengah yaitu, walaupun wilayahnya tidak berada persis ditengah-tengah namun dianggap sebagai titik tengah karena dari wamengkoli ke labungkari jaraknya 28 km kemudian dari mawasangka ke labungkari jaraknya 34 km, jadi selisihnya sekitar 8 km. selanjutnya kawasan yang menjadi cakupan labungkari sebagai kawasan ibukota itu, hutannya dalam penguasaan negara sehingga sangat memudahkan pemerintah untuk melakukan ekspansi penataan karena jika wilayah tersebut masih dikuasai masyarakat issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 pelaksanaan undang-undang nomor 15 tahun 2014 dalam penetapan labungkari sebagai ibukota kabupaten buton tengah page 11 pemerintah harus membebaskan lahannya yang membutuhkan ekonomi besar. jika wilayah tersebut juga masuk dalam kategori hutan lindung itu juga menjadi masalah karena pemerintah harus meminta izin dengan prosedur yang panjang di kementerian kehutanan. dari sisi ekonomi penempatan ibukota kabupaten buton tengah sudah bagus, karena labungkari merupakan poros utama antara mawasangka, wamengkoli, raha dan sekitarnya. kelemahan ditetapkannya labungkari sebagai ibukota kabupaten buton tengah yaitu, akses pelabuhan di labungkari itu hampir tidak ada. sementara ibukota kabupaten yang sangat bagus apalagi wilayah buton tengah ini masih dalam kawasam maritim itu sebenarnya harus dekat dengan kawasan laut. selanjutnya luas lahan yang dihibahkan masyarakat untuk kawasan ibukota lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan luas tanah yang dihibahkan di dua wilayah yang juga diusulkan sebelumnya sebagai calon ibukota kabupaten buton tengah. kemudian kelemahan lainnya yaitu kawasan yang menjadi ibukota kabupaten buton tengah ini merupakan kawasan yang masih kosong. e. kesimpulan berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan sesuai dengan permasalahan yang diteliti maka pada bagian ini dirumuskan kesimpulan, yaitu : 1. penetapan labungkari sebagai ibukota kabupaten buton tengah tidak layak karena pada awal pemilihannya hanya berdasarkan konsensus antar perwakilan dari elemen-elemen masyarakat agar tidak terjadi tarik menarik antara dua kecamatan yaitu kecamatan mawasangka dan kecamatan lakudo yang sebelumnya telah diusulkan menjadi calon ibukota kabupaten buton tengah yang dapat menghambat pemekaran itu sendiri. 2. kelemahan atas penetapan labungkari sebagai ibukota kabupaten buton tengah ini yang berdampak khususnya dari sisi ekonomi, meskipun labungkari ini merupakan poros utama antara mawasangka, wamengkoli dan raha namun kawasan ini sangat jauh dengan kawasan laut sehingga menyebabkan akses pelabuhan juga sangat jauh. ] issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 pelaksanaan undang-undang nomor 15 tahun 2014 dalam penetapan labungkari sebagai ibukota kabupaten buton tengah page 12 daftar pustaka a. buku kaloh, j. 2007. mencari bentuk otonomi daerah. rineka cipta:jakarta kasmawati, andi. 2010. implikasi hukum kebijakan desentralisasi.rayhan intermedia: makassar manan, bagir.2005.menyongsong fajar otonomi daerah.pusat studi hukum uii: yogyakarta muchlis, hamdi. 2008. naskah akademik tentang pembentukan dan penghapusan daerah. bphn depkumham ri: jakarta muslimin,amrah.1986.aspek-aspek hukum otonomi daerah.alumni: bandung ratnawati,tri.2009.pemekaran daerah: politik lokal dan beberapa isu terseleksi.pustaka pelajar:yogyakarta soejito,irawan.1990.hubungan pemerintah pusat dan pemerintah daerah.rineka cipta:jakarta soerjono,soekanto.1986.pengantar penelitian hukum.ui press:jakarta sunarno,siswanto.2005.hukum pemerintahan daerah.sinar grafika:jakarta widjaja, h.a.w.2005.penyelenggaraan otonomi daerah di indonesia.pt raja grafindo persada: jakarta b. peraturan perundang-undangan undang-undang negara republik indonesia 1945 undang undang nomor 23 tahun 2014 tentang pemerintahan daerah undang-undang nomor 15 tahun 2014 tentang pembentukan buton tengah pp nomor 78 tahun 2007 tentang tata cara pembentukan, penghapusan dan penggabungan daerah. jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 5 issue 2, 2021 p-issn : 2528-360x, e-issn : 2621-6159 175 implementation of police duties to support the implementation of health protocols during the covid-19 pandemic in order the realization of a conducive kamtibmas atmosphere (baubau city case study) deddy mursanto1 abstract author’s information: police responsibility is very complex ranging from in public service to supporting security aga inst the security of the state. seeing or studying the task of the police t o the scale of the poli c e then the author wants to describe the duties and responsib ilities of the national police mandated by law in carrying out its dutie s and responsibilities by taking samples, namely baubau city police in controlling the mandate of the law and information related to the handling of the covid -19 pandemic where the city of baubau was not spa red the impact of the pandemic. the purpose of this study is to understand the role of the police in t h e implementation of kamtibmas during the co vid 19 pandemic in baubau city. the types is normative legal research, data used in the study are primary and secondary data collected from the interview process and literature studies, which will then be analyzed qualitatively with the steps that have reduced the data. the results of this study concluded the role of bhabinkamtibmas and intelkam is very basic and supports all police duties in maintaining public order and looking for basic information about people who do not comply with the recommendations of health protocols in the community during the current covid -19 pandemic and provide input to the community to prevent the emergence of new perpetrators of crimes due to the covid -19 pandemic by giving input on what should be done by the community. keywords: police, health protocol, covid 19, kamtibmas. 1 fa culty of la w, universita s muha mmadiya h buton, indonesia ema il: (deddymursanto19@gmail.com) article’s information: doi: https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v5i2.1115 1. introduction police duties as described sadjijono (2008) are a noble task (official mobile) that protects moral values, then the moral primacy of the profession holder must be attached and always present in his mind that is not biased bargained again. there needs to be moral perseverance to foster personal awareness and good support from the police environment is an institution that has duties and responsibilities as mandated by law no. 2 of 2002 concerning the police of the republic of indonesia (2002), in the mandate of the law the duties and responsibilities of the national police are very complex ranging from in public services to support security to the security of the state. mailto:deddymursanto19@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v5i2.1116 jurnal hukum volkgeist deddy mursanto. 5(2): 175-184 176 crime is a deviant behavior regardless of gender gender and age for the perpetrators, whether male or female, young or old (lampatta 2017) related to the duties and responsibilities at this time the police are faced with a very noble task where the police become the vanguard in helping or supporting the handling of covid -19 in this country that we love. the pandemic period that is still ongoing until now the national police has been very meritorious in maintaining security and public order. in line with what is done by the police today is very following the principle of salus populi suprema lex esto (public safety is the highest law) which becomes the basis in every task and responsibility of the police in carrying out the mandate of the la (safrin salam 2020) looking further into the current pandemic conditions, the national police has to maintain security and public order, carry out the functions of law enforcement, and provide protection, protection, and service to the community. the task of the police is so complex above can be seen clearly in article 13 of law number 2 year (ri 2002) on police. in line with what is stated in the national police law where the police chief also issued a mak/2/iii/2020 information on government policy compliance in the handling of corona virus (kapolri 2020); which is the content of the information, namely the police will crack down on people who are still swarming, hoarding basic needs and other community needs in excess and spreading hoax news. besides, the national police will also crack down on various criminal acts caused by pandemics such as theft, robbery, looting, and other criminal acts with economic motives. in line with what is the duty of the police above is a form of police support to the government related to the handling of covid -19 and break the chain of pandemic corona in indonesia through law enforcement to the community. the implementation of the duties and responsibilities of the national police not only resonates in the major cities of the country that every day we can follow its development through electronic media and social media but in the region of the southeast sulawesi regional police although rarely covered by the national media the role or duties and responsibilities of the police are still carried out by all ranks ranging from polda to polsek throughout the southeast sulawesi police department. this can be seen by simply investigating the daily activities of members of the national police who still urge the public to obey maintaining health protocols where the simplest thing is to attach a sticker to use a mask in each patrol car whether it's a traffic unit to an operational vehicle in each police unit that is under the ranks of southeast sulawesi police. looking at or stud ying the duties of the police up to the scale of the police, the author wants to describe the duties and responsibilities of the police that have been mandated by the law in carrying out their duties and responsibilities by taking samples, namely the baubau city police in controlling the mandate of the law and information of the police chief related to the handling of the covid -19 pandemic where the city of baubau is not spared the impact of the pandemic. 2. methodology the location of the research in question is a place or area where the research will be conducted, namely in baubau city and several related agencies in tackling the problems studied such as the police and covid 19 task force. the types and sources of data used in this study include secondary data, namely data obtained from legislation, jurnal hukum volkgeist deddy mursanto. 5(2): 175-184 177 writings or papers, books, and documents or archives, and other materials related to and supporting this writing. the researcher's do to obtain and collect data are as follows: study library and interview (interview). the process of data analysis in qualitative research begins by studying all data collected from various sources, namely from interviews, observations that have been written in field notes, personal documents, official documents, pictures, photos, and so on. through the entire data, analysis activity is directed to prepare efforts to find a juridical settlement (irianto and shidarta 2009), of course in this case to the problems related to research. in other words, by studying all the data collected from various sources, namely from interviews, observations that have been written in field notes, personal documents, official documents, pictures, photos, and so on. further elaborated by performing data reduction steps by creating abstraction. abstraction is an effort to make a core summary, process and statements that need to be maintained so that it remains in it (nawi 2013). 3. result and discussion 3.1 implementation of police duties to support the implementation of health protocols during the covid-19 pandemic to realize a conducive kamtibmas atmosphere since march 2020 indonesia has been directly affected by covid -19 by finding the first patient to contract sarscov 2 or covid -19 virus in jakarta and then continuously spread covid -19 throughout indonesia until early 2021 where the number of people confirmed covid -19 in indonesia has reached one million people where found every day the number of positive cases of covid-19 is at least nine thousand people and the most ever penetrated twelve thousand people confirmed positive covid -19 is no exception southeast sulawesi specifically baubau city where for the southeast sulawesi region is included in the category of orange zone as well as the city of baubau. although vaccines have been available and have been distributed to almost all regions of indonesia, it is not a guarantee for everyone not exposed to the covid -19 virus for that duty and responsibility of the national police to continue to urge all levels of society to continue to implement health protocols and provide and straighten out information where there have been many hoaks scattered on social media about the dangers of side effects of administering the covid-19 vaccine to the community where the public already believes in the hoax news, which people believe if the vaccine can cause paralysis to death for the recipient. this information is not information that only becomes the consumption of the people of the capital city but in the city of baubau as a small town located on the buton islands has until the news hoaks in the ears of the people of baubau this can be troubling and can cause chaos or chaos in the community. in addition to the issue of the d angers of vaccines as stated above, the problem faced by the police is that there are still many people who are "naughty" wherein activities do not use masks, do not use masks that are recommended as there are still many people who use buff masks and/or scuba masks where the mask has been conveyed by the task force from the center to the region that the masks are not effective in preventing the covid -19 virus, and there are still many people who use masks are not under the way they are used as there are still many people in the streets of baubau city area using masks only cover the mouth alone this is a basic thing that needs to be considered by the police as an institution that helps government policy. jurnal hukum volkgeist deddy mursanto. 5(2): 175-184 178 another problem in handling covid -19 in baubau city is still many people who do not believe that covid -19 exists where the public considers that covid -19 is a government-made disease to scare the public even though the public sees electronic media and social media about the dangers of covid -19 if it is applied to other diseases if the immune system is reduced or weakened then the covid -19 virus easily enters and can become a deadly disease if it is applied. in addition to the problem of community behavior as described above the challenges of the police in handling covid-19 faced with social problems due to pandemics where the impact of economic problems that can trigger criminality. the police have a strategic role in preventing and cracking down on all forms of crime and violations that occur due to the pandemic that is still ongoing to this day, where the police as a supporting instrument to prevent the spread of disease. in addition to doctors and health workers as the vanguard against covid -19, the police also have a crucial and strategic role especially in the implementation of health protocols. as explained above weak or low discipline of the community in applying health protocols, can be seen in the table scheme of people exposed to the covid -19 virus where the author takes a sample of data in the region of southeast sulawesi where if seen developments (dinkes sulawesi tenggara 2021), where the total number of confirmed cases of covid -19 reached 9,474 patients where 1363 people underwent treatment, recovered 7933 people, and died 178 people while data related to people with suspects recorded 62 people, probable 2 people and confirmed close contact with patients positif covid -19 a total of 253 people. if you look at the previous description, the public must take an active role in preventing and handling the covid -19 virus by carrying out health protocols that become the tagline of the government, namely remembering the mother's message (wearing a mask, washing hands, keeping distance), not only the task of police responsibility alone but also as a shared responsibility of all levels of society, the police will not succeed in helping prevent and handle covid -19 if the community itself is still ignorant of health protocols. based on the data on the total number of covid -19 cases above need to also look at the data on the number of cases of covid -19 baubau city as a place of case study in this writing where if the data is juxtaposed then it can be seen the number of cases of covid 19 amounted to 1974 people, where positive patients 962, suspect 35 people, probable 1 person, cured 873 people, and close contact 80 people, from this data can be translated that the spread of covid -19 is very massif in the city baubau this is in line with the habits of the people of baubau cities who do not heed the health protocol. the habits of the people of baubau cities are the main factor in the spread of covid -19 that never decreases in addition to the factor of the lack of covid -19 tests whether it is rapid antigene or pcr tests or swabs are very minimal in the city of baubau if conducted massif tests then the authors believe in the presence of people who are found reactive or positive covid-19 with the habits of people who do not maintain health protocols. moreover, based on the analysis published by the disaster management research unit csis indonesia (dzakwan 2020), the position of the local government is like eating simalakama fruit. this is due to the confusion of the approach to handling covid -19 in indonesia. referring to presidential decree no. 7 of 2020 concerning the task force to accelerate the handling of corona virus disease (covid-19) (kepres 2020), there are at least four laws (uu) that are used as a reference for issuance, namely law no. 7 on outbreaks and infectious diseases (negara kesatuan republik indonesia 1984), law no. 24 on disaster management (negara kesatuan republik indonesia 2007), law no. jurnal hukum volkgeist deddy mursanto. 5(2): 175-184 179 36 on health (negara kesatuan republik indonesia 2009), and law no. 6 on health quarantine (negara kesatuan republik indonesia 2018). the current condition of the community that the author has described above becomes a reference to look forward to a desire of all stakeholders both the central government to the local government in the implementation of the handling and prevention of transmission of the covid -19 virus whose spread is increasingly massif as the data that the author described earlier in looking at the current conditions and facts that have been found in daily community activities/activities. covid -19, which until early 2021 is still difficult for the government in handling its spread coupled with the slightest threat that makes the community aware that there has been found a new variant of covid-19 whose transmission is faster than the covid -19 virus found in 2020, apart from the rapid spread of the covid -19 virus, the new variant of the virus is more rapidly spreading into the body of patients who already have congenital diseases so that not a few people affected by complications of congenital diseases with covid -19 can quickly cause death. looking at the current conditions, the author hopes that the main thing is community discipline and active participation of the community in preventing the spread and transmission of covid -19, apart from the main indicators of covid -19 prevention, it is necessary to play an active role and understanding from the community that covid-19 is the common enemy of the whole community so that it is no longer a trivial thing. besides, the author hopes that the police can maximize the potential that exists even though the current situation of the police is good in helping the government's task, but the author has his ideas t hat can be used as input for the effectiveness of police duties in helping the prevention and handling of covid -19, especially in the city of baubau which according to the author is still not implemented or not yet maximized in its implementation that can be described as follows (sulistyo 2009): a. communication approach. in terms of building good communication with the community for the sake of creating effective prevention of covid -19 transmission, the author hopes that bhabinkamtibmas will become a pioneer in the forefront of approaches and giving understanding to the community by building communication from the heart of the heart by "door to door", namely knocking on every door of the house. people who are in their respective areas of duty to provide an understanding of the dangers of covid -19, the importance of health protocols, understanding the importance of vaccination for each individual to prevent and build the immune system of each individual so that not only resistance or prevention from outside but also prevention from inside the body. besides, the author also hopes that bhabinkamtibmas will have the initiative to make health programs for the community in each area by inviting healthy living for at least 30 minutes by doing morning exercises under the hot sun and also giving natural anti-body effects to the community while still paying attention to health protocols by dividing the maximum. 20 people per session of healthy gymnastics. with more time in direct contact with the community, heart-to-heart communication would be more efficient than simply providing information through banners or banners, which does not mean that communication can be directly accepted by the community. this has not been seen by the author, which was carried out by the bhabinkamtibmas officers, especially in the area of the city of baubau itself. jurnal hukum volkgeist deddy mursanto. 5(2): 175-184 180 also, other things can be used by the police by utilizing information from intelligence officers about the condition of the community and what reasons make people not comply with the recommended health protocols set by the government as well as other reasons that the authors have disclosed as in the writing above before. information and approaches to the community through the police intelligence unit are preliminary data that can be provided to bhabinkamtibmas to become the basis for evaluating what programs can be carried out to achieve synergy between the police and the community. the task of intelligence and security is not only to reveal a crime, but during the covid -19 pandemic, the role of intelligence and security in the police unit needs to be maximized because the role of intelligence is as important as the role of bhabinkamtibmas which is very close to the community, this fundamental matter is the readiness of the republic of indonesia national police to prove that the police personnel is ready with all duties, not only in disclosing crimes or guarding public order but also ready to face any situation where this is closely related to the resources of police personnel where the challenges of the police are increasingly complex today and in the future. b. readiness of police personnel resources, in the current era of the new order (new normal) the police are expected to move actively and very quickly to solve complex problems in society not only by forming a secure task force (task force) nusa ii but also a more community approach. prioritized in dispelling problems both conventional crimes, economic crimes, cyber crimes and general criminal crimes, the intelligence movement as a police unit is a very important task to collect information from the public so that the action team can carry out tasks in the form of legal action to arrest or reveal a crime. bhabinkamtibmas and intelligence should go hand in hand now and in the future, especially in handling the covid -19 pandemic problem, which can be described in handling pandemic problems, namely enforcing strict quarantine implementation, protecting medical personnel, cracking down on stockpiling of medical equipment and selling counterfeit drugs, monitoring potential hoaxes that can trigger social conflicts and arrest criminals who commit street crimes, from various examples of problems in the current pandemic, information and approaches taken by bhabinkamtibmas and intelligence are highly expected to play an active role in gathering initial information for reporting to the task force where later it can be develop strategies to deal with problems and prioritize which problems will be addressed first. the tough village program that has been launched by the republic of indonesia national police can be mixed with the role of the intelligence and security and community service in preventing and handling the covid-19 problem. the most important thing is that the members of the police under the baubau police always learn, develop themselves and hone their abilities to their maximum potential in giving contribution, dedication, and innovation in providing protection, protection, and services to the community and law enforcement. 3.2. the role bhabinkamtibmas to face covid the current pandemic covid -19 period is a very urgent condition for the state and the nation considering the many problems in people's lives that are not resolved. state must protect human being as the responsibility (salam 2020). as the author explained earlier above approaches to the community in a careful manner are very necessary but there are other challenges in the implementation of the jurnal hukum volkgeist deddy mursanto. 5(2): 175-184 181 role of the police during the current pandemic covid -19. there was a commotion or a dispute involving several people that resulted in a crowd of citizens either watching or as perpetrators of the commotion where groups are carrying sharp weapons and do not use masks, here can be studied there are two violations, namely violations of health protocol and unlawful acts in which carrying sharp weapons in violation of emergency law no. 12 of 1951. the author in the discussion of conditions that are expected to approach heart to heart in the handling of covid -19 in the community but the thing that suddenly happens in the dispute in the community is certainly known by members of the baubau police intelligence but solving problems arising during the covid -19 pandemic should be a discretionary approach of the police which discretionary actions need very careful consideration in solving the problem, why is it so? (mulyadi 2015). such actions are legally positively considered violating, if acted by the provisions of the regulation of the law then each offender will certainly be processed legally, but this is the role of understanding for all members of the police force baubau referred to discretion and purpose for what. if the police detain the perpetrators of violations then the crowd will occur in the custody room of baubau police and it is feared that there will be perpetrators of violations of the law who never conduct health checks while he has had the covid-19 virus in him that is not known to the naked eye and risk transmitting to other prisoners. this is where the role of police discretion in determining which perpetrators of unlawful acts can be resolved indiscretion and which unlawful acts remain the settlement of litigation under the provisions of criminal procedural law. here the author wants a variety of activities for members of the baubau police force to be enlightened about litigation and non-litigation legal efforts, as well as what are the requirements to be able to conduct non-litigation legal efforts based on the theory and legal principles applicable in indonesia. it would be better to resolve all forms of unlawful acts and/or criminal acts that can be done non-litigation settlement is very necessary to be put forward to solve legal problems more efficiently. not only nonlitigation settlements must be done but early on to reduce all forms of illegal acts in society, the role of bhabinkamtibmas must be effective as much as possible, this is indeed the task of bhabinkamtibmas at this time but the author still sees the ineffectiveness of the role and function of bhabinkamtibmas where what is happening today. bhabinkamtibmas often seen in the middle of the community if there is a police program alone to be implemented the program in the middle of the community and if there is a problem in the community should be the active role of bhabinkamtibmas in the middle of a pandemic to prevent all forms of community action which is currently very "labil" a little scratched or fixated problem will cause even bigger problems so that the role of bhabinkamtibmas is currently very complex because bhabinkamtibmas is the vanguard in dampening all forms of public behavior that can disturb other public order can be prevented as early as possible. based on the decision of the head of the national police of the republic of indonesia on the title babinkamtibmas (bintara pembina kamtibmas) to bhabinkamtibmas from the rank of brigadier to inspector (kapolri 2009). meanwhile, according to article 1 number 4 (perkapolri 2015) that what is meant by bhabinkamtibmas is the use of polmas in villages/villages. jurnal hukum volkgeist deddy mursanto. 5(2): 175-184 182 in article 26 perkapolri (2015), it is explained that the functions of bhabinkamtibmas are as follows: a. carrying out visits/sideburns to the community to listen to the complaints of the community about the problem kamtibmas and provide explanations and solutions, maintain friendly relations/brotherhood. b. guiding and consulting in the field of law and kamtibmas to raise awareness of the law and kamtibmas by upholding human rights. c. disseminate information about the policy of the police leadership related to the maintenance of security and public order. d. encourage the implementation of siskamling in environmental security and community activities. e. provide police services to communities in need. f. mobilize positive community activities. g. coordinating kamtibmas development efforts with village/village devices and other relevant parties. h. carrying out consultations, mediation, negotiations, facilitation, motivation to the community in harkamtibmas, and solving crime and social problems. in addition to these basic tasks, according to article 28 perkapolri (2015) the authority of bhabinkamtibmas is as follows: resolving disputes between citizens or communities, taking the necessary steps as a follow-up to the agreement in maintaining environmental security, visiting crime scenes (crime scenes) and taking the first action at the crime scene (tptkp), and supervising the flow of trust in the community that can lead to division or threatens the unity and unity of the nation. furthermore, the active role that must be done by bhabinkamtibmas in the current condition of covid -19 all bhabinkamtibmas in the baubau police department must conduct tracking and data collection to retrieve information with anyone in close contact for travelers both baubau natives and migrants to be given to the coordinator of prevention and handling tasks of covid -19 is concerned with the mutation of the covid 19 virus that is very easily infected, although the traveler has done rapid anti-gene or pcr test (swab) but is not guaranteed the perpetrators of the trip are not exposed to covid-19. this is where the role of bhabinkamtibmas is not only in the police resort baubau city, but this can be done by all bhabinkamtibmas in all corners of indonesia. in addition, it is necessary to pay attention from the government to help and protect the duties of bhabinkamtibmas after intelkam should be given priority for the government to be given the covid -19 vaccine to provide a sense of mental and physical security for all bhabinkamtibmas and intelkam to serve all duties and responsibilities in the community both in the task of prevention and prevention covid -19 amaupun the task of maintaining public order because it is very effective if the handling of order is done by means of a heart-to-heart approach or humane approach to the community whether it is counseling related to obeying health protocols and legal counseling so that the public avoids all forms of crime that can arise due to the effects of covid -19, one example of the difficulty of the economy in the current pandemic then it would be nice for people who do not have a job where given an example to be motivated so that what skills are possessed by the community that does not have a job so as not to be a perpetrator of crimes such as if having the skills to be a construction worker then with the jurnal hukum volkgeist deddy mursanto. 5(2): 175-184 183 development that is increasingly advanced in the city baubau they can seek profit in any such development. so, the author argues the role of bhabinkamtibmas and intelkam is very basic in a form of prevention whether it is related to public order or in the problem of covid -19 which is a trending topic today. the author also expects the government to give rewards or awards to members of the police, especially bhabinkamtibmas to be given scholarships to continue their studies to create human resources in the police body that is associated. 4. conclusion the indonesian national police is a state institution protected by law which is the heart of maintaining stability, security, and order for all citizens as well as being the guardian of domestic security and assisting all government tasks based on pancasila and the basic law as mandated by the constitution. within the police body itself, it must continuously improve human resources, namely all police personnel throughout indonesia who excels, especially bhabinkamtibmas and intelligence, are given scholarships to continue their studies so that human resources continue to increase within the national police. the role of bhabinkamtibmas (perkapolri 2015) and intelkam is very basic and supports all the tasks of the police in maintaining public order and seeking basic information about people who do not comply with recommended health protocols in the community as well as counseling on the importance of health protocols during the current covid-19 pandemic and providing input to the public to prevent t he emergence of new criminals due to the covid -19 pandemic by providing input on what should be done by people who do not have jobs but have certain talents or expertise to create stability, security and order in society to create a safe and peaceful life. references dzakwan, a. (2020). memetakan kesiapan pemerintah daerah dalam menangani covid-19. centre for strategic and international studies (csis). irianto, s., & shidarta. (2009). metode penelitian hukum : kontelasi dan refleksi. yayasan obor indonesia. maklumat kapolri nomor mak/2/iii/2020 tentang kepatuhan kebijakan pemerintah dalam penanganan virus corona, pub. l. no. mak/2/iii/2020 (2020). keputusan presiden nomor 7 tahun 2020 tentang gugus tugas percepatan penanganan corona virus disease (covid-19), (2020). lampatta, m. r. (2017). peran penyidik dalam penerapan diversi terhadap perkara tindak pidana anak di wilayah kabupaten pohuwato (studi kasus di polres pohuwato). jurnal hukum lampatta, 2, 71–81. mulyadi, l. (2015). mediasi penal dalam sistem peradilan pidana indonesia. alumni. nawi, s. (2013). penelitian hukum normatif versus penelitian hukum empiris. umitoha ukhuwah grafika. sadjijono. (2008). etika profesi hukum : suatu telaah filosofis terhadap konsep dan implementasi dalam pelaksanaan tugas profesi polisi. 2008. safrin salam, d. (2020). perkembangan filsafat hukum kontemporer. zifatama jawara. jurnal hukum volkgeist deddy mursanto. 5(2): 175-184 184 https://books.google.co.id/books?id=rf7_dwaaqbaj&dq=+safrin+salam+filsafa t+hukum&lr=&hl=id&source=gbs_navlinks_s salam, s. (2020). rekonstruksi paradigma filsafat ilmu : studi kritis terhadap ilmu hukum sebagai ilmu. ekspose: jurnal penelitian hukum dan pendidikan, 18(2), 885–896. https://doi.org/10.30863/ekspose.v18i2.511 sulistyo. (2009). kemanan negara, keamanan nasional. graha pustaka. regulation undang-undang nomor 2 tahun 2002, tentang kepolisian negara republik indonesia. undang-undang nomor 7 tahun 1984 tentang wabah dan penyakit menular. undang-undang nomor 24 tahun 2007 tentang penanggulangan bencana. 2) 1993 7-15 jurnal hukum volkgeist https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v7i1.1993 vol. 7 no. 1, december 2022 7 the power of detailed evidence as a base on land rights ulfa nisrina sahib1*, andi suryaman mustari pide1, muhammad ilham arisaputra1, faharudin2 1faculty of law, universitas hasanuddin, indonesia 2faculty of law, universitas dayanu ikhsanuddin, indonesia *correspondence: ulfanizrina19@yahoo.com article history abstract received: 13.02.2022 accepted: 18.12.2022 published: 31.12.2022 the strength of the proof of detail as the basis for land rights. this study was conducted to analyze the position of the detail as the basis for land rights in proving community ownership of land and to analyze the legal protection of land tenure by the community based on the detail as the basis for their rights. this research uses empirical legal research. the results of the study show that (1) the position of detail as the basis for land rights in proving land ownership by the community, namely before the issuance of the uupa, detail was proof of ownership of land rights. along with the enactment of the uupa and government regulation number 24 of 1997 concerning land registration, the details are no longer as evidence of land rights, but as evidence of a person's control over the controlled land, so that if it is not corroborated with other evidence, the details cannot be used absolutely as a tool. proof of ownership of land in the trial; and (2) legal protection of land tenure by the community based on details as the basis for their rights, namely that they have not yet fully received legal protection. so that in order to obtain legal certainty and protection. keywords: strength of evidence, details, base on land rights article licence copyright © 2022 the author(s): this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution share alike 4.0 international (cc by-sa 4.0) 1. introduction land is one of the natural resources that is an essential need for mankind so that it functions very essential to the life and livelihood of mankind, even determines the civilization of a nation. land is a place to live for human beings other than as a source of earning a living through agriculture and plantations until it eventually becomes the final resting place for mankind (ilham, 2015). every human being has human rights, in the period before the uupa came into force, there was legal dualism in the field of land, namely the enactment of customary law in addition to western law (la ode haniru, 2017). for community members who are subject to western law, their land rights are generally registered. meanwhile, community members who are subject to customary law generally have not registered their land rights, which creates legal uncertainty and difficulties in the event of land disputes. land according to the juridical understanding of the uupa is the surface of the earth, while land rights are rights to the earth's surface which are limited, two-dimensional in length and width. land rights authorize the holder of the right to be able to use the land and take advantage of the land he is entitled to (aminuddin salle, 2010; salam, 2019). the right of control over land is a right containing a series of powers, obligations or prohibitions for the holder of the right to do something about the land that has the right. something that is allowed, obligated or prohibited to be done is a benchmark between land tenure rights regulated in land law. land tenure rights in the national land law have the following hierarchy (arba, 2019): a. indonesian nation's right to land. b. the state's right to control the land. c. ulayat rights of indigenous peoples. d. individual rights to land which include: 1. land rights. 2. ownership of land rights. p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 7 no 1: 7-15 8 3. security rights to land (mortgage rights). 4. ownership of an apartment. land is one of the very basic assets of the indonesian state, because the state and the nation live and develop on land, land is one of the important factors in the survival of the nation and state. because as we know that indonesia is an agrarian country so land is very important for the survival of the nation. the 1945 constitution of the republic of indonesia (hereinafter abbreviated as uudnri 1945) article 33 paragraph (3) affirms that the earth, water and space as well as the natural resources contained therein are controlled by the state and are intended for the greatest prosperity of the people who become the people. one of the objectives of the establishment of the uupa is to lay the foundations for providing legal certainty and protection regarding land rights for the indonesian people as a whole (nirwana, farida patittingi, 2018). the objectives of the promulgation of the uupa as described in the general explanation are: a. laying the foundations for the preparation of a national agrarian, which will be a tool to bring prosperity, happiness and justice to the state and the people, especially the peasants, in the framework of a just and prosperous society. b. laying the foundations for unity and simplicity in land law c. laying the foundations to provide legal certainty regarding land rights for the whole people the purpose of providing legal certainty over land has been regulated in article 19 paragraph (1) of the uupa that in order to guarantee legal certainty by the government, land registration is carried out throughout the territory of the republic of indonesia according to the provisions stipulated in a government regulation. in connection with the above provisions, government regulation number 24 of 1997 concerning land registration (hereinafter abbreviated as pp no. 24 of 1997) was issued as time went on from the term of pp no. 24 of 1997 underwent changes, then government regulation number 18 of 2021 concerning management rights, land rights, flats and land registration units was issued (hereinafter abbreviated as pp no. 18 of 2021) which is currently valid the purpose of land registration is regulated in article 3 pp no. 24 of 1997, namely: 1. to provide legal certainty and legal protection to holders of rights to a parcel of land, apartment units, and other registered rights so that they can easily prove themselves as holders of the rights in question. 2. to provide information to interested parties including the government so that they can easily obtain the data needed to make legal claims regarding land parcels and apartment units that have been registered. 3. for the implementation, land administration is involved. pp no. 24 of 1997 determines the types of land that must be registered as stipulated in article 9 paragraph (1) regarding the object of land registration as follows (jimmy joses sembiring, 2010): a. plots of land owned with ownership rights, cultivation rights, building use rights, and use rights b. land management rights c. waqf land d. ownership of the apartment unit e. mortgage right f. state land the purpose of land registration that produces a certificate, after the enactment of the loga, the strongest evidence for land rights is the certificate which has been regulated in article 32 paragraph (1) pp no. 24 of 1997 states that the certificate is a proof of right that applies as a strong means of proof regarding the physical data and juridical data contained therein, as long as the physical data and juridical data are in accordance with the data contained in the letter of measurement and the book of land rights in question. p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 7 no 1: 7-15 9 to obtain legal certainty, all land must be registered, but in fact there are still many people in rural areas, precisely in gowa regency who own land but do not have a certificate as proof of land ownership, because the land rights have not been registered and still only use tools. evidence in the form of details which are used as evidence of ownership rights prior to the enactment of the loga. in the past, detail was a temporary registration letter originating from old land rights that had not been converted into land with certain rights that had not been registered or certified at the land office. the provisions for proving the old rights of former customary land have been regulated in article 96 of pp no. 18 of 2021, namely: (1) written evidence of ex-customary land owned by an individual must be registered within a maximum period of 5 (five) years from the enactment of this government regulation. (2) in the event that the period as referred to in paragraph (1) expires, the written evidence of land belonging to the adat is declared invalid and cannot be used as a means of proving land rights and only as a guide in the context of land registration. the issuance of a usufructuary certificate on land belonging to a resident, namely batje binti tjale, is the owner of the land located on jalan malino, batang kaluku village, somba opu district, gowa regency, which has evidence of detailed persil no. 12 si kohir no. 303 ci, in 1958 covering an area of 4,400 m2 (four thousand four hundred square meters) in the name of batje binti tjale, that as long as batje binti tjale owned the above mentioned land object, he had never transferred it in any way to another party, either in whole or in part and neither party claimed it as their own, but without the knowledge of batje binti tjale. the level i regional government of south sulawesi province has applied for a certificate of use rights to the gowa district land office for the entire land belonging to batje binti tjale.. a person may lose his rights due to ignorance, thus making the lawsuit unclear, vague or lacking in parties. it should be in accordance with the provisions of article 119 hir/article 143 rbg that the head of the district court has the authority to provide advice and legal assistance to the plaintiff or his representative or proxy in the case of filing a lawsuit. after the judge has studied and found formal defects in the lawsuit, during the trial the judge gives advice on repairing the lawsuit to the plaintiff so that the lawsuit can be corrected and the party who has rights in this land dispute can be decided as fairly as possible.. the legal issue that will be discussed in this thesis is the strength of the details as proof of land ownership prior to the enactment of the uupa, the details of which are considered a temporary registration letter for indonesian land before the enactment of government regulation no. 10 of 1961 which is one of the proofs of ownership based on the explanation of article 96 pp. no. 18 of 2021 is proof of ownership of old rights holders which until now the state still provides an opportunity to convert to new land rights after the enactment of the uupa which means that details cannot be ruled out and have strong evidence, but based on the decision of the high court of sulawesi south number 119/pdt/2015/pt.mks juncto supreme court cassation decision number 3136. k/pdt/2015 has been absorbed into a right of use certificate by the regional government of south sulawesi province. therefore, the author is interested in putting it in the title of the thesis to study further on "the power of detailed evidence as a basis for land rights (study of land assets of the regional government of south sulawesi province in gowa regency)" 2. method the data were obtained by means of observation, documentation, then processed by the inspection, tagging, compilation and systematic stages based on research discussions and the results of data analysis then carried out descriptively (irwansyah, 2020). the method used in this research is the empirical legal research method, which is a research method that seeks to see the law in a real sense and see how the law works in society. because empirical legal research is closely related to society, it is not uncommon for empirical legal research to be referred to as sociological legal research. empirical legal research can also be said as research conducted by examining primary data, namely data obtained from the public, legal entities or government agencies as respondents p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 7 no 1: 7-15 10 3. result and discussion the land law that applies in indonesia in agrarian law there are two phases of the application of agrarian law, on september 24, 1960, when it was promulgated and declared the enactment of law number 5 of 1960 concerning basic agrarian regulations (uupa). the first phase is when the loga has not been promulgated and the second phase is after the uupa comes into force until now (marihot pahala siahan, 2003). the phase prior to the enactment of the uupa applied two agrarian laws recognized by the indonesian government, namely customary agrarian law and western agrarian law. customary agrarian law applies to indigenous indonesians who are subject to customary law while western agrarian law applies to indonesians who are subject to western civil law, namely the dutch, europeans and foreigners. land rights subject to customary agrarian law are each area called customary land, for example, foundation land, gogolan land, village treasury land, pangonan land (grazing) and grave land. meanwhile, land rights that are subject to western agrarian law are land rights regulated in the civil code, for example, egendom rights, opstal rights, erfpacht rights, recht van gebruit (use rights) and bruikleen (borrowing and use rights) (i.k dan s. muchsin, 2010). detail istraditional certificates in indonesia. the detail letter is a type of temporary registration letter for indonesian land that existed before 1960 or before the birth of the uupa. this detail was originally widely used in areas such as makassar and the surrounding area. this detail is used as proof of control and use of land controlled by someone. basically this detail is a temporary registration letter of land owned by indonesia before the enactment of government regulation no. 10 of 1961 concerning land registration. this detail was made by local officials so that it has different names. local officials make land titles based on the customary rights of customary law communities, and this right is recognized by law. customary rights are the rights of customary law communities which are basically the authority possessed by certain customary law communities over a certain area to take advantage of natural resources including land in that area for survival and life that typically arises from outward and inward relationships. , hereditary, and unbroken between the customary law community and its territory (a. suriyaman mustari pide, 2014). land registration in indonesia is carried out through 2 stages, the first is the first land registration and the second is the maintenance of land registration data. land registration was first carried out through two types of registration, namely systematic and sporadic. systematic land registration is land registration that is carried out simultaneously with government initiatives in this case the national land agency (hereinafter abbreviated as bpn), for the registration of land parcels that have not been certified based on a long-term and annual work plan carried out in areas that have been registered. determined by the state minister of agrarian affairs/head of bpn while sporadic land registration is carried out on the initiative of the owner of unregistered land parcels (sibuea, 2011). land is given to and owned by people with the rights provided by the loga. according to wantjik saleh, that with the granting of land rights, a legal relationship has been established between the person or legal entity, in which legal actions can be taken by the person who has the right to the land to another party (wantjik daleh, 1982). in civil terms, the existence of a relationship that owns the land with the land as evidenced by real physical control in the field or there is a legal basis in the form of juridical data means that it has been based on a civil right, the land is already in its control or has become his. land tenure can be the beginning of the existence or granting of land rights, in other words physical land control is one of the main factors in the context of granting land rights. the legal basis for this right is usually stated in written form with a decision letter, statement letter, statement letter, confession letter, authentic deed or private letter. so that the juridical control over land always contains the authority given by law to control the physical land. therefore, juridical control provides a basis for the right to a legal relationship regarding the land in question (olivia muldjabar, 2018). in connection with the above, there are several types of letters that are often used by indonesian people as proof of control over a land and this form of control is recognized by indonesian land regulations, one of which is detail or also known as the temporary registration letter of indonesian land ownership prior to the enactment of the government regulation. number 10 of 1961 concerning land registration. detail is one of the proofs of ownership based on the explanation of article 24 paragraph (1) of government regulation number 24 of 1997 concerning land registration is proof of ownership of the old right p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 7 no 1: 7-15 11 holder. rincik is a term that is known in several areas such as makassar and its surroundings, but has different names or designations in different regions. this is due to the fact that the detailing is made by local regional officials and is based on the customary rights of indigenous peoples whose existence is recognized by law, so the names can vary. prior to the enactment of the uupa, detail was indeed evidence of ownership of land rights, but after the enactment of the uupa, detail was no longer evidence of land rights, but only in the form of a certificate of object on land, where detail can be used to register old land rights for certificates to be made for first time (faharudin, 2019). in the provisions of article 24 of government regulation number 24 of 1997 concerning land registration, it is stated that: a. for the purpose of registration of rights, land rights originating from the conversion of old rights are proven by evidence regarding the existence of such rights in the form of written evidence, information with a degree of truth by the adjudication committee in systematic land registration or by the head of the land office in sporadic land registration is considered sufficient to register rights, rights holders and the rights of other parties that burden them. b. in the event that there are no or no complete evidence tools as referred to in paragraph (1), proof of rights can be carried out based on the fact of physical possession of the land parcel in question for 20 (twenty) years or more in a row by the registration applicant and its predecessors, provided that: 1) the control is carried out in good faith and openly by the person concerned as having the right to the land, and is strengthened by the testimony of a person who can be trusted; 2) the control either before or during the announcement as referred to in article 26 is not disputed by the customary law community or the village/kelurahan concerned or other parties. details can prove a person's control and use of controlled land, so that if it is not corroborated by other evidence, detail is not absolutely used as evidence of land ownership rights, but only control and use of land. after the birth of the uupa, the details are no longer valid as proof of ownership of land rights. based on article 32 of government regulation number 24 of 1997 concerning land registration, it is stated that the certificate is a letter of proof of rights that is valid as a strong proof of physical data and juridical data contained therein, as long as the physical data and juridical data are in accordance with the data provided. is in the letter of measurement and the book of land rights in question. in other words, the details no longer have legal force as proof of ownership or are no longer recognized as evidence of land rights, except only as object information and as proof of land/building tax. therefore, proof of ownership of land rights on the basis of detailed evidence is not enough, but must also be proven by physical data and other juridical data as well as physical possession of the land by the person concerned for 20 (twenty) years or more consecutively or continuously. -continuously. with a note that the control is carried out in good faith and openly by the person concerned as having the right to the land, and is strengthened by the testimony of a trustworthy person and the control is not disputed by the customary law community or the concerned village/kelurahan or other parties (munawir abdul kamal, 2016) the understanding that detail is proof of ownership of land rights after the enactment of the loga is due to such an assumption that is still developing among the community. the fact that occurs in the community, there are still many cases related to land that have not been registered. one of the land disputes whose proof of ownership has not been registered and becomes a land case because of a lawsuit filed in court. in the lawsuit that was filed, batjtje binti tjale submitted evidence in the form of: a. an excerpt of the book on the size of the temporary registration of land owned by indonesia given to batjtje binti tjale on 15 july 1958; b. the approval of the head of the batangkaluku neighborhood in accordance with the original and registered in book f belonging to the batangkaluku neighborhood; c. certificate no. 15/skt/lbk/vi/2014; p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 7 no 1: 7-15 12 d. image of object of dispute. the evidence of the letter above is in the form of a photocopy that has been affixed with sufficient stamp duty and after being matched with the original at trial, so that it can be used as legal evidence. in addition to the evidence mentioned above, batjtje binti tjale also presented witnesses who had testified under oath. in which the witnesses' statements contradict each other stating that the land that was managed and controlled by batjtje binti tjale from 1958 to 2013 came from tjalle who was the parent of batjtje binti tjale. after tjalle died, he was replaced by batjtje binti tjale. where from 1958 to 2013 it was batjtje binti tjale who paid taxes on the land. batjtje binti tjale stopped working on the land in 2013 after there was a government-owned building on the land. because based on the case presented, the evidence shown and the witnesses presented by batjtje binti tjale, and taking into account the exceptions submitted by the defendant and the evidence shown, in the district court decision number 10/pdt.g/2014/ pn.sungg, dated december 11, 2014, the panel of judges in their ruling, partially granted batjtje binti tjale's claim and stated that batjtje binti tjale was the owner of a land area of 4,400 m2 (four thousand four hundred square meters), jalan malino, batang kaluku village, kecamatan somba opu, gowa regency which has evidence of detail persil no. 12 si kohir no. 303 ci. stated that the south sulawesi provincial government and the gowa regency land office had committed an unlawful act. due to the district court decision number 10/pdt.g/2014/pn.sungg, the panel of judges rejected the exception of the level i regional government of south sulawesi province in its entirety, the regional government of south sulawesi province filed an appeal at the south sulawesi high court and decided on 24 june 2015. in the legal considerations of the panel of judges number 119/pdt/2015/pt.mks, stated that the exception from the comparative party (level i regional government of south sulawesi province) was acceptable because in this case it was considered that the shortcomings of the parties proposed by the appellant (batje binti tjale) because the regional government of south sulawesi province claimed to have obtained the disputed land from the heirs of abd. jamal dg. however, the party has not been sued, so the subject matter in this case cannot be considered. meanwhile, at the cassation stage, the supreme court court which ruled on august 18, 2016 number 3136.k/pdt/2015 in its legal considerations stated that the decision of the south sulawesi high court dated june 24, 2015 number 119/pdt/2015/pt.mks, was not wrong in applying the law. with the consideration that in this case it is considered that the parties proposed by batjtje binti tjale are lacking, so that the lawsuit is formally considered vague and unacceptable. based on the description of the decision above, it is clear that batjtje binti tjale won in the district court, but at the high court and the supreme court it was stated that niet ontvankelijke verklaard means that the lawsuit cannot be accepted because it contains a formal defect. the lawsuit was not followed up by the judge to be examined and tried so that there was no object of the lawsuit in the decision to be executed. m. yahya harahap explained that there are various kinds of formal defects that may be attached to the lawsuit, including (m. yahya harahap, 2006). 1. a lawsuit signed by a power of attorney based on a power of attorney that does not meet the requirements outlined in article 123 paragraph (1) hir; 2. the lawsuit has no legal basis; 3. error in persona lawsuit in the form of disqualification or plarium litis consortium; 4. the lawsuit contains obscuur libel, ne bis in idem defects, or violates absolute or relative jurisdiction (competence). as the opinion of riduan syahrani quoted by moh. taufik makarao, proof is the presentation of legal evidence according to law to a judge who examines a case in order to provide certainty about the truth of the events presented. that is, the presentation of the evidence to reveal the facts of an event that is the object of a dispute (makarao, moh. taufik 2009). if it is related to the evidence as stipulated in article 1866 of the civil code, it can be stated that the evidence presented by batjtje binti tjale at the trial when filing a lawsuit has fulfilled the elements as evidence. p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 7 no 1: 7-15 13 the only problem is that what batjtje binti tjale shows is a photocopy of a letter/document without showing the original letter/document. as in the provisions of article 1888 of the civil code, it states that "the power of proof with a written document lies in the original deed. if the original deed exists, then copies and quotations can only be trusted as long as the copies and quotations are in accordance with the original which can always be ordered to be shown. likewise in the provisions of article 1889 of the civil code, it states that “if the original certificate of title is no longer available, the copy shall provide evidence, subject to the following conditions”: a. the first copy (gross) provides the same evidence as the original deed; the same applies to copies made by order of a judge in the presence of both parties or after both parties have been legally summoned, as well as copies made before both parties with their consent; b. a copy made after the issuance of the first copy without the intercession of a judge or without the consent of both parties, either by the notary in whose presence the deed was made, or by a successor or by an employee who because of his position keeps the original deed (minut) and is authorized to provide copies, can be accepted by the judge as perfect evidence if the original deed has been lost; c. if the copy made according to the original deed is not made by the notary before whom the deed has been made, or by a substitute, or by a public employee who because of his position keeps the original deed, then the copy cannot be used as evidence at all, but only as evidence. written start; d. an authentic copy of an authentic copy or from a private deed, according to the circumstances, may provide a written preliminary evidence. the author is of the opinion that detail is still recognized as one of the foundations of land rights even for lands that have not been registered or certified so that the case above will guarantee justice and certainty for those who have examined and proven prior to the rights to land objects that have been identified. be disputed. therefore, all claims and disclaimers will be based on applying the applicable legal provisions. however, if there is no complete evidence provided by the applicant, the bookkeeping of rights can be carried out based on the physical possession of the land parcel of the party concerned for 20 (twenty) years or more continuously with the following prerequisites: 1. the control of the land is carried out in good faith and openly by the party concerned as the party entitled to the land and can be strengthened by the testimony of a trusted person. 2. the control of the land is not being disputed by the customary law community or the village/kelurahan concerned or other parties either before or during the announcement period as referred to in article 26. as time goes by, government regulation number 24 of 1997 concerning land registration has changed, namely government regulation number 18 of 2021 concerning management rights, land rights, flat units and land registration which are regulated in article 96 paragraphs (1) and (2) concerning proof of the old rights of former customary lands are as follows: a. ex-customary evidence owned by individuals must be registered within a maximum period of 5 (five) years from the enactment of this government regulation b. in the event that the period of time as referred to in paragraph (1) expires, the written evidence of land belonging to adat is declared null and void and cannot be used as a means of proving land rights and only as a guide in the context of land registration. from the statement of article 96 above, it can be interpreted that the proof of ownership of the rights to the former customary land must be immediately registered at the land agency office, if the object has not been registered or a certificate has not been issued for a period of 5 years which is taken into consideration the period of completion of land registration. throughout the territory of the republic of indonesia since the issuance of this government regulation, evidence of former customary property is no longer valid and cannot change the status of the land. legal certainty of land ownership data will be achieved if land registration has been carried out, because the purpose of land registration is to provide legal certainty and legal protection to land rights holders. both p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 7 no 1: 7-15 14 certainty regarding the subject (i.e. what the rights are, who owns it, whether or not there is a burden on it) and certainty regarding the object, namely its location, boundaries and extent as well as the presence/absence of buildings/plants on it. in the context of providing legal certainty, those who register their land will be given a document of proof of rights that serves as a strong evidence. in the provisions of the national land law, in this case government regulation number 24 of 1997 concerning land registration, only certificates of land rights are legally recognized as proof of ownership of land rights which guarantee legal certainty and are protected by law. based on the theory of legal protection with reference to the provisions of article 3 letter a and article 4 paragraph (1) pp no. 24 of 1997 which regulates the purpose of land registration, where land registration aims to provide legal protection to the holder of the right to a plot of land so that he can easily prove himself as the holder of the right in question. in order to provide legal protection as intended, the holder of the right in question is given a certificate of land rights. referring to the case studies carried out, as in the description of the decision that has been described previously, it appears that batjtje binti tjale at the district court level was declared victorious, then later at the high court and supreme court it was declaredniet ontvankelijke verklaardmeaning that the lawsuit cannot be accepted because it contains a formal defect. this certainly affects the legal protection ofbatjtje binti tjale who controlled the land based on the details as the basis for the rights he had. it should be in accordance with the provisions of article 119 hir/article 143 rbg that, the head of the district court is authorized to provide legal advice and assistance to the plaintiff or his representative or proxies in the case of filing a lawsuit. supposedly after the judge studied and found a formal defect in the lawsuit, in the trial the judge gave advice on the improvement of the lawsuit to the plaintiff so that the lawsuit can be corrected and the parties who have rights in this land dispute can be decided in a fair manner. the dualism of the legality model of ownership has resulted in various problems, which in fact fulfill the cases in court, namely a lawsuit against land between the certificate owner and the detailed owner. the government and the law certainly cannot rule out the existence of these details, because in addition to these details as the legality of land ownership prior to the loga, the government has also not required all owners of detailed lands to register or certify land for free, or bpn's proactive action for data collection and certification of all lands. in the territory of indonesia. if these steps have been taken by the government, then the policy of not acknowledging the existence of these details can be justified. 4. conclusion the position of detail as the basis for land rights in proving land ownership by the community, namely before the issuance of the uupa, detail was proof of ownership of land rights. along with the enactment of the uupa and government regulation number 24 of 1997 concerning land registration, the details are no longer as evidence of land rights, but as evidence of a person's control over the controlled land, so that if it is not corroborated with other evidence, the details cannot be used absolutely as a tool. proof of ownership of land in the trial. the legal protection of land tenure by the community based on the details as the basis for their rights, namely that they have not fully received legal protection. so that in order to obtain legal certainty and protection, land tenure based on details must first be followed up with land registration, in which in the land registration process a certificate will be issued as proof of rights, to avoid disputes in the future. considering that in the judicial process, the position of a certificate is stronger than that of a certificate. so that it can result in a person who only has evidence in the form of details, cannot get legal protection. references a. suriyaman mustari pide. (2014). hukum adat dahulu, kini dan akan datang. kencana. aminuddin salle. (2010). hukum agraraia indonesia. as publishing. arba. (2019). hukum agraria indonesia. sinar grafika. faharudin, f. (2019). prinsip checks and balances ditinjau dari sisi dan praktik. jurnal hukum volkgeist, 1(2), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v1i2.97 p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 7 no 1: 7-15 15 muchsin, h. (2010). hukum agraria dalam perpektif sejarah. jakarta: pt. rafika aditama. ilham. (2015). reformasi agraria di indonesia. raja grafindo. irwansyah. (2020). penelitian hukum piliha metode dan praktik penulisan artikel. mirra buana media. jimmy joses sembiring. (2010). panduan mengurus sertifikat tanah. visimedia. la ode haniru. (2017). tinjauan yuridis pelakasanaan perkawinan walian tondo (turunan raja) berdasarkan hukum adat kulisusu utara kabupaten buton utara (studi desa waode buri kec. kulisusu utara kab. buton utara). 1(april), 1–14. m. yahya harahap. (2006). hukum acara perdata. sinar grafika. makarao, moh. taufik. (2009). pokok-pokok hukum acara perdata. rineka cipta. marihot pahala siahan. (2003). bea perolehan hak atas tanah dan bangunan, teori dan praktik. pt. raja grafindo persada. munawir abdul kamal. (2016). tinjauan yuridis kekuatan hukum pembuktian rincik dalam perkara perdata. fakultas syariah dan hukum uin alauddin. nirwana., patittingi, farida., & nur, sri susyanti (2018). perlindungan hukum bagi pemegang hak atas tanah sesungguhnya dalam transaksi jual beli menggunakan rincik palsu. 1(2), 180–197. http://joernal.umsb.ac.id/index.php/pagaruyuang/index olivia muldjabar. (2018). prinsip tanah walaka pada masyarakat hukum adat tolaki pertanahan, sistem. jurnal hukum volkgeist, 3(1), 68. sibuea, h. y. p. (2011). arti penting pendaftaran tanah untuk pertama kali. negara hukum, 2(2), 287–306. salam, s. (2019, june). land registry: communal rights certificate and the problem in indonesia. in westech 2018: proceedings of 1st workshop on environmental science, society, and technology, westech 2018, december 8th, 2018, medan, indonesia (p. 461). european alliance for innovation. wantjik daleh. (1982). han anda atas tanah. ghalia indonesia. jurnal hukum volkgeist https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v6i1.1628 vol. 6 no.1, december 2021 1 solution for the development of prisoners in class iii gorontalo women's prison sumiyati beddu1*, darmawati1 1 faculty of law, universitas ichsan gorontalo, indonesia *correspondence: sumiyatiumi677@gmail.com article history abstract received: 24.11.2021 accepted: 21.12.2021 published: 27.12.2021 the correctional facility is an implementing agency of the criminal system that has a function to foster citizens of correctional development, including in this case women undergoing an obligatory sentence to participate in a whole series of coaching activities in the correctional institution. this paper aims to look at the implementation of this form of guidance and find the right solution related to the problem of guiding prisoners in women's prisons, especially class iii gorontalo prisons. the results obtained were that the implementation of the existing forms of guidance at the class iii gorontalo women's prison was divided into three stages of coaching, namely the initial stage, the advanced stage and the final stage coaching. to overcome problems in the implementation of coaching women prisoners, synergy is needed between all parties involved, starting from prisoners, correctional officers and related agencies to cooperate with each other in the implementation of training for female prisoners. for this reason, it is necessary to repair and add infrastructure to support coaching activities and to involve officers in prisons through training activities that can support the implementation of coaching. concerning the handicrafts of prisoners, it is also expected to increase marketing through the media, given the condition of covid 19 which limits people from being able to interact directly with prisoners in prison keywords: fostering; women prisoners; correctional institutions article licence copyright © 2021 the author(s): this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution sharealike 4.0 international (cc by-sa 4.0) 1. introduction penitentiary is a place for prisoners to undergo corporal punishment. in the criminal justice system, prisons function as a place to provide guidance to inmates so that after serving a period of punishment, correctional inmates can realize mistakes, do not repeat crimes that have been committed and can be accepted back in community life. law must avoid the criminal.(salam, 2019) the change of name from prison to correctional institution is expected to achieve the goal of punishment which is integrated with the restoration of the unity of life (rehabilitation) and livelihood (reintegration) for the inmates. based on the provisions stipulated in article 12 of law number 12 of 1995 concerning corrections, it is stated that: "in the context of fostering prisoners in prisons, classification is carried out on the basis of: age, gender, length of sentence imposed, type of crime and other criteria in accordance with the needs and development of development." prison development is a system. as a system, prisoner development has several components that are interrelated and work together to achieve a goal (harsono, 1995). there are four important components in the implementation of prisoner development including: prisoners, families (people who are around prisoners), the community and correctional officers. prison development is always directed at resocialization (unification of relations with the community) with a correctional system based on pancasila and the 1945 constitution of the republic of indonesia uud 1945 (darmawati, 2019). https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v6i1.1628 p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 1-5 2 the class iii gorontalo women's correctional institution is one of the prisons under the auspices of the gorontalo province legal and human rights regional office which is tasked with carrying out guidance for female inmates in gorontalo city. the implementation of coaching in prisons has been carried out in accordance with existing procedures, but in practice it is still often found inmates who commit violations in the prison. the existence of a form of violation that occurs makes what is expected from law number 12 of 1995 concerning corrections has not been achieved as a whole. the implementation of coaching in the class iii gorontalo women's prison is carried out by involving all elements ranging from officers and coaches from the prison itself, prisoners and institutions and the community who in this case can contribute in terms of implementing coaching in prisons. regarding the implementation of special guidance for female prisoners, there are no clear guidelines in law number 12 of 1995 concerning corrections or in government regulation number 31 of 1999 concerning guidance and guidance and correctional citizenship. therefore, the implementation of coaching female prisoners in prisons is the same as coaching other prisoners. the purpose of this paper is to look at the implementation of the form of coaching in the class iii gorontalo women's prison and find the right solution related to the problem of coaching prisoners in the women's prison, especially the class iii gorontalo prison. 2. methodology this study uses a normative empirical research method, which looks at the phenomena that occur in the field and relates it to legal norms related to the development of female prisoners. the research location is the class iii women's correctional institution, gorontalo . sources of data are primary data obtained directly in the field and secondary data consisting of legal and statutory literature related to this research. the data obtained were processed and analyzed based on the problems raised to obtain a clear picture of the problems and solutions in terms of the implementation of development in the class iii women's prison gorontalo 3. result and discussion. 3.1 implementation of the form of guidance in class iii correctional institutions gorontalo the process of fostering prisoners begins when prisoners enter the correctional institution until they are released. in the implementation of guidance for female prisoners at the class iii gorontalo correctional institution, it refers to government regulation number 31 of 1999 concerning guidance and guidance of correctional citizens and also refers to the regulations of institutions or agencies in prisons. the implementation of coaching at the class iii gorontalo women's prison begins with the acceptance of prisoners. after the convict is accepted, it is then registered and the identity search is carried out on the inmate. from the results of identity searches, followed by the placement of prisoners in prisons based on observations made by correctional officers. the implementation of the development model at the women's special penitentiary is the same as the coaching model in general. where this is regulated in law number 12 of 1995 concerning corrections and followed up by government regulation number 31 of 1999 concerning guidance and guidance of correctional citizens. if we look at what is the purpose of the implementation of coaching for prisoners is to educate the prisoners to become fully human, aware of their mistakes, correcting and not repeating their criminal acts again so that they can be accepted again in society. to achieve this goal, inmates must follow the entire series of coaching programs in the class iii gorontalo women's prison. the initial phase of guidance carried out by female inmates at the class iii gorontalo women's prison was preceded by a one-month environmental observation and research phase. the female prisoners in prison were introduced to life in prison and explained what their rights and obligations were while serving their sentence in prison. this women is relate to gender norm.(nur dahniar, safrin salam, 2021) based on the provisions of the minimum standard rules (smr) at point 35 it is stated that (zulfa, 2014). a. every prisoner at the time of admission to the correctional institution must be provided with written information about the regulations governing the treatment of prisoners in his category, the disciplinary measures imposed by the prison, the permitted ways of seeking information and filing complaints, and other matters necessary to enable him to obtain information. understand, both their rights and obligations and to adapt to life in prison. p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 1-5 3 b. if a prisoner and/or prisoner is illiterate, the above-mentioned information must be conveyed orally. after going through the process of introducing the environment, then the prisoners begin to undergo early stage coaching through personality and independence development. the process of personality development is carried out through religious activities such as khatam quran, as the results of the author's interview with one of the female inmates, initial s (48 years old) stated that we follow the entire series of coaching in prisons, because it is not only useful for myself, but it makes me even better. for example, the activity of completing the quran. obstacles obtained in the implementation of religious development activities are the lack of supporting facilities in terms of the implementation of coaching, for example that for buddhism there is no special means of worship for them so that the implementation of their worship has not run optimally. in fact, if we look at the purpose of this religious development, it is to strengthen the faith and devotion of female prisoners to allah swt so that they can reflect on the consequences of their actions. in addition, religious development activities are also carried out through congregational prayers for muslims, religious counseling, recitations where the implementer of these activities collaborates with the ministry of religion. for christian prisoners, they are provided with religious guidance in the form of bible discussion studies, prayer together, while for buddhists praying together at the monastery with guests from outside the prison. another form of personality development undertaken by female prisoners in the class iii gorontalo women's prison is physical development through morning gymnastics and sports. it aims to maintain the health and fitness of inmates and to create a harmonious relationship between prison officers and inmates. this coaching is carried out every morning starting with morning gymnastics and followed by sports activities that are favored by inmates. the mental development of prisoners cannot be separated from the conditions of prisons, although basically prisons are not the best place for prisoners, the implementation of the correctional system as part of development in the field of law in particular and the national development of the nation in general cannot be separated from the influence of the strategic environmental situation and its development from from time to time, both on a national, regional and international scale (alrianto tajuddin & abung, 2019). after undergoing a period of personality development, it is continued with independence development, where female prisoners in class iii gorontalo women's prison are offered an activity program, namely job development through job guidance. as with personality development, this skill development must be followed by all prisoners. from the results of research in the class iii gorontalo women's prison, information was obtained that this form of self-reliance development activity was carried out in collaboration with third parties through the creation of works of art from paper flowers and tote bags, as well as sewing activities. the obstacle in implementing this skill development is that the handicrafts made by inmates have not been marketed properly because there is no cooperation regarding marketing than the handicrafts made by prisoners. marketing results from the work of female prisoners are only limited to orders from outside the prison. female inmates who have served of their criminal term and have good behavior as evidenced by never being registered in register f are given the opportunity to undergo an assimilation program both inside and outside prison. based on the results of an interview obtained from one of the correctional officers at the class iii gorontalo women's prison, he stated that the assimilation program at the gorontalo women's prison was carried out only inside the prison by employing them in the office / building, so far there have been no female inmates who run the program. assimilation program outside prison. after the inmates go through the initial and advanced stages of development, then enter the final stage of coaching. in this final stage of development, female inmates who have served 2/3 of their criminal term begin implementing the integration program. the integration program that will be carried out by female prisoners includes leave before being released, parole and conditional leave which is carried out outside the prison. in order to be able to participate in the integration program, there are several requirements that must be met by prisoners. the purpose of implementing this final stage of development is to integrate female prisoners into community life. the number of female prisoners in the class iii gorontalo women's prison in december 2020 who met the requirements to carry out the integration program was 6 people, with details of all of them undergoing a parole program. p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 1-5 4 3.2 solutions for guiding women convicts in class iii gorontalo prisons the implementation of a series of coaching activities carried out at the class iii gorontalo women's prison certainly encountered obstacles. from the data that the author obtained in the field, out of the 51 correctional officers in the prison, there were 47 people with high school education, 1 diploma, 2 strata 1 people and 1 strata 2. by female inmates with fairly solid conditions. with regard to these problems, correctional officers in prisons should have an adequate level of education and intelligence, this can be done by involving correctional officers through training activities that can support the process of coaching activities in prisons. another thing that needs to be found a solution in the implementation of guidance for female prisoners in the class iii gorontalo women's prison is regarding the supporting facilities and infrastructure in coaching activities. it is necessary to add additional supporting facilities such as places of worship, workshops and so on so that female prisoners can enthusiastically participate in the process of coaching activities in prisons. another thing that needs attention from the implementation of coaching is the marketing of handicrafts produced by female prisoners in prison. due to the covid condition, the marketing of handicraft products has become very limited, this is due to the limited number of visits that can be made in prisons. for that, it is necessary to cooperate with external parties related to the marketing of handicraft products from female prisoners. female inmates who are serving their sentences in prisons are different from male inmates. female inmates certainly have an emotional level (mental and psychic) where they have to adjust to life in prison and also have to think about the condition of the families left behind, especially those who have children. for this reason, in the implementation of the process of fostering female prisoners, it is necessary to provide mentoring and support programs to support all the positive activities they carry out in prisons. this includes providing psychological counseling services to overcome trauma due to imprisonment which will later help them to be able to prepare themselves to return to their families and communities. in addition, the assimilation program is expected to provide opportunities for female prisoners in class iii a gorontalo women's prison who have met the requirements to be able to carry out assimilation programs outside prison so that they can easily integrate back into society 4. conclusion the implementation of the form of coaching at the class iii gorontalo women's prison is carried out the same as other inmates, where all inmates are required to follow a whole series of coaching starting from the initial stage of development, advanced stage of development and final stage of coaching. to overcome obstacles in the implementation of prisoner development, synergy is needed between all parties involved starting from prisoners, correctional officers and related agencies to cooperate with each other in terms of implementing the development of female prisoners. in addition, it is necessary to improve and add infrastructure to support coaching activities and to involve officers in prisons through training activities that can support the implementation of coaching. the inmates' handicrafts are also expected to increase marketing through the media, considering the covid-19 conditions that limit people from being able to interact directly with prisoners in prisons.. daftar pustaka alrianto tajuddin, m., & abung, l. (2019). pembinaan anak didik pemasyarakatan berorientasi rehabilitasi sosial di lembaga pemasyarakatan kelas iib merauke. al-adalah:jurnal hukum dan politik islam, 4(2), 173–193. darmawati. (2019). aspek hukum pemenuhan hak atas pembebasan bersyarat bagi narapidana korupsi. jurnal restorative justice, 3(2), 108–118. harsono, c. i. (1995). sistem baru pembinaan narapidana. jakarta: djambatan. nur dahniar, safrin salam, a. s. (2021). women ’ s image on youtube content “ sexual price survey ”: gender identity perspective and artificial intelligence. the 3rd jogjakarta communication conference (jcc 2021), 596(jcc), 125–130. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211121.029 salam, s. (2019). rekonstruksi paradima filsafat ilmu : studi kritis terhadap ilmu hukum sebagai ilmu. p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 1-5 5 ekspose: jurnal penelitian hukum dan pendidikan, 18(2), hlm. 885-896. retrieved from https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=id&lr=&id=rf7_dwaaqbaj&oi=fnd&pg=pa1&dq=safrin+salam&ots= dylnjuhxni&sig=rd9c2ndydyi-96xikcjfgxfoahw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=safrin salam&f=false zulfa, e. a. (2014). naskah akademik rancangan undang-undnag tentang perubahan atas undang-undang nomor 12 tahun 1995 tentang pemasyarakatan. jakarta: bphn. jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 3 issue 2, june 2019 p-issn : 2528-360x, e-issn : 2621-6159 118 legal law and principles in the credit in banking mega mustika abstract infomasi penulis: in lending from banks to the public for financing purposes, each bank is required to implement the principle of prudence. the formulation of the problem in the research is how to apply the law and the principle of prudence in anticipating the occurrence of bad credit. this study aims to find conformity in the law and the practice of applying the precautionary principle. this research is normative research, using the statutory approach. in this study using legal materials to conduct analysis in the form of primary legal materials, tertiary legal materials or non-legal legal materials and analyzed using descriptive methods. the results of the study indicate that the application of the prudential banking principle in granting credit can be interpreted as the principle applied by the bank in carrying out its business, so that it is always in accordance with applicable banking provisions, in order to avoid irregularities in unhealthy banking practices and to minimize losses incurred on banks such as bad credit. keywords: prudential principle; bad credit; banking. magister ilmu hukum universitas muhammadiyah yogyakarta, indonesia (nirfhamustika87@gmail.com) doi: https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v3i2.122 1. introduction in the context of lending to banks and the public for financing purposes, each bank is required to implement the prudential banking principles in channeling its loans. this is based on the very high risk of lending as the bank's main business. in addition, failure in the field of credit can result in the influence of health and business continuity of the bank itself. the application of the prudential banking principles in all banking activities is one way to create sound banking, which in turn will have a positive impact on the economy at large. in addition, the implementation of prudential banking principles must be implemented as a whole, so that it does not only concern the issue of lending, but begins when the bank is established, management determines that the fit and proper test is not ceremonial. banking business is a risky business. on the one hand, this business promises big profits if managed properly and carefully. on the other hand, it is full of risks (full risk business) because most of its activities rely on community deposits, both in the form of savings, current accounts and deposits. aware of the vital role of the banking sector, the government has devoted considerable attention to improving legal regulations in the banking sector. even regulations related to prudential regulation have been very adequate. however, the completeness of regulations, especially regarding the principle of prudence, is not enough to be used as a benchmark for national banking to be free from all problems. in practice there are still many banks that are constrained by problems. one of the factors that made the national banking system porous was due to the behavior of managers and bank owners who tended to exploit and or ignore the prudential banking principle in trying. mailto:nirfhamustika87@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v3i2.122 jurnal hukum volkgeist mega mustika. 2(1): 118-123 119 2. methodology this type of research is normative. normative legal research is carried out to produce arguments, theories or concepts (peter mahmud marzuki, 2017: 35). the approach method used is the method of legislation approach. this study uses primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and non-legal legal materials or tertiary legal materials, this study is doctrinal, namely only studying legal materials and then analyzed using descriptive methods. descriptive methods are intended to study problems in banking attitudes and views. 3. application of the precautionary principle in anticipating the occurrence of bad credit the principle of prudence is a principle or principle that states that in carrying out its functions and business activities, banks must be prudent in protecting public funds entrusted to them (rachmadi usman, 2001: 18). the bank's confidence factor as a manifestation of the precautionary principle in granting credit is obtained from the bank's assessment of prospective debtors. this can be done by applying the criteria that have become standard in the banking world, as is known as self regulatory banking. there are 5 (five) criteria or factors that can be used as guidelines for the implementation of the precautionary principle that has been widely known by the public, namely: (marwan effendi, 2012: 44). a. character; which means the bank must be able to assess the prospective debtor has the character and good character to carry out the obligation to pay credit. b. capability, which means the bank must be able to assess the prospective debtor has the economic ability now and in the future to pay credit. c. capital; which means the bank must be able to assess prospective borrowers having economic assets that can be used as a means for prospective debtors to carry out obligations. d. collateral; which means that the bank must be able to assess the assets of the prospective debtor who has an economic value that is proportional to the amount of credit given. e. economic conditions; which means the bank must be able to assess the stability of the economic and financial conditions of the prospective debtor when borrowing and returning. in accordance with law no. 7 of 1992 which was amended by law no. 10 of 1998 concerning banking, in providing credit, banks are required to pay attention to sound credit principles. in article 8 of law no. 7 of 1992 which was amended by law no. 10 of 1998 concerning banking determined that: a. in providing credit or financing based on sharia principles, commercial banks must have confidence based on in-depth analysis or good faith and the ability and ability of the debtor customer to repay the debt or return the intended financing in accordance with what was agreed upon; b. commercial banks must have and implement credit and financing guidelines based on sharia principles, in accordance with the provisions stipulated by bank indonesia. for smoothing credit process, there are principles that must be applied by banks as follows: jurnal hukum volkgeist mega mustika. 2(1): 118-123 120 principle of trust the principle of trust is a principle that underlies the relationship between banks and bank customers. the business banks from public funds are kept based on trust, so each bank needs to maintain the health of its bank while maintaining and maintaining public trust. the principle of trust is regulated in article 29 paragraph (4) of law no. 10 of 1998 which reads: for the benefit of customers, banks are required to provide information about the possibility of the risk of loss associated with customer transactions conducted through banks. precautionary principle the principle of prudence is one principle that emphasizes that banks in carrying out business activities both in the collection especially in the distribution of funds to the public must be very careful. the purpose of this precautionary principle is that the bank is always in a healthy state to run its business properly and comply with the provisions and legal norms that apply in the world of banking. the precautionary principle is contained in article 2 and article 29 paragraph (2) of law no. 10 of 1998, as follows. article 2 of law no. 10 of 1998 reads: "indonesian banking in carrying out its business based on economic democracy by using the principle of prudence '9 article 29 paragraph (2) of law no. 10 of 1998 reads: "banks are required to maintain the soundness of banks in accordance with the provisions of capital adequacy, asset quality, management quality, liquidity, profitability, solvability and other aspects related to bank business, and are obliged to conduct business activities in accordance with the principle of prudence" ( sentosa sembiring, 2012: 323). before the bank gives credit, the bank must make a careful assessment and implement the five principles that become part of the principle of prudence, known as the principle 5 cs, as follows: (djoni s gazali and rachamdi usman, 2012: 273-274). a. character evaluation the character or personality of a prospective debtor is intended to find out the honesty and good faith of the prospective debtor to repay or repay the loan so that it will not complicate the bank in the future. this can be obtained mainly based on the relationship that has been established between the bank and (prospective) debtor or information obtained from other parties who know the moral, personality and behavior of prospective debtors in their daily lives. b. capacity assessment the bank must examine the expertise of prospective debtors in their fields of business and managerial abilities, so that the bank believes that the business it will finance is managed by the right people, so that the prospective debtor can repay or repay the loan in a certain period of time. if the ability of the business is small, it certainly is not feasible to be given credit on a large scale. likewise, if the business trend or business performance declines, credit should not be given. unless the decline is due to a lack of costs, it can be anticipated that with additional costs through the launch of credit, the trend or performance of the business will certainly improve. c. capital valuation the bank must conduct an analysis of the financial position as a whole regarding the past and future, so that it is known the capital capability of the prospective debtor in supporting project financing or the business of the prospective debtor concerned. in practice so far, banks rarely give credit to finance all the funds needed by customers. the customer must provide his own capital, while the shortfall can be financed by bank credit. the function of the bank is only to provide additional capital, and is usually less than the principal. jurnal hukum volkgeist mega mustika. 2(1): 118-123 121 d. assessment of collateral (collateral) to cover the payment of bad loans due to default debtors, the prospective debtor generally provides collateral in the form of high-quality and easily liquidated collateral with a minimum value of the amount of credit or financing given to him. for this reason, banks should be required to request additional collateral with the intention that if the prospective debtor cannot repay the loan, then the additional collateral can be disbursed to cover the repayment or development of the remaining credit or financing. e. assessment of the business prospects of the debtor (condition of economy) bank must analyze the market conditions at home and abroad, both past and future, so that the future of marketing from the results of the project or the business of the prospective debtor can also be known. the principle of bank secrecy is regulated in article 40 to article 44 a law no. 10 of 1998. article 40 requires banks to keep confidential information about deposit customers and their deposits. but in the provision the obligation to keep it confidential is not without exception. the confidentiality obligation is excluded in matters of tax interest, bank debt settlement that has been submitted to the receivables and auction agency / committee for state debt affairs (upln / pupn), for the benefit of criminal court cases, in civil cases between banks and customers, and in order to exchange information between banks. the principle of getting to know customers as an entry for the entry of proceeds from crime, banks or other financial services companies must reduce the risk of being used as a means of money laundering by knowing and knowing the identity of customers, monitoring transactions, and maintaining customer profiles, and reporting transactions suspicious actions made by parties using the services of banks or other financial services companies. (adrian sutedi, 2014: 72-73). the application of the know your customer principle (kyc principle) is based on the consideration that the principle of knowing customers is not only important in eradicating money laundering crimes, but also in the context of implementing prudential banking to protect banks or financial service companies other than various risks in dealing with customers and counterparties. especially for customers, banks, or other financial service companies, they must recognize customers so that banks or other financial service companies are not entangled in money laundering crimes (adrian sutedi, 2014: 72-73). this principle of knowing customers is a fatf recommendation, which is the 15th principle of the 25 core principles for effective banking supervision and basel committee (andrian sutedi, 2008: 147). recognition of customers must start from the customer's identity, customer acceptance procedures, continuously monitor the customer, and then report to the authorities. the birth of the principle of knowing customers in indonesia around june 18, 2002 where bank indonesia issued bank indonesia regulation number 3/10 / pbi / 2002 concerning know your customer principles (know your customer principle). (andrian sutedi, 2008: 148). according to the bank indonesia regulation, the principle of knowing customers is a principle applied by banks to identify their identities, monitor customer transaction activities, including reporting suspicious transactions. the meaning of customers here are parties that use bank services and include individuals, companies (including foundations and other similar entities), government institutions, international institutions, and representatives of foreign countries and banks. for the application of the principle of knowing these customers, banks are required to establish several things, namely: (n.h.t siahaan, 2002: 80). a. customer acceptance policy; jurnal hukum volkgeist mega mustika. 2(1): 118-123 122 b. policies and procedures for identifying customers; c. monitoring policies and procedures for customer accounts and transactions; d. risk management policies and procedures related to the application of the principle of knowing customers. this bank indonesia regulation stipulates that before conducting a transaction with a customer, the bank is required to request information regarding, among other things, the identity of the prospective customer, the purpose and purpose of the transaction and requesting other information and other more complete identities (article 4). the identity of the prospective customer must be proven by the existence of supporting documents and the bank is required to examine the validity of the supporting documents. even if necessary, banks can conduct interviews with prospective customers to believe the validity and correctness of the documents (n.h.t siahaan, 2002: 80). in granting credit to prospective debtors, in addition to the principles mentioned above, the bank must also know the purpose of using credit and its credit development plan and the urgency of the credit requested by the prospective debtor. therefore, there are still other principles that must be applied by banks other than principle 5 of the above, namely the principle of 5 p, as follows: (djoni s gazali and rachmadi usman, 2012: 275-276). a. the parties the parties are the central points that are considered in each credit. for this reason, the credit provider must obtain a 'trust' for the parties, in this case the debtor, for example how the character, abilities and so on. b. the purpose of granting credit is also very important for creditors. it must be seen whether credit will be used for positive things that really can increase the company's income and must also be monitored so that the credit is really intended for the purpose as promised in a credit agreement. c. payments; it must also be considered whether the source of credit payment from the prospective debtor is sufficiently available and quite safe, so that it is expected that the loan to be launched can be repaid by the debtor concerned. in this case it must be seen and analyzed whether after the granting of the loan later, the debtor has a source of income, and whether the income is sufficient to repay the credit. d. profitability; the element of profit obtained by the debtor is no less important in a loan. for this reason, creditors must anticipate whether the profits to be earned by the company are greater than the loan interest and whether the company's income can cover the repayment of credit, cash flow, and so on. e. protection; required protection against credit by the debtor company. for this reason, protection from a group of companies, or a guarantee from a holding, or a personal guarantee of a company owner is important to pay attention to. especially just in case things happen outside the scenario or outside the original predictions (munir fuady, 1996: 24-26). in addition to the principle 5 cs and principle 5 p as mentioned above, banks in providing credit also use the 3 r principle, as follows: (djoni s gazali and rachmadi usman, 2012: 276). a. returns (results obtained) returns, namely the results obtained by the debtor, in this case when credit has been utilized and can be anticipated by prospective creditors. this means that the acquisition is sufficient to repay credit along with interest, fees, jurnal hukum volkgeist mega mustika. 2(1): 118-123 123 in addition to paying for other company needs such as cash flow, other loans if any, and so on. b. repayment; the ability to pay from the debtor must of course also be considered, namely whether the ability to pay is matched with a schedule of repayment of the credit to be given by the bank. this is also something that should not be ignored. c. risk bearing ability another thing that needs to be taken into account is also the extent to which the ability of the debtor to bear the risk. for example, in the event of things happening outside the anticipation of both parties. especially if it can cause bad credit. for this reason, it must be calculated whether, for example, collateral and / or goods or credit insurance, it is safe to cover the risk (munir fuady, 1996: 25-27). 5. conclusion banks in giving credit to debtors are required and must be guided and pay attention to sound credit principles and to the principle of prudence as set out in article 8 of law no. 10 of 1998 concerning banking. the application of the prudential banking principle in granting credit can be interpreted as the principle applied by the bank in carrying out its business, so that it is always in accordance with applicable banking provisions, in order to avoid irregularities in unhealthy banking practices and to minimize losses incurred at the bank like bad credit. referensi effendy m. (2012). kapita selekta hukum pidana; perkembangan dan isu-isu aktual dalam kejahatan finansial dan korupsi. jakarta. fuady, m. (1999). hukum perbankan modern. bandung: pt citra aditya bakti. fuady, m. (1996). hukum perbankan kontemporer. bandung: pt citra aditya bakti. fahmi, i. (2014). pengantar perbankan: teori dan aplikasi. bandung: alfabeta. gazali, djoni. s. & rachmadi, usman. (2012). hukum perbankan. jakarta: sinar grafika. marzuki, p. m. (2005). penelitian hukum. jakarta: kencana. siahaan, n.h.t. (2002). money laundering: pencucian uang dan kejahatan perbankan. jakarta: pustaka sinar harapan. sutedi, a. (2008). tindak pidana pencucian uang. bandung: citra aditya bakti. sutedi, a. (2014). hukum perbankan, suatu tinjauan pencucian uang, merger. likuidasi dan kepailitan. jakarta: sinar grafika. sentosa, s. (2012). hukum perbankan, edisi revisi. bandung: mandar maju. usman, r. (2001). aspek-aspek hukum perbankan di indonesia. jakarta: gramedia pustaka utama. jurnal hukum volkgeist https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v6i1.1712 vol. 6 no.1, december 2021 101 obstacles in applying local wisdom to the government of the sultanate of buton in realizing a democratic baubau city government rizki mustika suhartono1*, ernawati1 1faculty of law, universitas muhammadiyah buton, indonesia *correspondence: rizkimustika44@gmail.com article history abstract received: 14.12.2021 accepted: 26.12.2021 published: 27.12.2021 this research was conducted to know the cultural influence of the sultanate of buton in realizin g a democratic baubau city. this research uses normative research that uses library data or legal materials that are primary and secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. obstacle s in applying local wisdom of the government of the sultanate of buton in realizing a democratic baubau city government, namely the tendency of materialism, individualism, elitism and secularism. it is recommended that the cultural values of the people contained in the binci-binciki kuli philosophy (pinch each other will feel the same pain), which includes the principles of equality, equality and justice must be understood, internalized, and applied by all communitie s who support these values to realize the democratic autonomous regional g overnment of baubau. keywords: sultanate of buton;, baubau city; government; democratic article licence copyright © 2021 the author(s): this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution sharealike 4.0 international (cc by-sa 4.0) 1. introduction value is the quality of something that is useful for human life, both physically and mentally. in human life, values are used as the basis, reasons, guidelines, motivation in behaving and behaving, whether consciously or not. values are different from facts, where facts can be observed through empirical evidence while values are abstract which can only be understood, thought about, understood, and lived by humans. values are also related to hopes, ideals, desires and all internal (inner) human considerations. thus, values are not concrete, that is, the human senses and values cannot capture them can be subjective or objective. subjective if the value is given by the subject (in this case humans as the main supporter of value) and objective if the value is attached to something other than human judgment. for these values to guide human attitudes and behavior, they need to be re-emerged and formulated more objectively so that it is easier for humans to describe their behavior. concretely, the more concrete form of this value is the norm. there are various kinds of norms, and from these various norms legal norms have the strongest validity, because they can be imposed by external forces such as rulers or law enforcement. furthermore, values and norms are always related to morals and ethics. the term moral contains the integrity and dignity of the human person. his morality largely determines the degree of a person's personality. the moral meaning contained in a person's personality is reflected in his attitudes and behavior. in this sense, we enter the realm of norms as a guide to human attitudes and behavior. the relationship between morals and ethics is indeed very close and sometimes it is just equated, when in fact the two things have differences. moral is a teaching or advice, standards, and a collection of oral and written rules about how humans must live and act to become good human beings. while ethics is a branch of philosophy that is a critical and fundamental thinking about the teachings a nd moral views. kaelan (2010) said that ethics can be defined as the science of morality. as for what is meant by decency, it is identical with the notion of morals, so that ethics is essentially a science that discusses the principles of morality. everyone has their own morality but not so with ethics. not everyone needs to think critically about ethics. there is a possibility that someone simply follows the patterns of morality that exist in a society without reflecting on them critically. ethics has no authority to determine what a person can or cannot do. this authority is considered https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v6i1.1712 mailto:rizkimustika44@gmail.com p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 101-105 102 to be in the hands of those who provide moral teachings. this is the lack of ethics, when compared to moral teachings. however, in ethics one can understand why and on what basis humans mu st live according to certain norms. this last point is the advantage of ethics when compared to morals. this can be analogous to moral teachings as a guide on how we treat a car properly, while ethics gives us an understanding of the structure and technology of the car itself. such is the systematic relationship between values, norms, and morals which in turn these three aspects are manifested in a practical behavior in human life and livelihood. in connection with the value problem in this study, it is necessary to pay attention to various value boundaries, especially regarding cultural values. cultural values in this case are understood as values that refer to various things with an understanding of all human behavior as a result of being cultured, including values that can refer to interests, preferences, choices, duties, religious obligations, needs, security, desires, aversions, attractiveness, and other things related to feelings, which involve humans in their relationship with humans, humans with life, humans with work, humans with time and human relationships with nature. value itself can be understood through the opinions of experts, among others, kluchon (1951) said that the definition of value that is accepted as a desired concept in social science is the result of the influence of behavioral selection. this view can be compared with the notion which states that humans are no different in this world, all cannot stop only with an objective view of the overall experience. the results of the selection effect revealed by kluchon show that the human being said by kohler never stops with the experience that applies to selection that is embraced through the values that apply to his community as social beings. another view that supports that values are included in the selection of human behavior regarding excellent and bad is pepper's (1958) view, which states that matters are all about good and evil. the broad formulation is the entire development and possible value element, and the narrow value formulation is obtained from a particular field. this opinion states that in the inferred value of good and evil. the benefits of this theory for this research are in terms of sorting good and bad, while the data of this research is in terms of sorting out good and bad, and this research data can also involve neutral or generic (general) values that apply to culture (results of behavior). the opinion of values concerning humans themselves as subjects state that value is everything that is of interest to humans as subjects. this opinion states that humans themselves determine values, and humans as actors (appraisers) of the prevailing culture in their time. through the value formulation expressed by these experts, it can be understood that value is something that is important to humans as a subject, concerning everything good and bad as an abstraction, view, or purpose from various experiences with strict behavioral selection, through the so-called influence of implementing the wisdom of the cultural values of sarapatanguna (norms or rules) and government leadership on development in baubau city, southeast sulawesi province. so the theory can be applied to data on language elements that have cultural content (information) prevailing at the time, then some are guided, not guided, and neutral (as a picture of universal behavior). the formulation of this value can be understood universally, regarding this value it ca n be understood that the quality of values varies, namely: 1) values that have a deep conception, not just emotions/sensations or needs, in this case values are considered as abstractions drawn from one's experience, 2 ) values that involve understanding that has an emotional element (which is actually expressed as potential), 3) values that are not concrete goals of action, but have a relationship with goals, because that value serves as a criterion in achieving goals (a person will try to achieve his goals according to his goals). his view has a purpose, 4) value is an important element, and cannot be underestimated by the person concerned, value is in fact related to choice as a prerequisite for action. the concept of value used in understanding this dissertation research concerns the good-bad and neutral values that apply to cultural life, on the basis of consideration of the implementation of the values of the binci-binciki kuli philosophy (pinch each other will feel pain), which contains cultural content both at time and now. thus, the current values are good values to be guided and negative values to be avoided by the next generation. the picture of neutral values (general) applies to humans through neutral or generally accepted events, for example, polima which has become the motto and guideline for the people of the buton islands until today. the cultural value orientation in this study will be followed by a value orientation related to basic problems in human life. the five main issues of human life relate to the orientation of cultural values, which are also related to the cultural value system in society. the cultural value system is the core value of society. each individual or group follows this core value. that value is usually upheld to become one of the determining factors in behavior. p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 101-105 103 the value system is not spread arbitrarily but has a reciprocal relationship that explains the existence of order in a society. in the value system, there are usually various conceptions that live in the minds of most people in community about things that are considered valuable in life. therefore, a method of cultural values serves as the highest guideline for human behavior. the cultural value system is so strong, pervasive, and rooted in the soul of the cultural community that it is difficult to replace and change in a short time. this also underlies the research activities of this dissertation. this understanding can be observed through the language element in the influence of implementing the wisdom of cultural values of sarapatanguna (norms or rules) and government leadership on development in baubau city, southeast sulawesi province. the orientation of cultural values is u niversally related to society's cultural value system, which is the five main problems of human life. according to koentjaraningrat (1985), namely 1) the nature of human life, 2) the nature of human work, 3) the nature of human time, 4) the nature of human nature, 5) the nature of human relationships. in this dissertation research, the five main issues will be considered by understanding cultural values that are not guided, and which are neutral (generally applicable) in human life. 2. methodology this research uses normative research that uses library data or legal materials that are primary and secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. primary legal materials are legal materials in the form of statutory regulations and relevant legal rules. secondary legal materials are legal materials in the form of explanations of primary legal materials such as literature books, journals, other scientific works. finally, tertiary legal materials are legal materials that provide explanations for primary legal materials and secondary legal materials such as legal dictionaries and incyclopedias (sampara & husen, 2013). 3. result and discussion the values and norms of life that grow in society are useful for finding balance in the order of life. these values and norms are formed according to the local community's needs, which in turn become customs. traditions are manifested in the form of ceremonies. each region has its own customs according to its geographical location. the order of life that develops and forms customs is a value system that experts have calculated so that it is closer to the truth. if there are deviations, it is not big and this is normal. the value system with all its calculations is based on the state of nature, astrology, religion, and philosophy of life. the various kinds of traditional ceremonies found in society in general and the buton (wolio) community in particular are a reflection that noble values have regulated all plans, actions and deeds. these noble values are passed down from generation to generation. changes in the value system towards improvement following the demands of the times. what is clear is that the values emitted through traditional ceremonies are a manifestation of the life of the buton wolio people who are very careful so that in carrying out their work they get safety both physically and mentally (munafi, 2011). each traditional ceremony has its own meaning and is still carried out by the buton wolio community, living in baubau city and villages in the buton islands. in addition to the customs and proper procedures, there is also character education, knowledge of character, types of humans and their rules. all of these are the legacy of the nobility of our ancestors that we need to protect and preserve. by fostering and preserving this culture, it will ensure the survival of the national culture so that it is able to stem the flow of fo reign cultures that are not necessarily following the national culture. if we hold fast to the customs values, then surely we will be safe and blessed by god almighty (huda, 2012). based on the cultural values of society, as long as humans live, no one can avoid philosophizing. because in life a person always philosophizes, so based on the fact that if people think that in life it is matter that is essential and absolute, then that person is materialism. if someone believes that in this life the most important thing is enjoyment, pleasure, and outward satisfaction, then this understanding is called hedonism. if someone believes that in social and state life, the most important thing is individual freedom or humans are free individual beings, then that person holds individualism and liberalism views. based on the influence of community cultural values, there are obstacles in the application of local wisdom of the government of the sultanate of buton in realizing a democratic baubau city government, namely the tendency of materialism, hedonism, individualism and liberalism which are contrary to the philosophical values of binci-binciki kuli (mutually pinching will both feel pain) sultanate of buton. p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 101-105 104 3.1 the attitude of materialism the attitude of materialism which means a view that prioritizes material and property, rather than oneself. a perspective that considers material to be everything is very much against one of the philosophy of the sultanate of buton, yinda yindamo arata somanamo karo (to destroy property as long as you are safe) (addin, 2011). the attitude of materialism is a capitalist culture that does not follow buton's cultural values, which prioritizes balance, harmony, and harmony between material and spiritual. the nature of materialism can encoura ge a person's mentality to be greedy, behave arbitrarily towards others and the natural environment. if the nature of materialism is in the government, it cannot create a democratic government. the philosophy of yinda yindamo arata somanamo karo: let your property be destroyed as long as you are safe (wealth is willing to be sacrificed for the sake of personal safety), this is not relevant to the attitude of materialism, which prioritizes wealth over oneself. religious teachings that making a living must be lawful and not justify any means. in spiritual teachings regarding the results of business or material wealth, it is obligatory to fulfill all the rules because wealth is a mandate from god to humans who are temporarily entrusted. allah may take it back a t any time without prior notice. therefore, as the temporary owner of the property, you must understand what, for what and what to do with the property, because the obligation to own the property is to issue all zakat, infaq and so on. because excessive possessions are not a guarantee of happiness and pleasure. every human being, especially for leaders implementing wisdom, that in carrying out their duties as government officials, so as not to look for opportunities to accumulate wealth, because if official s do so, both physically and mentally, it will be morally miserable for all the people they lead because it is clear that there will be coercion. in all respects against the people and destroy the country as a whole . 3.2 the attitude of hedonism the attitude of hedonism, which means that nature only cares about itself, has a meaning contrary to one of the buton philosophy yinda sidamo karo somanamo lipu (let yourself be destroyed as long as the area is safe). the public and government officials must be aware and always in a conducive atmosphere for security, unity and national unity. for the sake of realizing a democratic government, which respects opinions, achievements, openness, justice, tolerance and togetherness (baja, 2012). yinda yindamo karo somanamo lipu's philosophy: let yourself be destroyed as long a s the area is safe (yourself is willing to be sacrificed for the sake of the country's safety), is a success that prioritizes the public interest rather than personal interests. leaders and prospective leaders as implementers of government wisdom must also understand the meaning of the wisdom of pomaa-maasiaka (mutual love), pomae-maeka (mutual respect), popia-piara (joint care), poangka-angkataka (mutual respect). because all the meanings of wisdom become guidelines for government rules in maintaining security, peace in unity and integrity. 3.3 the attitude of individualisme the attitude of individualism which means the thoughts and views of someone who feels he is a person or group of people who are respected, honorable, have a higher degree, so that others are considered lower. contrary to buton's philosophy yinda yindamo lipu somanamo sara (let the country be destroyed as long as the government). the attitude of elitism is also still present in the government of baubau city, thus affecting the realization of a democratic government (munafi, 2014). yinda yindamo lipu somanamo sara philosophy: let the region be destroyed as long as the government (the country is willing to be sacrificed for the sake of the government's safety). a good, honest, courageous and moral government with a high moral responsibility is a guarantee to achieve the goals in the country's administration (lipu). sara (government) must be maintained, because if the government is good, then the government will remain in a strong position with the support of all the peopl e, meaning that even though the country faces all kinds of internal and external challenges, sara (government) must be maintained. p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 101-105 105 the application of the yinda yindamo philosophy of lipu somanamo sara (let the region be destroyed as long as the government) must not be separated from the first and second philosophical sentences, because there is sara (government) because there is lipu (the country), there is lipu (the country) because there are peaceful and happy people. at the same time, there is happiness and peace because social life is supported by freedom to seek life (moral wealth). 3.4 the attitude of liberalisme the attitude of liberalism which means an understanding that teaches the separation of state affairs (world) and religious affairs (hereafter). has a different meaning from one of the buton philosophy yinda sidamo sara somanamo religion (let the government be destroyed as long as it is religion). this trait arises as a result of the development of materialism, where the priority is only material and worldly nature, while spiritual matters are only personal and do not need to be managed together. yinda yindamo sara somanamo religion philosophy: let the government be destroyed as long as religion (government is willing to be sacrificed for the sake of religious salvation). which means that sara (government) is the same as lipu (country), the same as karo (self) and the same as arata (wealth) which is alternating and alternating in nature, but not for religion. the last religion but the earlier religion because religion is in sara (government), sara is in lipu (country), lipu is in karo (humans), and karo must have property. so religion is contained in the three meanings of the essence of philosophy. yinda yindamo sara somanamo religion philosophy (so that the government will be destroyed as long as it is religion). religion occupies the last position, because religion is a regulation that is better than all regulations covering two lives, the life of the world and the life of the hereafter as abso lute power (divine) that cannot be rivaled or defeated by any regulatory power from humans. 4. conclusion the tendency to influence community cultural values, then there are obstacles in the application of local wisdom of the government of the sultanate of buton in realizing a democratic baubau city government, namely the tendency of materialism, hedonism and individualism and liberalism which are contrary to the values of the binci-binciki kuli (mutually pinching will both feel pain) sultanate of buton. references addin, a. (2011). stratifikasi masyarakat butuni pada masa kesultanan. baubau: yayasan fajar al buthuni. baja, s. (2012). the sleeping giant buton raya isyarat ilmiah menguak tabir tujuh. baubau: pemerintah kota baubau. huda, n. (2012). hukum tata negara indonesia. jakarta: raja grafindo persada. kaelan. (2010). pendidikan pancasila, edisi kedelapan. yogyakarta: paradigma offset. kluchon, c. (1951). values and value orientations in the theory of action: an explanation in definition and classification, di dalam talcott parsons and edward shills (eds.) toward a general theory of action. camridge: harvard university press. koentjaraningrat. (1985). kebudayaan, mentalitet dan pembangunan. gramedia. munafi, a. (2011). “sistem kekerabatan dalam kebudayaan wolio”, dalam m. mu’min fahimuddin (ed); menafsir ulang sejarah dan budaya buton. baubau: respect. munafi, a. (2014). dinamika tanah wolio sejarah, kontiunitas, dan perubahan. makassar: fahmis pustaka. pepper, s. (1958). the sources of value. berkeley: university of california press. sampara, s., & husen, l. (2013). metode penelitian hukum. makassar: pt kretakupa. jurnal hukum volkgeist https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v6i2.2028 vol. 6 no.2, june 2022 156 effectiveness of customary law hita la uwa uwato as a form of settlement of pidana theft in the country of iha seram district of west mohammad sarfan basyir putuhena1* 1faculty of sharia and islamic economics, iain ambon, indonesia *correspondence: sarfan.putuhena@iainambon.ac.id article history abstract received: 27.02.2022 accepted: 04.06.2022 published: 30.06.2022 this paper explains about how the process of solving the crime of theft using the customary law of hita la uwa uwato (whip law) of iha state of western seram regency, research methods is empirical research by a sociological juridical research approach, data collection instruments are carried out by interviews of predetermined respondents, review of legal documents and observations. the collected data is then analyzed qualitatively. this researc h shows that, the completion of the crime of theft by using customary law in the state of iha district of western seram maluku province is very effective where the process is whipped using rattan in addition there are also additional sanctions given, namely indemnifying, as well as apologizing to the community, and the factors that affect its effectiveness are, the legal factor, law enforcement, and cultural and community factors. keywords: theft, customary law hita la uwa uwato, evektivitas law. article licence copyright © 2022 the author(s): this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution sharealike 4.0 international (cc by-sa 4.0) 1. introduction the state of indonesia is a state of law (rechstaat), which means that indonesia upholds the law and legal sovereignty this is a consequence of the ranks of sovereignty from the teaching of legal sovereignty that the highest power does not lie in the personal will of the ruler (the organization of the state / government) but in the law. thus the power of law lies above all powers that exist in the state, and that power shall be subject to the applicable law. to realize a prosperous and prosperous indonesian society that is equally material and spiritual based on the 1945 constitution (constitution 1945) then equal rights, degrees, dignity, and dignity must be realized in all fields both social, political, cultural, economic, and legal. the state of indonesia is a pluralistic and pluralistic state consisting of various tribes, races, cultures, customs and habits embraced by each region, so that in cultural life, these customs or customs are a rule or instrument of life that must be respected and respected by the environment of certain communities implicitly then regulated in article 18b of the 1945 constitution (salam, 2016). awareness of norms or law by a society has been embedded in the values of culture or culture embraced by ancestors. in article 18 b paragraph (2) of the 1945 constitution of the republic of indonesia, "the state recognizes and respects the customary law community units along with their traditional rights as long as they are still alive and in accordance with the development of society and the principles of the unitary state of the republic of indonesia, which is regulated in the law (christmas et al., 2020).customary law, as a law that exists and evolves inside society (yadin et al., 2021) the violation of the norms or rules that have been agreed to cause disruption of order and peace of human life in public life, in accordance with the purpose of providing rules (guidelines and guidelines) in the association of life to protect individuals in relation to society, so that it can be expected the realization of a state of affairs. man, orderly and just in the life of society. if there is a violation of the interests of individuals and the interests of the community, the state is given the authority to resolve through the state apparatus. the state has established a competent system for resolving disputes or violations/ crimes that occur in society. criminal acts such as the crime of theft are acts that violate criminal law, so that the criminal law that is part of public law is a unity of regulations regarding human behavior that have been promulgated by the state through the government https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v6i2.2028 mailto:sarfan.putuhena@iainambon.ac.id p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 2: 156-161 157 and endorsed by legislative institutions and apply to all communities, with the threat of punishment implemented by the state.in criminal law, the settlement of criminal cases, resolved through a criminal process, known as the criminal justice system (chazawi, 2011) which begins with a preliminary examination on the part of the police, prosecutors to the court, based on the criminal code and kuhap all this in order to restore the balance of the public interest that was violated. the criminal code (criminal code) must actually be the embodiment of the culture and customs of our nation, this is strengthened by adigium in law, namely ubiius ubi societi (ali, 2009) (where there is a society there is law) in certain community life in indonesia the process of solving criminal acts is still carried out in customary law, this can be seen in several regions in indonesia, including minangkabau, aceh, bali, maluku and several other areas in the archipelago. recognition of this customary law can also be seen in our constitution, where article 18 b paragraph 2 of the 1945 constitution, has been expressly in substance to protect, recognize, respect, the rights of customary law as long as it does not conflict with other laws, there is also a form of protection of this customary law listed in the act. article 5 paragraph 1, article 10 paragraph 1 and article 50 paragraph i of law no. 48 of 2009 concerning judicial power, which has established the existence of customary law. from the above incarnation it is clear that the state guarantees and protects the customary community and customary law itself. customary law is widely known as an alternative form of settlement outside the courts this is reinforced by that customary law is part of positive law in indonesia, in addition to western law and islamic law (ali, 2012). so many people only consider that the settlement process using customary law is only in civil matters, such as the division of inheritance, marriage, and land issues, but we must know that in customary law not only solve civil problems, there is also a process of settlement of criminal cases using customary law. recognition of the existence of indigenous peoples varies greatly from sector to sector as well as forms of recognition of the existence of indigenous peoples by different local governments. (bakri sulaiman, abrar saleng, 2020) this can be known as customary criminal law which aims to maintain the balance that is in the community by using customary criminal law. in one of the customary villages located in the maluku region of west seram regency, iha village or better known as iha state. it has customs that are so strong, that almost most of the legal settlement process is completed through customary law. so that the customary criminal law is still used and inherited since the days of their ancestors. one example of criminal cases resolved through the customary law is the crime of theft 2. methodology in this research, using empirical research by by a sociological juridical research approach, namely discussion based on legal theories with its relation to seeing the reality that occurs in society. the data source used is primary and secondary legal materials, namely by interviewing in the field and also using scientific writings from research results 3. result and discussion among the many countries / villages in the maluku islands, especially in the western seram regency, there is one country that has a history, a custom that the author says is very worthy to be raised in this writing, the country is the country of iha-ulupia located in the huamualpeninsula has a variety of histories that are their own pride by the people in maluku. the country of iha-uupia itself is administratively two countries, namely the country of iha and ulupia (kulur), this happens because traditionally ulupia (kulur) is also part of the iha ama kingdom which used to be in zasirah hatawano, simply iha is ulupia (kulur), and ulupia is iha as well. the state of iha is a unit of indigenous peoples domiciled in jazirah hatawano saparua island with the robustness of the islamic kingdom at that time, it was the kingdom of ama iha. about 3.5 centuries ago the kingdom of ama iha was polluted by the dutch colonial government, so the king and hulubalang (masyarakrat) chose to leave the kingdom with his wealth to inhabit the huamual region.iha state is administratively included in the huamual subdistrict of west sram district. the country of iha has 5 (five) hamlets namely: water papaya, ely large, ely red land, uhe and luhulama, the area of iha country is 3400 ha with the following boundaries: the north borders the land of luhu, the south borders the village of warau luhu country, the west is with forests and mountains, the east is bordered by the sea. customary delik is something that causes shock in the balance of society, shaking occurs not only in the rule of law violated but also norms norms of decency, religion and decency in society while according to van p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 2: 156-161 158 vallenhoven delik adat is an act that should not be done even in reality the event or deed is only a small mistake (kurniawan, 2016). as we have known together that the environment and nature of indigenous peoples are very different from the people who live in big cities to know, is that indigenous law communities are strong nature of the mind communalism and magis relogo (cosmic), this becomes the background of society, where customary criminal law plays a role.the realm of mind in such a legal society contains everything in this union as a homogeneous union in which man's position is neutral. man is a complement of the great realm (cosmos), not separated from the world born from the unseen world and even fixated with the nature of animals and plants, more so with society itself as a whole, so everything mixes mixed, related and affects each other. everything is in one balance and must always be maintained, if at some point disturbed it must be quickly restored. if there is a disturbance in the course of the federal organization and all customary traditions that are carried out as a hereditary manner is a grave violation of the law, while the violation of the law that harms individuals is a misdemeanor. in addition, violations that do not directly interfere with the alliance then indigenous elders / customary stakeholders (legal decisions) act when in demand by the interested customary rulings especially those that disturb the order of the federal community, groups and or individuals in order to improve the law are considered as customary delik. the customary delik gradually gets a fixed nature in the event of similar acts and is decided by indigenous elders or people who are competent in customary communion with the benchmark on the first ruling (jurispudency in western law). any act or event in the customary system is assessed and considered based on the principle of the federal order that applies at the time of the occurrence of such acts or events can be considered unlawful despite the standard legal norms. parental advice is passed down through generations to posterity and continues to be maintained until now as part of the foundation of customary law (soekanto, 2002). in this relationship we project the delik-delik of customary law with the thoughts of the communalistic cosmic consumer. this nature of mind is the background to the customary law that applies in indigenous law communities in indonesia. in the traditional realm of mind, always a legal society or fellowship as a unity takes precedence or is important. also the law must attach more importance to communion than certain people individually, there are certain people who are important, rewarded more than before the law. it is in the customary law community because of its position in the community. so the more important the position of a person in society, more importantly the meaning of that person as a subject of law in the society (bella kalengkongan, 2017). customary criminal law can also influence in designing a provision of criminal law that applies nationally. this is based on the phenomenon that customary criminal law is a real law in society and applies in a obeyed manner even though the provisions are not written and open. the government in this case the formation of the law in drafting the provisions of the national criminal law should pay attention to the customary criminal law in the community. here, it does not mean that the law means that this customary criminal law is included in the power of national criminal law. however, customary criminal law is made a reference in drafting the provisions of the national criminal law considering that customary criminal law is a law that lives in the community. 3.1 effectiveness of customary law, customary institutions in solving theft pidana the current economic situation in society, it tends to be a crime. the number of unemployed is one of the factors in the occurrence of criminal acts of theft. people's needs are complex but jobs are very difficult. interaction between one individual and another in a community environment is based on certain needs, interpersonal needs, namely the need to establish other people's relationships, which if not implemented will produce disorders or circumstances that are unpleasant to the person concerned and each of these interpersonal needs will give birth to certain behaviors. customary law knows no previously established lawlessness and there is no clear separation between the field of public law and profit, the whole field becomes a touchstone of what is forbidden and what is not. customary law is the entire regulation that incarnates in the decisions of legal functionaries who have authority and influence in their implementation and immediately obeyed wholeheartedly. the people of iha-ulupia always respect, all forms of customary judge's decision in resolving some criminal acts of theft that occur in iha, especially authoritative decisions from the people's leadership, as long as the ruling does not conflict with customary law beliefs. in the completion of the criminal act of theft using customary sanctions hita la uwa uwato in making sure the settlement is easier, and ensured there are no excesses and burdens imposed by the police who in this case as a positive legal device, will also be lighter. if this p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 2: 156-161 159 is resolved legally positively, it can cause excesses, for example a guilty person is then sentenced to prison and one day can cause resentment in the future. in general, law enforcement officials provide opportunities to indigenous institutions in resolving cases or disputes that occur in villages / customary countries, especially in the country of iha itself, in certain criminal acts and disputes the settlement process is still carried out using customary law. hita la uwa uwato customary law (whip law) is a traditional model or way of solving cases / crimes customarily using islamic sharia that applies in the country of iha-ulupia. by way of whips. this is an alternative out-of-court settlement based on the agreements of the parties to the dispute. this custom is usually carried out to resolve disputes. hita la uwa uwato is a form of sanctions that is done by using rattan and whipped 7 times, and can increase if the crime is committed repeatedly.criminal acts that are often resolved by customary law in the country of iha include, adultery, perrjudian, theft, to drinking liquor, all acts of pidana aini are solved using customary criminals, namely by using the customary law of hita la uwa uwato. based on the author's interview with mr. arif samal (community leader, january 2022 interview) that, this customary law has been used since ancient times since the ancestors and accepted by the community because it is in accordance with the soul of the village / country of iha, this is in accordance with what was explained by von savigni(achmad ali, n.d.)(achmad ali, n.d.)(achmad ali, n.d.)(achmad ali, n.d.)(achmad ali, n.d.)(achmad ali, n.d.)(achmad ali, n.d.)(achmad ali, n.d.)(achmad ali, n.d.)(achmad ali, n.d.)(achmad ali, n.d.) who in his theory explained that good law is a law that is in accordance with the soul of the nation that we are better known to the theory (achmad ali, 2009). walaupun is not explained that it began when, but according to the author that this customary law is a tradition, a custom that needs to be maintained and preserved. in addition, the process of settlement of customary law is very in accordance with the legal principle in criminal justice, namely simple, fast and lighthearted. so that all forms of decisions through indigenous institutions provide a sense of justice itself. and that decision if we look then in accordance with the purpose of the law itself, namely, provides a sense of the existence, usefulness, and legal certainty (samosir, 2014). in the settlement using customary law hita la uwa uwato sanctions given in addition to using the flogging law there are also other sanctions as additional in the punishment including, apologies from the perpetrator, indemnifying victims, ostracized in the community, this additional punishment will be given in the event of a repeat of the same crime. in its journey, customs in the country of iha cannot be separated from islamic law.as explained above that in maluku countries are widely known ways of resolving disputes through customary law, customary sanctions that boil down to islamic sharia and are believed to have a deterrent element if it can be applied in resolving disputes / cases / crimes (mulyadi, 2016). along with the development of positive law, the model of resolving disputes through customary law in maluku began to be forgotten, but in the country of iha seram regency west until now the process of resolving disputes / crimes is still used, and maintained by the community. according to mr. zul selan (february, 2022) as the head of mongare (customary designation for the head of youth) that the custom of hita la uwa uwato (whip law) is a model of solving criminal cases that use rattan whips for the process of punishment or sanctions to those who have committed crimes such as theft. this statement explains that the purpose of holding hita la uwa uwato to those who have committed theft, is actually to give effect and to seek justice. the process of criminal smuggling of theft using adat hita la uwa uwato according to the narration of khairul kaisupy as a youth figure (february, 2022) is the first case / case of theft reported to the staff of the indigenous government of iha-ulupia then the king decided some youth staff to respond to the report and look for concrete evidence of theft cases, after getting evidence. and the perpetrator of theft, then the perpetrator was brought to the house of the head of the youth, but before the trial marinyo hit the gong as a sign there will be a trial in the house of the head of the youth, so that the community also knows there will be a trial against the case of theft and other crimes. and after being convicted and the perpetrator guilty then sanctioned with a caning 7 times with rattan, without wearing clothes and this punishment is carried out by marinyo who is in charge of whipping the perpetrator, in addition to getting the caning the perpetrator must apologize before the community. after that the perpetrator is treated by the government's own state staff. from the results of the author's interview, with mr. salem selan, as the former head of youth, theft that often occurs in the country of iha-ulupia, in the form of theft of produce, such as nutmeg, coconut and cloves. in addition, according to him there are several methods of punishment given to the perpetrator of theft, if the perpetrator repeats his actions again, if he repeats his actions again then the punishment is doubled 14 times and excommunicated from the community, if repeated p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 2: 156-161 160 again then it is added to 21 times and expelled out of the country. hita la uwa uwato customary law itself is regulated in the regulations of the state of iha-ulupia and implemented regardless of fur, this is a representation of the principle of equality before the law . from the results of the above interview it can be seen that, the customary law used in the country of iha is very important and then can be a solution in the process of seeking justice, especially for the iha community itself, this customary criminal law itself can be one form of criminal law reform in indonesia, because writing the author for criminal acts. customary leadership positions in the group are required to solve issues, maintain the environmental balance with each other, so that the society can continue to create harmony and peace(elmayanti et al., 2020). lightly like this should be the process of settlement should use laws that develop and grow in the community. based on explanation that the settlement process using customary law is going well and accepted by the community this shows that this process is very effective from the side of the settlement because so far no community has rejected or refuted the ruling. 3.2. factors affecting the effectiveness of customary law a. legal factors the law serves for justice, certainty and expediency (suherman, 2012). in the practice of legal implementation in the field there are times when there is a conflict between legal certainty and justice. legal certainty is concrete tangible, while justice is abstract so that when a judge decides a case in the application of law only then there are times when the value of justice is not achieved. so when looking at a problem regarding the law at least justice becomes a top priority. the existence of law to humanize humans (aspects of its benefits) then what is regulated in legal regulations must bring benefits to human life.(salam, 2020) because the law is not solely seen from the point of the written law, there are still many rules that live in society that are able to regulate people's lives. regarding the legal factor in this case if it is associated with customary law that applies in the country of iha-ulupia, it is very relevant to the purpose of the law itself, because this customary law itself can provide a sense of fairness, usefulness and legal certainty for the local community, with the strict sanctions that i have described above. b. law enforcement factors in order for the law to work properly, then the mentality or personality of law enforcement is very important, if the rules are good, but the quality of officers is not good, there is a problem. therefore, one of the keys to success in law enforcement is the mentality or personality of law enforcement. in the above context that concerns the personality and mentality of law enforcement, that so far there is a strong tendency among the public to interpret the law as an officer or law enforcement, meaning that the law is identified with the real behavior of officers or law enforcement. unfortunately, in exercising its authority there are often problems due to attitudes or treatments that are seen as exceeding authority or other actions that are considered to soften the image and authority of law enforcement, this is due to the low quality of the law enforcement officers.if i associate again with the customary law that applies in the country of iha -ulupia, that the staff of the state in this case as law enforcement have a good mentality and personality in completing a criminal act of theft, this is because they are inpendent in carrying out their duties, regardless of fur, even if it is their own family, or from among the king's family. c. community factors society in this case becomes a factor that is quite influential also in the effectiveness of the law. if the public is not aware of the law and or does not obey the law then there is no effectiveness. legal consciousness is an abstract conception in man, of the harmony between order and tranquility as desired or appropriate. legal awareness is often associated with the administration of law, the formation of laws, and the effectiveness of the law. legal awareness is the awareness or values contained in humans about existing laws or about expected laws. the above explanation makes me see that the people of iha-ulupia are well aware of this customary law, this can be seen from the rate of theft that decreases to nothing at all in the country of iha-ulupia, people see this as a rule that pointsmerekain a better direction. p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 2: 156-161 161 d. cultural factors culture has a very big function for humans and society, which is to arrange for humans to understand how people should act, act, and determine their attitudes if they relate to others. thus, culture is a central line about the act that sets the rules on what to do, and what is forbidden. this factor is very important in the effectiveness of customary law, because it is a characteristic or soul of the people of iha-ulupia. the above faktor is closely related, because it becomes a staple in law enforcement, as well as a benchmark of the effectiveness of law enforcement. these five factors, no factor is very dominant, all of these factors must support each other to form the effectiveness of the law. 4. conclusion customary law is a known legal system in the social life environment in indonesia. the source of customary law itself comes from unwritten legal regulations that grow and develop and are processed by people for generations. hita la uwa uwato customary law in iha country is part of legal pluralism that until now is still maintained by the iha community because it is able to solve the crime of theft. hita la uwa uwato customary law can provide a deterrent effect against perpetrators of theft, and all forms of sanctions given are accepted and obeyed. in addition, there are several factors that affect the effectiveness of this customary law itself, including, the legal factor, the law enforcement factor, the cultural factor and the community factor. these four factors become the benchmark of law enforcement. references achmad ali. (n.d.). menguak teori hukum dan teori peradilan. ali, a. (2009). menguak teori hukum (legal theory) dan teori peradilan (judicial prudence). kencana. ali, a. (2012). sosiologi hukum kajian empiris terhadap pengadilan. kencana prenada media group. sulaiman, b., saleng, a., & lahae, k. (2021). moronene indigenous recognition and protection regulation hukaea laea in bombana county. jurnal hukum volkgeist, 5(2), 160-166. https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v5i2.1203 bella kalengkongan, s. (2017). kajian hukum pidana adat dalam sistem hukum pidana indonesia. lex crimen, vi(2). chazawi, a. (2011). pelajaran hukum pidana. grafindo persada. christmas, s. k., muhajir, i., & wicaksono, i. (2020). implementation of the recognition and respect of the dayak iban semunying customary law community in human rights and sdgs. jurnal hukum volkgeist, 4(2), 108–117. https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v4i2.427 elmayanti, e., deliana, e., & rasudin, n. (2020). settlement of criminal matters through malay customary institutions with the concept of restorative justice in lipat kain kampar kiri of kampar regency. jurnal hukum volkgeist, 4(2), 180–189. https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v4i2.417 mulyadi, l. (2016). eksistensi hukum pidana adat di indonesia : pengkajian asas, norma, teori, praktik dan prosedurnya. litigasi, 17(2). salam, s. (2016). perlindungan hukum masyarakat hukum adat atas hutan adat. jurnal hukum novelty, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.26555/novelty.v7i2.a5468 salam, s. (2020). rekonstruksi paradigma filsafat ilmu : studi kritis terhadap ilmu hukum sebagai ilmu. ekspose: jurnal penelitian hukum dan pendidikan, 18(2), 885–896. https://doi.org/10.30863/ekspose.v18i2.511 samosir, d. (2014). hukum adat indonesia eksistensi dalam dinamika perkembangan hukum di indonesia. nuansa aulia. soekanto, s. (2002). hukum adat indonesia. raja grafindo persada. yadin, h., haeranah, h., & mirzana, h. a. (2021). the efficacy of law enforcement in the tolaki mekongga indigenous law community’s adultery (umoapi) resolution process. jurnal hukum volkgeist, 6(1), 15–20. https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v6i1.1275 jurnal hukum volkgeist https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v6i1.1275 vol. 6 no.1, december 2021 15 the efficacy of law enforcement in the tolaki mekongga indigenous law community's adultery (umoapi) resolution process hasdin yadin1*, haeranah1, hijra adhiyanti mirzana1 1faculty of law, hasanuddin university, indonesia *correspondence: hasdinyadin@gmail.com article history abstract received: 10.07.2021 accepted: 24.12.2021 published: 27.12.2021 the purpose of this study is to ascertain and analyze the mechanism for resolving the crime of adultery (umoapi) in the tolaki mekongga customary law community, as well as the efficacy of law enforcement in resolving the crime of adultery (umoapi). the research method utilized is empirical, with data gathering approaches including interviews, questionnaires, and document studies, in which data are extracted directly from documents containing information about the study topics, such as laws and regulations, books, and journals. the findings indicated that (1) the mechanism for resolving adultery (umoapi) in the tolaki mekongga customary law community was through the imposition of customary penalties by customary speakers (tolea), and (2) law enforcement was successful in resolving adultery (umoapi) in the community. tolaki mekongga customary law is influenced by elements like as law, law enforcement, facilities and infrastructure, community, and cultural influences. keywords: adultery, tolaki mekongga customary law, customary settlement article licence copyright © 2021 the author(s): this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution sharealike 4.0 international (cc by-sa 4.0) 1. introduction indonesia is a state of law, and the applicable laws are both written and unwritten. w ritten legal provisions are included in what is referred to as positive law. positive law is present in both public and private law. criminal law is a branch of public law. indonesia's present criminal law is a codified criminal law, with the regulations gathered in a single set of laws known as the criminal code. along with being codified, this portion of the legislation has been unified, which means that it now applies to all categories of people (moeljatno, 2009). customary law, as a law that exists and evolves inside society, cannot be divorced from society, sin ce law appears alongside the community, as the expression "ubi societas ibi ius" indicates. wherever there is a community, there is law. thus, customary law is an expression of social and cultural ideals in action. customary criminal law is a living law in society, in which the law identifies occurrences and behaviors that must be addressed (punished) because they have upset the social equilibrium (samosir, 2013) (salam, 2017). the tolaki mekongga customary law group, which has occupied the majority of the peninsula of southeast sulawesi province for a long period of time, holds a great regard for the customary regulations passed down through generations. their forefathers' tradition of respect for customary law is still very much alive in the society, as demonstrated by the tolaki mekongga tribe. the incorporation of kalosara customs into the tolaki mekongga tribal community's system of legal norms and values (toasa, 2015). in this sense, one of the laws that contribute to the execution and attainment of national development goals is customary criminal law, which is considered to be one of indonesia's positive legal systems. the 1945 constitution article 5 paragraph (3) letter (b) and emergency law no. 1 of 1951 about interim measures to arrange the unity, structure, powers, and processes of civil courts provide the legal foundation for the application of the customary criminal law system. in law no. 48 of 2009 on judicial power, the presence of customary criminal law as unwritten law is recognized (mulyadi, 2013). https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v6i1.1275 mailto:hasdinyadin@gmail.com p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 15-20 16 the legitimacy of customary law is demonstrated by the fact that indonesian laws and regulations acknowledge its existence. this recognition of customary law is spelled out in article 18 b paragraph (2) of the 1945 constitution, which states: "the state recognizes and respects customary law community units and their traditional rights for as long as they remain viable and in accordance with community development and the unitary state of the republic of indonesia's principles." indonesian republic, which is governed by legislation (dara, n.d.). adultery is referred to as umoapi in tolaki mekongga traditional law. adultery is defined in the criminal code as an act of sexual intercourse in which one or both parties are bound by marriage. meanwhile, in tolaki mekongga's customary law, the term adultery or umoapi refers to more sophisticated acts of adultery that are not confined to marital status, with varying degrees of umoapi resulting in varying classifications and punishments. according to local customary law, whenever a conflict occurs i n a community, if it is resolved according to custom, the community's life will remain well established and maintained, eliminating hatred and vengeance in the hearts of those who are at odds. however, if the conflict is resolved according to criminal law, the community's life will always be a prolonged conflict, because communities in conflict will always be in conflict with one another. peohala customary penalties are one method of settling disagreements, particularly in the case of adultery (umoapi). whereas in the tolaki language's philosophy, "inae kona sara ie pinesara, inae lia sara ie pinekasara" means (who loves the presence of customs will be honored in a custom, while who does not respect a custom would be treated poorly, harshly) (abdurrauf, 1993). settlement of conflicts between victims/families and perpetrators as a result of the occurrence of traditional moral offenses through the use of kalosara as a symbol to unify people in conflict. for the tolaki mekongga people, honoring, considering sacred and sacred kalosara means adhering to their ancestors' lessons, and doing otherwise means they will be wicked, disobedient, and will suffer calamities. to this day, decisions reached through the resolution procedure for adultery (umoapi) by customary speakers (tolea) are legitimate in the tolaki mekongga tribal community. based on the above, the writers are interested in delving more into the subject through a scientific paper named "the mechanism of settlement of the crime of adultery (umoapi) in the tolaki mekongga indigenous law c ommunity." 2. methodology this study is an empirical legal study based on primary data (results from field research). empirical legal research is a field study technique that involves monitoring and observing what is happening in the field, such as how these rules are applied in practice as society evolves and develops. empirical legal study focuses on legal difficulties as a result of the gap between the imperatives, especially orders and prohibitions (das sollen), included in various laws and regulations and what really occurs based on apparent facts (das sein). in addition, normative research using a legal perspective is utilized to complement this empirical research by performing a study of the laws and regulations pertaining to customary criminal law. 3. result as we have seen, the fundamental meaning of kalosara in terms of dispute resolution, particularly the settlement of adultery cases among indigenous peoples of the tolaki mekongga tribe in kolaka regency, southeast sulawesi province, is that people will generally prefer to have their disputes resolved through this alternative dispute resolution mechanism, namely the kalosara instrument. this kalosara instrument plays a significant role in the community's social order, such that when there is a conflict in the lives of members of the tolaki mekongga tribal community, this kalosara instrument acts as the primary element and driving force of the alternative dispute resolution process itself (suud, nd) tolaki mekongga customary law, referred to as "sara," is symbolized by an object or characteristic called kalo or, more frequently, kalosara, which serves as the primary element and driving force for alternative conflict settlement in the tolaki mekongga tribal group. the legal values contained in kalosara enable the community to resolve cases, particularly those involving adultery, through an alternative dispute resolution process in which the elements of the mekongga customary assembly institution, consisting of the customary council, tonomotu'o, and tolea pabitara, use active and direct kalosara instruments. without this custom, alternative dispute resolution in the tolaki tribe community will likewise be ineffective.. p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 15-20 17 in the instance of adultery, which occurs frequently in the society, the customary spea ker (tole) presents the culprit and the victim, with puutobu, tonomotu'o present as well. the process for settlement and the imposition of customary fines will be communicated in the presence of the culprits' and victims' families. traditional holders of sara wonua (the country's customary law) and traditional speakers (tolea) are required to wear oversized traditional clothing when resolving disputes between citizens, both in terms of customary criminal acts and customary civil matters, using generations-old procedures and habits. in the tolaki mekongga community, mechanisms or procedures for settling customary criminal actions and customary civil proceedings usually include kalosara. customary authorities preserve the processes and customs, which include the following: a) puutobu, as the regional customary leader at the sub-district (district) level, is sometimes doubled by the camat serving as chairman of the adat court session in his area, which supervises numerous adat leaders at the village or village/kelurahan level; b) one or more toono motuo individuals, meaning traditional tolaki village/kelurahan leaders who are now held concurrently by the village/kelurahan head serving as members of the customary assembly; c) a pabitara (customary spokesman) is a member of the customary assembly who represents the interests of the women's family in times of conflict. d) a tolea, particularly a traditional tolaki leader who serves as a member of the customary assembly and is responsible for transmitting, defending, and reporting the customary assembly's findings to the man's family; e) tamalaki (traditional court security officer/in the past, functioned as warlord) is tasked with the responsibility of ensuring the fair trial of customary criminal proceedings. according to the opinion above, in every trial for resolving customary criminal and customary civil cases in the tolaki tribal customary law community, the role of customary speakers (tolea) is extremely active in utilizing kalosara based on procedures or procedures and customs in the mekongga traditional assembly, which serves as a customary institution that accommodates traditional instruments. from the victim's standpoint, the tolea pabitara (customary speaker) aims for two (two) objectives during this peace process, namely: 1. agreement between the victim/family and tolea pabitara to abstain from violent retaliation against the offender or the perpetrator's relatives. 2. agreement between tolea pabitara and the victim's representation/family representative on the different forms of peohala (sanctions) that can be imposed on the perpetrator, including peohala mohewu and peohala owose. according to the perpetrators of the umoapi customary crime, the tolea pabitara agreement with the perpetrators'/his relatives' representatives seeks two (two) objectives in this peace process, namely: 1. the culprit or his family members bear full responsibility for their crimes and do not flee. 2. the culprit or his family prepares all responsibilities that will be subject to custo mary punishment for peohala (peohala mohewu or peohala owose), as well as papers for customary court proceedings. the tolea pabitara (customary speaker) who has reached an agreement with the victim's envoy or family, as well as the agreement reached between the tolea pabitara and his envoy or family, should promptly inform the puutobu. puutobu then conveyed the parties' wish for peace to government authorities such as the sub -district head or village/kelurahan head via the traditional leaders of puutobu as regional customary rulers (at the sub-district level). at the district or village/kelurahan level, the chairman of the mekongga customary council takes action to ensure that the procedure for peaceful dispute settlement is carried out quickly, so that the victim's/his family relationship with the perpetrator's/his family does not break. the following procedures must be followed when resolving disputes arising from the occurrence of the umoapi customary offense through the mekongga customary assembly: a. the customary head (puutobu), who is also the village head, sends a tolea pabitara (spokesperson) to meet with the perpetrator/his family and a tolea pabitara (spokesperson) to meet with the victim/family. the perpetrator/his family sent charismatic and respected parents to represent the peace event, as did the victim/his family. both tolea p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 15-20 18 pabitara must simultaneously inquire whether the envoys from each party are willing to meet in a traditional manner as a kind of peace, as there is no assurance that the victim's family will seek retribution against the offender. b. if the victim's representative and the perpetrator's representative agree to meet, tolea pabitara, in collaboration with the chairman of the local mekongga customary council, shall develop an implementation strategy that serves as an additional mediator in resolving the victim's/his family's conflict with the perpetrator's/his family's conflict as a result of the customary crime that occurred. c. each tolea pabitara works as a mediator between the parties to the dispute and their representatives in determining the day and date of the peace ceremony. d. tolea pabitara through the use of kalosara to contact delegates representing the disputing parties and all their relatives considered necessary to attend and participate in the peace ceremony. e. the peace event is often held at toono motuo's or puutobu's residence. the peace ceremony was attended by the puutobu, the chairman/member of the mekongga sub-district and village/kelurahan customary council, toono motuo, tolea pabitara, and local government officials such as the camat, village head, lurah, babinsa, and bhabinkamtibmas. f. after both parties' envoys agreed to participate in the peace event, tolea pabitara lifted kalosara and placed it slowly and wisely in front of all parties present, first obtaining permission from the local government officials present and from the two parties' envoys that the peace event would begin shortly. g. delegates from both sides who are experiencing difficulti es are invited to bring up concerns of customary offenses that cause the victim/his family to clash with the perpetrator/his family. h. therefore it is appropriate for tolea pabitara to advance notions of conflict settlement based on mediation principles that allow both parties to accept or agree to it genuinely and willingly through their envoys. tolea pabitara, as a traditional spokesman, must be capable of expressing an evaluation of the customary crimes that happened and the repercussions of conflicts between the victim/his family and the perpetrator/his family without condemning one party. provide an explanation of the meaning, comprehension, and possibility of all dangers or negative consequences that may arise for someone involved in a dispute who refuses to comply with the direction of traditional leaders in peace and the decisions of traditional speakers (tolea) in the customary court session facilitated by the mekongga customary assembly. the customary court session will follow a dais format. propose an operationalized idea for resolving disputes arising from customary illegal actions, which must be able to persuade both parties to the issue (represented by their respective representatives) to truly embrace a peaceful resolution. 1) the perpetrator/his family agrees to meet all demands made by the victim/his family in accordance with the tolaki mekongga customary law; 2. the parties agree to continue the dispute resolution process through a customary court trial for the imposition of the peohala on the boater/his family through his envoy. 2) the parties express their opposition to all types of violence, and the victim/family agrees not to exact physical retribution on the perpetrator/his/her family. 3) the disagreeing parties then shake hands through their envoys, indicating that there is no longer any animosity, resentment, or wrath associated with the umoapi traditional crime's occurrences. 4) in the presence of delegates from both parties and the toono motuo, traditional leaders (puutobu, camat, or village heads/kepala kelurahan) provide directions that, in essence, agree with the intention of the customary spokesperson (tolea) and also with the disputing parties' wishes to make peace with sincerity. these directions will be continued during the trial of the customary court to pass the verdict. 4. discussion legal effectiveness indicates that it will be highlighted in relation to the objectives to be accomplished, namely the law's efficacy. generally, one of the measures done to ensure that the communi ty adheres to the rule of law is to include punishments. these penalties may take the shape of negative or positive sanctions, with the goal of creating a stimulus to prevent individuals from engaging in vile or laudable behavior. p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 15-20 19 if what is conveyed is unable to address the issues immediately confronting the intended recipient of legal communication, complications will arise. as a result, the legislation has little impact or perhaps has a detrimental effect. this is because their demands are unmet and unacknowledged, resulting in irritation, pressure, and even confrontation. legal awareness in society must constantly be fostered and ingrained in us that activities that violate the law will have legal consequences if committed. it cannot be overlooked that one of the variables that contribute to the growth of community law is the community's legal knowledge and compliance with the law. legal awareness is critical for a society's success since it is directly related to the strength and weakness of the community's legal compliance element. the lower the public's degree of legal knowledge, the less likely the community will comply with the law. inversely, the more the community's legal knowledge, the greater the community's compliance, ensuring that the developme nt process and the law's efficacy are felt directly by the community. if we consider the notion of law in the modern era, the fundamental structure of the state must adapt to social circumstances. to provide order to social reality, the law is used to bond them. citizens' allegiance to law is an endeavor to rediscover the established state's raison d'être, namely to safeguard individual liberty. to safeguard the individual's independence, the state enacts legislation as a means of establishing order. to ascertain the following elements affecting law enforcement in relation to the method for resolving the offense of adultery (umoapi) in the tolaki mekongga customary law community: 1) legal factor; 2) law enforcement factor; 3) facility and facility-related factor; 4) community factor; 5) cultural factor 4.1 legal factors regarding legal considerations. in this case, it is reflected in the kolaka regency regional regulation no. 11 of 2016 on mekongga indigenous assembly empowerment. chapter five (v): dispute re solution. article 8 paragraph 1 establishes that conflicts within the mekongga customary law community are handled by the mekongga customary assembly, and paragraph 2 establishes that if mediation fails to achieve consensus, the matter may be brought before the courts. the article makes it clear that the rule of law applies to disputes within the mekongga customary law community, but does not provide a more specific article regarding decency crimes, which will affect the customary speaker's (tolea) ability to carry out law enforcement in the tolaki mekongga customary law community. 4.2. law enforcement factor law enforcement is connected to the parties that create and apply the law (law enforcement), and the components of law enforcement are customary speakers (tolea) who will be able to provide certainty, justice, and proportional legal benefits to the tolaki mekongga customary law community through the mechanism for resolving the crime of adultery (umoapi). 4.3. facility and infrastructure-related factors the provision of facilities and infrastructure to assist law enforcement officials in doing their responsibilities is critical and influential in providing a system for addressing the offense of adultery (umoapi) in the tolaki mekongga customary law community. attain legal efficacy. in relation to the facilities and infrastructure referred to as these facilities, soekanto (1983) predicts a benchmark for the effectiveness of specific elements of infrastructure, where the infrastructure must unambiguously contribute to the apparatus's smooth operation at the place or work location. along with providing equipment in each office or location where law enforcement officers perform their duties, one of the most critical aspects of providing a mechanism for resolving the crime of adultery (umoapi) for the tolaki mekongga customary law community is providing a traditional court house for customary speakers (tolea) to assist perpetrators and victims in settling and awarding the crime. thus, it will maximize the perfo rmance of traditional speakers (tolea) in enforcing customary law in the kolaka regency region. 4.4. community factor while law enforcement's primary goal is to maintain peace in society, individuals have differing views on what constitutes law. p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 15-20 20 the system of norms that exists in the tolaki mekongga customary law community is that the community is obedient when it comes to paying customary fines imposed by customary speakers (tolea), but when the perpetrator of adultery (umoapi) is given a marriage sanction, they were previously separated in the bondage. that is, the law's efficacy is partly contingent upon society's willingness and awareness of the law. due to the community's lack of understanding, law enforcement will face difficulties; thus, measures can be done to socialize the community by involving social layers, power holders, and law enforcers themselves. the law's formulation must also consider the link between societal change and the law, which must ultimately be effective as a way of controlling human conduct. 4.5. cultural factor the legal culture (system) element entails the values that underpin the relevant law, abstract notions of what is deemed good (to be embraced) and what is considered evil (so to be avoided). typically, these values are a p air of numbers that indicate two polar opposite circumstances that must be reconciled. with values that are compatible with the local culture, it is hoped that there will be a reciprocal relationship between customary and positive law in indonesia, such that the provisions in written legal articles will reflect the values that underpin customary law, allowing for the implementation of statutory law. effectively apply. then, it is anticipated that the harmony between the two values will also serve to set the law in its proper context. 5. conclusion according to the research findings, the crime of adultery (umoapi) in the tolaki mekongga customary law community was addressed through the use of customary speakers (tolea) and the imposition of customary fines in the tolaki mekongga tribal group. the study identified five variables that harmed law enforcement's effectiveness in resolving the adultery (umoapi) offense in the tolaki mekongga indigenous law community, namely: 1) legal factor; 2) law enforcement factor; 3) facility and facility-related factor; 4) community factor; 5) cultural factor references abdurrauf, t. (1993). kebudayaan tolaki. seri etnografi indonesia. jakarta: balai pustaka. dara, i. (n.d.). eksitensi hukum adat pidana sebagai hukum positif indonesia. makassar: pustaka pena press. moeljatno. (2009). asas-asas hukum pidana. jakartar: rineka cipta. mulyadi, l. (2013). eksistensi hukum pidana adat di indonesia: pengkajian asas, n orma, teori, praktik dan prosedurnya. jurnal hukum dan peradilan, 2(2), 226–246. salam, s. (2017). dispensasi perkawinan anak di bawah umur: perspektif hukum adat, hukum negara & hukum islam. pagaruyuang law journal, 1(1), 110–124. samosir, d. (2013). hukum adat indonesia. bandung: nuansa aulia. soekanto, s. (1983). penegakan hukum. bandung: bina cipta. toasa, a. (2015). analisis yuridis eksistensi tanah walaka masyarakat hukum adat tolaki dalam sistem hukum agraria nasional. universitas islam sultan agung. jurnal hukum volkgeist https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v6i1.1462 vol. 6 no.1, december 2021 21 juridical analysis of the application of diversion in child crime cases to realize restorative justice at the court level: case study at pasarwajo district court la gurusi1* 1faculty of law, universitas muhammadiyah buton, indonesia *correspondence: lagurusi@gmail.com article history abstract received: 25.09.2021 accepted: 24.12.2021 published: 27.12.2021 the problem to be investigated is how the application of diversion in realizing restorative justice at the pasarwajo district court level and the obstacles to the application of diversion in realizing restorative justice at the pasarwajo district court level. the objectives and benefits to be achieved in this study are to find out how the application of diversion in realizing restorative justice at the pasarwajo district court level and can help and provide input and additional knowledge for parties related to the problems studied. this research is an empirical juridical research that uses primary data as its study material. the result of this research is that the application of diversion in realizing restorative justice at the pasarwajo district court still has obstacles. keywords: diversion; child crime; restorative justice article licence copyright © 2021 the author(s): this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution sharealike 4.0 international (cc by-sa 4.0) 1. introduction every child has dignity, which should be upheld, and children's rights must be granted without exception.(sulaiman, 2017) protection is provided in all aspects, including social, economic, political, and legal aspects. a child is defined as anyone under the age of 18, including a child still in the womb (article (1) paragraph (1) of law no. 23 of 2002, as amended by law no. 35 of 2014). according to the law on child protection, they have the right to be protected from violence and discrimination as a child (article 4 of law no. 23 of 2002). in light of the principles of child protection, particularly the principle of non -discrimination, which prioriti ze s the child's best interests and right to life, a process for resolving child cases outside of a criminal mec hanism, also known as diversion, is required, because correctional institutions are not the best way to solve problems, and there are many things that are not desirable in institutions. (hidaya, 2019) as a result, diversion, with its restorative justice approach, becomes a consideration as well as a sol ution when it comes to settling criminal cases involving minors. (safrin salam, 2020) a child who commits a crime must be tried in a special children's court within the general justice environment, with a special process and special officials who understand children's problems, ranging from arrest, detention, adjudication and guidance in the juvenile justice process as regulated in law no. 11 of 2012 concerning the juvenile justice system, in the perspective of criminal science, believes that the imposition of crimes against children tends to harm the mental development of children in the future. therefore, the government of indonesia has issued law number 11 of 2012 concerning the juvenile justice system called diversion and restorative justice. it should be noted that diversion is the transfer of the settlement of children's cases from the criminal justice process to a process outside the criminal justice system which aims to achieve peace between victims and children, settlement of children's cases outside the court process, preventing children from deprivation of independence, encouraging the community to participate and instilling a sense of responsibility. responsibility to children carried out through a deliberation process involving https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v6i1.1462 mailto:lagurusi@gmail.com p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 21-26 22 the child and his parents/guardians, victims and/or parents/guardians, co mmunity counselors, and professional social workers based on a restorative justice approach.(salam, 2019) settlement of criminal cases through diversion to obtain r estorative justice can be completed at the investigation level so that the settlement of diversion to the prosecution level and settlement at the court level is no longer passed because restorative justice has been realized, namely the realization of a pea ce agreement between the victim and the perpetrator, but in this case, it was carried out by children, the settlement of diversion at the level of investigation and prosecution cannot be realized later at the level of the court, only then can the settlement of diversion be realized, namely the creation of a peace agreement between the two parties between the victim and the perpetrator as restorative justice.(muhammad rizal lampatta, 2019) from this problem, the author wants to analyze the process of resolving diversion applied by judges at th e pasarwajo district court level so that restorative justice can be realized, the authors want to conduct research with the title: juridical analyst of application of diversion in child crime cases to realize restorative justice at the level district court (case study at pasarwajo district court, buton regency). the formulation of the probl e m in this study is how to apply diversion in realizing restorati ve justice at the pasarwajo district court level? and what are the obstacles to implementing diversion in realizing restorative justice at the pasarwajo district court level? 2. methodology this research was carried out at the pasarwajo district court office. this location was chosen because a t the pasawajo district court there was a juvenile criminal case that was resolved with a diversion approach by realizing restorative justice. the type of data used by the author in this study is primary data and secondary data. to obtain the data needed in this study, both primary data and secondary data used the interview and literature study method. the data analysis technique used by the author is by using qualitative and interactive analysis techniques 3. result and discussion 3.1. application of diversion in realizing restorative justice at the court level the existence of law number 11 of 2012 concerning the juvenile criminal justice system, and th e process of resolving child cases at all levels, both at the investigation level, at the prosecution level and at the district court level, must seek a diversionary settlement. to provide special protection for children who are in conflict with the law in accordance with the provisions in article 59 of law number 35 of 2014. there is almost n o difference in the form of settlement of children's cases by diversion at the investigation level, prosecution level and court level. (purwanti, 2019) in the diversion process involved in the deliberations are perpetrators, victims, families of perpetrators/victims, community counselors, and professional social workers to jointly seek a fair solution according to the principles of restorative justice.(ananda, 2018) the implementation of diversion at the prosecution level failed in the sense that the diversion carrie d o u t at the prosecution stage failed to obtain an agreement from both parties. the case was transferred to the state court. after the district court receives the delegation of the case from the public prosecutor, it is immediately submitted to the criminal registrar. the child case file is then submitted to the head of the district c ourt for analysis whether the child's case is in the diversion category or not. furthermore, the head of the district court determines the judge or panel of judges to handle the child's case and no later than three days after receiving the case file from the public prosecutor (article 52 paragraph (1) uusppa). according to the results of the interview with the juvenile judge mamluatul maghfiroh, sh., on thursday july 15th 2021 at the pasarw a j o court. after the head of the district court has appointed a judge or panel of judges to handle children's cases, diversion at the court examination level must be carried out. further diversion must be attempted to be carried out at the trial stage of the court no more than seven days after the determination of the judg e or panel of judges by the head of the district court (article 52 paragraph (2) uusppa). diversion must be carried out by a judge who has been appointed by the head of the district court as a judge within a maximum period of thirty days (article 52 paragraph (3) of the uusppa). the diversion process can be carried out in the mediation room or in the courtroom available at the district court. in perma no. 4 of 2014, after receiving the stipulation of the head of the court to handle cases that were resolved by diversion, the juvenile judge issued a decision on the diversion consultation, then within a period of p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 21-26 23 one week they immediately carried out diversion. at that time, the juvenile judge who acted as a facilitator in the settlement of children's cases through diversion ordered the public prosecutor to present all parties, both on the perpetrator's side and on the victim's side (article 4 perma number 4 of 2014), which were presented, namely: a) children as perpetrators b) children as victims c) parent/guardian d) law advisor e) victim's parents/guardians f) community counseling officer g) sissy worker h) social welfare personnel i) community representative then the child judge, at the same time acting as a facilitator, holds a trial for the diversion process which takes place in the mediation room or the court session room. all parties, both the perpetrators, the victims and all parties involved in it, sit together looking for a fair solution by being supported by the child judge as a facilitato r with a family approach by emphasizing the restoration to its original state, which means that in return to the atmosphere as if there was no conflict between the two parties. (lampatta, 2017) in the process of resolving children's cases at the pasarwajo district court led by child judge mamluatul magfroh succeeded in reaching a diversion agreement between the two parties. so that the judge conveys the diversion report along with the diversion agreement to the chairman of the pasrwajo district court to make the determination of the diversion agreement. from the results of an interview with a juvenile judge on thursday, july 15, 2021, he said that to reach an agreement in the process of resolving a child's case, it does require a special technique or method of approach that can touch the social sense of the family so that both parties are moved so that they want to make peace. considering, that because the diversion deliberation has obtained an agreement and the chairman of th e pasarwajo district court has issued a stipulation number 1/pid.sus-anak/2021/pn psw dated february 2, 2021, the examination process for child i. gimran daeng lalang als. gilang bin arifin, son ii . arjuna taba als. arj u n bin la taba ane, child iii. sahrul taba als. aman bin la taba ane, child iv. rafli als. cus bin raslan, son v.muh. ardhan amala als. ardhan bin arubi, son vi. muh. ridwan bae saleh bin m. saleh, son vii. arif fadil als. acong bin isnan jaya and son viii. adrian saputra als. la leu bin samrin must be stopped; taking into account the provisions of article 12 paragraph (3), paragraph (4) and paragraph (5) of law number 11 of 2012 concerning the juvenile criminal justice system; 1) stop the case examination process son i.gimran daeng lalang als. gilang bin arifin, son ii. arjuna taba als. arjun bin la taba ane, child iii. sahrul taba als. aman bin la taba ane, child iv. rafli als. cus bin raslan, son v.muh. ardhan amala als. ardhan bin arubi, son vi. muh. ridwan bae saleh bin m. saleh, son vii. arif fadil als. acong bin isnan jaya and son viii. adrian saputra als. la leu bin samrin; 2) order the children to be released from detention; 3) order the registrar or appointed official to send a copy of this stipulation to the child, his/her parents, victim, community counselor and public prosecutor. settlement of child cases at the pasarwajo district court during 2019 to 2020. in 2019 the number of chi l d cases at the pasarwajo district court was: 14 child cases, and in 2020 as many as: 21 cases of children. with details in the table as follows: p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 21-26 24 table 1. child cases at the pasarwajo district court during 2019 to 2020 year number of cases no diversion unsuccessful diversion successful diversion 2019 14 13 1 2020 21 9 7 5 data source: pasarwajo district court in 2021 from the data on children's cases at the pasarwajo district court, we can see that the cases that were entered in 2019 were 14 cases of children. there are 13 cases of children who do not meet the elements to be processed by diversion. one case that can meet the elements to be processed by diversion, but it turns out that the settlement by diversion is not successful, so the case is determined by the head of the district court for further processing. while in 2020 the number of child cases at the pasarwajo district court was 21 cases. o f th e number of cases that do not meet the elements to be processed by diversion, there are 9 cases and 7 cases can meet the elements to be processed by diversion but it is not successful because at the time of holding a deliberation between the two parties there was no agree ment and 5 cases were successfully resolved by diversion, meaning that when sitting together holding a deliberation in the mediation room of the pasarwajo district court led by a child judge as a facilitator, they succeeded in reaching an agreement between the two parties. so that the head of the district court decided that the child's case was stopped so that it would not be processed further. from the results of an interview with the juvenile judge mamluatul maghfiroh, sh., friday, july 16, 2021 at the negeri pasarwajo court. 3.2. fairness of non-litigation and litigation settlement decisions the sense of justice given to the non-litigation diversion process is more acceptable to the parties because it prioritizes peace and the peace clause can be determined by each party, so that in the future it is ve ry good if a child's case can be resolved by deliberation in the diversion process considering the trial not ve ry g o o d for the psychological development of children.(rosnida, 2019) the non-litigation process can also realize restorative justice because it is a process that involves perpetrators, victims, families of perpetrators/victims, and community leaders involved in seeking a just settlement by emphasizing recovery back to its original state. (rizki a, suhartono, & salam, 2021) while the settlement of litigation given will incriminate the child both from th e trial process and the implementation of the decision. because the nature of the criminal decision in the trial process if the child is guilty is punishing. according to the results of the interview delivered by the child judge mamluatul maghfiroh, sh., friday, july 16, 2021 at the neeri pasarwajo court. in the application of diversion to realize restorative justice according to the results of the study, there a re two factors that become obstacles, namely internal factors and external factors a) internal factors in law number 11 of 2012 concerning the juvenile criminal ju stice system in article 6 paragraph (a), one of the objectives of implementing diversion is to achieve peace. article 8 of law number 11 of 2012 concerning the juvenile criminal justice system explains that: 1) the diversion process is carried out through deliberation involving children and their parents/guardians, victims and/or their parents/guardians, community advisors, and professional social workers based on a restorative justice approach. 2) if necessary, the deliberation as referred to in paragraph (1) may involve social welfare workers, and/or th e community. 3) the diversion process must pay attention to: 4) victim's interest 5) child welfare and responsibility p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 21-26 25 6) avoidance of negative stigma 7) retaliation avoidance 8) community harmony and 9) propriety, decency, and public order to achieve peace in the deliberations on the settlement of children's cases involving both parties and all the elements involved in the diversion settlement, the role of the judge as a facilitator in controlling the course of the diversion deliberations in court is crucial.(imron rizki, safrin salam, 2019) article 53 paragraphs (2), (3), (4), (5) and (6) of the juvenile criminal justice system law provide an explanation that: judges are obliged to seek diversion no later than seven days after being appointed by the head of the district court as judge . (3) the diversion as referred to in paragraph 2 is carried out for a maximum of thirty days. (4) the diversion process can be carried out in the mediation room of the district court. (5) in the event that the diversion process is successful in reaching an agreement, the judge submits the minutes of the diversion along with the diversion agreement to the head of the district court for an agreement to be made.(nur dahniar, safrin salam, 2021) (6) in the event that diversion is not successful, the case will proceed to the trial stage. in accordance with the results of interviews with juvenile judges at the pasarwajo district court, it was explained that the resolution of children's cases i n t h e district court through the diversion of the role of the facilitator was very decisive. b) external factor implementation of diversion in the pasarwajo district court, externally there are still obstacles, namely: 1) due to the issue of sanctions, children in conflict with the law can be resolved through diversion if the th re a t of imprisonment must be below 7 years (article 7 paragraph (a) uusppa). 2) due to the age issue, in the event that the child is not yet 12 years old, commits or is suspected of committing a criminal act, the investigator, community counselor and community social worker take the decision to return the child to the parent/guardian for guidance (article 21 paragraph 1 (a) uusppa) . 3) the non-fulfillment of the requirements to be appointed as a judge in a child case in a district court (article 43 paragraph 2 (abc uusppa). in the event that the diversion is not successful, the case will proceed to the trial stage (article 25 paragraph 6 of the uusppa). 4. conclusion settlement of children's cases that come into contact with the law in district courts through the application of diversion in realizing restorative justice, the role of the facilita tor is very decisive to reach a diversion agreement. in article 5 paragraph (4) perma number 4 of 2014 concerning guidelines for implementing diversion in the juvenile criminal justice system, it provides an explanation of the efforts that the diversion facilitator must take so that peace can be created between the two parties and all those related to the issue of the case. children sit together as a family looking for a just solution by emphasizing the restoration to its original state. in 2020, the pasarwajo district court with the technique and method of the facilitator was able to real i ze 5 cases of children in the diversion agreement. reference ananda, f. 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(2017). tinjauan yuridis terhadap pemenuhan hak-hak anak di lembaga pemasyarakatan kl a s i a makassar. jurnal hukum volkgeist, 2(1), 71–81. jurnal hukum volkgeist https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v6i2.1800 vol. 6 no.2, june 2022 147 ius constituentum election courts in indonesia ahead of national simultaneous elections taufik firmanto1*, sukirman1 1sekolah tinggi ilmu hukum muhammadiyah bima, indonesia *correspondence: taufik.f12@gmail.com article history abstract received: 06.01.2022 accepted: 23.06.2022 published: 30.06.2022 prior to the implementation of national simultaneous elections in indonesia, ius constituents of the election court. the purpose of this research is to examine the election court's ius constituendum in indonesia, precisely how this special court is based on the ptun environment and is placed in each province capital. this study employs normative juridical research, which is concerned with applying rules or norms in positive law. with a legal perspective (statute perspective), a conceptual perspective (conceptual perspective), and a case perspective (case approach). the results of this study show that the institution of a special election court/election in line with the democratic rule of law principles is necessary, as indicated by the following options: establishment of a special election court/election inside the administrative court, to be known as the election court. the administrative court houses this special court, which is located in each province's capital. this court has the jurisdiction to hear and determine election results disputes, election/pilkada crimes, and analyze and adjudicate election administration/election disputes. the administrative court houses this special court, which is located in each province's capital. this court has the jurisdiction to hear and determine election results disputes, election/pilkada crimes, as well as to analyze and adjudicate election administration/election disputes. the administrative court houses this special court, which is located in each province's capital. this court has the jurisdiction to hear and determine election results disputes, election/pilkada crimes, as well as to analyze and adjudicate election administration/election disputes. keywords: ius constituentum, electoral court, simultaneous selection. article licence copyright © 2022 the author(s): this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution sharealike 4.0 international (cc by-sa 4.0) 1. introduction indonesia is the world's third-biggest democracy, behind the united states and india (nuna & moonti, 2019). indonesian legal rules have not yet established clear regulations on state institutions.(putra & muhram, 2021) one evidence of democracy's reality is the periodic conduct of general elections (pemilu) and regional head elections (pilkada), which are conducted following the ideals of direct, general, free, secret, honest, and fair (luber jurdil). the indonesian election law is regulated in the constitution, so it is legally supported.(syailendra anantya prawira, 2019) according to titi anggraini, the 2019 indonesian simultaneous election was the most complex election in history. in 2019, the election drew over 193 million voters to the country's 809 thousand voting locations. while overseas, 2,326 mobile ballot boxes (ksk) with 426 stations are available (zulkarnaen et al., 2020). the 2019 election is intended to elect the president, dpr, dpd, provincial dprd, and regency/city dprd., this causes complex problems, tiredness, and a heavy task are created. no less than hamdan zoelva, chairman of the constitutional court of the republic of indonesia (mkri) from 2013 to 2015, emphasized the complexities of the next indonesian elections in 2019. similarly, the lowy agency, an australian-based research institute, stated that indonesia's 2019 elections were among the most challenging and amazing in the world due to their vast magnitude and completion in a single day. there are up to 193 million voters in this election, making it the most in history regarding directly choosing the president. similarly, the lowy agency, an australian research institute, stated that the 2019 elections in indonesia were among the most challenging and remarkable in the world due to their vast magnitude and completion in a single day. there are up to 193 million voters in this election, making it the most in history regarding directly choosing the president. similarly, the lowy agency, an australian research institute, stated that the 2019 elections in indonesia were among the most challenging and https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v6i2.1800 mailto:taufik.f12@gmail.com p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 2: 147-155 148 remarkable in the world due to their vast magnitude and completion in a single day (zulkarnaen et al., 2020).there are up to 193 million voters in this election, making it the most in history regarding directly choosing the president. the indonesian nation faces the political year 2024 when the general election commission (kpu-ri) certifies that the country will hold simultaneous national and regional head elections. this is, of course, more intriguing, as it will integrate all election kinds, including presidential, legislative, and general. however, the installation of pilkada took one year. moreover, simultaneous elections of five (five) boxes resulted in weariness and an increased workload, resulting in mortality; according to kpu data, 894 police died and 5,175 officers were ill (mubarok, 2020). this becomes more difficult when the pilkada's stages are filled with the 5 (five) box elections added to the mix. including the issue of problem complexity, heavy workloads, debates, and other discourses that are consuming the nation's energy, there is the issue of the absence of an election court, as mandated by law no. 8 of 2015 concerning the stipulation of government regulations in lieu of law number 1 of 2014 concerning the election of governors, regents, and mayors to become laws in conjunction with law no. 10 of 2016 concerning the second amendment to law number 1 of 2015 concerning stipulation of government regulations in lieu of law number 1 of 2014 concerning the election of governors, regents, and mayors to become laws , as stated in article 157 of the law aquo: first, election-related disputes are investigated and adjudicated by a special national court. second, prior to executing the national simultaneous election, the special constitutional court referred to in paragraph (1) is created. third, disputes regarding the determination of vote acquisition results from elections are evaluated and adjudicated by the constitutional court until a separate judicial body is established. fourth, election participants may petition the constitutional court to annul the provincial kpu's and regency/municipal kpu's decision of vote count results. based on article 157, the author is of the opinion that establishing a special election judiciary becomes a communal assignment to be accomplished before the 2024 national simultaneous general election. even though the mandate for its establishment is mentioned in the pilkada law, the special judicial body must be understood broadly as an electoral court in a constitutional way and in line with the community's legal demands. the homework assignment is to build this unique judicial body before the 2024 national simultaneous general election. however, in addition to the law's purpose and the possibility to establish the election court, some flaws act as roadblocks in our path. for example, according to article 27 of law 48 of 2009 on judicial power, a special court (election) may be established only in one of the judicial environments subordinate to the supreme court, where provisions governing the establishment of a special court must be regulated by law; in other words, the formation of a new court may be established only following the act. similarly, as reiterated by article 28 of legislation 48 of 2009 about judicial power, the authority (competence), position, organization, and procedural law of this election court in the future must be controlled by law. the provisions requiring the establishment of a court following the law were then juxtaposed with the indonesian legislative body's (dpr-ri) counter-productive action in ejecting the election bill from the prolegnas. it is known that the dpr ri's legislation body (baleg), in collaboration with the regional representatives council (dpd) and government representatives, namely the ministry of law and human rights, issued a revision to the law on general elections (ruu election) as part of the 2021 priority national legislation program (prolegnas). the removal of the election bill from the priority prolegnas for 2021 ensures that presidential, parliamentary, and regional elections will occur concurrently in 2024. another consequence is the "impossibility" of establishing a "special election court," as this court's establishment should be included in the election law. the legislative institutions' refusal to revise the election law also creates another issue: the critical constitutional dispute on the status of pilkada in the indonesian constitutional system remains unresolved. article 22e paragraph (2) of the republic of indonesia's 1945 constitution (uud nri) stipulates, in part, that "general elections are held to elect members of the people's representative council, regional representative council, president and vice president, and regional people's representative council." however, there is no mention of pilkada in the aquo article, which is found in article 18 of the 1945 constitution of the republic of indonesia, leading numerous parties to assert that "pilkada is not an election," as a separate chapter of the constitution governs it. p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 2: 147-155 149 this confusion, of course, reflects the ambiguity of indonesian election law's political direction, the ambiguity of its formation standards, where there has been no agreement on the nomenclature (name of the institution), the form, institutionalization, and jurisdiction of this special court until now. it is unclear if this special court will take the shape of an election court or a pilkada court, or whether this special court would resolve the conflict between the general election and the pilkada. the legal truth is that the pilkada law contains an order establishing a special court aquo. the mandate to form those above "special judicial body" is based on article 157 paragraphs (1) and (2) of law no. 10 of 2016 concerning the second amendment to law number 1 of 2015 concerning stipulation of government regulations in lieu of law number 1 of 2014 concerning the election of governors, regents, and mayors to become laws. if you look to the law, what is intended is establishing a pilkada court, not an electoral court. this point is reinforced further by the fact that election law no. 7 of 2017 does not contain an order establishing a special court. this is hampered by the political constellation of legislation, in which the dpr-ri has stated that it would not amend the election law until 2021. furthermore, the current state of affairs is that there are multiple agencies/institutions involved in resolving election/pilkada disputes; at least five bodies/institutions have the authority to adjudicate, either due to the judiciary's level or since the judicial environment exists. due to judicial environment factors or delegated authority, the following courts have jurisdiction: the constitutional court for disputes over results, the special judiciary agency for disputes over regional election results, the district courts for criminal elections and regional elections, and the administrative court for administrative disputes over elections and regional head elections (rizwan & hidir, 2019). at this point, the indonesian nation's democratic process is confronted with two vexing issues: first, the necessity of establishing an election court before 2024, and second, the constitutional question of whether the mkri can continue adjudicating disputes over election results in 2024, despite the constitutional court's decision number 97/puu-xi/2013 concerning the review of law number 12 of 2008 concerning the second amendment to law number 32 of 2004 concerning regional government and law number 48 of 2009 concerning judicial powers article 236c of law no. 12 of 2008 and article 29 paragraph (1) letter c law no. 48 of 2009 contrary to article 1 paragraph (3), article 22e paragraph (2), article 24c paragraph (1) of the 1945 constitution, which states in decision number 1 that: "the provisions of article 236 letter c of law number 12 of 2000 apply." the constitutional court ruled in a ruling dated january 16, 2014, that its institution no longer has the competence to evaluate and judge complaints concerning regional election results. this is because the constitutional court considers pilkada to be a part of the local government regime, not the electoral regime. therefore, the constitutional court loses its ability to evaluate and resolve disputes over election results by repealing these rules. the year 2024 is approaching, and time is running out, which means that preparation time is becoming increasingly limited as the phases of the 2024 national simultaneous elections get underway. according to ahmad doli kurnia tanjung, head of the house of representatives commission ii, the early steps of the 2024 simultaneous elections began in january 2022. additionally, the golkar party official declared that his party has decided on the february 21, 2024, legislative election and presidential election. meanwhile, on november 27, 2024, simultaneous regional elections will be place. constitution's ius constituendum establishing a special independent judiciary to adjudicate disputes over regional head election results is a critical matter that must be addressed immediately to bolster the pilkada's existence and ensure electoral justice based on pancasila and the 1945 constitution of the republic of indonesia. thus far, it is debatable whether it is necessary or not to form a court. the specific problem of resolving electoral and municipal election issues continues to be a point of contention. indeed, one of the criteria for a democratic election or regional head election is the existence of a law enforcement system and a mechanism for resolving election disputes fairly and expeditiously (rosanti, 2020). ius constituendum is a legal concept about the formation of an electoral court in indonesia, particularly in advance of the 2024 national simultaneous elections. this is also an attempt to demonstrate to the public that significant obstacles impede efforts to establish a special court. the issue is not merely a technical-political one, as the dpr-reluctance ri's to amend the election law, which allows for the establishment of a special court through amendments to the law, but also a fundamental constitutional issue concerning the mk's authority to adjudicate disputes over regional election results. it is hoped that this scholarly oration would result in an offer of legal clarity about the formation of a special election court in indonesia. p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 2: 147-155 150 2. methodology this study employed normative juridical methodology. that is, it examines the application of rules or standards in positive law (irwansyah, 2021). the ontology aspect of the object of study in legal science is the norms.(salam, 2020) additionally, this study is to compile a database of positive legislation, identify legal principles and doctrines, synchronize existing laws and regulations, and conduct research via the evaluation, examination, and exploration of diverse existing literature (irwansyah, 2021), data collection techniques are carried out by means of interviews and read scientific books, magazines, newspapers and other readings related to research (mustika & salam, 2021). this study employs a statute-based method, a conceptual-based approach, and a case-based approach. the statute approach is carried out to examine all laws and all matters related to the legal issues faced. by taking a conceptual system and examining the views and doctrines that develop within the field of legal science, researchers will discover ideas that contribute to the understanding of legal concepts and legal principles that are pertinent to the legal issues surrounding the judicial constituency ius general election in indonesia prior to the holding of a simultaneous national election. by utilizing secondary legal documents that provide context for core legal materials, such as draft legislation, research findings, and legal circles' work. the researchers will identify concepts and principles of law pertinent to the legal difficulties confronting the electoral court in indonesia in the run-up to the holding of simultaneous national elections. by utilizing secondary legal documents that provide context for core legal materials, research findings, and legal circles' work. the researchers will identify concepts and principles of law pertinent to the legal difficulties confronting the electoral court in indonesia in the run-up to the holding of simultaneous national elections. by utilizing secondary legal documents that provide context for core legal materials, such as research findings, and legal circles' work (irwansyah, 2021). 3. result and dsicussion 3.1 prior to indonesia's national simultaneous elections, ius constituentum election courts ius constituendum refers to future legislation or envisioned legal ideal. this is a legal ideal in the management of state life that has not yet been formalized via legislation or other statutory rules. this might refer to the draft law (ruu) now under discussion between the dpr and the government, or it could refer to other draft laws and regulations. although the rules have not yet taken effect, they are expected to do so in the future. additionally, it should be emphasized that the ius constituendum encompasses all norms and concepts incorporated/regulated within the constitution (uud nri 1945). however, positive operational legislation has not consistently governed it (in statutory regulations). this contains the legal concepts underlying the establishment of an indonesian special election court. in terms of timing, article 157 paragraph (2) of law number 10 of 2016 states: "a special judicial body is established before the execution of simultaneous national elections." meanwhile, article 201 paragraph 8 of the same law states that "national simultaneous voting for governor and deputy governor, regent and deputy regent, as well as mayor and deputy mayor across the territory of the unitary state of the republic of indonesia, will take place in november 2024." additionally, the time restriction for establishing a special judicial body "before the execution of simultaneous national elections" regularly modifies its composition. previously, the 'national simultaneous election' that became the deadline for establishing a special judicial body was set for 2027. this provision, however, was amended following the aquo law, where article 201 paragraph (8) of law number 10 year 2016 states: "national simultaneous voting in the election of governor and deputy governor, regent and deputy regent, as well as mayor and deputy mayor throughout the territory of the unitary state of the republic of indonesia in november 2024." according to indonesian law's political constellation, provisions for the simultaneous national elections scheduled for november 2024 are still likely to alter (wahjono, 1991). since 2014, the procedures for conducting the regional head elections have been highly dynamic, accelerating in response to the dpr's major currents of politics and legislation. the following table illustrates the dynamics of various settings: p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 2: 147-155 151 table 1. shifting the arrangement of pilkada implementation and election dispute settlement court no legal basis description 1 law no. 22 of 2014 concerning the election of governors, regents, and mayors a election by dprd b dispute resolution through general courts. 1. direct election; 2. disputes over the results of the election of governors as well as disputes over the results of the election of regents and mayors at the pt level and can submit an objection request to the supreme court 2 perpu no. 1 of 2014 concerning the election of governors, regents, and mayors article 159; a settlement of disputes over election results is handled by ad hoc judges at the pt determined by the supreme court. b the supreme court has determined 4 (four) pts to handle election disputes that are spread throughout indonesia. 1) direct election; 2) disputes on the results of the election of governors as well as disputes over the results of the election of regents and mayors at the pt level and can submit an objection request to the supreme court whose decision is final and binding and no other legal remedies can be taken. 3 law no. 1 of 2015 concerning the stipulation of government regulation in lieu of law number 1 of 2014 concerning the election of governors, regents, and mayors to become law a direct election; b the setting for the "special pilkada judicial body" appears; c a special judicial body is formed before the implementation of the simultaneous national elections; d cases of dispute over election results are examined and tried by the constitutional court until a special judicial body is formed; e national simultaneous voting will be held on the same day and month in 2027. 4 law no. 8 of 2015 concerning amendments to law number 1 of 2015 concerning stipulation of government regulations in lieu of law number 1 of 2014 concerning the election of governors, regents, and mayors to become laws 1. direct election; 2. the arrangement of the "special election judiciary agency" is maintained; 3. the projection of the simultaneous national elections is brought forward to the date and month of november 2024. 5 law no. 10 of 2016 concerning the second amendment to law number 1 of 2015 concerning stipulation of government regulations in lieu of law number 1 of 2014 concerning the election of governors, regents, and mayors to become laws according to the table above, there appears to have been a shift in the scheduling of the concurrent regional elections and an increase in the ambiguity surrounding the institution for resolving disputes over regional election results. this has exacerbated the insecurity surrounding electoral law enforcement in indonesia. although, on the one hand, there is a demand that elections/elections in indonesia be conducted democratically in order to foster a healthy level of competition, high public participation, and representation, as well as a fair and p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 2: 147-155 152 legal mechanism for accountability and dispute resolution, elections/elections should occasionally be held in a higher quality. according to future projections, this special judicial body will be able to function during the execution of the simultaneous national elections scheduled for 2024, however, there is no assurance that the statistics for that year would be consistent. this is reflected in the process of holding the 2019 simultaneous elections, which has been dubbed "the most complicated in the world". the election has resulted in many problems including election logistics issues, the complexity of the dpt problem, the workload of kpps, which has resulted in illness and death, the sinking of information about legislative candidates, and the loss of the right to vote for indonesian citizens living abroad, so it is deserving (ardipandanto, 2019). 3.2 ideal level for establishing a special election court in indonesia the mandate to establish a special judicial authority with the competence to adjudicate disputes over regional election results should be carried out within a complete framework of thought. how are the institutional structure, authority's competence, and complexion of judges, as well as their jurisdiction, determined. according to the author, this special court should ideally be formed not only to resolve disputes over the results of regional elections, as required by article 157 of law number 10 of 2016, but also to serve as an election court authorized to resolve all disputes (process and results) relating to elections and regional elections, except for disputes over the results of elections for the dpr, dpd, president and vice president, and dprd, which remain the authoritive bodies. the establishment of the election court/pilkada will require a significant financial investment. however, based on the long-term legal investment, the election court/pilkada will provide legal alternatives for dealing with electoral cases, making them faster, cheaper, and more manageable while also providing legal certainty to all parties, as well as serve as a mechanism for establishing legal confidence toward a democratic legal state based on pancasila and the 1945 constitution of the republic. in specifically, referring to law number 48 of 2009 which gives authority to legislators to appoint the formation of a special judicial body, the position of a special court must be determined in one of the 4 (four) existing judicial environments, namely in the ptun environment.this is predicated on the notion that the election results dispute is an administrative matter involving the legitimacy of the kpu's judgment as an executive authority. if this special court is constituted, several factors must be examined, including learning and adopting the paradigm and procedure for resolving direct election disputes that the constitutional court has handled (affan, 2018). apart from the issue of legal incompletion, such the absence of laws and regulations (legal defects) or the absence of a special court to examine and adjudicate disputes over election results, the current empirical legal facts indicate that there is no recognition of authority. additionally, empirically, there have been multiple changes and adjustments in the institution charged with adjudicating and resolving disputes over the results of regional elections in this nation. this generates legal doubt and demonstrates the vagueness of the institutional, legal dispute resolution process for election results/elections. as a result, the authors suggest the following alternatives for institutionalizing electoral dispute resolution in indonesia: establishment of a special election court through establishing a special court inside the administrative court." this special court is located in each provincial capital and is charged with adjudicating and resolving disputes over the results of regional elections according to article 157 of law no. 8 of 2015 in conjunction with law no. 10 of 2016 and (election crimes/pilkada and also examines and adjudicates disputes over election process/administration/election). the constitutional argument refers to article 24 paragraph (2) of the 1945 constitution of the republic of indonesia, which states explicitly that judicial authority is exercised by a supreme court and a constitutional court. the embodiment of these provisions is found in article 27 paragraph (1) of law no. 48 of 2009 on judicial power, which states that "special courts may be established only in one of the judicial environments under the supreme court," implying that the establishment of a special court outside the supreme court is unconstitutional. another point of contention is the ineffectiveness of pilkada's dispute settlement process and the existing election paradigm, which is split at several points. at the ideal level, the court should have the authority to adjudicate electoral disputes. p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 2: 147-155 153 it must be recognized that the form of special election courts has still not established legal certainty and justice, such that the establishment of a special court for the settlement of election results that operates independently or as part of another judicial environment following indonesia's judicial powers (elcaputera, 2019). the positioning of the special election courts in the ptun environment, while also conferring authority on the special courts to adjudicate election/pilkada crimes, is supported by several legal principles, including the principle of simple, fast, and low-cost justice and the ius curia novit principle. in the law on judicial power, it is mandated that law enforcement in indonesia be swift, exact, straightforward, easy, and low cost. concerning the special court's competence, it must be established within the context of efforts to reform legal instruments about special election courts that were initially mandated to resolve disputes over the results of regional head elections and must be implemented immediately in order to increase the value and quality of democracy; this is not solely for political purposes and is aided by efforts to improve democracy's quality. democracy in order to ensure that elections are conducted fairly and lawfully. as a result, the power of this special election court must be broadened to include not just disputes over election results, but also other matters about the pilkada process itself. additionally, the author believes that this special judicial body's power should be expanded in the future to include disputes over the results of regional head elections and those involving electoral process/administrative problems, and even electoral crimes/elections. according to magdalena laurenzia seba, the development of this special court to deal with pilkada crimes was justified by the fact that pilkada had separate or specialized characteristics when compared to other criminal offenses. because only direct elections allow for pilkada crime. because the direct pilkada is conducted only every five years in indonesia, the pilkada crime occurs exclusively during that particular period. meanwhile, other types of crimes, such as robbery, murder, and corruption, might strike at any time (seba, 2017). as a result of this, the authors suggest that this special court be placed in each provincial capital with the jurisdiction to hear regent/mayor election disputes and governor election disputes in each province. this unique judicial body operates inside the ptun framework. this choice is justified by the fact that, historically, the handling of violations and the resolution of cases or disputes in elections/elections has been lengthy and convoluted, ignoring the principles of efficiency and effectiveness in the enforcement of election law, despite the fact that the general election requires a swift resolution to avoid potential loss of rights. to protect voters' and election participants' rights, as well as to avoid government disturbance. this special court has the competence to adjudicate at the first and final levels, and its rulings are convincing and binding, which means that binding force (verbindende kracht) is instantly created and has permanent legal force once it is proclaimed in a public plenary session. there are no alternative legal remedies available for this judgment, which is erga omnes (universal), and must be followed and immediately executed (self-executing) by all state administrative institutions, law enforcement authorities, and people. meanwhile, for total competence in the form of the court's ability to judge a case based on the object, substance, or topic of the disagreement, the researcher suggests that this special court be empowered to handle process disputes (administration), criminal actions, and result conflicts. even though it departs from the pilkada law by mandating only the formation of a judicial body to resolve disputes over election results, the researcher proposes that this judicial body be expanded into a special elections judiciary agency, with authority to resolve disputes over the electoral process (administration) pilkada, election crimes/elections, and disputes over election results (disputes over election results remain with the constitutional court). this special judicial body is not required to be empowered to investigate violations of the organizer's code of ethics; this jurisdiction remains with the dkpp. as a result of this option, bawaslu's function is reformed. through this special elections court, bawaslu's competence to adjudicate process problems must be examined and restored to the court. this special court has jurisdiction over procedural issues and electoral offences, as well as disagreements over election results. for electoral process (administrative) issues that occur as a result of harmful kpu administrative actions affecting the community or candidate pairs for regional heads. disputes of this nature can also develop as a result of regional head candidates violating kpu judgments, such as campaign period breaches. for problems arising as a result of state administrative decisions made by the election/pilkada organizing institution, the party experiencing disadvantage may promptly initiate an administrative case with this special court. likewise with situations that occur as a result of the regional head candidate's breaches of state administrative judgments. p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 2: 147-155 154 the special election court's procedural legislation is designed to be a law that controls the processes and procedures for the execution of the special court's powers. this procedural law is a formal law that serves to execute its substantive law, which is a component of the constitutional law that establishes the special court's power. as such, the presence of this procedural law is comparable to the existence of criminal process, civil procedure, and state administrative court procedural law. this procedural law is meant to be both a general procedural law that applies to all matters brought before the special judiciary agency and a specialized procedural law that applies to each of these authorities. thus, the special judiciary body's procedural law comprises the procedural law for election crimes, the procedural law for process/administrative disputes, and the procedural law for disputes over the regional head election results. the public is well aware that the supreme court's legal proceedings have been ongoing for an extended period of time. as is generally known, prior to 2008, the high court adjudicated the issue over the regency/city pilkada, while the supreme court adjudicated the governor's pilkada. this does not eliminate the possibility of the disagreeing parties pursuing legal remedies. election-related disagreements must be settled expeditiously. pilkada is a public office race that is still in its early phases. additionally, because pilkada is a process for filling government jobs, there should ideally be no open government positions. it is critical that it is enshrined in legislation and not delegated to lesser rules. according to aan eko widiarto's findings, current empirical practice in which the constitutional court regulates procedural law through a constitutional court regulation has at least three (three) flaws, namely: first, legal uncertainty (lex certa), second, violation of the hierarchy of laws and regulations. thirdly, the absence of legal order. (2019; aan eko widiarto). finally, how do you attract judges. this special court is composed of a chairperson, member judges, a secretary, and a registrar. the special court's chairperson shall be comprised of a chairperson and a maximum of two (two) deputy chairpersons. the president appoints judges from a list of applicants submitted by the minister of law and human rights, subject to confirmation by the supreme court chief justice. the president appoints the chairperson and deputy chairpersons from among judges suggested by the minister and approved by the chief justice of the supreme court. the chairperson, deputy chairperson, and judge are appointed for five (five) years and may be reappointed for one (one) additional term. the chairperson, deputy chairperson, and judge are all state authorities who exercise judicial authority in the pilkada disputes arena. to be appointed as this special judge, each candidate must meet the following requirements: a) indonesian citizens; b) at least 45 (forty five) years old; c) fear god almighty; d) loyal to pancasila and the 1945 constitution; e) have never been involved in activities that betrayed the unitary state of the republic of indonesia based on pancasila and the 1945 constitution or were involved in prohibited organizations; f) have expertise in the field of elections and have a law degree or other relevant degree; g) authoritative, honest, fair, and of impeccable behavior; h) have never been convicted of a criminal offense; and i) physically and mentally healthy. ad hoc judges are also hired as member judges to examine and decide specific pilkada dispute situations that require specialized competence. to be hired as an ad hoc judge, an individual must satisfy the standards outlined above. president as head of state appoints and dismisses ad hoc justices on the recommendation of the chief justice of the supreme court. each special court must have at least three (three) ad hoc judges. the statute regulates the procedure for recruiting ad hoc judges at the pilkada court. p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 2: 147-155 155 4. conclusion the authors offer the following possibilities for establishing a special election court/election in line with democratic rule of law principles: establishing a separate election/election court within the administrative court, with a unique name/nomenclature; election court. the administrative court houses this special court, which is located in each province capital. this court has the jurisdiction to hear and determine election results disputes, election/pilkada crimes, as well as to analyze and adjudicate election administration/election disputes. this special court must adopt a number of principles/principles that are appropriate for its purposes and authority. with regard to outcome disputes in particular, this special court has the competence to adjudicate at the first and final levels, with final and binding judgements. has perpetual legal effect once it is concluded in a public plenary session. there is no alternative legal remedy available for this judgment, which is erga omnes and must be followed and enforced directly (self-executing). this special court procedure code must be included into the act and not delegated to a subordinate regulation. references affan, i. (2018). menanti kehadiran pengadilan khusus pilkada. jurnal hukum kaidah: media komunikasi dan informasi hukum dan masyarakat, 17(3), 142–151. ardipandanto, a. (2019). kajian singkat terhadap isu aktual dan strategis. pusat penelitian badan keahlian dpr ri, 11(11), 25–30. elcaputera, a. (2019). kedudukan badan peradilan khusus perselisihan hasil pilkada berdasarkan undangundang dasar negara republik indonesia 1945. jurnal hukum sehasen, 2(1). irwansyah. (2021). penelitian hukum pilihan metode & praktik penulisan artikel. mirra buana media. mubarok, u. (2020). pendampingan manajemen resiko petugas panitia pemungutan suara (pps) dan kelompok penyelenggara pemungutan suara (kpps) desa bendosari, kecamatan kras, kabupaten kediri. guyub: journal of community engagement, 1(3), 179–190. mustika, r., & salam, s. (2021). implementation of state administrative court decisions: conception, and barriers. musamus law review, 3(2), 49–57. nuna, m., & moonti, r. m. (2019). kebebasan hak sosial-politik dan partisipasi warga negara dalam sistem demokrasi di indonesia. jurnal ius constituendum, 4(2). putra, l. m. r. z., & muhram, l. o. (2021). legal analysis of the establishment of a special electoral court as an independent state institution. jurnal hukum volkgeist, 6(1), 79–84. https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v6i1.1606 rizwan, m., & hidir, a. (2019). partisipasi masyarakat pada pilkada kabupaten karimun tahun 2015. jurnal online mahasiswa (jom) bidang ilmu sosial dan ilmu politik, 6(1), 1–16. rosanti, r. (2020). masa depan pemilihan kepala daerah pasca putusan mahkamah konstitusi nomor 55/puuxvii/2019. jispo: jurnal ilmu sosial dan ilmu politik, 10(1), 87–104. saifullah. (2015). tipologi penelitian hukum. media intelligence. salam, s. (2020). rekonstruksi paradigma filsafat ilmu : studi kritis terhadap ilmu hukum sebagai ilmu. ekspose: jurnal penelitian hukum dan pendidikan, 18(2), 885–896. https://doi.org/10.30863/ekspose.v18i2.511 seba, m. l. (2017). kajian yuridis terhadap tindak pidana pemilihan kepala daerah. lex administratum, 5(9). syailendra anantya prawira, a. d. (2019). election violation and election law enforcement in general election in indonesia. jurnal hukum volkgeist, 4(1), 25–34. wahjono, p. (1991). indonesia negara berdasarkan atas hukum. ghalia. zulkarnaen, f., adara, a. s., rahmawati, a., wartadiayu, l., & pamungkas, m. d. (2020). partisipasi politik pemilih milenial pada pemilu di indonesia. jurnal politikom indonesiana, 5(2), 55–63. https://doi.org/10.35706/jpi.v5i2.4554 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 5 issue 2, 2021 p-issn : 2528-360x, e-issn : 2621-6159 206 the institutional form of policyholder protection scheme in indonesia (a comparison study between indonesia, malaysia, and south korea) putri nurul hidayati1 abstract author’s information: this study is about the urgency of establishing a policyholder protection fund for policyholders and insurance companies in indonesia. the discussion in this study includes the urgency of establishing a policyholder protection fund in indonesia, the comparison study between indonesia, malaysia and south k o re a policyholder protection funds that can be applied in indonesia. the research method used is a normative juridical research method. the author concludes that the policyholder protection fund in indonesia should immediately be established. this is because many insurance companies have failed to pay and the policyholder protection fund can provide benefits to policyholders in the form of legal protection. the policyholder protection fund can also provide b enefits to the economic syste m in general. also, the form of the policyholder guarantee progra m that can be applied in indonesia is as an independent institution that is separate from the deposit insurance corporation. keywords: policy guarantee program, policy guarantee agency, deposit insurance corporation, insurance company, policy holder. 1 fa kulty of la w, university of indonesia ema il: (putrihydti@gma il.com ) article’s information: doi: https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v5i2.1 093 1. introduction the ultimate goal of a policy in a country is to achieve the welfare of the people, and the state has the responsibility to protect the nation and advance the general welfare (a junaedy ganie, 2013, p.23). article 53 of act no. 43 of 2014 regarding insurance (insurance law) states that the implementation of policyholder protection schemes is regulated by the law. law regarding the implementation of policyholder protection scheme as referred in article 53 of insurance law should be established no later than 3 (three) years since the enactment of the law. law insurance was enacted on october 17, 2014, so the law regarding the implementation of the policyholder protection scheme should have been established no later than october 17, 2017. however, until this time, the law has not been formed. article 53 of insurance law does not explicitly regulate the institution form of policyholder protection scheme. however, recently there is a discourse to establish the institution as an independent institution or an institution merged with dic. related to the discourse of policyholder protection scheme in the form of an independent institution through policy insurance corporation (hereinafter referred to lpp) is as delivered by financial service authority (hereinafter referred to ojk). as mandated by insurance law related to the establishment of the policyholder protection scheme, ojk, mailto:putrihydti@gmail.com mailto:putrihydti@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v5i2.1108 jurnal hukum volkgeist putri nurul hidayati 5(2): 206-215 207 as a regulator, is currently coordinated with the government to establish the policyholder protection scheme through lpp. ojk also has submitted the files to the government as a consideration for the establishment of lpp. based on the ojk statement, lpp is an independent institution and is not integrated with the deposit insurance corporation (hereinafter referred to dic) (hukumonline, 2017). meanwhile, related to the discourse of lpp merging with dic, dic stated that they are ready to hold concurrent duties if later they get an assignment to be an lpp. currently, the establishment of the institution is being prepared by the government through the ministry of finance. nevertheless, dic stated that the existence of legal protection is needed (cnn indonesia, 2020). the chairman of the board of commissioners, halim alamsyah, stated that until this time, dic functions as the deposit insurance according to the regulation applied. however, it does not rule out the possibility if, in the future, the government and house of representatives decide to merge the policy insurance to dic (monica wareza, cnbc indonesia, 2020). the institutional form of policyholder protection schemes in other countries is actually also diverse. there are countries with lpp as an independent institution, and there are countries with a policyholder protection scheme that is integrated with dic in the countries. in this study, the discussion will be focused on the countries with a policyholder protection scheme that is integrated with dic. the countries intended are malaysia and south korea. the analysis of the study includes the position of policyholder protection scheme in the laws and regulations of indonesia and the analysis related to the expansion of the dic function as the policy insurance by comparing the provisions of malaysia and south korea. 2. methodology in doing research, the writer uses the doctrinal research method, which is research that provides systematic exposure to regulations that govern certain legal categories, analyzes the relationship between regulations, explains areas that experience obstacles, and even predicts future developments. normative law research uses normative legal case studies in the form of products of legal behavior, for example reviewing draft laws. the subject of the study is the law which is conceptualized as a norm or rule that applies in society and becomes a reference for everyone's behavior. so that normative legal research focuses on an inventory of positive law, legal principles and doctrines, legal findings in cases in concreto, legal systems, legal synchronization levels, legal comparisons, and legal history (abdulkadir. 2004, h. 52). sources of legal materials used in this study include primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. primary legal materials include laws and regulations. secondary legal materials include related literature in the form of books, scientific journals, articles in news, and articles on the internet. as well as tertiary legal materials which include legal dictionaries. this study uses a qualitative approach, namely analyzing and processing data based on the researcher's understanding of the data or information obtained which is then narrated to obtain research conclusions. qualitative methods put more emphasis on observing phenomena and examining the substance of the meaning of these phenomena. the analysis and sharpness of qualitative research greatly affect the strength of the words and sentences used. therefore, basri (2014) concludes that the focus of qualitative research is on the process and the meaning of the results. qualitative jurnal hukum volkgeist putri nurul hidayati 5(2): 206-215 208 research attention is more focused on human elements, objects, and institutions, as well as the relationship or interaction between these elements, in an effort to understand an event, behavior, or phenomenon (mohamed. 2010). 3. result and discussion 3.1 the position of policyholder protection scheme in the laws and regulations of indonesia the legal basis related to the policyholder protection scheme is regulated in article 53 of insurance law (negara kesatuan republik indonesia, 2014) . article 53 paragraph (1) of insurance law stated that the insurance companies are required to be a participant of policyholder protection scheme. the provisions of article 53 paragraph (3) of insurance law regulated that when the policyholder protection scheme is valid based on the law, then the provisions regarding the guarantee fund are stated as invalid for the insurance companies and the sharia insurance companies. article 53 paragraph (4) of insurance law regulates that regulation concerning policyholder protection scheme is formed no later than 3 years since the enactment of insurance law. based on the provisions of article 20 paragraph (3) of insurance law (negara kesatuan republik indonesia, 2014), because until this time, due to the absence of a policyholder protection scheme, the provisions regarding the guarantee fund apply. the definition of a guarantee fund based on the provisions in article 1 no. 19 is the wealth of insurance companies, shariah insurance companies, reinsurance companies, or shariah reinsurance companies. the guarantee fund has function as the final guarantee to protect the interests of the policyholder, the insured, or the participant in the case that insurance companies, shariah insurance companies, reinsurance companies, and shariah reinsurance companies are liquidated. the guarantee fund is one of the criteria or requirements for the insurance companies to get business licenses. this is as regulated in article 8 paragraph (2) of insurance law (negara kesatuan republik indonesia, 2014). article 20 paragraph (1) of insurance law also regulated the obligation of insurance companies, sharia insurance companies, reinsurance companies, and shariah reinsurance companies to form the guarantee fund. according to the provisions of article 20, paragraph (2) of insurance law, the amount of the guarantee fund must be adjusted along with the business development of an insurance company. based on the provisions of article 20 paragraph (3) of insurance law, the guarantee fund cannot be collateralized or encumbered with any rights. the explanation of article 20 of insurance law states that the aim of establishing a guarantee fund is to provide a guarantee for the replacement of part or all of the rights of the policyholder, the insured, or participant in the case that company must be liquidated. therefore, the guarantee fund is an effort to provide protection to the policyholder or the insured. the provisions regarding the guarantee fund are also intended so that the guarantee fund can return part or all of the rights of the policyholder, the insured, or the participant when the company is liquidated can be ascertained. in line with the explanation of article 20, which states the benefits of the guarantee fund for the policyholder, insured, or participants, the indonesian life insurance association (aaji) stated the benefits of the policyholder protection scheme jurnal hukum volkgeist putri nurul hidayati 5(2): 206-215 209 if it is formed. aaji expects that by the policyholder protection scheme, the community increasingly trusts the insurance company and also obtain certainty about policy as dic guarantees bank customer deposits (hukum online, 2017). the objectives of establishing a policyholder protection scheme or policy insurance corporation are as follows: a. giving the legal protection for the policyholder or insured legal protection is basically protection for human right s harmed by other people, and the protection is given to the community so that they can enjoy all the rights provided by the law. of course in this protection also think about the principle of dispute resolution, it is important to determine the choice of forum (choice of forum) (salam, 2017). in the form of court institutions, arbitration institutions, or alternative dispute resolution institutions that are authorized for settlement. legal protection can also be defined as all legal efforts that must be carried out by the law enforcement officers to the community to create a sense of security, either physically or mentally, from distractions and various threats from any party (rahardjo, 1993). basically, the protection of policyholder or insurance insured already exists in the indonesian laws and regulations, such as in the civil code (kuhperdata) and commercial code (kuhd). the provisions in civil code related to the protection for the policyholder or insurance insured are referred to article 1321 to article 1329 of the (negara kesatuan republik indonesia, n.d.). in which the policyholder who feels that the insurance agreement contains error, coercion, and deception from the insurer, then he/she can submit the request for the cancellation of the insurance agreement to the court (man suparman, 2013, p. 10). furthermore, the protection toward the policyholder or insured is also reflected in the provisions of article 1267 of the civil code. if the insurer is obliged to provide compensation in accordance with the provisions agreed by each party, but the insurer evidently has the defaults, the insured can claim compensation and interests. furthermore, the protection toward the policyholder or insured is also reflected in commercial code. article 245 of the commercial code, which prohibits the parties in the insurance agreement, states to release things that are required by the provisions of law to be implemented or the things that have been strictly prohibited. however, the existence of a policy insurance corporation is also needed to protect the interests of policyholders, especially the individual or non-professional policyholders, if the insurance company goes bankrupt. the fund is expected to function as the ultimate safety net for the policyholder when bankrupt occurs, despite all possible surveillance measures. b. increasing the public trust in the insurance industries the insurance industry is established on public trust in insurance companies, in which this is vulnerable. a policyholder protection scheme can help maintain public trust in the insurance business and, therefore, help maintain health industry development. as mentioned before, insurance has a specific quality of trust. mutual trust between the parties who have a big role in holding the agreement. (man suparman, 2012, p.9): “verzekering heeft een bijzander vertrouwens karakter, het onderling vetrouwen tussen de partijen speelt een grote rol” c. the development of a competitive market jurnal hukum volkgeist putri nurul hidayati 5(2): 206-215 210 the establishment of a policyholder protection scheme or lpp can contribute to the development of a competitive market. the policyholder protection scheme can support the dynamics in the development of a competitive market (takahiro yasui, 2001). 2.2 the expansion of the function of deposit insurance corporation as the policy insurance the house of representatives of the republic of indonesia (dpr ri) states that currently, the government is preparing the design for the establishment of lpp through the policy insurance bill. the bill includes into national legislation program (prolegnas) 2020-2024. the background that underlies the drafting of the policy insurance bill is to carry out the provisions of insurances law and is based on the condition of financial problems faced by the insurance companies, such as jiwasraya and ajb bumiputera. the dpr ri also stated that currently, the government needs to carefully consider the appropriate institutional form for the policyholder protection scheme. as part of dic or independent institution. this is because the decision regarding the institutional form of policyholder protection scheme will also have implications for the requirements of substantial funding for human resources, operational, and the initial capital of the insurance. 1. regulations regarding deposit insurance corporation (dic). as previously mentioned that there is a discourse to expand the function of dic as lpp. here are the legal bases and regulations regarding dic in indonesia: a. act no. 9 of 2019 regarding the financial system crisis prevention and management (negara kesatuan republik indonesia, 2016), article 1, number 11 of act no. 9 of 2016 elaborates the definition of dic, in which dic is an institution as referred to in the law regarding dic. b. act no. 21 of 2011 regarding financial service authority (law of malaysia act, 2011) similar to act no. 9 of 2016, act no. 21 of 2011 in article 1 number 14 also elaborates the definition of dic, which is an institution as referred to in the law regarding dic. c. the determination of government regulation in lieu of law no. 3 of 2008 concerning the amendments to act no. 24 of 2004 (negara kesatuan republik indonesia, 2008) regarding the deposit insurance corporation into law (dic law) the law regarding dic as referred in act no. 9 (negara kesatuan republik indonesia, 2016) and act no. 21 (law of malaysia act, 2011) are the determination of government regulation in lieu of law no. 3 of 2008 concerning the amendments to act no. 24 of (negara kesatuan republik indonesia, 2008) regarding the deposit insurance corporation into law. article 2 paragraph (1) of dic law becomes the basis for the establishment of dic. article 2 paragraph (2) and (3) of dic law explains that dic is a legal entity and is the independent, transparent, and accountable institution in implementing the duties and authorities. there are two functions of dic as regulated in article 4 of dic law. the two functions are (1) to guarantee the deposit from the depositors and; (2) actively participate in maintaining the stability of the banking system in accordance with the authorities. article 5 paragraph (1) of dic law regulated that in implementing the functions related to the insurance of costumer deposit, dic has the duties to formulate and determine the policies for implementing deposit insurance. jurnal hukum volkgeist putri nurul hidayati 5(2): 206-215 211 meanwhile, in implementing the functions in maintaining the stability of the banking system, according to the provisions as referred to article 5 paragraph (1) dic law, dic has the duties to formulate and determine the policies to actively participate in maintaining the stability of banking system, formulating, determining, and implementing the resolution policies of failing bank that do not have a systemic impact; and implementing the handling of failing bank with systemic impact. 2. the function of deposit insurance corporation (dic) as the policy insurance the function of dic is a deposit insurer, and hence we need to discuss the definition of "deposit" itself and whether the policy includes in the "deposit" category. article 1, number 1 of the determination of government regulation in lieu of law no. 3 explains that the definition of the deposit is as regulated in the law concerning banking. article 1, number 5 of act no. 10 of regarding banking (banking law) mentioned the definition of deposit. it is a fund entrusted by the public to the bank based on the deposit agreement in the form of the current account, deposits, certificates of deposit, savings, or other equivalent forms (negara kesatuan republik indonesia, 2008). to answer whether the policy includes the definition of deposit, the definition of policy needs to be elaborated. basically, every agreement certainly needs a document. policy as a deed, in which its formality is regulated in law, has an important meaning for an insurance agreement. either at the initial stage of the agreement, as long as the agreement is valid, and during the implementation of the agreement (hartono, 1992). an insurance policy is an agreement made by the insurer, in which in this case is an insurance company and insured or policyholder. the definition of insurance policy in article 255 of the commercial code is mentioned that an insurance policy must be made in writing in a deed called policy. the policy is written evidence for the insurance agreement. the policy is also regulated in article 256 of the commercial code. ketut sendra defined policy as agreement evidence and contains various agreements along with the boundaries or exclusions and the agreed benefits (sendra, 2009). ali, (1993) defined an insurance policy as a document containing a contract between the insured party and its insurance company. the insurance policy states the rights and obligations of the parties who made the contract. briefly, an insurance policy is a document containing a contract between the insurance company and the insured party, in which the insurance policy states the rights and obligations of the parties who made the contract (sumarni & tayib, 2019). thus, it can be concluded that policy includes in the definition of "deposit" as referred to in banking law and the determination of government regulation in lieu of law no. 3 of 2008. due to the banking law mandates that policyholder protection scheme must be regulated by the law while the policy insurance is not the authority of dic, then if later dic is required to expand their authorities as to the policy insurance corporation, there must be a revision of dic law, which then becomes the legal protection for expanding its authority. 3. the merger of dic and lpp in malaysia and south korea a. malaysia deposit insurance corporation (pidm) the merger of lpp and dic also occurs in many other countries, such as malaysia and south korea. this merger is considered more efficient than establishing a new institution (rossiana, 2014). the institution that merges the function of dic as the policy insurance in malaysia is the malaysia deposit insurance corporation (hereinafter jurnal hukum volkgeist putri nurul hidayati 5(2): 206-215 212 referred to as pidm). pidm has the function to protect the deposit in the bank when there is a default in the bank and the benefit of takaful and insurance, the protection if there is a default in the insurance company (perbadanan insurans deposit malaysia, 2018). takaful is a participatory form of insurance based on risk sharing by customers on co‐operative principles instead of risk transfer to a third party, the company. the customers participate in the technical and investment surplus of insurance and reinsurance funds (oecd, 2010). the establishment of the takaful insurance industry in malaysia is due to the many needs of the muslim community for islamic alternatives to conventional insurance. it is also intended to complement the operation of the islamic banking system in malaysia. in 1984, the first takaful company was founded, syarikat takaful malaysia (norma, 2012). pidm is a malaysian government institution established in 2005 under the act regarding malaysia deposit insurance corporation (hereinafter referred to as pidm act). the legal basis for the establishment of pidm is the laws of malaysia act 642 malaysia deposit insurance corporation act 2005. pidm manages two financial consumer protection systems, deposit insurance system (dis), to protect the bank depositors, and tafakul & insurance benefits protection (tips) for the tafakul certificate and insurance policy owners. pdim also provides the incentive for good risk management in the financial system, promotes and contributes to the stability of the malaysian financial system (perbadanan insurans deposit malaysia, 2018). turn into the discussion regarding the policyholder protection scheme in malaysia through tips. tips is a system made by the malaysian government to protect the tafakul (in conjunction with shariah insurance in indonesia) certificate and insurance policy owners form the default of insurance company that is the member of pidm. tips began to be applied on december 31, 2010, and managed by pidm (perbadanan insurans deposit malaysia, 2018). the benefits of tips from pidm for the policyholder and insured are that pidm will protect against insurance loss if the insurance company has defaulted. the protection provided by the pdim applies automatically and does not require a registration process. moreover, the mechanism of pidm, especially tips, also provides benefit for the malaysia financial system, including: 1) can increase the public trust in malaysia financial system and protect the tafakul certificate and insurance policy owners against the loss of benefits; 2) pidm strengthens and completes the existing regulatory and supervisory framework by providing incentive for good risk management in the financial system; 3) pidm minimizes the cost for the financial system by finding the lowest cost solution to resolve non-eligible insurance members; 4) pidm contributes to the stability of the financial system by handling noneligible members of insurance companies immediately (perbadanan insurans deposit malaysia, 2018). in the initial pidm-related regulation, laws of malaysia act 642 malaysia deposit insurance corporation (law of malaysia act, 2005), there is an article discussing the scope of protection entitled "scope of coverage." in the article is elaborated that the deposit guaranteed by pidm include islamic deposits and jurnal hukum volkgeist putri nurul hidayati 5(2): 206-215 213 conventional deposits. the maximum return limit on deposit guaranteed by the pidm is 60,000 ringgit. in the act 2005, no article regulates the benefits for the insurance policyholders, either policy based on conventional insurance or shariah insurance. meanwhile, in the latest regulation, law of malaysia act 720 malaysia deposit insurance corporation act 2011 (law of malaysia act, 2011) in the part of scope or "scope of coverage" is divided into two major groups, the scope of coverage for deposits and scope of coverage for tafakul and insurance benefits protection. the scope of coverage for deposits is in accordance with the act 2005, the type of deposit protected includes the deposit in conventional bank and deposit in shariah bank. meanwhile, the scope of coverage for tafakul certificates and insurance policies provides protection for the insurance policyholder or insured, including: family takaful; general takaful; life insurance; and general insurance. b. korea deposit insurance corporation (kdic) kdic was established on june 1, 1996, after the enactment of the depositor protection act (dipa) on december 29, 1995. initially, kdi c was only the deposit insurance in the bank (similar to lps in indonesia), while there was a separate institution for the non-bank financial sector. the coverage was initially 20 million krw per depositor, but the financial instability due to the asian financial crisis in 1997 led the government to adopt the temporary coverage scheme. dpa was revised at the end of 1997, and hence the insurance fund that was initially separated was then merged into kdic in april 1998. currently, kdic guarantees not only the bank deposit but also the deposit by securities companies, insurance companies, commercial banks, mutual funds, savings banks, and credit unions. this creates a single, comprehensive, and integrated deposit insurance system designed to increase financial stability and ensure public trust in the financial system (kdic, n.d.). the transition was carried out to limited coverage of 50 million krw in 2001. the higher boundary was determined to ensure continued stability in financial markets. because the system is not insusceptible to moral hazard risk, kdic monitors the financial and non-financial risks from the insured financial institution carefully. although only operating for a relatively short time, this system has shown incredible growth and will continually give a positive contribution to financial stability through the implementation of various devices and policies designed to advance the deposit insurance system further (kdic, n.d.). based on the depositor protection act (dpa) no. 5042 of december 29, 1995, act as last revised with depositor protection act (dpa) no. 14242 may 29, 2016, stated that the aim of the enactment of depositor protection act (dpa) is to protect the customer deposit funds and maintain the financial stability when the financial institution has default due to bankruptcy and others. in the definition part of the depositor protection act (dpa) of 1995 is stated that the definition of "insured financial institution" is as follows: 1. banks banks protected by depositor protection act (dpa) include the korea development bank, the industrial bank of korea, the nh bank, suhyup bank, and foreign-owned branch or representative banks in south korea; 2. institutions engaged in the capital market ; it includes the securities trading intermediaries (broker), securities traders (dealer), and securities companies; 3. insurance companies. jurnal hukum volkgeist putri nurul hidayati 5(2): 206-215 214 depositor protection act (dpa) also explains the definition of "deposits" or insured deposits. deposits include money deposited in financial institutions and insurance premiums. kdic adopts the ex-ante funding system. international association of insurance supervisors (iais) explains two funding forms of the policyholder protection scheme in the countries as explained by iais, which is ex-ante funding and ex-post funding. iais defines ex-ante as "...with ex-ante funding arrangements, the insurance company pays the appraisal to collect and maintain the fund used if the insurance company has defaulted. with this method, the fund can be collected slowly” and define ex-post as "with the ex-post funding arrangements, the insurance company pays the appraisal after it has defaulted. with this method, the insurance company has access to funds until levies are required (iais, 2013) the funding of policyholder protection scheme in south korea through kdic is ex-antebased. besides, on an ex-ante basis, south korea requires non-life insurance companies to guarantee payment of the claim to the third parties connected with the compulsory insurance contract, such as auto insurance and pollution liability insurance, which is issued by the non-life insurance companies that have defaulted. the policyholder protection scheme of south korea through kdic can obtain the additional fund through the issuance of bonds and loans if needed to solve insurance company problems that have defaulted and obtain funds from several entities, including the government and bank of south korea (iais, 2013). the policyholder protection scheme in south korea can provide financial support in solving the life and non-life insurances. 3. conclusion policyholder protection scheme mandated by insurance law should have been established at least 3 (three) years since the enactment of insurance law, no later than october 17, 2017. currently, there is no legal protection for dic if dic wants to expand its functions as policy insurance. this is because the scope of duties and authorities of dic does not cover policy, and hence it is necessary to revise the dic law to expand the functions. the merger of lpp and dic is also found in other countries as malaysia deposit insurance corporation (pidm), with tafakul & insurance benefits protection, and south korea through korea deposit insurance corporation (kdic). references ali, h. (1993). pengantar asuransi. jakarta: bumi aksara. hartono, s. (1992). hukum asuransi dan perusahaan asuransi. jakarta: sinar grafika. hukum online. (2017). lembaga penjamin polis di harapkan segera terbentuk. iais. (2013). international association of insurance supervisors (p. 13). p. 13. kdic. (n.d.). the structure of deposit insurance. seoul: korea deposite insurance corporation. law of malaysia act. malaysia deposit insurance corporation act 2005. , (2005). law of malaysia act. (2011). malaysia deposit insurance corporation act 2011. negara kesatuan republik indonesia. kitab undang-undang hukum perdata. jurnal hukum volkgeist putri nurul hidayati 5(2): 206-215 215 negara kesatuan republik indonesia. penetapan peraturan pemerintah pengganti undang-undang nomor 3 tahun 2008 tentang perubahan atas undang-undang nomor 24 tahun 2004 tentang lembaga penjamin simpanan menjadi undangundang. , (2008). negara kesatuan republik indonesia. undang-undang nomor 40 tahun 2014 tentang perasuransian. , (2014). negara kesatuan republik indonesia. undang-undang tentang pencegahan dan penanganan krisis sistem keuangan. , (2016). norma, s. (2012). an analysis on the efficiency of takaful and insurance companies in malaysia: a non-parametric approach. jurnal review of integrative business & economics. oecd. (2010). the growing importance of takaful insurance. asia regional seminar organized by oecd and bank negara malaysia under the sponsorship of the government of japan. kuala lumpur. perbadanan insurans deposit malaysia. (2018). mandate. rossiana, g. (2014). lembaga penjamin polis tak miliki fungsi bailout. salam, s. (2017). analisis perjanjian kerjasama dan pola perbandingan penyelesaian sengketadi luar pengadilan. jurnal hukum volkgeist, 2(1), 86. sendra, k. (2009). klaim asuransi: gampang! (p. 50). p. 50. jakarta: badan mediasi dan arbitrase asuransi indonesia. sumarni, & tayib, a. (2019). polis asuransi jiwa sebagai jaminan untuk mendapatkan kredit pada perusahaan asuransi. unizar law review. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 pelaksanaan wewenang wakil presiden n dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan page 24 pelaksanaan wewenang wakil presiden n dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan oleh : bambang hermawan mahasiswa fakultas hukum universitas airlangga abstrak no details the authority owned by the vice president could potentially lead to legal uncertainty. whereas in the construction of the position incumbent of the position of the vice president has a position that is very fundamental research purposes in writing this is to know the authority of the vice president in the organization of the government and to knowing the implementation authority vice president in organizing the government. in this study the normative legal research using methods based on relevant legislation and other legal materials related to the substance of the research, then connected with problems in this research. research results show that the authority of the vice president is not set explicitly in the legislation. authority of the vice president are only found by analyzing the legislation. ' where there are 3 vice presidential authority: the authority of the vice president as the representative of the president, the powers of the vice president as president, the maid authority of the vice president as successor to the president whereas the implementation authority vice president subject to the authority of the source. source from authority of the attribution of the implementation authority vice president gained the authority directly by the 1945 constitution and its implementation without going through intermediaries. for the delegation of authority then the implementation authority in advance must there is a delegation of authority that has the force of law so that the execution of the authority of the vice-president can be strengthened by positive law in order to set up and defend it. keywords: authority, vice president, government a. pendahuluan negara indonesia merupakan negara hukum sebagaimana di sebutkan dalam pasal 1 ayat (3) undang undang dasar 1945 bahwa “negara indonesia adalah negara hukum”. penguatan atas negara hukum juga dinyatakan dalam pasal 1 ayat (2) yang dinyatakan bahwa, “kedaulatan berada di tangan rakyat dan dilaksanakan menurut undang-undang dasar”. hal inilah yang kemudian memberikan pengakuan bahwa dianutnya prinsip supremasi hukum dan konstitusi di indonesia. selain itu berdasarkan pasal tersebut, indonesia juga menganut prinsip demokrasi, sehingga dalam praktik ketatanegaraan indonesia prinsip demokrasi dan negara hukum dijalankan secara bersama-sama. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 pelaksanaan wewenang wakil presiden n dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan page 25 salah satu wujud dari penegakan demokra konstitusional adalah adanya pemilihan umum yang didasarkan undang-undang. pemilihan umum di indonesia diselenggarakan untuk memilih anggota dewan perwakilan rakyat, anggota dewan perwakilan daerah, presiden dan wakil presiden, dan dewan perwakilan rakyat daerah. berkenaan dengan hal tersebut, presiden dan wakil presiden merupakan jabatan yang dipilih secara langsung oleh rakyat dikarenakan presiden memegang kekuasaan eksekutif. presiden republik indonesia menurut pasal 4 ayat (1) undang undang dasar 1945 memegang kekuasaan pemerintahan negara menurut undang-undang dasar. inilah yang disebut sebagai prinsip “constitutional government” (jimly asshiddiqie, 2008:, hlm 327-328). makna pemilihan presiden dan wakil presiden dipilih dalam satu pasangan secara langsung oleh rakyat menggambarkan jabatan presiden dan wakil presiden adalah satu kesatuan pasangan dan merupakan satu kesatuan lembaga kepresidenan. dengan kata lain, keduanya merupakan dwi-tunggal. meskipun keduanya merupakan satu kesatuan intitusi kepresidenan, keduanya adalah dua jabatan konstitusional yang berbeda. karena itu, dapat diparadigmakan jabatan presiden dan wakil presiden merupakan dua organ yang tak terpisahkan tetapi dapat dan harus dibedakan satu sama lain.(jimly ashshiddiqie, 2006: hlm 129). dalam menjalankan tugasnya, presiden dibantu oleh seorang wakil presiden. hal tersebut dirumuskan dalam pasal 4 ayat (2) undang undang dasar 1945, yaitu “dalam melakukan kewajibannya, presiden dibantu oleh satu orang wakil presiden”.jika dikaji pasal 17 ayat (1) undang undang dasar 1945, juga ditentukan bahwapresiden dibantu oleh menteri-menteri negaradalam pasal 4 ayat (2) dan pasal 17 ayat (1) sama-sama memakai istilah “dibantu”. jika demikian berarti menurut undang undang dasar 1945, wakil presiden dan para menteri negara sama-sama merupakan pembantu presiden. padahal menteri negara menurut pasal 17 ayat (2) diangkat dan diberhentikan oleh presiden, sedangkan presiden dan wakil presiden menurut pasal 6a ayat (1) samasama dipilih dalam satu pasangan secara langsung oleh rakyat.(jimly ashshiddiqie, 2008: hlm 328) hal ini jelas mempunyai konsekuensi yang berbeda. politik hukum pengisian jabatan wakil presiden yang disatukan dengan mekanisme pengisian jabatan presiden merupakan hal yang sangat prinsipil. kemudian issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 pelaksanaan wewenang wakil presiden n dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan page 26 mengenai kedudukan dan kewenangan wakil presiden dalam negara yang menganut paham demokrasi konstitusional merupakan hal yang sangat fundamental. prinsip negara hukum menganalogikan setiap kewenangan dalam jabatan negara haruslah ditentukan melalui peraturan perundang-undangan sehingga menghindarkan dari praktik negara kekuasaan, termasuk kedudukan wakil presiden.menurut jimly ashsiddiqie, wakil presiden mempunyai lima kemungkinan posisi terhadap presiden, yaitu: (jimly ashshiddiqie, 2006: hlm 130). tidak jelasanya kewenangan yang dimiliki oleh wakil presiden berpotensi mengakibatkan ketidakpastian hukum. padahal dalam konstruksi kedudukan jabatan pemerintahan kedudukan wakil presiden memiliki kedudukan yang sangat fundamental. jika dikaji praktik pemerintah hasil pemilu presiden dan wakil presiden pasca amandemen undang undang dasar 1945, yakni periode pemerintahan susilo bambang yudhoyono-jusuf kalla, susilo bambang yudhoyono-boediono dan joko widodo-jusuf kalla belum memiliki landasan yuridis yang pasti mengenai apa saja yang menjadi kewenangan seorang wakil presiden dalam masa periode tertentu. hal tersebut memiliki dampak negatif dikarenakan potensi penyalahgunaan kekuasaan oleh seorang wakil presiden. kemudian penguatan prinsip negara hukum juga akan terhambat dari uraian latar belakang masalah di atas maka masalah yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana wewenang wakil presiden dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan dan bagaimanakah pelaksanaan wewenang wakil presiden dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan. adapun tujuan penelitian dalam tulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui wewenang wakil presiden dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan dan untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan wewenang wakil presiden dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan. b. metode penelitian dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif yang mengacu pada peraturan perundang-undangan yang relevan dan bahan hukum lain yang berhubungan dengan substansi penelitian, kemudian dihubungkan dengan pokok permasalahan dalam penelitian ini. pendekatan yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendeka perundang-undangan (statute aprroach), pendekatan konseptual issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 pelaksanaan wewenang wakil presiden n dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan page 27 (conseptual aprroach), pendekatan kasus (case aprroach) dan pendekatan komparatif (comparative aprroach)(peter mahmud marzuki, 2015: hlm 133). jenis bahan hukum dalam penelitian ini menggunakan dua jenis bahan hukum, yaitu bahan hukum primer dan bahan hukum sekunder. bahan hukum primer yaitu data yang terdiri dari peraturan perundang-undangan, catatan-catatan resmi atau risalah sidang pembentukan peraturan perundang-undangan, bahan hukum sekunder yaitu merupakan data yang di peroleh melalui wawancara yang di lakukan langsung dengan responden yang dapat mewakili beberapa sumber dalam hal ini adalah staf humas sekretariat wakil presiden dan beberapa pakar hukum. serta publikasi tentang bahan hukum yang bukan merupakan catatan resmi. publikasi tersebut meliputi bukubuku teks, kamus hukum, jurnal-jurnal hukum dan makalah hukum. teknik pengumpulan bahan hukum dalam penelitian ini ditempuh prosedur.studi kepustakaan (library research)studi kepustakaan adalah mengumpulkan data yang dilakukan dengan cara membaca, mengutip, mencatat dan memahami berbagai literatur yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan yang diteliti (zainuddin ali, 2011: hlm 176). c. hasil dan pembahasan 1. wewenang wakil presiden dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan wewenang dalam undang-undang no 30 tahun 2014 tentang administrasi pemerintahan dalam pasal 1 ayat 5 diatur bahwa “wewenang adalah hak yang dimiliki oleh badan dan/atau pejabat pemerintahan atau penyelenggara negara lainnya untuk mengambil keputusan dan/atau tindakan dalam penyelenggaran pemerintahan”(uu no 30 tahun 2014 tentang administrasi pemerintahan). dimana sumber wewenang secara teoritik, kewenangan yang bersumber dari peraturan perundang undangan diperoleh melalui tiga cara yaitu atribusi, delegasi, dan mandat (ridwan hr, 2013: hlm 101). mengenai atribusi, delegasi dan mandat ini penjelasannya sebagaimana telah dibahas sebelumnya dalam tinjauan pustaka sebagaimana dalam undang-undang nomor 30 tahun 2014 tentang administrasi pemeerintahan sebagai berikut: a. atribusi adalah pemberian kewenangan kepada badan/atau pejabat pemerintahan oleh undang-undang dasar negara republik indonesia tahun 1945 atau undangundang. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 pelaksanaan wewenang wakil presiden n dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan page 28 b. delegasi adalah pelimpahan kewenangan dari badan dan/atau pejabat pemerintahan yang lebih tinggi kepada badan dan/atau pejabat pemerintahan yang lebih rendah dengan tanggung jawab dan tanggung gugat beralih sepenuhnya kepada penerima delegasi. c. mandat adalah pelimpahan kewenangan dari badan dan/atau pejabat pemerintahan yang lebih rendah dengan tanggungjawab dan tanggung gugat tetap berada pada pemberi mandat. (uu no 30 tahun 2014 tentang administrasi pemerintahan) dari ketiga cara memperoleh kewenangan di atas, untuk kewenangan wakil presiden dalam sistem ketatanegaraan indonesia, tidak ada aturan khusus yang membahas mengenai wewenangnya. pengaturan terkait wewenang wakil presiden hanya diatur dalam undang-undang dasar 1945 dalam pasal 4 ayat 2 yang diatur bahwa “dalam melakukan kewajibannya presiden dibantu oleh satu orang wakil presiden”. terhadap hal ini tidak ada ukuran pasti terkait ukuran pembantuan wakil presiden kepada presiden. pendekatan terkait ukuran pemabantuan wakil presiden hanya dapat dilakukan dengan menafsirkan kalimat pasal 4 ayat 2 undang-undang dasar 1945. dimana secara leksiografi, kata “dibantu” berasal dari kerta kerja “bantu” yang dapat diartikan sebagai tolong, dari kata kerja “bantu” tersbut muncul kata kerja “membantu” yang berarti memberi sokongan (tenaga dan sebagainya) supaya kuat (kukuh, berhasil baik dan sebagainya) (kamus besar bahasa indonesia, 1999: hlm 91). sepadan dengan kata kerja menolong yang berarti 1. membantu untuk meringankan beban (penderitaan, kesukaran dan sebagainya); 2. membantu supaya dapat melakukan sesuatu; 3. melepaskan diri dari (bahaya, bencana dan sebagainya); 4. dapat meringankan (penderitaan dan sebagainya) (kamus besar bahasa indonesia, 1996: hlm 96). yang dimaksud “wakil” adalah kata benda yang berarti 1. orang yang dikuasakan menggantikan orang; 2. orang yang dipilih sebagai utusan negara; duta; 3. orang yang menguruskan perdagangan dan sebagainya untuk orang lain; 4. jabatan yang kedua setelah yang tersebut didepannya(kamus besar bahasa indonesia, 1996: hlm 1123). beranjak dari beberapa arti wakil tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa wakil presiden sama dengan orang yang dikuasakan menggantikan presiden dalam kondisis tertentu atau jabatan kedua setelah jabatan presiden. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 pelaksanaan wewenang wakil presiden n dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan page 29 dalam kamus hukum, kata “wakil” diartikan sebagai pengganti atau orang kedua yang dapat mengambil keputusan, (andi hamzah, 1986: hlm 627) sedangkan berdasarkan istilah yang digunakan dalam pasal 4 ayat 2 undang-undang dasar 1945 tersebut, yakni kata “dibantu” menunjuk pada kalimat pasif sehingga dapat dipahami bahwa presiden (secara pasif) dibantu oleh wakil presiden dalam melakukan kewajibannya. oleh karna itu, presiden wajib meminta bantuan wakil presiden dalam melaksanakan kewajibannya sedangkan wakil presiden berkewajiban membantu presiden. mengacu pada penafsiran leksiografis-terminologis tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa : 1. kata kerja “dibantu” berpadanan dengan kata kerja “ditolong”’, selanjutnya. 2. sifat dan bantuan wakil presiden tersebut adalah aktif dalam pelaksanaan kewajiban presiden. artinya wakil presiden wajib memberikan bantuannya demi terselenggaranya pelaksanaan tugas yang diemban presiden (dalam hal ini penyelenggaraan pemerintahan negara) 3. bentuk pembantuan dalam arti menolong; meringankan kewajiban presiden, agar pelaksanaan kewajibannya berhasil dengan baik.(mochammad isnaeni ramdhan, 2015: hlm 79). selain hal di atas sebagaimana disebutkan dalam pembahasan tinjauan pustaka bahwa wakil presiden sebagai pembantu presiden dapat memilliki 4 kemungkinan posisi yakni. a. kewenangan wakil presiden sebagai wakil dari presiden. wakil presiden adalah sebagai pejabat yang dapat bertindak sebagai wakil dari presiden yaitu mewakili presiden dalam melaksanakan tugas dan kewajiban serta wewenang jabatan presiden terlebih dahulu harus terdapat hal-hal yang menyebabkan presiden berhalangan melaksanakan tugas, kewajiban dan wewenang jabatannya dan sifat dari berhalangan tersebut adalah sementara. secara teoritis, yang menyebabkan presiden berhalangan sementara seperti (harun alrasyid, 1999: hlm 66): sakit, berkunjung, kedaerah, berkunjung ke luar negeri, cuti (istrahat), sibuk (pada acara) dan lain-lain. sebagai pejabat yang mewakili presiden dalam melaksanakan tugas dan wewenang jabatan presiden, wakil presiden terlebih dahulu harus mendapat perintah atau diberi kuasa oleh presiden, tampa adanya kuasa atau perintah dari presiden, wakil issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 pelaksanaan wewenang wakil presiden n dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan page 30 presiden tidak dapat mewakili presiden dalam melaksanakan tugas dan wewenang jabatan presiden. adanya perintah atau kuasa dari presiden kepada wakil presiden merupakan suatu mandat. presiden sebagai pemberi mandat dan wakil presiden sebagai penerima mandat. sebagai pemberi mandat, presiden kapan saja dapat menarik mandatnya dari wakil presiden sesuai aturan yang berlaku. wakil presiden sebagi penerima mandat harus menjalankan mandat tersebut sesuai dengan isi dan maksud mandat yang diberikan. b. kewenangan wakil presiden sebagai pembantu presiden. untuk mengetahui apa saja yang menjadi wewenang wakil presiden sebagai pembantu presiden, terlebih dahulu harus diketahui apa saja yang menjadi kewajiban dari presiden, hal ini sebagai dasar kewenangan wakil presiden sebagai pembantu presiden. salah satu wewenang presiden diatur dalam pasal 4 ayat (1) yakni: presiden republik indonesia memegang kekuasaan pemerintahan menurut undang-undang dasar, dan pasal (2) uud nri tahun 1945 yakni dalam melakukan kewajibannya presiden dibantu oleh satu orang wakil presiden. dimana apabila ayat kedua tersebut dihubungkan dengan ayat pertama, maka hal ini berarti bahwa wakil presiden memberi bantuan kepada presiden dalam bidang kekeuasaan pemerintahan (eksekutif).(sri soemantri, 1993: hlm 116).dengan demikian, bentuk bantuan wakil presiden kepada presiden adalah bantuan dalam hal melaksanakan undang-undang. hal ini juga bersesuaian dengan sumpah/janji presiden dan/atau wakil presiden yang ditentukan dalam pasal 9 ayat (1) uud nri tahun 1945 yakni: sebelum memangku jabatannya, presiden dan wakil presiden bersumpah menurut agama, atau berjanji dengan sungguh-sungguh di hadapan majelis permusyawaratan rakyat atau dewan perwakilan rakyat sebagai berikut : sumpah presiden (wakil presiden) : demi allah, saya bersumpah akan memenuhi kewajiban presiden republik indonesia (wakil presiden republik indonesia) dengan sebaik-baiknya dan seadiladilnya, memegang teguh undang-undang dasar dan menjalankan segala undang-undang dan peraturannya dengan seluruslurusnya serta berbakti kepada nusa dan bangsa. janji presiden (wakil presiden) : saya berjanji dengan sungguh-sungguh akan memenuhi kewajiban presiden republik indonesia (wakil presiden republik indonesia) dengan sebaik-baiknya dan seadilnya, issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 pelaksanaan wewenang wakil presiden n dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan page 31 memegang teguh undang-undang dasar dan menjalankan segala undang-undang dan peraturannya dengan selurus-lurusnya serta berbakti kepada nusa dan bangsa. c. kewenangan wakil presiden sebagai pengganti presiden. sebagai pengganti presiden, seorang wakil presiden tidak lagi disebut wakil presiden, melainkan sebagai presiden, dan juga tidak terjadi rangkap jabatan. artinya adalah dengan mengganti kedudukan presiden yang lowong, wakil presiden terlepas dari jabatan sebagai wakil presiden. sebagai contohnya jika presiden meninggal dunia, meka secara langsung wakil presiden akan menggantikannya sebagai presiden. karena sebagai presiden maka segala kewenangan yang ada pada jabatan presiden adalah menjadi kewenangan presiden pengganti (yang sebelumnya wakil presiden). dari hal di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa wewenang wakil presiden yakni berupa: 1. wewenang yang bersumber atribusi yakni: wewenang wakil presiden sebagai pembantu presiden dan wakil presiden sebagai pengganti presiden, sebagaimana yang telah dijelaskan dalam undang-undang no 30 tahun 2014 tentang administrasi pemerintahan bahwa atribusi adalah pemberian kewenagan kepada badan dan/atau pejabat pemerintahan oleh undangundang dasar negara republik indonesia tahun 1945 atau undang-undang. berangkat dari hal tersebut, dalam pasal 2 undang-undang dasae negara republik indonesia tahun 1945 yakni dalam melakukan kewajibannya presiden dibantu oleh satu orang wakil presiden. 2. wewenang yang bersumber delegasi yakni: wakil presiden sebagai pengganti presiden, dalam menjalankan kewenangannya wakil presiden tidak memerlukan perintah atau persetujuan dari presiden kecuali dikehendaki lain oleh presiden atau peraturan perundang-undangan. pola hubungan presiden dan wakilnya pasca orde baru dan reformasi, mengalami pergeseran sehingga tugas dan wewenang wakil presiden tergantung pada pembagian tugas antara keduanya, dan pembagian itu tetap merupakan beleid atau kebijakan (policy) presiden kepada wakil presiden. 3. wewenang yang bersumber mandat yakni: wewenang wakil presiden sebagai wakil dari presiden, mewakili presiden dalam melaksanakan tugas dan kewajiban serta wewenang jabatan presiden terlebih dahulu harus terdapat hal-hal yang menyebabkan presiden berhalangan melaksanakan tugas, issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 pelaksanaan wewenang wakil presiden n dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan page 32 kewajiban dan wewenangjabatannya dan sifat dari berhalangan tersebut adalah sementara. sebagai pejabat yang mewakili presiden dalam melaksanakan tugas dan wewenang jabatan presiden, wakil presiden terlebih dahulu harus mendapat perintah atau diberi kuasa oleh presiden, tampa adanya kuasa atau perintah dari presiden, wakil presiden tidak dapat mewakili presiden dalam melaksanakan tugas dan wewenang jabatan presiden. adanya perintah atau kuasa dari presiden kepada wakil presiden merupakan suatu mandate. 2. pelaksanaan wewenang wakil presiden dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan. pelaksanaan adalah suatu tindakan atau pelaksanaan dari sebuah rencana yang sudah disusun secara matang dan terperinci, implementasi biasanya dilakukan setelah perencanaan sudah dianggap siap. secara sederhana pelaksanaan bisa diartikan penerapan. pelaksaan menurut kamus besar bahasa indonesia diartikan sebagai perbuatan melaksanakan. majone dan wildavsky mengemukakan pelaksanaan sebagai evaluasi. browne dan wildavsky mengemukakan bahwa pelaksanaan adalah perluasan aktivitas yang saling menyesuaikan. (nurdin usman, 2002: hlm 70).pengertian-pengertian di atas memperlihatkan bahwa kata pelaksanaan bermuara pada aktivitas, adanya aksi, tindakan, atau mekanisme suatu sistem. ungkapan mekanisme mengandung arti bahwa pelaksanaan bukan sekedar aktivitas, tetapi suatu kegiatan yang terencana dan dilakukan secara sungguh-sungguh berdasarkan norma tertentu untuk mencapai tujuan kegiatan. d. penutup adapun kesimpulan dari uraian pada pembahasan yang telah di jelaskan pada bab sebelumnya adalah sebgai berikut: 1. kewenangan wakil presiden tidak diatur secara tegas dalam peraturan perundangundangan. wewenang wakil presiden hanya ditemukan dengan menganalisis peraturan perundang-undangan.` dimana ada 3 kewenangan wakil presiden yakni: kewenangan wakil presiden sebagai wakil dari presiden, kewenangan wakil presiden sebagai pembantu presiden, kewenangan wakil presiden sebagai pengganti presiden 2. pelaksanaan kewenangan wakil presiden tergantung sumber dari kewenangan tersebut. kewenangan yang berumber dari atribusi pelaksanaan wewenang wakil issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 pelaksanaan wewenang wakil presiden n dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan page 33 presiden memperoleh wewenang secara langsung oleh undang-undang dasar 1945 dan pelaksanaannya tanpa melalui perantara. untuk kewenangan yang bersumber dari delegasi maka pelaksanaan wewenang ini terlebih dahulu haarus ada pendelegasian wewenang yang memiliki kekuatan hukum sehingga pelaksanaan wewenang wakil presiden dapat dikuatkan oleh hukum positif guna mengatur dan mempertahankannya. daftar pustaka alrasid.harun. 1993.masalah pengisian jabatan presiden.disertasi. program pascasarjana. universitas indonesia. asshiddiqie, jimly.1986.pergumulan peran pemerintah dan parlemen dalam sejarah (telaah perbandingan konstitusi berbagai negara), ui-press: jakarta. __________. 2004.format kelembagaan negara dan pergeseran kekuasaan dalam uud 1945, fh uii: yogyakarta. __________. 2006.konstitusi dan konstitusionalisme, sekjen & kepanitraan mahkama konstitusi ri: jakarta. __________. 2006.perkembangan dan konsolidasi lembaga negara, sekjen & kepanitraan mahkama konstitusi ri: jakarta. __________. 2008.pokok-pokok hukum tata negara, bhuana ilmu populer: jakarta. ali, zainuddin. 2011. metode penelitian hukum. sinar grafika: jakarta. basah. sjcharan. 1992.perlindungan hukum atas sikap tindakan administrasi negara, alumni: bandung. budiardjo. miriam. 2008.dasar-dasar ilmu politik, gramedia: jakarta. hamzah. andi. 1986.kamus hukum.ghalia indonesia: jakarta hr. ridwan. 2013.hukum administrasi negara, pt raja grafindo persada: jakarta. hamidi. jazim. 2009.teori politik hukum tata negara, alumni:bandung. huda. ni’matul. 2009.lembaga negara masa transisi menuju demokrasi, uii press:yogyakarta. librayanto. romi. 2009.ilmu negara, pustaka refleksi: makassar. manan, bagir. 1987. peranan peraturan perundang – undangan dalam pembinaan hukum nasional. amico: bandung. __________. 2003. lembaga kepresidenan. fh uii press: yogyakarta. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 1 desember 2017 e-issn 2621-6159 pelaksanaan wewenang wakil presiden n dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan page 34 marbun. sf. 1997.peradilan administrasi negara dan upaya administratif di indonesia, liberty: yogyakarta. marzuki. peter mahmud. 2015.penelitian hukum, prenada media group: jakarta. ruslan, achmad. 2013.teori dan panduan praktik pembentukan peraturan perundang undangan di indonesia.mahakarya rangkang offset yogyakarta: yogyakarta. ramdhan. mochamad isnaeni. 2015.jabatan wakil presiden menurut hukum tata negara indonesia, sinar grafika: jakarta. sunarjati hartono. c.f.g. 1976.apakah the rule of law, alumni:bandung. soemantri. sri. 1993.tentang lembaga-lembaga negara menurut uud 1945, aditya bandung:bandung. thalib. abdul rasyid. 2006.wewenang mahkama konstitusi dan aplikasinya dalam sistem ketatanegaraan republik indonesia, citra aditya bakti:bandung. tahir azhary. muh. 2003.negara hukum suatu study tentang prinsip-prinsipnya dilihat dari segi hukum islam, implementasinya pada periode negara medina dan masa kinii, permada media:jakarta. jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 3 issue 2, june 2019 p-issn : 2528-360x, e-issn : 2621-6159 152 legal aspects of changes in the calculation of the marisa national saving banks of marisa branch interest calculation methods nasrullah abstract author’s information: banks as legal entities must also pursue profits. and one source of bank income is the interest on loan loans that have been channeled to customers. and if the bank's revenue target is threatened because the value of the rupiah weakens or floats, the bank is basically allowed to raise lending rates as long as it does not exceed the limit set by the government in this case the financial services authority ... but the facts that occur in this case are not in context changes or adjustments in loan interest rates with rupiah value. but the change in the method of calculating credit interest rates from the type of effective calculation becomes an annuity calculation. so that changes in the method of calculating interest rates should not be done without an agreement from both parties.the marisa branch national pension savings bank has carried out defaults since the first credit agreement, changes to the second credit agreement, and arrived at a change in the third credit agreement for changes in interest rates. thus, of course this has legal consequences that must be borne by the party who defaults, in this case the national pension savings bank. then the actions of the bank are included in the category of actions that cause losses to debtors due to default of creditors (btpn), so that the legal consequences can be by canceling the agreement along with guri change or by fulfilling the agreement accompanied by compensation. keywords: bank; profit; calculation;economic fakultas hukum universitas ichsan gorontalo, (nasrullahnurdin130@gmail .com) doi: https://doi.org/10.35326/volkge ist.v3i2.127 1. introduction one of the country's economic activities that has a function to support the economy is the economy in the banking world. to be able to realize a sound banking system, the factors of supervision and control of the bank, both those carried out by indonesian banks and the banks concerned. so the bank must be able to maintain its business continuity well so that it can be said to be a healthy bank. one of the activities in the world of banking is lending. various principles regarding healthy lending have been introduced in almost all countries, including in indonesia. in indonesia, healthy credit problems have even been regulated in law number 10 of 1998 concerning amendments to law number 7 of 1992 concerning banking. the parties, in this case the bank as the creditor and the customer as the debtor, are certain in the provision of credit facilities by the bank to the bonded customer in a contract agreement. where this contact binds the interests of both parties. the interests of the bank as a creditor, namely how the repayment of debts on offer can be settled by the customer as a debtor, along with the interest. whereas the interests of the debtor are obtaining loans from the bank for business capital or other economic needs. mailto:nasrullahnurdin130@gmail.com mailto:nasrullahnurdin130@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v3i2.127 https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v3i2.127 jurnal hukum volkgeist nasrullah.3(2): 152-159 153 as explained above, the provision of credit facilities is in the interests of the parties bound in a credit agreement contract. not only in terms of the obligation to pay off the principal loan, but also the agreement to repay the debtor's loan interest as a customer. this is one of the sources of bank income, namely interest on loans. so, there is often a dispute between the bank and the customer because of an error in calculating the loan interest rate. one of the cases in which the interest rate calculation dispute occurred was a dispute between the customer on behalf of mr. harun husain and the marisa branch office national pension savings bank. on may 31, 2011, the debtor in this case mr. harun husain received a credit facility from the marisa branch retired national savings bank as stated in the credit agreement number: 0000974-spk-7308-0511 dated may 31, 2011 along with all terms and conditions for credit facilities. which is one unit and is an inseparable part of the credit agreement with a credit ceiling of rp. 1,500,000,000, with an interest rate of 12% flat per year, the method of calculating the interest rate is equaled to the effective interest calculation of 20.3100% per year. the credit period is 60 months from 05 july 2011 to 05 june 2016 and the installments are rp. 40,000,000 per month. after almost two years of credit, banks and debtors agreed to enter into an agreement to amend the credit agreement with number: 7001470-addpk-7308-0413 on may 1, 2013. this is because the debtor subscribed to the loan principal. until 31 may 2011 up to 1 may 2013 the two years of credit went up, the debtor added the amount of the loan until finally returning to the ceiling of rp 1,500,000,000 (salu billion five hundred million rupiah) with a flat rate of 12.00 per year , the method of calculating interest rates is equaled to the interest calculation effectively. with a period of 60 months starting on may 1, 2013 up to may 1, 2018 with a monthly installment amount of rp. 40,000,000 (forty million rupiah) per month. and was secured with credit guarantees in this agreement, namely 4 (four) plots of land, 2 (two) buildings, and 1 (one) piece of the type of honda type jazz minibus vehicles in 2011. last on the third change with the credit agreement: 5002428-addpk-7308-0816 dated august 23, 2016, with a ceiling of rp. 1,015,778,507, with interest rates of 10.8% flat per year, the method of calculating interest rates is equaled with effective interest calculation of 17.8068% effective per year, a credit period of 84 months from august 23 2016 to september 7 2023 and installments of rp. . 21,234,595, per month with the same guarantee above. on august 30, 2017, the debtor in this case mr. harun husain submitted a letter requesting a review of the calculation of credit interest rates. the problem in calculating this loan interest rate is based on the credit facility agreement that the loan interest rate to be used is flat type interest rates per year or equalized to the effective interest calculation. but in the description of the calculation of the details of the installment schedule it turns out that the interest rate used is the interest rate for the annuity type. whereas in the deed of agreement made in the form of underhanded deed that has been legalized by the notary on behalf of boki bahmi's mother. sh has never mentioned the calculation of interest rates by annuity. as long as the customer in this case the debtor in the name of mr. harun husain feels aggrieved over the changes in the calculation of the loan interest rate. from the description of the above case, the author raised the following problem formulation, namely: can the national pension savings bank make changes to the interest rate calculation method without an agreement from the customer (debtor)? jurnal hukum volkgeist nasrullah.3(2): 152-159 154 what is the legal effect of changing the method of calculating credit interest rates without an agreement from the debtor. 2. method the type of research that will be used in this study is the type of normative research. where the author will conduct secondary data collection by approaching primary legal material in the form of legislation, secondary legal material, and approaching the case. besides that, it collects other supporting data that can clarify the description of the case in this study, so that it can answer the more scientific formulation of the problem in this study.. 3.1.can the national retirement savings bank party make a method of changing the interest rate without an agreement from the customer funds collected by banks are funds from the community in this case from customers, as well as in terms of channeling funds in the form of credit loans also from the community. so the credit given to the community is from the community as well, so the real task of the bank is to turn money around. but in carrying out these tasks, it is not uncommon for banks to get their own problems caused by bad credit. credit is one form of channeling funds to the public for various forms of financing needs in accordance with customer needs. but not infrequently the customer as a debtor experiences bad credit due to (salim.h.s, 2007: 137): 1. the economic condition of the customer 2. the debtor's ability to repay his debt is very low 3. guarantee value is smaller than the principal and interest debt 4. business customers go bankrupt 5. credit received by customers is misused 6. customer business management is very weak 7. the development of creditors towards customers is very lacking if there is bad credit, of course this will also affect banking business activities in this case the bank acting as a creditor. this is because one source of income from the banking business is the result of calculating the customer's loan interest rate. so if there is bad credit, it will certainly affect the bank and this is what the banks fear. by that, banks always use the principle of prudence in providing credit to customers. the problem of bad credit is a problem originating from customers, in this case the debtor. but it does not rule out the possibility that credit problems are also born from the creditors themselves in this case the bank. perpetual problems that have occurred that are the source of the problem from the bank are disputes regarding the method of calculating loan interest made by the marisa branch of the national pension savings bank. this dispute occurred between one of the customers of the marisa branch office national pension savings bank. on may 31, 2011, the debtor received the credit facility from the marisa branch retired national savings bank as in the credit agreement number: 0000974-spk-7308-0511 dated may 31, 2011 along with all terms and conditions for the provision of credit facilities which constitute a single unit and an inseparable part of the credit agreement with a credit ceiling of rp. 1,500,000,000, with an interest rate of 12% flat per year, the method of calculating the interest rate is equaled to the effective interest calculation of 20.3100% jurnal hukum volkgeist nasrullah.3(2): 152-159 155 per year. the credit period is 60 months from 05 july 2011 to 05 june 2016 and the installments are rp. 40,000,000 per month the credit agreement has been amended several times and finally with a credit agreement: 5002428-addpk-7308-0816 (second reconstruction) on august 23, 2016, with a ceiling of rp. 1,015,778,507, with interest rates of 10.8% flat per year, the method of calculating interest rates is equaled with effective interest calculation of 17.8068% effective per year, a credit period of 84 months from august 23 2016 to september 7 2023 and installments of rp. . 21,234,595, per month there is also a guarantee in this credit agreement, namely: • a plot of land and buildings in accordance with shm number: 133 prosperity in the name of said husain located in suka makmur village, kec. patilanggio, kab. pohuwato • a plot of land and buildings in accordance with shm number: 153 / suka makmur on behalf of harun husain located in suka makmur village, kec. patilanggio, kab. pohuwato • a plot of land in accordance with shm number: 154 / suka makmur on behalf of harun husain, located in suka makmur village, kec. patilanggio, kab. pohuwato • a piece of land in accordance with shm number: 1975 / motolohu, on behalf of harun husain, located in motolohu village, kec. patilanggio, kab. pohuwato • vehicles of the 2011 jaazz type minibus of the brand according to bpkb number: 172903s2 an. harun husain. on august 30, 2017, the debtor submits a letter requesting a review of credit interest rates. the problem in calculating this loan interest rate is based on the credit facility agreement that the loan interest rate to be used is flat type interest rates per year or equalized to the effective interest calculation. but in the description of the calculation of the details of the installment schedule it turns out that the interest rate used is the interest rate for the annuity type. whereas in the deed of agreement made in the form of underhanded deed that has been legalized by the notary on behalf of boki bahmi's mother. sh has never mentioned the calculation of interest rates by annuity. as long as the customer in this case the debtor feels aggrieved over the changes in the calculation of the loan interest rate based on the chronology of the above case, the most important problem points according to the author are changes in the calculation of credit interest rates made by the national retirement savings bank which is actually not in accordance with what has been agreed on by both parties in the form of underhanded deeds. continue from that, based on the data the author obtained from the bpsk regency. pohuwato regarding the results of the response of the marisa branch of the national retirement savings bank on november 29, 2017 for complaints from the debtor on august 30, 2017, in the response letter concerning the principal case number 9 explained that • loan interest rates have been described in article 1 of the loan agreement: 5002428-addpk-7308-0816 (second recurization) dated august 25, 2016 that: • interest rates: 10.80% flat per year the method of calculating interest rates is compared with the calculation of the interest effectively jurnal hukum volkgeist nasrullah.3(2): 152-159 156 • in the installment schedule that has been agreed and signed by the complainant (debtor) it has been determined and agreed that: loan principal: rp. 1,015,778,507 duration: 84 months (7 years) effective interest rate: 10.80% per year installment amount: rp. 21,234,595, per month that must be paid by claimants every 07 starting from october 7, 2017 to september 7, 2023 based on the data the author obtained from the bank's response letter that the actual interest rate for the loan principal is rp. 1,015,778,507 if using the effective interest calculation, the interest rate is 17.8068% per year and so if the interest rate is annuity. but under the loan agreement the hand is written using flat interest rates and will be calculated based on the method of calculating interest effectively. from the quote from the bank's response letter above, it can be understood that the calculation of loan interest rates uses a flat interest rate of 10.80% per year and the calculation method uses the interest calculation method effectively. so it can be understood that the actual flat rate and effective interest rates are different even though the amount of credit is the same. for example, if the principal is rp. 1,000,000,000 (one billion rupiah) of flat interest is 12.80% per year, so it is possible to use an effective interest rate to increase the interest rate to 15.80% per year. the amount is not the same as the interest rate even though the main loan is the same, namely 1 billion rupiah the further question to answer the problem statement above is whether the national bank pension pension bank marisa may make changes to the calculation of loan interest rates? one example of a bank that makes adjustments or changes in interest rates is maybank, which was formerly called bank internasional indonesia. where on the official website page it was announced that changes in the calculation of interest rates could have occurred and were carried out by the bank. this happens because of the rupiah currency with floating loan rates so that the adjustment adjusters need to be increased by 0.25% 0.50%. and this applies to customers who have received credit facilities and customers who will apply for a new credit facility (file: /// c: /users/user/music/performasi%20suku%20bunga.html. accessed on march 20, 2018). from the example above, the bank is basically able to change the loan interest rates both for customers who have received credit facilities and customers who will apply for new credit facilities. this change is influenced by the rupiah and if the rupiah declines, the bank will certainly conduct a proper audit or not if an interest rate adjustment is made to maintain the health of the bank. so, banks are required to assess the bank's soundness on a quarterly basis and one of the audited factors is capital regarding the ability of the bank to maintain the need for additional capital derived from profits. then one of the ways the bank stays healthy is by raising credit interest rates. banks as legal entities are certainly also pursuing profits. and one source of bank income is the interest on loan loans that have been channeled to customers. and if the bank's revenue target is threatened because the value of the rupiah weakens or floats, the bank is basically allowed to raise lending rates as long as it does not exceed the limit set by the government in this case the financial services authority. changes or adjustments in loan interest rates with rupiah value. but the change in the method of calculating credit interest rates from the type of effective calculation becomes an annuity jurnal hukum volkgeist nasrullah.3(2): 152-159 157 calculation. so that changes in the method of calculating interest rates should not be done without an agreement from both parties 3.2. what are the legal effects of changing credit interest rate calculation without the agreement of the debtor. in the first credit agreement number: 0000974-spk-7308-0511 dated may 31, 2011 along with all the terms and conditions for the granting of credit facilities which are one entity and are an integral part of the credit agreement (skupk) with a ceiling of rp. with an interest rate of 12% flat per year, the interest rate calculation method is equated with an effective interest calculation of 20.3100% per year. with a credit period of 60 months from july 5, 2011 to july 5, 2016 and a loss of rp. 40,000,000 per month: setelah hampir dua tahun berjalanya kredit, antara pihak bank dan debitur bersepakat untuk melakukan perjanjian perubahan terhadap perjanjian kredit dengan nomor: 7001470-addpk-7308-0413 pada tanggal 01 mei 2013 dimana substansi yang paling pokok dalam perjanjia perubahan tersebut terdapat pada bagian resital (pertimbangan) huruf b yang berbunyi: “oleh dan antara bank dan debitur telah saling setuju untuk menambah jenis/menamba jumla plafond/mengubah angsuran/jangka waktu/mengubah jaminan fasilitas kredit menjadi sebagaimana akan diatur dibawah ini”. from may 31, 2011 to may 1, 2013, approaching two years of ongoing credit, the debtor adds to the amount of credit until finally returning to the ceiling of rp 1,500,000,000, with a flat interest rate of 12.00% per year, the interest rate calculation method is equated with interest calculation effectively. with a period of 60 months starting on may 1, 2013 up to may 1, 2018 with monthly installments of rp. 40,000,000 per month. in addition, it is added with credit guarantees as mentioned in the background and in the explanation of the answer to the problem statement above. after 3 years of credit running after the 2nd change, the bank and debtor will again make changes to the credit agreement and finally with the credit agreement number: 5002428-addpk-7308-0816 dated august 23, 2016, with a ceiling: rp. 1,015,778,507, interest of 10.8% flat per year, the method of calculating interest rates is equated with effective interest calculation of 17.8068% effective per year with a period of 84 months from august 23, 2016 to september 7, 2023 and installments of rp. 21,234,595, per month with the same guarantee on the change in the second agreement. one more year after the amendment to the third credit agreement, the debtor submitted a request for a review of interest rate calculations, feeling that the bank had mistakenly calculated interest rates and calculated interest rates that had never been promised. where the method of calculating the agreed interest rate is to use a flat rate of 12.00% flat per year which will be calculated using the effective interest rate calculation method. however, the fact received by the debtor after seeing the details of the payment precisely uses a method of calculating annuity interest rates that have not been agreed upon. from this case, if a comparison is made between the method of calculating annuity rates and the effective interest type calculation method by calculating the monthly installments of credit based on the latest agreement: loan principal: rp. 1,015,778,507 duration: 84 months (7 years) jurnal hukum volkgeist nasrullah.3(2): 152-159 158 effective interest rate: 10.80% per year (0.90% per month) the amount of installments: not settled per month and the longer the rate decreases because the installment of the monthly interest decreases every time the installments total installments: rp 1,404,313,785.93 (one billion four hundred four million three hundred thirteen thousand seven hundred eighty five comma ninety three rupiahs) bring it if you use the annuity rate calculation method, namely: loan principal: rp. 1,015,778,507 duration: 84 months (7 years) annuity interest rate: 10.80% per year (0.90% per month) installment amount: idr 17,285,569, per month total installments: idr 1,452,021,408.06 (one billion four hundred fifty two million twenty one thousand four hundred eight point zero six rupiah) if analyzed the comparison between the calculation of credit interest and the effective method with the annuity method above, then of course the calculation of interest by using an effective method is more beneficial to the consumer compared to using the calculation of the annuity interest. this can be seen in the total installments for 84 months or for 7 years for the calculation of the effective interest of rp. 1,404,313,785.93 while for the calculation of the annuity interest rp. 1,452,021,408.06. so there is a rp. 1,452,021,408.06 rp. 1,404,313,785.93 = rp. 47,707,622.1. thus if the interest calculation is done, the annuity is clearly very detrimental to the consumer in this case the debtor because if calculated from the results of the above breakdown divided by 84 months, then the average consumer must translate to around idr 567,947, per installment of the total installments that should be based on an agreement furthermore, from the response letter from the national pension savings bank in section number 9, it was explained that: • interest rates: 10.80% flat per year the method of calculating interest rates is compared with the calculation of the interest effectively • in the installment schedule that has been agreed and signed by the complainant (debtor) it has been determined and agreed that: loan principal: rp. 1,015,778,507 duration: 84 months (7 years) effective interest rate: 10.80% per year installment amount: idr 21,234,595, per month from the results of the response letter above, it is understood that the bank has been wrong in setting the amount of installments per month. because the method of calculating credit interest rates with an effective method cannot be determined the amount of installments per month. this is because every installment uses an effective calculation of the interest installments decreases while the principal installments are fixed. so that the monthly installments cannot be set at idr 21,234,595 per month. and if it is set to 84 months, the total amount to be paid by the debtor is idr 21,234,595, 84 84 months = idr 1,783,705,980. jurnal hukum volkgeist nasrullah.3(2): 152-159 159 from the brief explanation above, it can be concluded that the marisa branch national pension savings bank has carried out defaults since the first credit agreement, changes to the second credit agreement, and arrived at a change in the third credit agreement for changes in interest rates. thus, of course this has legal consequences that must be borne by the party who defaults, in this case the national pension savings bank. so that there are 4 four possibilities for applying the legal consequences of defaults carried out by the bank, namely: 1. cancellation of contract only; 2. cancellation of contracts accompanied by compensation; 3. contract fulfillment only; 4. compliance with contracts accompanied by compensation 4. conclusion banks as legal entities must also pursue profits. and one source of bank income is the interest on loan loans that have been channeled to customers. and if the bank's revenue target is threatened because the value of the rupiah weakens or floats, the bank is basically allowed to raise lending rates as long as it does not exceed the limit set by the government in this case the financial services authority. changes or adjustments in loan interest rates with rupiah value. but the change in the method of calculating credit interest rates from the type of effective calculation becomes an annuity calculation. so that changes in the method of calculating interest rates should not be done without an agreement from both parties the marisa branch national pension savings bank has carried out defaults since the first credit agreement, changes to the second credit agreement, and arrived at a change in the third credit agreement for changes in interest rates. thus, of course this has legal consequences that must be borne by the party who defaults, in this case the national pension savings bank. then the actions of the bank are included in the category of actions that cause losses to the debtor due to default of creditors (btpn), so that the legal consequences can be by canceling the agreement along with guri change or by fulfilling the agreement accompanied by compensation references miru, ahmadi (2014). contract and contract design laws. raja grafindo. jakarta : persada. h.s, salim. (2007). development of legal contracts outside the civil code. jakarta : raja grafindo persada. l jurnal hukum volkgeist https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v6i1.1606 vol. 6 no.1, december 2021 79 legal analysis of the establishment of a special electoral court as an independent state institution l. m. ricard zeldi putra1*, la ode muhram2. 1faculty of law, universitas muhammadiyah buton, indonesia 2faculty of law, universitas sulawesi tenggara, indonesia *correspondence: ricardzeldiputra@gmail.com article history abstract received: 15.11.2021 accepted: 21.12.2021 published: 27.12.2021 article 24 of the 1945 constitution only on structure but not on institutional functions where there are still many institutions/agencies in the government that carry out judicial functions. the regulation has led to the emergence of several independent institutions to carry out judicial functions, one of which is a special election court. the research used is normative research with an approach that focuses on the theoretical approach, the statu tory approach, the case approach and is described in a qualitative descriptive form. the special election judiciary as an independent institution that will be formed is again from the law that aspires to, namely an institution that is free from intervention and can carry out judicial functions and disputes over the results of the elections. this special court is under the jurisdiction of the supreme court and will take the form of ad hoc. its authority is to examine and adjudicate disputes over election results. keywords: establishment; special judicial institution; independent article licence copyright © 2021 the author(s): this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution sharealike 4.0 international (cc by-sa 4.0) 1. introduction the development of the indonesian state administration through the amendments to the 1945 constitutio n is the entrance to a democratic system, marked by the birth of new state institutions. the institution was born on several legal grounds, meaning that there are state institutions whose authorities and institutions are clearly stated in the constitution, through decrees of the people's consultative assembly, laws (uu), and there are even institutions whose authority comes from presidential decrees (kepres) and regulations. president (perpres). these function called check and balance (rizki a, suhartono, & salam, 2021) indonesian legal rules have not yet established clear regulations on state in stitutions. according to the author, this also has an impact on several names that are matched with state institutions, including: authorities, commissions, councils, committees, committees, agencies, centers, teams and so on. there are no concrete rules that distinguish some of these terms, whether "institution" is a state institution whose authority and name is mentioned directly by the constitution and "commission" is an institution whose authority is given by law. these institution in law have a different authority. (imron rizki, safrin salam, 2019) if reviewed more far, in fact the limitation of article 24 of the 1945 constitution only rests on the structure but not on the institutional function where there are still many institutions/agencies within the government that carry out judicial functions. the emergence of independent state institutions that carry out judicial functions, for example: a) the business competition supervisory commission (kppu) was established by law number 5 of 1999 concerning the prohibition of monopolistic practices and unfair business competition (uu business competition), article 36 stipulates the authority of kppu especially in points e to point k that kppu has the authority to examine, adjudicate , and decide cases of business competition violations. b) the indonesian broadcasting commission (kpi) is an independent state institution established under law number 32 of 2002 concerning broadcasting. although the final product form is not a decision, it is still https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v6i1.1606 mailto:ricardzeldiputra@gmail.com p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 79-84 80 included in the judicial function because kpi is the institution that has the authority to determine whether or not there is a broadcasting violation as well as to impose sanctions on it. c) the election supervisory body (bawaslu) is an independent state institution that has the authority to supervise the implementation of general elections and pilkada, in the election law, bawaslu has the authority to examine, hear, and decide disputes between election participants and election contestants a n d election organizers as a result of the issuance of provincial kpu decrees and regency/city kpu. with variousfrom the description above, in fact, so far there are still many independen t institutions/bodies that carry out judicial functions that are outside the supreme court, so the existence of the special elections judiciary agency as an independent institution does not have to be under the auspices and become a unit in the court under the supreme court because in the end the structure and function of the judicia l body special elections will be regulated by separate provisions as well as in the pilkada law even though it is a d hoc, including the idea of being taken over by bawaslu to be irrelevant because in cases of dispute over el e cti o n results, bawaslu and regency/municipal bawaslu are the parties giving information in the trial. based on the abovethe author is interested in studying more deeply which will be set forth in the form of an accredited national scientific journal with the title "legal analysis of the establishment of a special election court as an indepen d e n t state institution ". 2. methodology the research is normative in nature, with an emphasis on the theoretical, statutory, and case approache s, and is documented in a qualitative descriptive format. the normative juridical method is used to analyze, view, and examine a variety of theoretical issues pertaining to legal principles as they relate to research concerns. p this study is a case of legal researchnoratives being applied in an attempt to examine legal materials using the legal standards established by laws and regulations. the procedure for identifying and inventorying legal resources comprises main legal materials, such as statutory rules, secondary legal materials, such as legal literature and scientific works, and tertiary legal materials, such as law dictionaries. qualitative analysis is next performed on the legal materials that have been gathered, inventoried, and identified. fork collects reliable and complete data in this study by completing a literature review and reading, referencing, documenting, and comprehending many literatures connected to the topics examined. 3. result and discussion one of the characteristics of these institutions, namely the matter of independence, can simply be interpreted that an institution cannot be intervened by other institutions. jimly asshiddiqie called the institutio n a n independent state institution (lni).(asshiddiqie, 2014) or independent regulatory agencies (iras). independent state institutions are formed at the will of the state for those who want a new state institution with membership originating from non-state elements, authorized by the state, and financed by the state without having to b e co me state employees.(alamsyah & nurul huda, 2013). the formation of the lni can be said to be only reactionary in nature, so it does not have a clear position and dignity in the constitutional system (tauda, 2011). congruent with that, zainal arifin mochtar said that the formation of the lni in indonesia was sometimes only for reasons of regime imagery, and was formed in a hasty process.(ramadani, 2020). lni problems are not only limited to the problems mentioned above, but also regardi ngthe indepe n de n ce of the lni itself. in the concept of independent regulatory agencies, thacher states that there are several parameters for a state institution to be categorized as an independent state institution, namely:(thatcher, 2002): a) party politicization of appoinments, namely the extent to which there is politicization in the determination of the leadership of iras; b) departures (dismissal and resignation), namely the termi nation of iras members before the end of their term of office; c) the tenure of ira members, the longer the term of office, the greater the independence of elected officials; d) the financial and staffing resources of ira, namely independence in terms of fina nce and resource management; p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 79-84 81 e) the use of power to overturn the decisions of iras by elected politicians, which is interpreted as the use of power to annul decisions/policies issued by iras. william f. funk and robert h. seamon added that independent state institutions practically carry out government functions by combining legislative, executive and judicial powers or powers that are quasi. institutions belonging to iras also have self-regulatory or rule-making characteristics, namely a kind of autono my that is given to make their own institutional rules independently.(ramadani, 2020). according to peter a gerrangelos (gerangelos, 2011) that: in relation to the separation of judicial power in particular, it was 'quite clear from an early date that the judicial power of the commonwealth was regarded as in a special category'. the purpose to be achieved here, ultimately, was the sure protection of the rule of law. (with respect to the separation of judicial powers in particular, it is quite clear from an early date that the judicial power of developed countri e s i s considered a special category. the goal to be achieved in the end, is the protection of the law). the creatio n o f a legal supremacy in the indonesian constitutional system through the recognition of legal protection of human rights aimed at law order is a dream. public the state and the ideals of a democratic rule of law. the special electoral judiciary agency which will be formed as part of the aspired law (ius constituendum) is an independent institution because it must be free from the intervention of other powers. this body will carry out the judicial function of examining and deciding disputes over the results of the regional head elections. therefore, the independence of the special electoral court can be described as follows, in accordance with the parameters of the independent regulatory agencies above, namely: party politicization of appoinmentsthere are 5 (five) judges at the special electoral court, consisting of 2 (two) constitutional judges and 3 (three) ad hoc judges. ad hoc judges are appointed and dismissed by the president as the head of state at the suggestion of the chief justice of the constitutional court. (salam & suhartono, 2020) the ad hoc special electoral judiciary agency was formed at the proposal of the house of representatives of the republic of indonesia by law. 1. departures(dismissal and resign). ad hoc judges are honorably dismissed from their positions, because: a . die; b. own request; c. continuous physical or mental illness for 6 (six) months based on a doctor's certificate made by an authorized doctor; d. not proficient in carrying out their duties; or e. have finished their term of office. the honorable dismissal as referred to above is determined by the president at the suggestion of th e chief justice of the constitutional court. ad hoc judges are dishonorably dismissed from their positions, on the grounds that: a. sentenced to imprisonment based on a court decision that has permanent legal force for committing a crime punishable by imprisonment of 5 (five) years or more; b. for 3 (three) times in a row neglecting his obligations in carrying out his work duties without a valid reason; c. violating the oath or promise of office; d. commit a disgraceful act; or e. double job. 2. the tenure of ira members. ad hoc judges are appointed for 5 (five) years and may be reappointed for 1 (one) term of office. 3. the financial and staffing resources of ira. the budget for the special ele ctoral court is charged to the state revenue and expenditure budget. 4. the use of power to overturn the decisions of iras by elected politicians. the special electoral court has the authority to stipulate a code of ethics and/or code of conduct for judges to gether with the constitutional court. 5. sanctioning authorities/quasi judicial power. conducting verification, clarification, and investigation of reports of alleged violations of the code of ethics and/or code of conduct of judges in a closed mann e r; in the event that the alleged violation of the code of ethics and/or code of conduct of judges is proven proven, the special electoral judiciary agency proposes to impose sanctions on judges who are suspecte d of violating the constitutional court. 6. self-regulatoryor rule making. the special electoral judiciary body can make its own institutional rules independently. based on this conception, it can be seen that the special electoral court is an institution with sufficient independence, because in determining judges it is not the full authority of the special courts. this does not mean p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 79-84 82 that it will have a bad impact, because the process is a form of embodiment of the principle of checks and balances, in which the principle of checks and balances is a logical consequ ence of the democratic system chosen and practiced by indonesia. this principle aims that all state institutions can control and balance each other so that no institution is superior or higher than other state institutions. furthermore, several literatures have provided a little description of the special judicial body, in particul a r to answer the question of which environment the special judicial body will be formed in, will it be under the supreme court, or will it be returned to the constitutional court, or will it become a quasi-judicial institution that only carry out judicial functions and are not in the branch of judicial power but are part of other powers. supriya d i and aminuddin kasim in their scientific work entitled "design of the special election court after the decision of the constitutional court number 97/puu-xi/2013" conveyed a scientific narrative about the special judicial body. in the a quo scientific work, in accordance with the decision of the constitutional court number 97/puu xi/2013 and the law on the election of regional heads, a special judicial body will be established within the judicial environment of the supreme court. in other words, there will be an additional judicial environmen t u n d e r the supreme court: general courts, religious courts, military courts, and state administrative courts (tun courts), as well as additional special courts. another basic argument used to build the narrative in the scientific work is article 1 point 8 of law numbe r 48 of 2009 concerning judicial power, which states "special courts are courts that have the authority to examine, hear and decide on certain cases which can only be established in a special case. one of the judicial bodies under the supreme court which is regulated by law”.if you look at th e article, especially in the sentence “[…] a special court is only formed in one of the court bodies under the supreme court […]” and then it is linked to the picture presented by supriyadi and amuniddin, it can be said that the special judicial body is th e environment the new judicial body under the supreme court is not appropriate if it uses the argumentation basis of article 1 point 8 of the law on judicial power, because the a quo article explicitly states that a special court is formed in one of the courts under the supreme court, in this case in the general court environment (special court for corruption, special court for children and so on), the religious court environment, the military court environment and the administrative court environment. the concept presented above can basically be agreed upon with a few notes: first, in accordance with several regulations which state that special courts can only be formed in one of the judicial bodies under the supreme court, the special judicial body will be formed in one of the four judicial circles in indonesia. un d e r th e supreme court. regarding which judicial environment can be discussed specifically in other scientific works, whether it is in the general court environment and the special courts agency no t only resolves disputes over election results but also administers election crimes, or is in the tun judicial environment. according to the author himself, the special judicial body can also be formed and is under the constitutional court, further discussion on this will be presented in the next sub-chapter. furthermore, the special electoral court will take the form of ad hoc. there is no specific regulation that describes ad hoc institutions. mahfud md (prawiro, 2018), explain what is meant by ad hoc is that from the beginning it was intended to be temporary until a normal situation occurs. while asshiddiqie did not explain the meaning of ad hoc, he only said that “[…] there are also institutions that are ad hoc or n ot permanent. (asshiddiqie, 2008)" from the narrative, it can be said that ad hoc institutions are temporary or non -permanent state institutions that were formed to handle certain events. john alder as quoted by asshiddiqie argues that ad hoc institutions still have constitutional justification reasons, it is said that (alder, 2005). “ad hoc bodies can equally be used as a method of dispersing power or as a method of concentrati ng power in the hands of central government nominees without the safeguard of parliamentary or democratic accountability. the extent of governmental control can be manipulated according to the particular circumstances.” sir ivor jennings (asshiddiqie, 2008) states that ad hoc institutions in the uk were formed for various one of 5 (five) main reasons, including: “the need to provide cultural or personal services supposedly free from the ri sk o f political interference. the growing need to provide cultural or personalized services that are ideally free fro m th e risk of political interference, such as the bbc (british broadcasting corporation); the desirability of non -political regulation of markets. there is a desire to regulate market dynamics that are completely non -political, such as the p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 79-84 83 milk marketing boards; the regulation of independent professions such as medicine and the law. the need to regulate independent professions such as in the field of medical law; the provisions of technical services. the need to enact regulations regarding technical services, such as the establishment of a commission, the forestry commission; the creation of informal judicial machinery for settling disputes. the establishment of various institutions that function as semi-judicial tools to resolve various disputes outside the judiciary as 'alternative dispute resolution' (adr). alder then added one reason for the formation of an ad hoc institution, namely, the idea that public ownership of key sectors of the economy is desirable in itself. this means that publ i c ownership in the economic field or certain sectors is considered more appropriate to be organized in a separate organization, as has been developed recently, for example with the idea of a state -owned legal entity (bhmn) (asshiddiqie, 2008). in the context of indonesia, the basis for the formation of ad hoc institutions is usually based on the need to resolve problems quickly with limited time. in addition, the formation of an ad hoc institution occurred because the initial institution that carried out certain tasks and functions was u nable to fulfill it optimally or the initial institution was over tasked and functional. (safrin salam, 2020) or cases that are too piled up, so that to solve the problem a temporary ad hoc institution is formed, and when the problem has been resolved, the ad hoc institution can be dissolved. although in some literature it is said that state institutions are ad hoc in nature for a certain period, in practice due to the large number of them, even though the time has run out, these institutions have not or have not been dissolved. another problem caused by unclear regulations regarding ad hoc institutions, gave rise to opinions about institutions that were originally known as ad hoc institutions, which are now considered no longer temporary, for example, some experts say that the corruption eradication commission is not an ad hoc institution, as well as the ombudsman. the pretext that is often used to refute the justification of ad hoc institutions is that the laws and regulations that form the basis for the establishment of the institution (which are considered ad hoc in nature) do not contain provisions which impl icitly state that the institution is ad hoc. therefore, this should also get attention, because there are consequences attached to the justification o f a d hoc institutions, in this case the institution can be dissolved at any time.(salam, 2019) furthermore, several ad hoc institutions burden the state financially. this is because the administrato rs o f ad hoc institutions continue to receive salaries from the apbn or apbd because these institutions have not be e n disbanded, even though the time limit has been reached and problems have been resolved so that certain tasks and functions can be carried out normally by the initial institution (not ad hoc institutions). again , the issue of unclear regulations governing ad hoc institutions is one of the causes of the birth of this problem. with the existence of regulations that contain provisions on the formation and dissolution of ad hoc institutions, it is h o p e d that some of the problems mentioned above will be resolved. however, in the case of the establishment of the special electoral court, this assumption must be dismissed 4. conclusion the special elections judiciary agency is an independent state institution authorized to resolve regional election disputes which are in an ad hoc (temporary) form. ad hoc institutions are formed because of the n e e d to provide services without any outside interference, the desire to regulate non -political dynamics, regulate independent professions and as a semi-judicial complementary tool to resolve disputes. therefore, this special election court institution is needed to resolve problems quickly with limited time . references alamsyah, b., & nurul huda, u. (2013). legal politics of institutionalization of state commissions in the indonesian constitutional system. journal of law and justice, 2(1), 85. https://doi.org/10.25216/jhp.2.1.2013.85-108 alder, j. (2005). constitutional and administrative law. london: palgrave macmillan. asshiddiqie, j. (2008). relations between state institutions after the amendment of the 1945 constitution . jakarta: sekneg ri. asshiddiqie, j. (2014). introduction to constitutional law. jakarta: rajawali press. gerangelos, p. (2011). the separation of powers and legislative interference in judicial process constitu ti o n a l principles and limitations (1st ed.). london: bloomsbury publishing. p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 79-84 84 imron rizki, safrin salam, a. m. (2019). menguji eksistensi pengadilan agama dalam menyelesaikan sen g ke ta ekonomi syariah. indonesia journal of criminal law, 1(1), 65–76. prawiro, m. (2018). pengertian ad hoc dalam pemilu, hukum, jaringan, dan organisasi. ramadani, r. (2020). independent state institutions in indonesia in perspective of the concept of independent regulatory agencies. journal of law ius quia iustum, 27(1). https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol27.iss1.art9 rizki a, i., suhartono, r. m., & salam, s. (2021). implementation of state administrative court decisions: conception, and barriers. musamus law review, 3(2), 49–57. https://doi.org/10.35724/mularev.v3i2.3449 safrin salam, d. (2020). perkembangan filsafat hukum kontemporer. zifatama jawara. retrieved from https://books.google.co.id/books?id=rf7_dwaaqbaj&dq=+safrin+salam+filsafat+hukum&lr=&hl=id&sourc e=gbs_navlinks_s salam, s. (2019). rekonstruksi paradima filsafat ilmu : studi kritis terhadap ilmu hukum sebagai ilmu. ekspose: jurnal penelitian hukum dan pendidikan, 18(2), hlm. 885-896. retrieved from https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=id&lr=&id=rf7_dwaaqbaj&oi=fnd&pg=pa1&dq=safrin+salam&ots=d ylnjuhxni&sig=rd9c2ndydyi-96xikcjfgxfoahw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=safrin salam&f=false salam, s., & suhartono, r. m. (2020). the existence legal certainty of the truth and reconciliation commission in indonesia. musamus law review, 2(2), 76–85. https://doi.org/10.35724/mularev.v2i2.2849 tauda, g. a. (2011). the position of the independent state commission in the indonesian constitutional structure. journal of legal institutions, 6 n, 173(2). thatcher, m. (2002). independent regulatory agencies in europe. risk and regulation magazine, 9(6), 117. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap perilaku pengguna helm di universitas haluoleo i ni putu sri widiasih page 105 tinjauan yuridis terhadap perilaku pengguna helm di universitas haluoleo oleh ni putu sri widiasih mahasiswa pascasarjana magister hukum universitas airlangga abstract violations committed by motorists with not using a helmet shows compliance (compliance) are low traffic rules as regulated in section 57 subsection (2) of act no. 22 of year 2009 about traffic transport and streets. this type of research is conducted with the normative-legal research efforts are empirical. the research results showed that the factors cause motorists not wearing a helmet at the cross roads and surrounding a h.e. mokodompit still in kecamatan kambu is a factor of consciousness and behavior, because almost all violations and traffic accidents on the road sekitasrnya and h.e. à mokodompit that kecamatan kambu is still in its primary cause is the rider. these factors gave rise to differences of level of knowledge and/or understanding of the people against the prevailing rules resulted in a disparity that potentially gave rise to traffic problems in particular knowledge of the importance of the benefits the use of helmets for motorbike riders of vehicles that do not wear a helmet, both between road users themselves as well as between road users with apparatus that served to carry out law enforcement on highways, environmental factors contribute active in creating behavior-behavior that deviates. the citizens of the society like the breach of rules that have been set out in the legislation are likely to form a bad or aberrant personality on the individual efforts being done satlantas polres kendari in tackling traffic offences caused by motorcyclists not wearing a helmet at the cross streets of h.e. à mokodompit is by way of enforcing methods of pre-emptif, is an effort or prevention efforts against irregularities. keywords: helmet, breach of the user, traffic a. pendahuluan manusia sebagai mahluk sosial hidup dalam sebuah tatanan norma-norma sosial yang berlaku, hal ini terjadi karena adanya interaksi manusia yang satu dengan manusia yang lainnya dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat. masyarakat sebagai wadah tingkah laku hubungan sosial para individu, maka dalam interaksi tersebut masing-masing individu pasti terikat dengan norma-norma dan peraturan-peraturan ataupun kaidah-kaidah yang harus ditaati oleh setiap individu. kaidah atau peraturan yang mengatur tingkah laku manusia yang lazim disebut hukum. perkembangan teknologi saat ini kian pesat, salah satunya di bidang transportasi khususnya kendaraan bermotor. perkembangan yang pesat itu seharusnya diimbangi dengan sarana lalu lintas jalan raya. hal ini dengan tujuan untuk mengatasi jumlah kendaraan yang kian hari kian membludak. semakin membludaknya kendaraan di jalan issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap perilaku pengguna helm di universitas haluoleo i ni putu sri widiasih page 106 raya sering menimbulkan pelanggaran lalu lintas. untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut maka diperlukan kaidah-kaidah hukum yang tepat untuk mengatasinya. pelanggaran lalu lintas merupakan suatu keadaan dimana terjadi ketidak sesuaian antara aturan dan pelaksanaan. aturan dalam hal ini yang dimaksud adalah undangundang yang telah ditetapkan oleh negara yang berlaku secara sah, sedangkan masyarakat menjadi pelaksananya. dalam mengikuti aturan yang tertera dalam pasal-pasal jika tidak sesuai dengan pasal-pasal tersebut, maka disebut pelanggaran lalu lintas. pelanggaran lalu lintas tidak dapat dibiarkan begitu saja karena bersumber dari suatu pelanggaran tersebut akan timbul kecelakaan lalu lintas, meski juga masih ada faktor lain yang menyebabkannya helm biasanya digunakan sebagai pelindung kepala untuk berbagai aktivitas pertempuran (militer) atau aktivitas sipil seperti olahraga, pertambangan, atau berkendaraan. helm dapat memberi perlindungan tambahan pada sebagian dari kepala (bergantung pada strukturnya) dari benda jatuh atau berkecepatan tinggi. di beberapa negara, helm wajib digunakan bagi pengendara sepeda motor, bahkan ada yang mewajibkannya bagi pengendara sepeda tak bermotor. pelanggaran yang dilakukan oleh pengendara motor dengan tidak menggunakan helm menunjukkan kepatuhan (compliance) yang rendah terhadap peraturan lalu-lintas sebagaimana yang diatur pada pasal 57 ayat (2) undang-undang nomor 22 tahun 2009 tentang lalu lintas dan angkutan jalan, bahwa “setiap kendaraan bermotor yang dioperasikan di jalan wajib dilengkapi dengan helm standar nasional indonesia”. selanjutnya, pada pasal 106 ayat (8) dikemukakan bahwa “setiap orang yang mengemudikan sepeda motor dan penumpang sepeda motor wajib mengenakan helm yang memenuhi standar nasional indonesia”. berdasarkan hasil observasi penulis pada hari rabu, 18 februari 2015 di kecamatan kambu, masyarakat dan mahasiswa (i) yang melakukan mobilisasi dari rumah/kost sampai dengan kampus universitas halu oleo atau tempat lain yang masih dalam wilayah kecamatan kambu, ada beberapa atau sebagian besar pengendara sepeda motor (kendaraan roda dua) tidak memakai helm seperti yang telah ditetapkan dalam peraturan berlalu lintas. seharusnya para pengendara mematuhi peraturan undang-undang berlalu http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/olahraga http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/pertambangan http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/sepeda_motor http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/sepeda issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap perilaku pengguna helm di universitas haluoleo i ni putu sri widiasih page 107 lintas sebagaimana yang telah ditetapkan, dan kepolisian diharapkan menerapkan peraturan ataupun undang-undang tersebut dengan baik dalam artian sanksi harus diberlakukan dengan asas equality before the law. pada kenyataannya terdapat pelanggaran berlalu lintas di jalan h.e.a mokodompit menuju universitas halu oleo kendari yang melanggar peraturan undang-undang nomor 22 tahun 2009 tentang lalu lintas dan angkutan jalan, namun tidak ada tindakan sanksi dari kepolisian. berdasarkan uraian tersebut di atas, maka penulis tertarik untuk mengkaji dan menelaah tentang “kajian kriminologis terhadap perilaku pengendara sepeda motor yang tidak memakai helm”. merujuk pada uraian latar belakang yang dikemukakan di atas, maka ada dua permasalahan pokok yang diajukan, yaitu faktor-faktor apa penyebab pengendara sepeda motor tidak memakai helm dan upaya apa yang dilakukan oleh kepolisian dalam penegakan undang-undang lalu lintas nomor 22 tahun 2009. b. metode penelitian tipe penelitian ini dilakukan dengan upaya penelitian hukum normatif-empiris. tipe penelitian normatif merupakan tipe yang didasarkan pada suatu kajian kriminologi dan berusaha menekankan pada kaidah hukum sesuai dengan aturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. digunakan penelitian empiris bermaksud untuk menemukan dan menganalisis kenyataan-kenyataan yang terjadi di dalam masyarakat khususnya mengenai perilaku pengendara sepeda motor yang tidak memakai helm. jenis dan sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah data primer yaitu data yang diperoleh secara langsung dari masyarakat dan mahasiswa yang tidak memakai helm pada saat berkendara dengan menggunakan observasi, kuisioner atau angket serta wawancara yang berhubungan dengan pelanggaran lalu lintas terhadap perilaku pengendara sepeda motor yang tidak memakai helm dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi serta upaya-upaya yang dilakukan dan data sekunder adalah data yang diperoleh dari kepolisian resor kendari dan data sekunder dibutuhkan untuk melengkapi data primer penelitian yang berwujud berupa pendapat-pendapat, dokumen-dokumen resmi, buku-buku, hasil-hasil issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap perilaku pengguna helm di universitas haluoleo i ni putu sri widiasih page 108 penelitian yang berwujud laporan yang terkait dengan pembahasan dalam penelitian ini dan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berhubungan dengan penelitian ini. teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara penelitian kepustakaan yaitu penelitian dengan cara menelaah beberapa literature serta bacaanbacaan lain yang berhubungan dengan penelitian ini dan penelitian lapangan yaitu penelitian yang digunakan dengan cara turun langsung meneliti di lapangan untuk mendapatkan data akurat tentang perilaku pengendara sepeda motor roda dua yang tidak memakai helm dengan melakukan pengamatan (observation), kuisioner atau angket, dan wawancara. teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis kualitatif yang meneliti dan menalaah data, bahan hukum dan segala informasi yang berkenaan dengan pelanggaran berlalu lintas khususnya pengendara sepeda motor roda dua yang tidak memakai helm di lintas wilayah kecamatan kambu. baik yang bersifat umum maupun khusus, data yang diperoleh kemudian diuraikan dalam bentuk uraian secara logis dan sistematis untuk menjawab permasalahan yang ada pada penelitian ini dengan menggunakan bantuan tabek frekuensi dan persentase. c. hasil dan pembahasan 1. faktor-faktor penyebab pengendara sepeda motor roda dua yang tidak memakai helm terdapat banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya pelanggaran lalu lintas di jalan setiap ta hunnya. faktor tersebut antara lain, adanya paradigma berpikir masyarakat instan di zaman modern, mulai lunturnya sensitivitas dalam berkendara, dan minimnya etika berkendara untuk tertib, saling menghormati, saling menghargai, sehingga mengakibatkan semakin tergerusnya rasa kepemilikan akan sesuatu. faktor-faktor di atas mempunyai hubungan kausalitas atau sebab akibat yang saling berkaitan antara satu sama lain. faktor manusia merupakan penyebab pelanggaran lalu lintas yang paling tinggi karena faktor manusia berkaitan erat dengan etika, tingkah laku, dan cara berkendara di jalan raya. bentuk pelanggaran itu sendiri merupakan bagian dari issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap perilaku pengguna helm di universitas haluoleo i ni putu sri widiasih page 109 kelalaian seseorang dalam bertindak dan mengambil keputusan yang tergesa-gesa. mereka sering mementingkan diri sendiri dari pada mementingkan kepentingan umum. melalui angket terbuka di jalan h.e.a mokodompit, diperoleh gambaran kepatuhan subjek penelitian terhadap peraturan penggunaan helm. kepatuhan subjek diketahui dari self-report dengan dua pilihan jawaban yaitu, subjek selalu menggunakan helm atau sangat jarang tidak menggunakan helm saat mengendarai sepeda motor, dan subjek selalu atau sangat sering tidak menggunakan helm saat mengendarai sepeda motor. berbagai alasan yang mendasari kepatuhan subjek mematuhi peraturan penggunaan helm sebagaimana dinyatakan dalam tabel 6. tabel 6: alasan utama subjek mematuhi peraturan penggunaan helm. no. alasan frekuen si persentase (%) 1. safety/keamanan 5 3,38 2. sudah aturan, kewajiban 34 22,97 3. takut ditilang, takut ada polisi 23 15,54 4. sudah terbiasa 80 54,05 5. terlihat keren 1 0,68 6. tidak memberikan alasan 5 3,38 total 148 100% sumber data: angket terbuka di jalan h.e.a mokodompit april 2015 berdasarkan data pada tabel 6 di atas diketahui bahwa, tiga alasan utama subjek penelitian mematuhi peraturan penggunaan helm adalah 5 (lima) orang disebabkan alasan keselamatan, terdapat 34 (tiga puluh empat) orang disebabkan karena sudah aturan atau kewajiban, dan 23 (dua puluh tiga) orang disebabkan karena takut ada polisi atau kena tilang. sementara yang menjadi alasan utama subjek penelitian tidak mematuhi peraturan penggunaan helm adalah 80 (delapan puluh) orang disebabkan karena sudah terbiasa, terdapat 1 (satu) orang disebabkan karena terlihat keren, dan 5 (lima) orang tidak memberikan alasan. tabel di atas di peroleh gambaran bahwa penyebab yang dominan adalah karena sudah terbiasa yaitu 80 (delapan puluh) orang atau rata-rata 54,05%, terdapat 5 (lima) issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap perilaku pengguna helm di universitas haluoleo i ni putu sri widiasih page 110 orang atau rata-rata 3,38% tidak memberikan alasan, dan 1 (satu) orang atau rata-rata 0,68 disebabkan karena ingin terlihat keren. alasan utama subjek melanggar peraturan penggunaan helm diringkas dalam tabel 7 sebagai berikut. tabel 7: alasan utama subjek melanggar peraturan penggunaan helm. no. alasan frekuensi persentase 1. jarak tempuh tidak jauh 36 58,06 2. kalau tidak ada polisi 12 19,35 3. merepotkan 7 11,29 4. tidak nyaman, panas 6 9,68 5. meniru orang lain 1 1,61 total 62 100 sumber data: angket terbuka di jalan h.e.a mokodompit april 2015 data pada tabel 7 menunjukkan bahwa subjek penelitian tidak mematuhi peraturan penggunaan helm terutama karena jarak tempuh tidak jauh terdapat 36 (tiga puluh enam) orang atau rata-rata 58,06%, pada saat tidak ada polisi terdapat 12 (dua belas) orang atau rata-rata 19,35%, dipandang merepotkan terdapat 7 (tujuh) orang atau rata-rata 11,29%, tidak nyaman/panas terdapat 7 (tujuh) orang atau 9,68%, dan alasan terakhir karena meniru orang lain terdapat 1 (satu) orang atau rata-rata 1,61%. berdasarkan data yang diperoleh dari pihak kepolisian resor kendari dalam kurun waktu 5 (lima) tahun dan melalui angket terbuka di jalan h.e.a mokodompit yang menunjukkan penyebab pengendara sepeda motor yang tidak memkai helm, faktor yang dominan mempengaruhi penggunaan helm pada pengemudi sepeda motor adalah faktor yang murni berasal dari dalam diri sendiri, yaitu sikap individu terhadap helm sebagai objek sikap dan kontrol diri individu dalam menggunakan helm terkait segala macam konsekuensinya. di sisi lain, hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa faktor eksternal seperti pengaruh orang lain. penulis memberikan pertanyaan yang sama terhadap seluruh responden, yaitu pertanyaan mengenai faktor-faktor penyebab pengendara sepeda motor tidak memakai helm di lintas jalan h.e.a mokodompit yang menuju universitas halu oleo dan sekitarnya. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap perilaku pengguna helm di universitas haluoleo i ni putu sri widiasih page 111 dari data-data yang diperoleh oleh penulis dari wawancara dengan beberapa responden yang tidak memakai helm pada saat mengendarai sepeda motor tersebut di atas, penulis dapat menyimpulkan beberapa faktor yang menyebabkan seseorang melakukan pelanggaran lalu lintas tidak memakai helm pada saat berkendara dengan kendaraan sepeda motor, sebagai berikut: 1. faktor kesadaran dan perilaku tidak berlebihan bila dikatakan bahwa, hampir semua pelanggaran dan kecelakaan lalu lintas di jalan h.e.a mokodompit dan sekitarnya yang masih dalam wilayah kecamatan kambu penyebab utamanya adalah pengendara. penyebab pelanggaran dan kecelakaan lalu lintas paling banyak disebabkan oleh manusia, yang mencakup psikologi manusia sistem indra seperti penglihatan dan pendengaran, dan pengetahuan tentang tata cara lalu lintas. penyebab faktor rendahnya kesadaran dan perilaku ini juga dipertegas oleh pernyataan rudi sutendi selaku kanit patroli polres kendari, menyatakan bahwa: “dari hasil operasi lalu lintas di jalan memang sampai saat ini faktor manusia masih mendominasi terjadinya pelanggaran lalu lintas bahkan sampai menimbulkan kecelakaan, tentunya hal ini dipengaruhi oleh kurangnya kesadaran, pengetahuan serta lingkungan yang baik serta kesadaran hukum para pengendara sepeda motor khususnya di jalan h.e.a mokodompit masih sangat kurang”. (wawancara tanggal 20 april 2015) berdasarkan wawancara di atas, menggambarkan bahwa perilaku pengendara sepeda motor yang tidak memakai helm ditentukan oleh beberapa indikator yang membentuk sikap dan perilakunya di jalan raya. kesadaran dan perilaku yang membudaya dari pengguna jalan merupakan salah satu faktor utama yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap situasi lalu lintas yang sifatnya akan merugikan diri sendiri. etika, sopan santun, toleransi antar pengguna jalan, kematangan dalam pengendalian emosi serta kepedulian pengguna jalan di jalan raya akan menimbulkan sebuah iteraksi yang dapat mewarnai situasi lalu lintas berupa hasil yang positif seperti terciptanya keamanan, keselamatan dan kelancaran lalu lintas maupun dampak negatif issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap perilaku pengguna helm di universitas haluoleo i ni putu sri widiasih page 112 yang dapat menimbulkan kesemrawutan, kemacetan, pelanggaran dan kecelakaan lalu lintas, sehingga mentalitas pengguna jalan merupakan suatu hal yang fundamental dalam mewujudkan situasi lalu lintas yang baik. 2. faktor pemahaman terhadap undang-undang nomor 22 tahun 2009 tentang lalu lintas dan angkutan darat. dalam menciptakan dan memelihara keamanan, keselamatan, ketertiban serta kelancaran lalu lintas, telah dilakukan pengaturan yang disesuaikan dengan perkembangan situasi lalu lintas yang ada denganmempertimbangkan perkembangan teknologi di bidang transportasi baik yang berhubungan dengan kendaraan dan dampak lingkungan lainnya dalam bentuk suatu aturan yang tegas dan jelas serta telah melalui roses sosialisai secara bertahap sehingga dapat dijadikan pedoman dalam berinteraksi di jalan raya. setiap pengguna jalan wajib memahami setiap aturan yang telah dibakukan secara formal baik dalam bentuk undang-undang, perpu, peraturan pemerintah, perda dan aturan lainnya khususnya undang-undang nomor 22 tahun 2009 yang mengatur tentang lalu lintas sehingga terdapat satu persepsi dalam pola tindak dan pola pikir dalam berinteraksi di jalan raya. 3. faktor lingkungan lingkungan sangat berperan aktif dalam menciptakan perilaku-perilaku yang menyimpang. seorang individu yang tinggal dalam lingkungan yang baik, sumber daya manusianya bagus, melakukan perbuatan-perbuatan yang baik dan positif akan mempengaruhi kepribadian individu tersebut untuk menjadi baik. sebaliknya, bila seorang individu hidup dan tinggal dalam lingkungan yang buruk, warga masyarakatnya suka melakukan pelanggaran terhadap aturan yang telah ditetapkan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan cenderung akan membentuk kepribadian yang buruk atau menyimpang pada diri individu tersebut, seperti yang telah terjadi di lingkungan jalan h.e.a mokodompit yang tingkat kepatuhan terhadap aturan lalu lintas sangat kurang. berdasarkan wawancara penuli dengan agus salim selaku anggota satuan lalu lintas (satlantas) polres kendari, menyatakan bahwa: issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap perilaku pengguna helm di universitas haluoleo i ni putu sri widiasih page 113 “faktor lingkungan memberikan pengaruh terhadap penyimpangan perilaku pengendara sepeda motor tidak memakai helm di lintas wilayah kambu khususnya di jalan h.e.a mokodompit dengan kondisi pelanggaran tersebut yang sering terjadi sehari-hari sehingga menjadi kebiasaan yang lumrah bagi pengendara sepeda motor untuk tidak memakai helm, selain itu karena kurangnya kesadaran pengendara terhadap pentingnya manfaat penggunaan helm dan pengetahuan tentang peraturan lalu lintas. sehingga membuat perilaku tersebut mempengaruhi pengendara sepeda motor yng melintas di jalan h.e.a mokodompit menuju universitas halu oleo atau tempat tujuan lain mengikuti perilaku tidak memakai helm yang jelas-jelas menyimpang dan melanggar peraturan undang-undang nomor 22 tahu 2009”. (wawancara 15 mei 2015) wawancara di atas, menggambarkan bahwasanya penyebab kegagalan kepatuhan terhadap peraturan lalu lintas dari segi kondisi lingkungan bisa dijabarkan dalam skenario berikut ini, suatu ketika pengendara tersebut mencoba menggunakan helm, namun keadaan yang ia hadapi adalah bahwa banyak pengendara lain yang ternyata tidak menggunakan helm tidak mendapat sanksi apa-apa, selain itu ia juga merasa tidak nyaman ketika memakai helm karena terasa gerah. keadaan ini menggambarkan adanya konsekuensi negatif ketika pengendara tersebut berusaha mematuhi peraturan dengan menggunakan helm. konsekuensi negatif tersebut berasal dari rasa tidak nyaman dan umpan balik sosial yang memperlihatkan bahwa tidak menjadi masalah bila pengendara tidak menggunakan helm 2. upaya kepolisian dalam penegakan undang-undang lalu lintas nomor 22 tahun 2009 upaya yang dilakukan kepolisian dalam mengatasi maslah pelanggaran lalu lintas khususnya pengendara sepeda motor yang tidak memakai helm di lintas jalan h.e.a mokodompit, dianggap belum maksimal, karena data pelanggaran yang diperoleh dari polres kendari khususnya di jalan h.e.a mokodompit, tidak ada sama sekali penilangan yang di lakukan aparat kepolisian, tetapi pada kenyataan yang terjadi di jalan tersebut issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap perilaku pengguna helm di universitas haluoleo i ni putu sri widiasih page 114 sering terjadi pelanggaran terhadap undang-undang nomor 22 tahun 2009 khususnya pengendara sepeda motor yang tidak memakai helm. menurut akp ida bagus sudirgha selaku kasat lantas polres kendari mengemukakan bahwa: “upaya-upaya yang dilakukan jajaran satlantas polres kendari untuk menanggulangi pelanggaran lalu lintas mengguanakan dua upaya yaitu upaya preventif (pencegahan) dan upaya represif (penindakan).” (wawancara tanggal 17 mei 2015). upaya yang dilakukan aparat kepolisian dapat di jelaskan sebagai berikut: 1. metode pre-emptif metode ini merupakan usaha atau upaya-upaya pencegahan terhadap penyimpangan penggunaan helm sejak awal atau sejak dini, yang dilakukan oleh kepolisisan yang mana tindaka ini lebih bersifat psikis atau moril untuk mengajak atau menghimbau kepada masyarakat agar dapat mentaati setiap aturan lalu lintas yang berlaku. upaya-upaya ini berupa: a. membina hubungan baik dengan tokoh-tokoh masyarakat agar tercipta realisasi perlindungan itu sendiri. b. melakukan pembinaan kepada generasi muda dengan mendukung segala kegiatan olahraga dan kegiatan positif lainnya. c. membuat selebaran-selebaran mengenai informasi yang dianggap perlu demi mencegah pelanggaran lalulintas. 2. metode preventif dalam rangka menanggulangi terjadinya pelanggaran lalu lintas khususnya pengendara sepeda motor tidak memaki helm di lintas jalan h.e.a mokodompit dan sekitarnya pihak satuan lalu lintas (satlantas) polres kendari melakukan upaya pencegahan dengan cara memiliki beberapa program yang bersikap edukasi sebagai bagian dari upaya pencegahan (preventif) diantaranya adalah: a. polisi sahabat anak (polsana) issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap perilaku pengguna helm di universitas haluoleo i ni putu sri widiasih page 115 polsana merupakan kegiatan penanaman tentang kesadaran dan tertib berlalu lintas sejak usia dini. penanaman disiplin lalu lintas terhadap anak-anak merupakanpenyelamatan anak bangsa. polsana merupakan program jangka panjang, yang harus selalu ditumbuh kembangkan dan dilakukan secara berkesinambungan. kegiatan polsana dapat dilakukan melalui kunjungan maupun open house (anak –anak yang berkunjung ke kantor polisi). b. sosialisasi lintas universitas sosialisasi lintas universitas merupakan kegiatan dari kepolisian yang mengajak kalangan kampus atau akademisi sebagai salah satu stake holder untuk ikut berperan serta dalam menangani masalah lalu lintas. dalam kegiatan ini tidak hanya sebatas kepada mahasiswa tetapi juga para dosen. kegiatan sosialisasi ini dapat dilakukan melalui kunjungan, diskusi, seminar, debat publik, serta kampanya keselamatan lalu lintas. c. keamanan berkendara keamanan berkendara merupakan kegiatan untuk keselamatan dalam berkendara. kegiatan ini mencakup pada kegiatan pendidikan dan pelatihan ketrampilan mengendarai kendaraan bermotor, kiat-kiat aman berkendara. ketrampilan dan keahlian berkendara yang dilatihkan dan diselenggarakan oleh polisi yang bekerjasama dengan sektor bisnis, media dan lsm yang ditujukan baik dari tingkat pelajar, mahasiswa, pengemudi angkutan umum, club otomotif, masyarakat umum atau siapa saja yang peduli terhadap masalah keselamatan berkendara dengan bertujuan meningkatkan kemampuan serta kesadaran berlalu lintas untuk keselamatan para pengguna jalan. d. kampanye keselamatan lalu lintas kampanye keselamatan lalu lintas merupakan kegiatan bersama (kemitraan antara polisi dengan stake holder) sebagai bentuk kegiatan preventif edukatif yang lebih bersifat sosialisasi dalam meningkatkan kedaraan, pengetahuan dan keinginan untuk mentaati peraturan perundang-undangan lalu lintas. 3. metode represif selain menggunakan metode preventif, jajaran satlantas polres kendari juga menerapkan metode represif. pada hakekatnya upaya tersebut merupakan upaya terakhir issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap perilaku pengguna helm di universitas haluoleo i ni putu sri widiasih page 116 yang ditempuh ketika tindakan edukatif yang terkandung didalam metode preventif tidak dapat menanggulangi permasalahan lalu lintas. upaya represif biasanya disertai dengan upaya penerapan paksa. tindakan represif dilakukan terhadap setiap jenis pelanggaran lalu lintas atau dalam bentuk pelanggaran kasus kecelakaan lalu lintas. seperti yang dikatakan akp ida bagus sudirgha selaku kepala satuan lalu lintas polres kendari, menyatakan bahwa: “satlantas polres kendari selain menerapkan upaya preventif juga menggunakan upaya represif, hal ini tidak hanya memberikan tujuan pelajaran secara paksa atau hukuman bagi para pelanggar lalu lintas yang tertindak, namun tujuan yang lebih penting adalah membuat jera para pelaku pelanggaran sehingga tidak mengulangi kesalahannya lagi diwaktu mendatang”. (wawancara 18 mei 2015). d. penutup berdasarkan rumusan masalah, hasil penelitian, dan pembahasan yang telah diuraikan, maka dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut. faktor-faktor penyebab pengendara sepeda motor tidak memakai helm di lintas jalan h.e.a mokodompit dan sekitarnya yang masih dalam wilayah kecamatan kambu adalah faktor kesadaran dan perilaku, karena hampir semua pelanggaran dan kecelakaan lalu lintas di jalan h.e.a mokodompit dan sekitasrnya yang masih dalam wilayah kecamatan kambu penyebab utamanya adalah pengendara. penyebab pelanggaran dan kecelakaan lalu lintas paling banyak disebabkan oleh manusia, yang mencakup psikologi manusia sistem indra seperti penglihatan dan pendengaran, dan pengetahuan tentang tata cara lalu lintas. pelanggaran lalu lintas terkait yang disebabkan oleh pengendara di jalan h.e.a mokodompit dan sekitarnya disebabkan oleh ingin menghemat waktu dan biaya, ceroboh, tergesa-gesa, ingin cepat sampai tujuan, serta sikap lupa atau lalai dan faktor pemahaman terhadap undang-undang nomor 22 tahun 2009 tentang lalu lintas dan angkutan darat, faktor ini memunculkan perbedaan tingkat pengetahuan dan/atau pemahaman masyarakat terhadap aturan yang berlaku mengakibatkan suatu kesenjangan yang berpotensi memunculkan permasalahan dalam berlalu lintas khususnya pengetahuan pentingnya manfaat penggunaan helm bagi pengendara kendaraan sepeda motor yang tidak memakai helm, baik antar pengguna jalan issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap perilaku pengguna helm di universitas haluoleo i ni putu sri widiasih page 117 itu sendiri maupun antara pengguna jalan dengan aparat yang bertugas untuk melaksanakan penegakan hukum di jalan raya, faktor lingkungan sangat berperan aktif dalam menciptakan perilaku-perilaku yang menyimpang. warga masyarakatnya suka melakukan pelanggaran terhadap aturan yang telah ditetapkan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan cenderung akan membentuk kepribadian yang buruk atau menyimpang pada diri individu tersebut dan upaya-upaya yang dilakukan satlantas polres kendari dalam menanggulangi pelanggaran lalu lintas yang disebabkan oleh pengendara sepeda motor tidak memakai helm di lintas jalan h.e.a mokodompit ialah dengan cara memberlakukan metode preemptif, merupakan usaha atau upaya-upaya pencegahan terhadap penyimpangan penggunaan helm sejak awal atau sejak dini, yang dilakukan oleh kepolisisan yang mana tindaka ini lebih bersifat psikis atau moril untuk mengajak atau menghimbau kepada masyarakat agar dapat mentaati setiap aturan lalu lintas yang berlaku. metode preventif(upaya pencegahan) merupakan upaya pencegahan sebelum terjadinya pelanggaran selain itu upaya ini juga lebih bersifat kearah edukatif atau pembelajaran yang dapat memberikan tambahan pengetahuan masyarakat mengenai lalu lintas. selain menggunakan metode pre-emptif dan metode preventif, jajaran satlantas polres kendari juga menerapkan metode represif, pada hakekatnya metode ini merupakan upaya terakhir yang ditempuh ketika tindakan edukatif yang terkandung didalam upaya preventif tidak dapat menanggulangi permasalahan lalu lintas. penegakan hukum lalu lintas sebagai bentuk kegiatan represif dilakukan terhadap setiap pemakai jalan yang melakukan pelanggaran terhadap hukum lalu lintas dan angkutan jalan daftar pustaka indah sri utari, 2012, aliran dan teori kriminologi, penerbit thafa media, yogyakarta. john hagan, 1987, modern criminology, crime, criminal behavior, and its control, mc graw hill book com, singapore, p. 164, dalam paulus hadisuprapro, 1997. lilik mulyadi, kajian kkritis dan analitis terhadap dimensi teori-teori kriminologi dalam perspektif ilmu pengetahuan hokum pidana modern, issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 tinjauan yuridis terhadap perilaku pengguna helm di universitas haluoleo i ni putu sri widiasih page 118 romli atmasasmita, teori dan kapita selekta kriminologi, penerbit pt eresco, bandung, 1992. richard osborne & borin van loon. 1996. mengenal sosiologi forbeginner. bandung rinto raharjo, 2014, tertib berlalu lintas, penerbit shafa media, yogyakarta. sunarto, kamanto. 1993. pengantar sosiologi. jakarta: lembaga penerbit fe – ui soedjono dirdjosiswojo, 1984, ruang lingkup kriminologi,remaja karya, bandung, trias welas, 2010, undanag-undang lalu lintas ri no 22 tahun 2009 tentang lalu lintas dan angkuta jalan, penerbit new merah, yogyakarta. topo santoso dan eva achjani, 2001, kriminologi, penerbit pt raja grafindo persada, jakarta. jurnal hukum volkgeist https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v6i1.1390 vol. 6 no.1, december 2021 51 law enforcement against online fraud crimes: a case study at police district area of wajo aswar ardi1*, m. said karim1, haeranah1 1faculty of law, hasanuddin university, indonesia *correspondence: aswarardi509@gmail.com article history abstract received: 03.09.2021 accepted: 24.12.2021 published: 27.12.2021 the internet has brought new realities to every human life, the internet has also changed distance and time to infinity. crimes that often occur in the internet media is fraud on behalf of online businesses in the name of internet media. the purpose of the study was to analyze the barriers in law enforcement against online crimes as well as the effectiveness of law enforcement against online fraud crimes in the wajo police jurisdiction. the type of research used in this study is empirical law research located in wajo police jurisdiction. the results showed that obstacles in law enforcement against online crimes in terms of personnel or investigator aspects, aspects of facilities and infrastructure, budget aspects, and community aspects while the effectiveness of law enforcement against online fraud crimes in the wajo police jurisdictio n is 1) substance that in the law enforcement system needs to take decisive action or see the legal basis of the criminal, and the basis of law enforcement to optimize and maxim ize its performance is the legal basis of law no. 19 of 2016 on amendments to law no. 11 of 2008 on information and electronic transactions article 28 paragraph (1) and article 378 in the criminal code, and article 390 of the criminal code and law enforcement that is before the investigation, certain crimes have been known but the crime is not yet clear and it is not yet known who did it. keywords: criminal acts; fraud; ite law; internet article licence copyright © 2021 the author(s): this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution sharealike 4.0 international (cc by-sa 4.0) 1. introduction the information and electronic transactions act (ite law) is basically a legal umbrella in the field of telecommunications, computing, and entertainment (media), which at first each still stands alone. this law is made to provide legal certainty, so that when we transact electronically such as financial transactions using mobile phones/computers, from entering passwords, conducting financial transactions, until the transaction is completed or agreed, there is a guarantee for the transaction process." based on these considerations, the law no. 111 of 2008 on information and electronic transactions (hereinafter referred to as the ite law). the ite law guarantees the legal certainty of users in cyberspace (safrin salam, nurwita ismail, faharudin, nuragifah, erni dwita silambi, shinta nurhidayati salam, rosnida 2020). the development of computer technology, telecommunications, and information technology has been running in such a way that now it is very much different from previous years. the development of this technology brings changes to human life. (idha pratiwi dyah sinta dewi, 2019). in this context the law becomes the main thing to regulate the change of human life through legal norms (greetings, 2019). the position makes indonesia a country of law (rizki a et al., 2021). the sophistication of electronic information technology today is enough to make it easier for everyone to communicate with each other, where electronic-based information technology is the main gateway to get other needs, so that any item is easier to get and access to get information very easily (suparni, 2009). the rapid development in the field of information technology today is the impact of the increasingly complex human need for information itself. the internet has brought new realities to every human life, the internet has also changed distance and time to infinity. internet media that can do business transactions, learn, shop, talk with colleagues around the world, even do other activities in real life. the relationship betwe en information network technology and communication has resulted in a very wide cyberspace. technology contains a collection of https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v6i1.1390 mailto:aswarardi509@gmail.com p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 51-57 52 information accessed by each person in the form of a computer network called an internet network as a media service or information provider (arifandi, 2016). crimes that often occur in the internet media is fraud on behalf of online businesses on behalf of internet media that offer a wide range of products sold at below average prices. online business is a business conducted through the internet as a marketing medium through the website as a catalog. strict and clear enforcement of online business fraud is often the trigger for these fraud crimes. the criminal code (criminal code) and law no. 11 of 2008 on information and electronic transactions have imposed legal sanctions against online fraudsters. such cases will be enforced using the law of article 378 of the criminal code, and article 28 paragraph (1) of law no. 11 of 2008 concerning ite (abdul wahid 2005). in dutch, crimes and offenses are referred to as strafbaarfeit, a compound term composed of the letters straf, baar, and feit. among the terms, straf is defined as illegal and legal, baar as can and may, and feit as acts, occurrences, violations, and acts (ilyas 2012). with the enactment of the information and electronic transactions act on april 21, 2008, law no. 11 of 2008 on information and electronic transactions has set such a way related to violations that occur in technology that uses internet media, the ite law provides special criminal acts, this law not only contains criminal law, but also contains arrangements regarding the management of information and electronic transactions that occur at the national level (chazawi, 2011). in fact, the use of information technology, media, and communication has changed both the behavior of society and human civilization globally. the development of information and communication technology causes the world's relationship to be borderless and causes significant social, economic, and cultural changes to take place so quickly. information technology today becomes a double-edged sword because in addition to contributing to the improvement of human welfare, progress, and civilization, it is also an effective target of unlawful acts (maskun 2009). information and electronic transactions have opened the eyes of the world to a new world, the process of buying and selling through the internet is certainly familiar. the process of buying and selling through the internet or electronic commerce is the process of buying and selling, transferring, or exchanging products, services, and information conducted through computer networks, including the internet. it is important to be reviewed in order to test the legal capacity in the development in cyberspace (imron rizki, safrin salam, 2019) considering the above issues, the issue of this research is law enforcement against online fraud crimes in the wajo district police. 2. methodology this research is empirical legal research. this research departs from a thought that today there are still a group of indigenous legal people living in a certain area, especially in the wajo police territory. seeing the population is very large in number, so to facilitate this study, the authors applied the sampling technique using purposive sampling method. regarding the type and source of data to be used in this study using primary data, namely information obtained from respondents as well as the views of police, prosecutors, judges and the public, through an interview conducted directly found by the author in the field. as well as secondary data obtained in the form of ready -made (available) through publications and information issued various information issued by various agencies, companies or various journals and other researches that have been carried out previously. (moeleong 2009). techniques for reviewing and collecting primary data that will be conducted by way of interviews and literature studi es. withdrawal of conclusions, in which case the author draws conclusions and verifies them. the last step in analyzing qualitative data is the withdrawal of conclusions and verification, each initial conclusion is still a temporary conclusion that will change when new data is obtained in the next data collection. the conclusions obtained while in the field are verified during the research by rethinking and reviewing the field notes so that an affirmation of conclusions is formed. 3. result and discussion 3.1 barriers in law enforcement against online crimes. the obstacles and obstacles in law enforcement against online fraud crimes based on interviews from wajo police investigators, namely in terms of personnel or investigator aspects, aspects of facilities and infrastructure, budget aspects, and community aspects. p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 51-57 53 a. personnel and auxiliary investigators in the efforts of law enforcement and countermeasures of a criminal act in the field of ite in particular, which contains elements of online fraud or cyber crime as referred to in article 28 paragraph (1) "everyone deliberately and without the right to spread false and misleading news that results in consumer losses in electronic transactions (article 28 paragraph 1 of law number 11 of 2008 concerning information and electronic transactions). threatened with a maximum imprisonment of 6 (six) years and/or a maximum fine of rp 1 billion rupiah. (article 45a paragraph 1 of law no. 19 of 2016 concerning amendments to law no. 11 of 2008 concerning information and electronic transactions). according to akbp wigino, s.h., m.h: in law enforcement proses against online fraud crimes at this time only a few personnel who have the ability and skills in handling ite (cyber crime) cases and only a few personnel have attended it-related training and case handling training in the field of ite. (the results of the interview with director sumda akbp wigino, s.h., m h. at the wajo police satreskrim office. as of january 5, 2021). b. facilities and pre-facilities at this time the obstacles wajo police investigators in the efforts to enforce and counter crime information and electronic transactions cyber crime is a tool used to check evidence and determine whether based on checking the evidence can meet the elements of the article alleged, and required experts to assist investigators in handling cases in explaining the elements of the article to be suspected related to the handling of online fraud cases (the results of the interview with kanit iii tipidter akp a. irvan fachri, s.h, at the wajo police satreskrim office. as of january 5, 2021) c. budget the lack of budget support provided by the state is often used and justified by law enforcement officials to find sources of illegal funding for personal benefit resulting in discrimination against the community (ansori, 2006). budget is a factor supporting the performance of investigators in the investigation and investigation process, especially the handling of cases in the field of it or cybercrime in this case in the form of the implementation of tasks outside the area that are often carried out by assistant investigators, including in order to conduct examinations of witnesses, implementation in asking for information experts namely criminal experts in information and electronic transactions, linguists, forensic digital experts and if needed also religious experts in providing information in the investigation and investigation process. at this time the obstacles experi enced during the investigation and investigation related to the budget is the budget targeted in the annual budget plan or budget that has been determined every year often experiences a shortfall or the budget spent often exceeds the budget that has been determined for a year. according to akp a. irvan fachri, s.h: "however, despite the obstacles described earlier, in order to provide legal certainty and create public order and security for information technology users, the police are working to overcome th ese obstacles. in overcoming obstacles in law enforcement efforts against online fraud crimes in the wajo police law area (the results of the interview with kanit iii tipidter akp a. irvan fachri, s.h, at the wajo police satreskrim office. as of january 5, 2021). d. community society, which is the environment where the law is enforced or applied. law enforcement comes from the community and aims to achieve peace in the community. therefore the community can influence law enforcement. indonesian society is a plural society where there are many entnik groups and cultures that vary depending on the social environment and the point of view of society. public awareness and legal compliance is not merely an object of socialogy. public legal awareness is not only found through legal sociology research solely paying attention to social symptoms. people as citizens who need awareness and compliance with laws and regulations in order to support the implementation of legal p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 51-57 54 suppressors. 3.2 effectiveness of law enforcement a. substation the purpose of the law theoretically includes three things, namely justice, certainty, and benefit. justice can be said to be the ultimate goal of universal justice. justice is indeed an abstract conception, but nevertheless in the concept of justice contained the meaning of protection of rights, equality of degrees and position before the law, as well as the principle of proportionality between individual interests and social interests. the abstract nature of justice is because justice cannot always be born of rationality, but is also determined by a social atmosphere influenced by values and other nomas in society. therefore justice also has a dynamic nature that sometimes cannot be accommodated in positive law (md 2009). from the conception above it appears that fair law enforcement should include the following" 1) protection of human rights. 2) equality of rights and positions before the law. 3) the principle of proportionality between individual interests and socia l interests. the principle of democratic oversight affirms that in carrying out its role and function, law enforcement must uphold the principles of transparency, accountability, responsive, control of democratic institutions that are the represents of public interests and open the participation of the public at large. in terms of reform of police institutions for example, referring to the concept of democratic policing at least police reform consists of six pillars that are interdependent, namely: internal control of the security institution (police) concerned, government or executive control, parliamentary supervision, judicial oversight, and civil society oversigh (ansori, 2006). reform of law enforcement institutions should be aimed at strengthening the rule of law. the rule of law principle believes in a commitment to human rights norms. the rule of law-based institutional reform affirms that a law enforcement officer must not only enforce the law based on the prevailing positive law, but m ust also be sensitive to the principles of justice and the principle of humanity (ansori 2006). in the law enforcement system it is necessary to take decisive action or see the legal basis of the criminal, and the basis of law enforcement to optimize and maximize its performance is the l egal basis of law no. 19 of 2016 on amendments to law no. 11 of 2008 on information and electronic transactions article 28 paragraph (1) and article 378 in the criminal code, and article 390 of the criminal code. of the three articles can be used as a legal basis for investigators and investigators to implement and optimize the enforcement of criminal law information and electronic transactions (ite), in the crime of cybercrime, especially in law enforcement against online fraud crimes. b. law enforcement investigation is a series of actions of investigators to find and find an event suspected as a criminal act to determine whether or not an investigation can be conducted in the manner set forth in this law (article 1 number 5 kuhap). the investigation is the initial stage of the start of the legal process conducted by the police against reports made by the community. the investigation conducted by wajo district police against the report of online fraud crime case is a first step taken to enforce the rules contained in article 378 and 390 of the criminal code as well as in article 28 paragraph (1) of law no. 11 of 2008 concerning information and electronic transactions. article 1 paragraph (1) kuhap "investigators are state police officers of the republic of indo nesia or certain civil servant officials who are specially authorized by law to conduct investigations." article 1 paragraph (4) kuhap "investigators are officials of the state police of the republic of indonesia authorized by law to conduct investigations." article 1 paragraph (5) kuhap "investigation is a series of actions of investigators to find and find an event suspected as a criminal act to determine whether or not an investigation can be conducted in the manner stipulated in the law. article 1 paragraph (2) kuhap "investigation is a series of investigative actions in the case and according to the manner stipulated in the law to find and gather evidence that with that evidence makes light of the crimes p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 51-57 55 that occurred and in order to find the suspect. based on the formulation of article 1 point 2 kuhap, the elements contained in the understanding of the investigation are: 1. an investigation is a series of actions that contain actions that are interconnected with each other; 2. the investigation was conducted by a public official called investigators. 3. the investigation is conducted based on the laws and regulations. 4. the purpose of the investigation is to find and gather evidence, which with that evidence makes light of the crimes that occurred and find the suspect. based on these four elements can be concluded that before the investigation, it has been known that there is a certain crime but the crime is not yet clear and it is not yet known who did it. the existence of an unlit crime is known from the investigation (chazawi, 2011). kuhap further regulates the investigators in article 6, which provides limits on investigative officers in criminal proceedings. the limitations of officials in the investigation stage are police investigators and civil servants (article law no. 8 of 1981). in addition to the stipulated in article 1 point to 1 kuhap and article 6 kuhap, there is another article 10 that regulates the existence of additional investigators in addition to investigators (harahap, n.d.). to know who is entitled as an investigator is reviewed in terms of agencies and ranks, affirmed in article 6 kuhap. in the article determined the agency and the rank of an investigating officer. point to the provisions of article 6 kuhap article 117 paragraph (1) of kuhap states that: the description of the suspect and or witness to the investigator is provided without pressure from anyone and or in any form. here are the results of research from respondents related to reports of online fraud cases coming in from 2015 to 2020. restorative justice can be implemented in the criminal justice system through the examination phases (akub 2018), which are as follows: a. investigation stage b. prosecution stage c. court examination stages d. correctional institution picture 1. number of criminal cases of online fraud from 20152020. data source: primary results of interviews with satreskrim wajo police. based on statistical data and tables obtained by the authors, shows that from 2015 to 2020 the success rate of wajo police in handling cases of online fraud crimes is quite successful. in 2015 cases were reported a total of 86 cases and completed 82 cases, in 2016 cases were reported 96 and completed 90 cases until by 2020 cases laporan selesai tahun 2015 86 82 tah un 2016 96 90 tah un 2017 80 80 tah un 2018 91 61 tahun 2019 69 49 tah un 2020 37 33 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 51-57 56 were reported a total of 37 cases and completed 33 cases. the total number of cases from 2015 to 2020 amounted to 459 reported cases and 395 cases were resolved. while the cases that were not resolved a total of 64 cases. according to akp a. irvan fachri, s.h: cases that have not been resolved in the current year are usually those cases in the following year, this is usually caused by the time of the case that comes at the end of the year or the degree of difficulty in handling the case. cases that are difficult in handling are common because of the lack of human resources in the police who master technology and lack of facilities and infrastructure, evidence, budget and the public who do not want to report if there is a case of fraud (results of interview with kanit iii tipidter akp a. irvan fachri. s.h. at wajo police station. on january 5, 2021). basically the enforcement of online fraud cases in wajo district is still not perfect seen from 2015 to 2016 that there are still unresolved cases according to akp a. irvan fachri, s.h. who stated that the settlement of fraud cases is very difficult to perfect enforcement because of the lack of human resources (hr) that master the technology, but every person always provides maximum service and efforts even though it ca n be said that it has not reached the stage of perfection. the police are state institutions that have a related role in providing protection and maintaining security within the scope of society and the state (article 5 paragraph 1 of law no. 2 of 2002 con cerning the state police of the republic of indonesia), which also plays a role in law enforcement and issue a policy and anticipate things that can make a state of unconduciveness related to public order and security. however, law enforcement against online fraud crimes does not always run smoothly as already targeted. according to kompol jasardi s,sos.,m.h: during law enforcement against online fraud crimes will always require a sufficient budget because during proses investigations and investigations are often insufficient in proses a, the budget is one of the obstacle s that hinder law enforcement against online fraud crimes (results of interview with director ops kompol jasardi s,sos.,m.h. at the wajo police satreskrim office. on january 5, 2021). related to the explanation above, the researcher concluded that obstacles or obstacles are something that can hinder the progress or achievement of a goal of implementation that has been set so that the enforcement and handling of a case becomes more effective. in particular, related in law enforcement against online fraud crimes in the wajo police jurisdiction, in providing legal certainty and security and tranquility to the community. 4. conclusion based on the results of the research conducted by the author, it can be concluded that the obstacles in law enforcement against online crimes in terms of personnel or investigator aspects, aspects of facilities and infrastructure, budget aspects, and community aspects while the effectiveness of law enforcement against online fraud crimes in the wajo police jurisdiction is 1) substance that is in the law enforcement system needs to take decisive action or see the legal basis of the criminal, and the basis of law enforcement to optimize and maximize its performance is the legal basis of law no. 19 of 2016 on amendments to law no. 11 of 2008 on inform ation and electronic transactions article 28 paragraph (1) and article 378 in the criminal code, and article 390 of the criminal code and law enforcement that is before the investigation, certain crimes have been known but the crime is not yet clear and it is not yet known who did it. advice is required special event law that can regulate such as legal evidence tools in the case of cyber crime, special authorization to investigators in carrying out some necessary actions in the framework of the investigation of cyber crime cases, especially online fraud. references abdul wahid, muham labib. (2005). cyber crime, kejahatan mayantara. bandung: pt refika aditama. akub, a. m. syukri. (2018). keadilan restoratif (restorative justice). yogyakarta: litera. ansori, lutfil. (2006). senior police adviser to the osce secretary general, guidebook on democratic policing . arifandi. (2016). cyiber crime dan antisipsinya secara yuridis. jakarta: inspektorat jendral depkominfo. chazawi, adami. (2011). tindak pidana informasi & transaksi elektronik. bandung: bayumedia publishing. harahap, m. yahya. n.d. pembhasan permasalahan dan penerapan kuhap. jakarta: sinar grafika. p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 51-57 57 idha pratiwi dyah sinta dewi, pujiyono. (2019). “online trade marketing techniques through giveaway as one of the guise of fraud.” jurnal hukum volkgeist 4(1):17–25. ilyas, amir. (2012). asas-asas hukum pidana. yogyakarta: rangkang education dan pukap indonesia. imron rizki, safrin salam, andi marlina. (2019). “menguji eksistensi pengadilan agama dalam menyelesaikan sengketa ekonomi syariah.” indonesia journal of criminal law 1(1):65–76. maskun. (2009). kejahatan siber “cyber crime.” surabaya: prenada media group. md, moh. mahfud. (2009). “penegakan hukum dan tata kelola pemerintahan yang baik.” p. hlm 2-3 in seminar nasional “saat hati nurani bicara.” jakarta: dpp partai hanura. moeleong, lexy j. (2009). metode penelitian kualitatif. remaja ros. bandung. rizki a, imron, rizki mustika suhartono, and safrin salam. (2021). “implementation of state administrative court decisions: conception, and barriers.” musamus law review 3(2):49–57. doi: 10.35724/mularev.v3i2.3449. safrin salam, nurwita ismail, faharudin, nuragifah, erni dwita silambi, shinta nurhidayati salam, rosnida, sulaiman. (2020). perkembangan filsafat hukum kontemporer. sidoarjo: zifatama jawara. salam, safrin. (2019). “rekonstruksi paradima filsafat ilmu : studi kritis terhadap ilmu hukum sebagai ilmu.” ekspose: jurnal penelitian hukum dan pendidikan. suparni, nining. (2009). cyberspace problematika dan antisipasi pengaturannya. jakarta: sinar grafika. jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 5 issue 2, 2021 p-issn : 2528-360x, e-issn : 2621-6159 143 evocation of political rights convicted of corruption in judge's decision as an effort to eradicate corruption irsan rahman1, l. m. ricard zeldi putra2* abstract author’s information: the source of political rights inherent in human rights and political rights are also closely related to power. meanwhile, corruptors who abuse their power are only sentenced to an average of 2 years and 2 months in prison during 2016; in 2013 the average sentence was 2 years 11 months; in 2014 2 years 8 months; and 2015 only 2 years 2 months. there needs to be a formulation of the provisions of the regulations as a basis for integrating and harmonizing judges' decisions on the revocation of political rights or it is also necessary to f ormulate a special criminal system to eradicate corruption crimes. therefore, this study aims to examine what things underlie the enforcement of the deprivation of the political rights of the convicted of corruption in judge's decision and formulation of the criminal law system regarding the deprivation of political rights of convicted of corruption in judge's decision?. this research was conducted using a type of sociological juridical research approach . the result of the research is the abolition of political rights for corruption convicts, when examined from the juridical, sociological, and human rights asp ects. it must become a standard in the punishment of corruption, considering that several formulations of the criminal law system currently exist in the criminal act of corruption which is still relatively light because the several sanctions given to date have not minimized acts of corruption. keywords: crime, corruption, judge decisions, revocation of political rights 1 fa culty of la w, usn kola ka , indonesia 2 fa culty of la w, universita s muha mmadiya h buton, indonesia ema il: (rzeldiuputra @ya hoo.com ) article’s information: doi: https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v5i2.1116 1. introduction the progress of the nation is achieved by the cooperation of the nation's children by giving rights to every citizen (people) without any treatment of discrimination against each other, there is no difference without being based on the background of any id entity "equality before the law". human nature always wants to live in groups so that in the basic constitution we guarantee the existence of freedom of association and assembly, to put forth thoughts verbally and in writing and so on. the political rights of the source are attached to human rights (human rights) and political rights are also very closely related to power, so the right to occupy power and positions in state institutions and other public affairs is a political right. arbitrariness is a cursed behavior that is uncivilized, which is very violating the norms of pancasila, acts that are willing regardless of the rights of people (people). practically speaking, the form of arbitrary action is an act of corruption (misappropriation mailto:rzeldiuputra@yahoo.com https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v5i2.846 jurnal hukum volkgeist irsan rahman. 5(2): 143-150 144 or misuse of state finances) taking that is not his right. corruption is an "extraordinary crime" that has a wide effect on the interests of the state and society; the desire of the people to live prosperous, safe and sentosa is destroyed and taken away by the evils of lust for corruption and greed of men (power) who do not know themselves, from where power and for what power. the purpose of building a prosperous, safe, and sentosa society requires means, namely legal instruments (governance), organizes / state (organizer), and financial (finance) (belinfate & soetan batuan, 1983). state financial resources including taxes, non-tax state revenues (pnbp), and grants; collected by the state of the people through legal mechanisms and should be redistributed for the benefit of the people. therefore, the state's finances are sourced from the people, therefore corruption cuts the st ate financial chain that must be channeled back to the interests of the people. 576 convictions of corruption cases in 2016, there are only 7 (seven) verdicts that impose additional crimes in the form of revocation of political rights. the number of 576 cases of corruption convictions is very high, therefore there must be optimal efforts in the eradication of corruption crimes both preventive and repressive. if it is connected between corruption and power (certain positions in state institutions) are very closely related, in the sense that corruption is carried out in the abuse of state power. state power is part of the political right; therefore, the perpetrators of power (corrupt persons) can no longer be trusted because of the credibility and poor morality to occupy certain positions in state institutions that must be regulated under the mechanics of the law. as an implication on every verdict of judges convicted of corruption crimes must be carried out in conjunction with the revocation of political rights convicted of corruption cases. from icw research, in 2013, the average sentence was 2 years and 11 months; in 2014, 2 years 8 months; and 2015, 2 years 2 months; the average corruptor was only sentenced to 2 years and 2 months in prison during 2016 with the low sentence, the sentencing of additional political rights became a hope in the eradication of corruption. learning from the verdict of the revocation of political rights that differ from one judge and another and the low sentence in the form of revocation of political rights, there needs to be a formulation of the provisions of the legislation as a basis for combining and harmonizing the judge's decision on the verdict of revocation of political rights or it is necessary to formulate a "special criminal system" of criminal corruption on the criminalization of the revocation of political rights in each judge's verdict in corruption cases. the revocation of political rights against corruptors is an action that should be supported to provide a deterrent effect in the eradication of corruption amid the low verdict of corruption cases. however, to be effective and deterrent, additional legal instruments are needed so that the mechanism of revocation of political rights against corruptors remains in line with human rights and becomes a progressive legal movement in the eradication of corruption. 2. research method this research was conducted using a type of sociological juridical research approach. this type of sociological juridical research approach does not categorize the approach a priori choose one of the 2 (two) existing approaches but combines between the approach type of juridical research and the type of sociological research approach in the hope that there is no dichotomy in looking at legal issues because each can't stand jurnal hukum volkgeist irsan rahman. 5(2): 143-150 145 alone without regard to the other (ali mansyur, 2007). in this study used is a sample aimed (purposive sampling) (moloeng, 2013). the types of data used in this study are primary data (data obtained directly from the public) and secondary data (data that includes important letters, books, to official government documents). data collection techniques are through interviews (interviews) and questionnaires (questionnaires) and literature research (library research). data that has been obtained from data collection techniques will be done by the data reduction method. 3. result and discussion the word corruption is derived from latin or corrupts which means corruption, depravity, dishonesty, bribery, immorality, deviation from chastity, defamatory words, or as can be read in the lexion webster dictionary. from that latin language, d own to many european languages, such as english: corruption, corrupt; french: corruption; and dutch: corruption. from this dutch language, down to the indonesian language: corruption (hamzah, 1984). from the various definitions of corruption presented, according to brasz, there are two elements in it, namely the abuse of power that exceeds the limits of legal fairness by officials or state officials; and the prioritization of personal or client interests over the public interest by the relevant state officials or apparatus (lubis & scott, 1995). three things must be studied in the revocation of political rights. first, on the subject of criminal offenses. some opinions suggest the revocation of political rights is more relevant if given to actors who occupy public office from the results of elections (elections). the position used by the perpetrator to commit a crime of corruption correlates with the revoked political right so that it is intended that the perpetrator no longer occupies the same position because it has been proven to abuse his power. second, using a broader perspective, the revocation of political rights should be imposed on all public officials convicted of corruption crimes. the third perspective is that all perpetrators of corruption can be sanctioned for revocation of political rights. a person who has been convicted in the court of committing a crime of corruption certainly has experience of abusing a position either as a public official or as a third party that influences public officials to abuse his or her handshake. for example, corruption perpetrators from private parties who bribe public officials certainly have greater potential to abuse their positions when occupying public office (syawawi, 2017). the revocation of political rights is stipulated in article 35 paragraph (1) (penal code, n.d.), that the rights of convicts that can be revoked include the right to hold office, the right to enter the armed forces, and the right to be elected and elected at elections; other than that it relates to the revocation of political rights stipulated also in article 10 of the penal code (kitab undang-undang hukum pidana, n.d.) that additional criminal is the revocation of certain rights, in this case including political rights. the formal juridical formulation of the term corruption in indonesia is stipulated in chapter ii of article 2-16 of law no. 31 of 1999 (negara kesatuan republik indonesia, 1999). the definition of corruption is as follows: 1. any person who unlawfully enriches himself or another person or a corporation that may harm the state's finances or the economy of the state. if the crime of jurnal hukum volkgeist irsan rahman. 5(2): 143-150 146 corruption as referred to in paragraph (1) is carried out under certain circumstances, the death penalty may be dropped; 2. any person who to prosecute himself or another person or a corporation, abuses the authority, opportunity, or means available to him due to positions or positions that may harm the state's benefits or the economy of the state; 3. every person who conducts experiments, assistance, and evil concentrations to commit crimes of corruption; 4. every person outside the territory of the republic of indonesia who provides assistance, opportunities, facilities, or information for the occurrence of corruption crimes. corruption is adding to the gap as a result of worsening wealth distribution. if the gap between rich and poor is so entrant, corruption widens the gap because money is distributed unhealthily or in other words does not follow economic rules as it should. corruptors are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer (yamin, 2012). efforts to eradicate corruption are necessary because given the adverse effects that arise, so the intended eradication is to reduce or even eliminate it, do not let it exist or occur. the eradication of corruption crimes is carried out through law enforcement instruments as a form of respect for human rights and achieving legal objectives, namely justice, certainty, and benefit. 3.1 the basis for the revocation of political rights convicted of corruption in every judge's decision revocation of political rights convicted of corruption is a phenomenon that is being hotly discussed by all levels of society, especially academics, practitioners, law enforcers, and political elites. this phenomenon is nothing more than a public longing for the objectivity of the judge's decision, which usually only adds to fines and confiscation of goods, now shows its progressiveness by depriving corruptors of political rights. because basically, corruptors in their actions have a detrimental impact on every area of life as a nation. the losses suffered as a result of corruption are not only very large in number, but are carried out in important sectors related to public interests or public services that can overcome potential poverty. corruption is carried out by public officials who have the public authority which should be aimed at protecting the public interest. corruption has a serious impact on the sustainable development process because acts of corruption and all its effects can "destroy" important principles in sustainable development. corruption has brought political-economic-social disharmony. it could even be a new culture in this beloved country, the graph of growth in the number of poor people continues to rise due to corruption. in democratic life in indonesia, corrupt practices are increasingly found in various fields of life. first, because of the weakening of social values, personal interests are preferred over public interests, and individual property ownership becomes the personal ethic that underlies the social behavior of most people. second, there is no transparency and accountability of the public integrity system. public service bureaus are used by public officials to pursue personal political ambitions, solely for promotion and promotion. meanwhile, the quality and quantity of public services are increasingly being neglected, it is not the main priority and orientation. reports from the police and the attorney general's office as well as from the aforementioned parties can explain the potential for corruption as well as the potential jurnal hukum volkgeist irsan rahman. 5(2): 143-150 147 amount of losses incurred. when this potential turns into a fact of corruption, the losses that will arise will not only be in the form of losses to the state. such loss can also be in the form of neglect of the obligations of power that should be exercised by the power in protecting and enforcing people's social, economic, and cultural rights as well as matters of development. singapore is often seen as a country that is free from corruption. this is confirmed by the results of the corruption perception index (cpi) survey made by transparency international (ti) which always places singapore as a "clean" country. the facts show, today, singapore is one of the countries where the bank still applies total secrecy that fully protects the interests of customers and has a tendency as a country that "protects" the practice of money laundering. in short, singapore has been in the middle of becoming one of the world's centers for private banking and the provision of offshore funds. in singapore, there are about 55,000 rich people who have a wealth of at least us $ one million. and that number, there are around 18,000 people from indonesia who become permanent residents, which in total control the us $ 87 billion. 25 if only some of the jana were deposits from the corruption of indonesian officials, the permanent residents would be protected by the singapore government. does singapore still deserve to be called a clean country even though it participates in hiding funds originating from and proceeds of crime? so, the practice of corruption is related to power because with that power the authorities can abuse their power for personal, family, and group interests. the phenomenon of corruption in indonesia as a social pathology has not only damaged the state's finances and the country's economic potential but has also damaged the cultural, moral, political, and legal pillars and national security. efforts to eradicate corruption in indonesia still require an uphill battle. corruption crime is an extraordinary crime t hat has damaged all levels of society so that in handling it, extraordinary methods must also be carried out comprehensively. tackling corruption requires the political will of the president as head of state as well as the role of the police, prosecutors, courts and the corruption eradication commission (kpk) which unite to combat corruption in indonesia. so that as something new in the effort to eradicate corruption, currently not in the state of indonesia, the revocation of political rights to corrupt convicts is a new thing to explore how far the effectiveness is in preventing acts of corruption. political rights are a family of human rights as stipulated in article 25 of the international covenant on civil rights 3.2 formulation of the criminal justice system on the revocation of political rights convicted of corruption crimes in each judge's decision the judiciary is one of the law enforcement institutions, therefore its activities cannot be separated from the laws that have been made and provided by the law-making body. discussion on law enforcement in daily reality, it appears that the relationship between law enforcement and the structure of society has a strong influence on the ways of enforcing the laws of a country. the imposition of punishment and punishment did not just appear but through the judicial process. sanctions in criminal law are all reactions to violations of the law determined by law starting from the detention of the suspect and the prosecution of the accused to the verdict by the judge or in other words, a legal system is assumed to ensure the correct and appropriate distribution of the objectives of the law among people. -people and groups. in the imposition of punishment and punishment can be said to be a reflection of our criminal justice. if the judicial process, for example, ends with the imposition of the criminal proceedings according to the principles of justice, jurnal hukum volkgeist irsan rahman. 5(2): 143-150 148 surely our judiciary is considered good. however, if the opposite is true, of course, it is also considered the opposite. it can even be labeled as a decline in the authority of the law. it is time for the government to maintain the spirit of democracy by making the law effective by the legislative body. the grand strategy of legal politics for the eradication of corruption is that corruption is no longer classified as an ordinary crime but has become an extraordinary crime and the practice of corruption in indonesia is already at a very concerning level. so the corruption eradication strategy includes a broad dimension. the government bureaucratic apparatus should be guided by the aaupl because this aaupl is a principle/guideline in carrying out the duties and obligations of a government apparatus. analyzing corruption, three strategies can be classified properly to prevent or eradicate corruption, namely: 1). preventive strategy. this strategy must be developed and implemented directed at the causes of corruption. 2). deductive strategy. this strategy must be implemented as quickly as possible so that acts of corruption can be discovered within a short time, namely by thinking of improving organizational performance in a system. 3). repressive strategy. this strategy is in the form of prosecution against perpetrators of corruption by providing severe penalties in the form of imprisonment and revocation of certain rights as additional penalties to create a deterrent effect. the handling process can be carried out quickly and precisely, but its implementation must be acknowledged in an integrated manner through the police, prosecutors, and judges. besides, in the criminal law system, especially in the criminal act of corruption, when the criminal sanction is "deprived of political rights" for corruption convicts. of course, it requires a quality judge verdict based on legal considerations under the evidence obtained from the results of the investigation and the facts revealed in the trial. the judge's decision must also be following the law and the belief of the judge who is not affected by the intervention of various parties and can then be accounted for professionally to the public. in the government bureaucracy system, a technique is needed to anticipate an official from committing corruption, namely with a strong and regular management control system. a bureaucracy with a weak management control system will have more employees who commit corruption than in organizations with strong management control. not to forget the clear legal threats for the perpetrators of corruption. this is evidenced. as the sanctions imposed on corruption can be seen in article 10 of the criminal code (kuhp), there are several additional types of penalties consisting of revocation of certain rights, confiscation of certain items, and announcement of judicial decisions. revocation of certain rights is also regulated as stated in article 35 of the criminal code, namely: a. the right to hold a general position or a certain position b. the right to enter the armed forces c. the right to vote and be elected in elections held based on general rules d. right to become advisors (roadmen) or administrators according to the law (gerechtelijk bewindvperder), rights to become guardians, supervisors, supervisors, or supervisors, for people who are not their children jurnal hukum volkgeist irsan rahman. 5(2): 143-150 149 e. the right to make a certain livelihood (beroep). apart from the criminal code, the provisions of article 18 paragraph (1) letter d of the corruption act states that in addition to additional penalties as referred to in the criminal code, as additional penalties are "other penalties in the form of certain rights which are revoked or the entire benefit. or partially or given by the government to defendants whether they have or not ”. in the future, perhaps for the revocation. 4. conclusion the revocation of political rights is a form of state protection against the nation to create a good and clean governance society, which is free from corruption, collusion, and nepotism and it is time for the government to maintain the marwah democracy by streamlining the laws that have been made by the legislature. thus the establishment of political rights for convicted of corruption according to the author when examined from the juridical aspect, sociological aspect, aspect of human rights. it should be a standard punishment in the criminalization of corruption, considering that some formulations of the criminal justice system already exist today in corruption crimes are still relatively light because of some sanctions given at this time have not minimized the act of corruption. considering the accused of corruption crimes that work as public officials or other reasons should no longer be used as additional crimes because judges are free to choose to drop or not to drop the criminal without any clear parameters used by the judge to determine the need / whether the criminal prosecution revocation of political rights is to look at the position or position of the accused when committing crimes of corruption, the nature of crimes committed, and the magnitude of the impact on society. for the criminal revocation of political rights is not seen as a criminal prosecution that is not in vain, and can provide a deterrent effect, especially for those who are sentenced to prison sentences of five years or more, it is necessary to revise the period of revocation of rights as stipulated in article 38 paragraph (1) of the criminal code. especially the period of revocation of rights for convicts who are sentenced to certain time imprisonment and criminal fines. criminal revocation of political rights can be a breakthrough in efforts to eradicate corruption in indonesia, especially those conducted by public officials, as long as revisions have been made to the period of revocation of such rights as outlined in the second point above. eradicat ing corruption should always be the main agenda and shared responsibility of all indonesians. references belinfate, a. ., & soetan batuan, b. (1983). pokok-pokok hukum tata negara. bandung: binacipta. hamzah, a. (1984). korupsi di indonesia dan masalah pemecahannya. jakarta: gramedia pustaka utama. kitab undang-undang hukum pidana. lubis, m., & scott, j. (1995). bunga rampai korupsi. jakarta: lp3es. moloeng, l. j. (2013). metode penelitian kualitatif. bandung: remaja rosdakarya. negara kesatuan republik indonesia. undang-undang nomor 31 tahun 1999 tentang jurnal hukum volkgeist irsan rahman. 5(2): 143-150 150 pemberatasan tindak pidana korupsi. , (1999). syawawi, r. (2017). urgensi pencabutan hak politik. media indonesia. retrieved from mediaindonesia.com yamin, m. (2012). tindak pidana khusus. bandung: pustaka setia. jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 3 issue 2, june 2019 p-issn : 2528-360x, e-issn : 2621-6159 131 devotional response that arises in the agreement between the captain gold driver with the tpi grab's participants hishom prastyo akbar abstract author’s information: the emergence of the phenomenon of taxi online / motorized vehicles not in route like the welcome for consumers of financial institutions, especially the ease of procession of registering vehicles for online taxis certainly adds to the passion of the community to run this business, unfortunately not only the benefits that may be obtained by financial institutions business activists consumers but also risks, bisnis taxi online as the application seller does not require registration of vehicle status in detail, regarding whether the vehicle registered is an object of fiduciary guarantee or not. responding to the need for a vehicle with a secure credit system, grab as one of the giant companies in online transportation mode, has raised / collaborated with companies known as indonesian transportation technology / tpi preferred grab's partner, as a driver / driver business partner by offering ease of ownership vehicles for taxi purposes online through the gold captain program. keywords: taxi online; non-route public vehicles; tpi preferred grab’s partner; gold captain program universitas airlangga surabaya, indonesia (hishomprasto@gmail.com) doi: https://doi.org/10.35326/volkge ist.v3i2.124 1. introduction transportation is a major requirement for humans in carrying out their daily activities. with the existence of transportation makes it easy for humans to move from one place to another in order to meet their daily needs. in the indonesian language dictionary, transportation is the transportation of goods by various types of vehicles according to technological progress (wahya, m. num, suzana & ernawati waridah, 2013: 666). before the existence of an adequate means of transportation, the community carried out traditional transportation activities, and even they did not recognize the existence of transportation equipment. but along with the development of time and technology, then a means of transportation was created to facilitate human activities. globalization from the economic side is a world change that is fundamental or structural and takes place side by side with the rapid pace of technological progress. in the era of globalization and digitalization the role of transportation and communication is very important and does not escape the development of technology which becomes a necessity. this has been proven in several business fields, including transportation and communication which have become more accessible, more efficient and productive, and ultimately benefited the community, both from the perspective of users and suppliers of goods or services. technological collaboration has also accelerated the production process (both goods or services) and moved products from one place to another at a cheaper or more effective and efficient cost. this technological progress has a negative or positive impact especially on conventional businessmen to produce services and goods that are domestic, because conventional entrepreneurs must adjust to technological advancements to serve mailto:hishomprasto@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v3i2.124 https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v3i2.124 jurnal hukum volkgeist hishom prastyo akbar. 3(2): 131-139 132 the market, if not the business actors will be crushed by technological advances due to difficulties serving the market or consumers who have received far better service from entrepreneurs who have used contemporary technology. negative influences on conventional entrepreneurs can also be caused by current technology-based entrepreneurs who are increasingly mastering especially the domestic market so that they can get rid of conventional entrepreneurs who are left behind because of their low competitiveness. as for the positive impact, all entrepreneurs will compete in a healthy manner to compete to provide the best service for consumers or the community, which ultimately the market will be able to determine the balance of demand and supply with better product conditions and prices that increasingly benefit the community. technology-based innovations have penetrated the modes of transportation, where an application that can be used to order driving vehicle services is only available through smartphones, one of which is grab, which comes with applications that allow users / consumers to order driving vehicles online, calculate travel costs and drivers will pick up the location of the customer (user / consumer) then deliver it to the destination. grab first set foot on the indonesian market in june 2014 with grabtaxi service, initially there were no problems with this service, because, grabtaxi only became an application provider that connects consumers with conventional taxi drivers. in other words, this service makes it easier for conventional taxi drivers to look for passengers. like day and night, behind the success story of an online-based transportation business there are also problems that welcome it. the earliest problem of business is the market, where the rapid growth of consumers in the business, will never be separated from the business competition that preceded it, as a modern transportation business, conventional transportation is the main business opponent, which in 2016 taxi drivers conventionally conducted a large-scale demonstration until the government (ministry of transportation) issued minister of transportation regulation no. 32 of 2016 concerning the implementation of non-route public transport of motor vehicles, despite reaping a lot of controversy, this regulation was a legal umbrella and the emergence of the first legal term for taxi businesses online in indonesia, especially the public needs for this mode of transportation are increasingly mushrooming, both among users / consumers and among drivers / drivers. consumers finance offers a solution for a credit mechanism to be able to own motorized vehicles without having to pay in full. the provision of loans or credit is made by entering into an agreement between creditors as the party that gives loans to the debtor as the recipient of the loan. with the making of the debt agreement, the creditor is obliged to pay a sum of money worth the motor vehicle agreed to the manufacturer / dealer, so that the debtor must return all costs arising from this process in accordance with the agreement. this kind of agreement is known as fiduciary. fiduciary "fiduciare eigendomsoverdracht" (surrender of property rights on the basis of trust) was first known as "bierbrouwerij arrest" decision of hoge raad in 1929 (abdulkadir muhammad, 2000: 173). fiduciary is the transfer of property rights on the basis of trust provided that the object whose ownership rights are transferred remains in the possession of the owner of the object. furthermore, it is said that fiduciary guarantee is one of the means of legal protection for the security of a bank or a financing institution, with the intention of obtaining a legal certainty about the statement of a customer or debtor who will repay his loan. a fiduciary guarantee agreement is not a right born because of the law, but must be agreed in advance in this case between the financial institution and the customer / debtor. therefore the juridical function of binding fiduciary jurnal hukum volkgeist hishom prastyo akbar. 3(2): 131-139 133 guarantees is more specific. this means that the binding of fiduciary collateral in the fiduciary guarantee deed is an integral part of the credit agreement. and this further confirms the position of financial institutions as preferred credit providers. the emergence of the phenomenon of taxi online / motorized vehicles not in route like the welcome for consumers of financial institutions, especially the ease of procession of registering vehicles for online taxis certainly adds to the passion of the community to run this business, unfortunately not only the benefits that may be obtained by financial institutions business activists consumers but also risks, bisnis taxi online as the application seller does not require registration of vehicle status in detail, regarding whether the vehicle registered is an object of fiduciary guarantee or not. if the vehicle registered for online taxi belonging to / on behalf of the driver as in the application is certainly not a problem, it becomes risky and has potential problems if the vehicle registered is an object of fiduciary collateral, with a different name between the vehicle owner (fiduciary debtor) and driver (name registered in application and operation of taxi online) considering that the fiduciary guarantee law has expressly prohibited debtors from transferring, transferring and or renting fiduciary collateral objects. this is regulated in article 23 paragraph (2) of law number 42 of 1999 concerning fiduciary guarantees, namely. the fiduciary is prohibited from transferring, pawning, or renting out to other parties objects that are objects of fiduciary assurance that are not in stock, except with prior written approval from the fiduciary recipient. this is where the risk arises for consumer financing institutions, because it turns out that investors who have the ability to penetrate vehicle loans with a fiduciary guarantee exceeding one unit, begin to explore this online taxi business, so the risk of violations of article 23 paragraph (2) of law number 42 1999 concerning fiduciary assurance, because it is not possible if one person can own and drive more than one online taxi driver account for one vehicle 2. main heading of the analysis actually the notion of accountability is not explicitly known in indonesian laws and regulations, but is often matched with the term accountable or accountability (martono & amad sudiro, 2010: 214). accountable in the black law dictionary means responsible, liability. whereas according to the contemporary english-indonesian dictionary is accountability. the definition of accountability in the sense of reponsibility according to the big dictionary of indonesian language is the condition of having to bear everything that if something happens can be prosecuted, blamed for prosecution and so on: error liability is also referred to as the english term liability base on fault or in the dutch language "schuldaanspraklijkheid" (leonora bakarbessy & ghansam anand, 2018: 259). the definition of responsibility in liability according to the big indonesian dictionary means to bear all the losses that occur as a result of actions or the actions of other people acting for and in his name. therefore, one element of accountability is loss, if there is a mistake but there is no loss. certainly be accountable. peter mahmud marzuki (2008:258) menyampaikan penggunaan istilah tangung gugat berada dalam ruang lingkup privat, kemudian menurut j.h nieuwenhuis (1985:135) bahwa tanggung gugat merupakan kewajiban untuk menanggung ganti kerugian sebagai akibat pelanggaran norma, perbuatan melangar norma tersebut dapat terjadi disebabkan karena perbuatan melawan hukum dan prestasi. jurnal hukum volkgeist hishom prastyo akbar. 3(2): 131-139 134 bw regulates the types of liability in illegal acts, namely: 1) accountability for errors; according to article 1365, a person who causes harm to another person is liable, if the offender is guilty, in other words the act against the law is liable to the extent of the loss incurred based on the action he blamed him. the term error (schuld) is also used in the sense of negligence (onachtzaamheid), or inadvertence. 2) sharpened liability: a. accountability for errors with reversal of burden of proof; liability with the return of the burden of proof in bw is regulated in article 1367 paragraph (2): “parents and guardians are responsible for losses, which are caused by children who are minors, who live in them, and for whom they exercise the power of parents or guardians " article 1367 paragraph (5): "the responsibilities mentioned above end, if parents, guardians, school teachers and artisan heads prove that they cannot prevent actions that they should be responsible for" and article 1368 bw "the owner of an animal, or who uses it, as long as the animal is used, is responsible for the loss that is issued by the animal, whether the animal is under its supervision, or lost or detached from its supervision. from the explanation above, it is clear that the concept of accountability in this case focuses on the things that are attached to the maker of the error / which results in errors and / or losses, so that the tangible action is not only in direct action but also against someone who is in control (something that is not capable) so as to bring harm to the other party. b. responsibility for risk (leonora bakarbessy, 2018: 259). the risk accountability is intended that the employer bears the risk of loss caused by employees who work for their interests, for example, it has been regulated in article 1367 paragraph (3) bw: employers and those who appoint others to represent their affairs, are responsible for losses incurred by their servants or subordinates in carrying out work for which these people are used. " in simple terms, the notion of risk accountability is the responsibility inherent in someone who has used power / power to another party, which is the occurrence of such a relationship an event that causes a loss and thus raises accountability on the basis of risk fifi junita and gianto al imron (2002: 10) state that basically liability has a scope including: 1. accountability on the basis of a contractual relationship between the parties to the contract; in doctrine, legal science is called the privity of contract, which contains the principle "there is no contractual relationship, there is no accountability". jurnal hukum volkgeist hishom prastyo akbar. 3(2): 131-139 135 2. accountability on the basis of tortius / statutory obligation, which in this case does not require contractual relations; accountability based on unlawful acts does not require contractual relations between the parties concerned, so that the emergence of demands from a party is due to a loss that arises because of a negligence or error in the form of doing something or not doing something done by another party. unlawful acts as intended must fulfill the following elements. 1. there is an illegal act; 2. there is a loss; 3. there is a general relationship between breaking the law and loss; 4. there is an error in principle, liability is a condition to compensate for losses caused by default or unlawful actions, if caused due to contractual relations and problems arise regarding the failure to fulfill achievements, including in the default field as stipulated in article 1246 bw, whereas if problems arise is something outside contractual matters then enter into the realm of acts against the law as stipulated in article 1365 bw. the element of loss in default according to article 1246 bw consists of costs incurred, losses, and interest. costs are costs or costs that have been explicitly issued by one party, then the loss / loss is a damage or loss / loss of something belonging to one of the parties caused by the actions or negligence of the other party, delay in an achievement, inappropriate or not the perfection of an achievement, including the implementation of something, or even doing something that is prohibited in an agreement, then interest is an advantage that should be obtained by one of the parties. article 1243 bw states "reimbursement of costs, losses and interest due to not fulfilling an agreement, then begins to be compulsory, if the debtor, after being declared negligent in fulfilling the agreement, is still neglected or if something must be given or made, can only be given or made in grace the time he has spent. compensation based on contractual matters rests on the contents of the agreement that has been agreed upon by the parties, so that the parties responsible are only enshrined in the contract, there is no acknowledgment of any third party outside the contractual relationship who can file compensation claims based on the provisions -this provision, as in the doctrine of law "there is no contractual relationship, there is no liability" (privity of contract). 3. juridical review of the agreement between the tpi grab's preferred partner and the gold captain driver a contractual agreement is born based on the will of the parties who have agreed on the contents of the clause to be promised, where the parties certainly have their respective rights and obligations in carrying out the provisions contained in the agreement. as the birth of a legal relationship between tpi grab's prefereed partner and a driver as part of a contractual agreement in participating in a program known as the gold captain program. the agreement as a form of engagement is of course preceded by an offer from one party which is then accepted by the other party, quoted from grab indonesia's official web page regarding the existence of a vehicle unit ownership program through a loyalty jurnal hukum volkgeist hishom prastyo akbar. 3(2): 131-139 136 program for prospective driver partners (https: / /www.grab.com/id/blog/driver/car/grabcar-jakarta-gold-driver-program/ accessed on february 28, 2019). how effective this program, which originally only existed in jakarta, has now penetrated other major cities, namely: surabaya, medan and jakarta, with the expanding advertising power it seems that this program is increasingly in demand by prospective grab partners, so that leaflets also emerge. become a media offering to attract as many driver partners as possible. as a first step in the emergence of contracts, advertisements as above are forms of promotion in accordance with law number 8 of 1999 concerning consumer protection, in the general provisions of article 1 paragraph (6) mentioning: "promotion is an activity to introduce or disseminate information on an item and / or service to attract consumers' buying interest in goods and / or services that will be and are being traded". therefore all content that is in the promotion effort is part of the promise, which in the next step must be fulfilled by business people in this case tpi grab's preferred partner to drivers who take the gold captain program. after the prospective driver completes all the requirements set by the tpi grab's preferred partner, of course before implementing the rights and obligations of the parties, first they will sign a contract, which turns out the concept that arises from this program is rent, or commonly known with the term rentcar. with the title of the contract "vehicle rental agreement for the provision of driving vehicle services", it turns out that the driver has prepared a standard contract form, so that in principle the driver can only read the contents of the contract which then completes the identity until the contract is signed. the agreement meant that pt. indonesian pengagkutan technology / tpi grab's preferred partner has mixed several clauses, which in general is the existence of a security deposit, acceptance of movable objects in this case are car vehicles, vehicle use for driver vehicle services with the exclusivity rights of grab and with certain job targets , to lease payments which include maintenance of the vehicle unit that is the object of the lease. 4. legal efforts that can be done by gold captain drivers the agreement made by the parties applies as a binding law for the makers (pacta sunt servanda), but this is also bound on the basis of the freedom of contact stipulated in article 1338 bw, so that in a contractual agreement, of course not only an agreement from the parties to a standard agreement, prepare an agreement whose contents are jointly developed by the parties concerned. in a civil relationship it is very possible for a dispute between the parties concerned. disputes can arise due to a dispute between the parties in implementing an agreement. there are two ways to resolve disputes between parties, namely through court channels (litigation) and off-court channels (non-litigation). but before discussing problem solving through these two lines, preventive steps should be taken, by optimizing pre-contract conditions, so that before an agreement starts, a mutual understanding should be built on the details of the contractual agreements to be carried out by the parties, including complete clarification. for information and promotions obtained by each party that will contract so that there will be no information error as part of the offer, as well as recognition of the rights of the parties to submit clauses as agreed later, which is expected to achieve a fair, balanced agreement not biased as part of the realization of good faith. jurnal hukum volkgeist hishom prastyo akbar. 3(2): 131-139 137 the first choice dispute resolution for parties is by way of court (non-judicial / nonlitigation) better known as alternate dispute resolution (aps) or alternative dispute resolution (adr). article 1 of article 10 of act number 30 of 1999 concerning arbitration and alternative dispute resolution, means that alternative dispute resolution as an institution to resolve disputes or differences of opinion through procedures agreed upon by parties namely out-of-court settlement by consultation, consolidation, mediation or assessment expert. the alternative forms of dispute / conflict resolution can be stated, namely a) conciliation. in this form the dispute is settled through a parliament or parliamentary seat where both parties discuss, debate openly or freely to reach an agreement. b) mediation in this form both parties agreed to seek an advisor from a third party. dispute resolution / conflict through this form the problem will be resolved through the help of someone or an expert or through a mediator. the third party that provides this assistance must be neutral or impartial. the mediator is obliged to carry out his duties and functions based on the wishes and wishes of the parties. c) arbitration in this form the two sides agreed to get a legal decision as a way out for disputes / conflicts. article 1 grain 1 of law number 30 of 1999 concerning arbitration and alternative dispute resolution that arbitration is a civil case outside the general court based on arbitration agreements made in writing by the parties to the dispute. d) deliberation (negotiation) deliberation as an effort to resolve disputes between parties without going through the court with the aim of reaching a collective agreement on the basis of more harmonious and creative cooperation. in this case if the parties both the driver and tpi feel there are problems / disputes from the interpretation and or implementation of the agreed contractual agreement can make non-litigation efforts as mentioned above, and actually when looking at the value of the object agreed upon, the step of deliberation (negotiation) is the easiest and simplest way. by going through meetings and sitting together to try to find a way out together to reach a new consensus that hopes can be the best way of win-win solutions for related parties. the next way is through judicial channels / litigation settlement of disputes / conflicts through judiciary / litigation is regulated in law number 4 of 2004 concerning judicial power. article 1 of the law expressly states that the power of the judiciary is the power of an independent state to hold a court in order to enforce law and justice for the implementation of the republic of indonesia law as stipulated in article 1 of the 1945 constitution. carried out by judicial bodies, including general justice. according to law number 8 of 2004 concerning general courts which has the authority to examine, hear and decide on civil cases. in this case, if the driver feels that there is a discrepancy between the information he obtained based on the promotion submitted by the tpi, then he can file a lawsuit in either default or unlawful acts, becoming a default when the promotion carried out by the tpi is categorized as an offer / initial agreement which then is not regulated in the jurnal hukum volkgeist hishom prastyo akbar. 3(2): 131-139 138 standard agreement that has been determined unilaterally by the tpi, and can also be a realm of lawlessness when the driver will not get / own the object rental vehicle which in truth in promotional advertisements he knows should the gold captain program is a ownership program vehicle. besides that, it can also use the basis of law no. 8 of 1999 concerning consumer protection, with elements of acts against the law as stipulated in article 1365 bw, as follows: a. actions tpi conducts promotional activities as an offer to join the gold captain program; b. there is an error element the contents of the contract agreement are not in accordance with what is in the promotional advertisements of the tpi so that they do not fulfill the driver's rights as a consumer that has been regulated in article 4 jo article 8 of act number 8 of 1999 concerning consumer protection; c. there is a loss suffered material and immaterial losses arising from drivers during the gold captain program if later they do not get a vehicle as advertisements / promotions from tpi, and immaterially can disturb the peace of the driver having concerns during the gold captain program with contractual agreements that are not in accordance with the ad / promotions he got from the tpi; d. there is a causal relationship between mistakes and losses because the existing arrangement does not fulfill consumer rights in the consumption protection act, there is a loss for consumers when using vehicle rental services with the tpi party, especially the agreement with the standard clause provided by the tpi has also not been in accordance with the mandate of article 18 of the law number 8 of 1999 concerning consumer protection. errors here are elements that are against the law. the definition of "law", not only contradicts the law, but also propriety and decency in society. in common sense, this principle of responsibility is acceptable because it is fair for the wrongdoers to compensate the injured party. 5. conclusion basically liability has a scope including liability on the basis of contractual relations between the parties in the contract and liability on the basis of tortius / statutory obligation, which in this case does not require contractual relations. accountability based on unlawful conduct does not require contractual relations between the parties concerned, so that the emergence of demands from a party is due to a loss that arises because of an omission or error in the form of doing something or not doing something done by another. information from promotional media by tpi and grab regarding vehicle ownership through the gold captain driver program should be included in the contractual agreement as intended, because if it does not have the potential for violations / non-conformity with information on promotion and tpi is liable for this, especially if the vehicle does switch ownership belongs to the driver, not necessarily the vehicle as intended can still be used to carry out driver vehicle services through the grab app, considering grab itself has provisions for vehicles that can be used for grabcar services, namely the maximum vehicle age of 5 years. so that the end of the vehicle rental period through the gold captain program certainly ends the age of the vehicle to be used in the grabcar service. jurnal hukum volkgeist hishom prastyo akbar. 3(2): 131-139 139 the legal effort that can be done is beforehand with preventive efforts, namely optimization during pre-contract conditions, but if this is not implemented can make nonlitigation legal efforts and litigation legal efforts references agustina, rosa. (n.d.). act against law. university of indonesia, special collection of the faculty of law. airlangga university ali, chidir. (1970). indonesian jurisprudence on acts against the law. jakarta: supreme court. bakarbessy, leonora & ghansam, anand. (2018). textbook of engagement law. sidoarjo: zifatama jawara. emizon, joni. (2002). alternative to resolving out-of-court disputes. mediation, conciliation and arbitration negotiations. jakarta: pt. gramedia main library. fuadi, munir. (2001). contract law: from the viewpoint of business law. bandung: citra aditya bakti. junita, fifi & gianto al imron. (2002). aspects of bank liability in derivative transaction contracts. surabaya: research institute of airlangga university. martono, h.k. & amad sudiro. (2010). hukum angkutan udara. jakarta: rajawali pers. marzuki, peter m. (2008). introduction to law. jakarta: kencana prenada media. miru, ahmadi & yodo, sutarman. (2010). consumer protection law. jakarta: raja grafindo persada. muhammad, abdulkadir. (2000). indonesian civil law. bandung: citra aditya bakti. niuwenhuis, j.h. (1985). principles of engagement law, translation of djasadin saragih, cet. i. surabaya. shidarta. (2006). indonesian consumer protection law. jakarta: pt. gramedia widiasarana indonesia. wahya, m. num, suzana & ernawati waridah. (2013). indonesian language dictionary: for students, students & general. bandung: imprint word space friends. jurnal hukum volkgeist https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v6i1.1537 vol. 6 no.1, december 2021 6 soil exploitation and environmental impacts of brick making in wasur 2 merauke regency zegovia parera 1faculty of law, musamus unversty merauke, indonesia *correspondence: z3goviap4rera@gmail.com article history abstract received: 20.10.2021 accepted: 21.11.2021 published: 27.07.2021 merauke regency is a coastal area with muddy soil conditions. sand and gravel materials, because of these conditions the community and housing business actors use red bricks as material for development in merauke district which is currently being carried out in all sectors of life, especially building and housing construction. this research was conducted to determine the process of mining soil for the brick-making process and the impact of mining on the surrounding physical environment. how is the environmental permit granted by the government for the exploitation of brick-making land and how is the merauke regency government's supervision of mining. from the results of this study, it can be concluded that, the brick mining process carried out by brick craftsmen in wasur 2 does not have a production permit from the relevant government agencies and there is no environmental study from the merauke regency environmental agency and there is no regular supervision from the government. and the environment agency of merauke regency so that land exploitation activities are still ongoing which will have an impact on soil degradation and environmental damage and can cause a decrease in the function of top soil which is rich in nutrients as a function of land cover vegetation which can change the structure of the soil and the area. will become increasingly dry and unproductive. keywords: soil exploitation; environmental impact;bricks article licence copyright © 2021 the author(s): this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution sharealike 4.0 international (cc by-sa 4.0) 1. introduction environmental management is essentially aimed at the survival of human life on earth. environmental is need by human. (safrin salam, pide, patittingi, & nur, 2021) humans as environmental rulers on earth play a major role in determining environmental sustainability. humans as intelli gent creatures of god are able to chang e the face of the world from a simple pattern of life to the modern form of life as it is today. but in reality, what humans do is often not balanced with the thoughts of the future of the next generation. many advanc es achi e ve d by humans have a negative impact on the survival of humans and other creatures in their environment. environmental damage occurs because of actions that cause direct or indirect changes in physical and or biological properties so that the environment no longer functions in supporting sustainable development. humans play a very important role in the environment and have an impact on the surrounding environment, especially in the context of humans meeting their needs, both clothing, food and housi ng/housing and the development of human thought related to technological developments has positive and negati ve imp a cts on our environment. natural phenomena where there are often various natural disasters that occur unexpectedly. hundreds of thousands of lives and trillions of rupiah in property due to natural disasters, be it volcanic eruption s, earthquakes and floods. all these disasters are sometimes only seen as natural phenomena, even though greedy humans have contributed to the tragedy (soemarwoto, 2004). in addition to natural disasters, that humans consciously or unconsciously also create natural disasters that result in social disasters. they not only violate the positive law of the state by robbing the wealth controlled by the state, but also damage the environment. the damage is crash the life of human. (safrin salam, 2019a) https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v6i1.1537 mailto:z3goviap4rera@gmail.com p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 6-14 7 nature becomes unbalanced because its elements have been damaged and resulted in hundreds of humans having to endure prolonged suffering. if this is allowed to continue, the number of victims will increase. in utilizing the environment, humans must realize that what is in the environment is an inseparable unit. "the environment is a unity with all things space, power, state and living beings, including humans and their behavior, which affect the continuity of our lives and well -being of humans and other living things" (soeriaatmadja, 2000) assertions about the environment according to (salim, 2010) "the environment is defin e d as any object, condition of the state and the influence of all things contained in the space we occupy and affect all living things including human life. environment have a source of life for human. (s. salam et al., 2019) natural resources in the environment are generally divided into renewable natural resources (such as forests, fisheries, etc.) and non-renewable natural resources (such as oil, natural gas, coal, gold, etc.) and other minerals). from the point of view of using non-renewable natural resources, they must be used wisely. the results obtained from these natural resources need to be used for renewal and must be managed according to patterns that take into account the sustainability of natural resources. ind onesia is rich in minerals contained in indonesian soil. mining activities in indonesia have clearly opened and developed remote areas. mining is one of the economic activities to improve the welfare and prosperity of the community by utilizing natural resources, human resources, and others. with the mine is expected to be able to improve the standard o f living of the community. mining involves various components in order to support the wheels of the mining success. one of these components is the availability of raw materials to be processed into ready-to-use materials. the raw materials to be processed tend to be obtained from nature. the more people in an area, the more advanced the process of a mine to provide goods or services needed by the co mmunity. this will also ha ve a direct impact on nature and the environment. one of the needs of the community is the need for a place to live/inhabitable houses. one of the raw materials for houses that are most needed by the community is brick. brick (red stone) is one of the raw materials for houses/residential premises produced from clay and water. the process is also very simple, the clay is mixed with water until smooth and soft, then printed on a container to form the desired model, then goes through the drying stage and the last process is burned to strengthen the material. with this simple process, the community tends to exploit land as raw material for the brick (red stone) industry to produce it. the excavated pits as the raw material for the produ ction of bricks are actually a problem for the surrounding environment. one example of the negative impact of this is the reduction of community land for farming, and environmental pollution. mine smoke also in the production of these bricks tend s to pollute the air. mining is part or all of the stages of activities in the context of research, management and exploitation of minerals or coal or other natural elements managed to produce goods and services which include general investigations, exploration, feasibility studies, construction, mining, processing and refining, transportation and sales, as well as post-mining activities carried out by community groups in general or b y the government (supardi, 2003) . the rapid development of new growth in several regions has provided benefits in the development of basic infrastructure, increasing state revenues, and providing employment opportunities. the mining of these mi n e ra l s is regulated in law number 11 of 1967 concerning the main provisions of mining. the explanatory part of arti cl e 3 of law number 11 of 1967 states that the distribution of minerals consists of: 1. group a minerals, namely strategic group minerals. what is meant by strategic is strategic for the defense / security of the state or for the country's economy. 2. group b minerals, namely vital minerals are those that can guarantee the livelihood of many people. p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 6-14 8 3. group c minerals, namely minerals that are not included in groups a and b where clay is included in this group. the classification of minerals based on the type of minerals is regulated in law number 4 of 2009 concerning the main provisions of mining. the classification of minerals focuses more on technical aspects, namely based on groups or types of minerals, namely in four groups. 1). radioactive mineral mining, 2).metal mineral mining, 3). one of the non metallic mineral mining is clay, 4). rock mining. the utilization of these excavated materials is contained in the laws and regulations in order to continue to pay attention to the preservation of environmental functions. the regulation, implementation and supervision of these minerals involve the government, businessmen and the community, in line with the thinking of law numbe r 23 of 1997 concerning environmental management which has been amended to law of the republic of indonesia number 32 of 2009 concerning environmental protection and management. . human factors in the mining process that do not pay attention to the environment will certainly have an impact on environmental damage bo th on social and cultural factors, physical factors and biotic factors. social and cultural factors that can affect the level of impact of clay mining activities, including the social level of the community, income leve l, education, occupation and public perception. the socio-cultural impact of mining on the area around the mining area generally lies in the same problem, namely the mining trajectory that must pass through land withprivate property, road buildings as a means of transportation are damaged. the impact of clay mining on the physical environment that may occur is the level of groundwater quality, changes in land form, changes in agricultural productivity in clay mining areas. the use of non-metallic mineral minerals, namely clay, which is carried out by the community as a basic material in making bricks, has a very high economic value for local governments and communities around mining, especially in this case because brick management efforts must be close to raw materials, namely clay, so that transportation costs are needed in the transportation of raw materials. this mining business demands the awareness of the public and miners in protecting the environment at the mining site for these non-metallic minerals. clay, which is used as a raw material and the main ingredient in the process of making bricks, where the location where it is made is also close to the raw material, does not pay attention to environmental sustainabi li ty. this public awareness includes understanding all applicable laws and regulations in the field of environme n t a n d mining. the lack of public awareness and mining entrepreneurs causes damage to the environment around the mining site. in addition, there are certain parties who simply want to take advantage by ignoring environmental conservation. from several non-formal small industries in merauke regency, there is one industrial business that has economic value, namely the brick-making industry. the emergence of this industrial business is like a mush ro o m in the rainy season. grow and even breed in the corner of merauke city because from time to time the number o f businesses continues to grow significantly in line with development developments. the manufacture of bricks, which begins with scaffolding mud, molding, slashing and drying up to the combustion stage, will absorb labor because this type of industry is a labor-intensive business. in addition, it will also lead to other side businesse s i n the form of transportation and trade. the presence of this brick industry has existed for a long time as a type of community business carried out by individuals or families, in addition to other businesses such as agriculture. the type of soil found in merauke regency consists of organosol, alluvial and gray hydromorphic soils found in swamp and brackish areas. this type of soil is formed from sedimentary artificial parent material that spreads in the districts of okaba, merauke and kimaam. one of the locations for the brick industry center in merauke city is wasur. of the 4 districts around merauke city, there are 3 districts with large brick industries, namely wasur 2 (merauke district), semangga (tanah miring district), salor (kurik district) and rawa sari (kurik district). p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 6-14 9 however, the author is interested in conducting research in wasur 2 (merauke district) considering that this a re a is the closest to the city center and there are many brick industries and clay contours as the main material for making bricks in this area are considered better than some other places based on the results of surveys, interviews and data obtained by the authors in the field. from 1996 to 2021, the brick industry in wasur 2 village had 150 business units with an average production capacity of 1,000 ± pieces per day. since the beginning of the production of bricks, craftsmen did not get a permit based on an operating license according to the mineral and coal law (galian c). based on arti cl e 6 paragraph 1 letter b of law number 4 of 2009 concerning minerals and coal, the g overnment has the authority to form laws and regulations as a form of management. the types of minerals that are currently available in merauke are included in the classification of minerals c based on the government regulation of the re p u b l i c o f indonesia number 27 of 1980 concerning the classification of minerals. article 2 (1) government regulation of the republic of indonesia number 27 of 1980 concerning classification of minerals "the transfer of minerals fro m one group to another as referred to in article 1 shall be stipulated by a government regulation". mining activities for brick production are increasingly worrying, because mining activities are incre a si n g l y widespread and are mostly carried out in productive areas. continuous excavation of the soi l causes the fertile soil layer to decrease, even disappear. after mining, the land is degraded due to exploitation on a large scale. after the excavation, most of the land was left alone without any further management. during the dry season, the ex-mining land will look with holes, while during the rainy season it is full of puddles. in the amdal there a re tw o types of limitations on impact: 1). the impact of development on the environment prior to construction and which is expected to occur after construction; 2). the impact of development on the environment is the difference between environmental conditions that are expected to exist without development and those that are expecte d to exist because of the development (soemarwoto, 2014) . the problem with the management of minerals is currently getting out of control, after the issuance of l a w number 23 of 2014 concerning regional government which transferred several nomenclatures that were originally the authority of the district to become the authority of the province. one of them, the mining service which was originally located in the district was transferred to the province, so that it lost control o ver the management of minerals. the second problem is, the excavation site currently being carried out by the community has not been accommodated in the amdal which should have been issued by the merauke r e g e n cy blh (environmental agency), the excavation site currently being carried out by the community is an inappropriate location. continues to be carried out on the grounds that community mining is the livelihood of the people who live around the location, and is supported by the absence of government regulations to become an alternative to other employment opportunities. the third problem is that the community's need for basic building materials is getting higher. not only the community, government projects in building infrastructure still use local minerals. the fo u rth problem, because there is a legal vacuum, the elements carrying out the excavation are out of control. the buying and selling price has become uneven, the quality of the excavation is in doubt. so it becomes necessary to research to become a product of legislation so that the management of min erals in merauke regency is controlled again. in addition, the clay processing industry is one of the industrial businesses that must have a permit from the merauke regency government and is also subject to a levy. this study is intended to determine the clay mining process and the impact of clay mining on the surrounding physical environment. in this study, the impact of clay mining is limited by researchers with various aspects such as the level of groundwater quality, changes in land form, changes in ag ricultural productivity i n th e area around clay mining. the focus of this research is, how is the environmental permit granted by the government for the exploitation of brick-making land and how is the merauke regency government's supervision efforts towards clay mining for brick making. the purpose of this research can be achieved through two objectives, namely analyzing the laws and regulations related to environmental permits and business permi ts p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 6-14 10 for the implementation of clay mining into bricks and analyzing the monitoring efforts made by the government on permits issued for the clay mining and brick making process. 2. methodology this research was conducted in merauke regency, papua province. considering that merauke r e g e n cy has rapid growth in the residential sector and has a high population growth rate and requires bricks as building materials with the main raw material being clay. the type of research used is empirical law research, in addi ti o n to studying the law theoretically or normatively, it will also examine the law in its implementation. the population in this study is the community that owns the brick mining, the head of the industrial development and development section of the cooperative, msme, industry, and trade office of the regency. merauke, head of government section of rimba jaya village, merauke regency environment agency. the sample is 14 people, consisting of 10 respondents, namely the mining community and 4 resource persons consisting of the relevant department. the method of determining the sample is purposive sampling, i.e. taking informants intentionally and the informants used are those who really understand and can be trusted to b e a valid source of data and know the problems in depth about the problems being studied (sutopo, 2006) . data collection methods used in this study are a. interviews by visiting sources and respondents, and conducting direct questions and answers, the types of questions are organized and structured. b. docu mentati o n by collecting data related to this research. analysis primary data and secondary data were analyzed qualitative l y by using a theoretical basis in explaining existing phenomena, or data from the information obtained were presented descriptively, namely describing, describing, and explaining in accordance with problems that were closely related to research. 3. result and discussion 3.1 merauke overview merauke districtdistrict is a geographical area of merauke regency which is the southern part of papua province. merauke district is the capital of merauke regency. merauke district is located between 140°060°–140°080° east longitude and 70°70°–80°40° south latitude. merauke district has an area of 640.91 km2 or 3 percent of the total area of merauke district. merauke district has 11 sub-districts: bambu pemali, seringgu jaya, mandala, muli, maro, karang indah, rimba jaya, kelapa lima, samkai, kamahedoga, and kamu ndu. and 5 villages: bokem, nasem, nggolar, and wasur. wasur village is the largest area, reaching 505.99 km2 or 30.96 percent, while bambu pemali village is the smallest area which only reaches 3.62 km2 or 0.22 percent of the total are a o f merauke district. merauke district is limited by several districts and neighboring countries. to the north it is bordered b y th e sota district, to the east by papua new guinea, to the south by the naukenjerai district, and to the west by the semangga district. merauke district is a lowland that has a height of 5 to 20 meters above sea level. the population of merauke district based on data from the bps in 2019 was 101,784 people consisting of 51,637 men and 50,147 women. like the condition of the city in general where the mo st densely populated residential areas are in the city center. merauke district is the heart of merauke regency and rimba jaya village is the most densely populated residential area with a density of 19,741 people per sq. km. while the lowest density level is i n pemali bambu village with a population of 7,955 people per square km. 3.2 laws and regulations related to the granting of rock mining business permits the law exist to enforcement of law. (safrin salam, 2019b) currently, mining activities that are better known are mining for metal mineral commodities, including: gold, copper, nickel, bauxite and coal commodities. in addition to these main mineral commodities and coal, rock commodities have an equally important role, especially p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 6-14 11 in providing material support for infrastructure development, including: construction of road infrastructure facilities, construction of housing and office buildings. terminology of group c minerals previously regula ted in law n o . 1 1 of 1967 has been changed based on law no. 4 of 2009, into rock, so that the use of the term class c minerals is no longer appropriate and has been changed to rock. mining activities have started a new phase since the promulgation of the l atest minerba law, name l y l a w no. 03 of 2020 concerning mineral and coal mining. many new things are discussed in this minerba l a w , o n e o f which is about rock mining. in the new minerba law, mining businesses are grouped into 2, namely ; mineral mining and coal mining. mineral mining is classified into 4, namely: a. radioactive mineral mining, including: radium, thorium, uranium b. metallic mineral mining, including: gold, copper c. non-metallic mineral mining, including: diamond, bentonite d. rock mining, including: andesite, soil clay, backfill, excavated gravel from hills, river pebbles, backfill sand. rock mining in the new minerba law is not in the form of a mining business permit (iup) but in the form o f a rock mining permit (sipb). table 1. differences in rock mining in law no. 04 of 2009 and law no. 03 of 2020 no. contents of comparisonal law no. 4/2009 law no. 3/2020 1. permit form iup exploration sipb iup production operation 2. issued by the government (ministers, governors and regents) according to their authority. local government 3. issued to business entities enterprises/bumdes cooperative private business entitydomestic individual cooperative companyindividual 4. size of iup exploration 5-5000ha hamaximum 50 iup op 1,000 ha 5. terms maintenance administrative requirements, technical, environmental and financial. administrative, technical, environmental and financial requirements include coordinates and area. 6. can be mined if it meets the increasing requirements iup production operation iup exploration to mine planning documents: reserves -information -plan mining environmental -dokumen 7. loading of iup load: devsis contain: company name; name of sipb holder; an area; tax id number; mining sites; location and area; p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 6-14 12 location of processing and refining, transportation and sales; working capital; investment capital; types of mining commodities; the validity period of the iup; the validity period of sipb; and the duration of the activity stage; rights and obligations of sipb holders. settlement of land issues; the environment including reclamation and post-mining; reclamation and post-mining guarantee funds; iup extension; the rights and obligations of the iup holder; plans for community development and empowerment around mining areas; taxation; pnbp consisting of fixed contributions and production fees; k3 utilization of domestic goods, services and technology; application of good economic and mining engineering principles; the data was processed by the author in 2021 based on law no. 03 of 2020 concerning mineral and coal mining, article 86a paragraph: 1) sipb is granted for the exploitation of certain types of rock mining or for certain purposes. 2) sipb as referred to in paragraph (1) may be issued to: a. regional-owned enterprises/village-owned enterprises; b. private business entities in the context of domestic investment; c. cooperative; or d. sole proprietorship. 3) further provisions regarding certain types of rock or for certain purposes as referred to in paragraph (1) shall be regulated by or based on a government regulation. 4) the sipb as referred to in paragraph (1) is given by the minister based on a request from a regional-own e d enterprise/village-owned enterprise, private enterprise for domestic investment, cooperatives, or individual companies, which have met the administrative, technical, environmental, and environmental require ments. and financially. 5) in addition to the administrative, technical, environmental and financial requirements as referred to in paragraph (4), the sipb application must be accompanied by the coordinates and area of a certain type of rock or for certain purposes requested. p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 6-14 13 6) sipb as referred to in paragraph (1) consists of stages of planning, mining, processing, and transportation and sales activities. 7) sipb holders can start mining immediately after having mining planning documents. 8) the planning document as referred to in paragraph (1) consists of: a. technical documents containing at least information on reserves and mining plans; and b. environmental documents. as explained in article 86a paragraph (4), the sipb as referred to in paragraph (1) is given by the ministe r based on a request from a regional-owned enterprise/village-owned enterprise, private enterprise for domestic investment, cooperatives, or individual companies. , which has met the administrative, technical, environmental and financial requirements. based on the results of an interview with the head of the merauke regency environmental agency regarding the rock mining permit (sipb) issued by the mera uke regency environmental agency for the brick industry business in wasur 2, rimba jaya village, it was obtained an explanation that the merauke regency environmental agency had never issued a permit to conduct brick mining in wasur 2. the permits held by these business owners are mostly only up to the lurah and camat levels. this is based on the results of the author's interview with the head of the industrial development and development section of the department of cooperatives, msmes, industry, and trade in merauke regency; that there are only a few brick industry businesses that obtain direct permission from the disperindag but the rest of these craftsmen only have business permits at the local level. the lurah and the camat don't even have a permit at all or are illegal. the author also obtained the same information from an interview with the head of the industrial development and development section of the merauke regency cooperative, msme, industry and trade office, the head of the rimba jaya village government section, that the average brick craftsman did not have a permit at all. these brick industry business owners only get permission from the land owner and charge a land rental fee of idr 10,000 each time they produce bricks. so that brick mining activities do not damage the environment, it is necessary to applygood mining practices. in addition to paying attention to occupational health and safety, they also carry out environmental management in ex-mining areas. mining is not only for temporary needs, but also must pay attention to environmental sustainability. the former mines will later be passed on to their children and grandchildren, if environmental degradation occurs it will also be inherited. in fact, this clay processing industry is an industrial business that must obtain a permit in order to facilitate the merauke regency government in terms of supervision and is subject to a levy in accordance with the merauke regency regional regulation number 12 of 2011 concerning certain licensing retribution. with the development of this brick industry business, if it is regulated systematically and according to procedural, it can obtain employment opportunities that provide income. many family heads depend on this industry for their fate, so that the burden of the merauke regency government in providing employment opportunities is also getting easier. with various jobs in producing bricks starting from scaffolding mud, molding, drying, lifting to the combustion process, it will absorb labor, not to menti on the connection with consumers wh i ch will lead to trading and transportation activities. with this activity, the transportation sector will also be opened to facilitate relations between local residents and other residents. however, it is not only the profit that comes from this industrial business, the negative impact is also important. it is also important to save topsoil in mining areas. before mining, residents should take topsoil first and store it. this topsoil is found in the excavation area with a thickness of up to 30 cm. however, in practice most miners do not separate this topsoil, topsoil is also taken for brick making. land management needs to be done to restore the function of ex-mining land by means of reclamation. the first step is structuring ex-mining land. if it is not stockpiled, it can be done by optimizing the ex-mining excavated land by making it a fish pond or culinary tourism spot that can be a source of income by looking at the natural conditions and scenery around th i s area which is very suitable as a place to travel. p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 6-14 14 based on the phenomena above, it is indicated that: 1. the brick-making industry is still not in an orderly manner in merauke regency, so that the surrounding community feels uncomfortable, especially during the brick burning process, the smoke enters the residential area. this can also be seen by the destruction of the quality and quantity of the land around them so that the land is in crisis due to excessive mining exploitation. 2. lack of supervision by the merauke regency government, this is indicated by the large number of brick-making industry businesses that do not have business permits. so from the description above it is very clear that the brick industry is one of the industries that must have a permit and also be subject to a levy which will go to the merauke regency treasury. however, the phenomenon that occurs in the field is that there are still many industrial business owners who do not apply for permits to the regency industry and trade office and the amd al issued b y the blh (environmental agency) of merauke regency. 4. conclusion the mining process of bricks made by craftsmen brick in wasur 2 does not have a production license from government institutions concerned and not their environmental studies fro m the merauke regency environmental agency. in running their activities, there is no periodic supervision from the government and the merauke regency environmental agency so that land exploitation activities are still ongoing which will have an i mp a ct o n soil degradation and environmental damage and can lead to a decrease in the function of top soil which rich in nutrients as a function of land cover vegetation that can change the soil structure and the area will become drier and unproductive. references salam, s., parawansa, s. s. r., mursanto, d., karim, l. m., ernawati, l., gurusi, … raf, n. 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(2021). woman , rattan , where is justice ? annals of the romanian society for cell biology, 25(4), 10251–10260. salim, e. (2010). lingkungan hidup dan pembangunan. jakarta: pt. mutiara sumber. soemarwoto, o. (2004). ekologi lingkungan hidup dan pembangunan. jakarta: djambatan. soemarwoto, o. (2014). analisis dampak lingkungan. yogyakarta: ugm press. soeriaatmadja, r. e. (2000). environmentally sustainable development. jakarta: direktorat jenderal pendidika n tinggi departemen pendidikan nasional. supardi, i. (2003). lingkungan hidup dan kelestarian alam. bandung: alumni. sutopo, h. b. (2006). introduction to qualitative research. surakarta: sebelas maret university press. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 resiko medis dan kelalaian medis dalam aspek pertanggungjawaban pidana i wahyu rizki karika ilahi page 170 resiko medis dan kelalaian medis dalam aspek pertanggungjawaban pidana oleh wahyu rizki kartika ilahi mahasiswa pascasarjana magister hukum universitas airlangga abstract healthy is very important for every people, keep healthy is very important, if some people ill and must opname when the doctor must get to make medic for some people, but the end of get medic is unsatisfactory result.in the term of unsatisfactory result from get medic, make medical loss for patient and patient’s family, in medical loss result make many issues for doctor. but must know in the fact, not every unsatisfactory result get responsibility.this thesis make a normative yuridis metode with statue approach and conceptualapproach metode. in this thesis discuss about responsibility doctor for medical risks and medical risks which can be account for by doctor. key words :medical risks, negligence, accountability doctor a. pendahuluan a state of complete physical, mental, and social, well being and not merely the absence of desease or infirmity(hermien hadiati koeswadji, 1992: hlm 17). pernyataan tersebut jika di artikan secara bebas bahwa sebuah keadaan fisik, mental, dan sosial, kesejahteraan, bukan hanya mengenai adanya penyakit atau kelemahan. kesehatan adalah keadaan sehat, baik secara fisik, mental, spiritual maupun sosial yang memungkinkan setiap orang untuk hidup produktif secara sosial dan ekonomis.kesehatan merupakan harta yang paling berharga di dunia ini maka dari itu upaya peningkatan mutu kesehatan semakin diupayakan. pengupayaan peningkatan kesehatan oleh negara ini tidak lain bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup manusia. jika kualitas hidup manusia meningkat maka kesejahteraan pun akan di dapat. dalam undang–undang dasar negara republik indonesia tahun 1945 pasal 28a tercantum “setiap orang berhak untuk hidup serta berhak mempertahankan hidup dan kehidupannya”. berhak mempertahankan hidup dan kehidupannya berarti setiap orang berhak untuk mendapatkan kesempatan yang sama untuk mempertahankan hidup dan kehidupannya. mempertahankan hidup juga termasuk berhak untuk mendapatkan issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 resiko medis dan kelalaian medis dalam aspek pertanggungjawaban pidana i wahyu rizki karika ilahi page 171 pelayanan kesehatan yang baik. oleh sebab itu peningkatan mutu pelayanan kesehatan semakin digencarkan. kebijakan–kebijakan yang diambil oleh pemerintah haruslah mencakup semua lini dan lapisan masyarakat karena kesehatan juga menjadi salah satu hak asasi manusia yang dilindungi dan dijamin oleh negara. dalam pasal 28h undang–undang dasar negara republik indonesia tahun 1945 ditekankan bahwa “setiap orang berhak hidup sejahtera lahir dan batin, bertempat tinggal, dan mendapatkan lingkungan hidup yang baik dan sehat serta berhak memperoleh pelayanan kesehatan”. pemerintah dalam upaya peningkatan mutu kesehatan haruslah dapat membentuk produk–produk hukum yang mendukung peningkatan mutu para dokter dan petugas medisserta pengembangan teknologi-teknologi medis. produk–produk hukum tersebut juga harus mengatur bagaimana pelayanan kesehatan yang lebih baik dan melindungi para petugas medis serta pasien agar dapat melaksanakan kewajiban dan menerima haknya dengan seoptimal mungkin. hubungan dokter dan pasien sudah berjalan sejak masa hipocrates dan terus berkembang hingga sekarang. perkembangan terus bergulir hingga terjadi pergantian teknologi,perkembangan ilmiah serta sosial, perkembangan ini sendiri mengakibatkan terjadinya perubahan cara pelayanan kesehatan serta tindakan–tindakan medis yang dilakukan oleh dokter. hal ini merupakan tantangan bagi konsep–konsep dan kewajiban– kewajiban moral para tenaga medis dan masyarakat yang secara nyata berlaku saat ada pasien yang sakit atau mengalami resiko medis atas dilakukannya tindakan medis oleh dokter. suprapti samil (2007,hlm.60-61) mengatakan bahwa hubungan antar manusia (baca hubungan antara dokter dengan pasien), hubungan antara dokter dengan pasien telah diatur dengan nilainilai kesopanan (mores),yang berarti adat istiadat, kelakuan, tabiat, watak, akhlak dan kesusilaan (ethica). dimana selanjutnya dikatakan oleh suprapti samil di dalam kodeki 1980 bahwa istilah etik terbentuk dari dua perkataan yanitu “mores of a community” dan “ethos of the people”. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 resiko medis dan kelalaian medis dalam aspek pertanggungjawaban pidana i wahyu rizki karika ilahi page 172 konsep tersebut mengandung makna bahwa dalam hubungan antara dokter dengan pasien harus didasari oleh nilai – nilai dan moral serta itikad yang baik demi terselenggaranya pelayanan kesehatan yang baik dan berkesinambungan.hubungan dokter – pasien yang dahulu bersifat paternalistik dan kepercayaan (trust, vertrouwen, fiduciary relationship) kini sudah mengalami erosi. kepercayaan mulai goyah. jika dahulu pasien percaya saja apa yang dilakukan oleh profesi dokter,kini masyarakat mulai mempertanyakan jika pengobatannya tidak berhasil,berakibat cacat berat, atau bahkan sampai meninggal(guwandi: 2009,hal 1-2). dalam hubungan antara dokter dan pasien dikenal perjanjian terapeutik, perjanjian terapeutik atau transaksi terapeutik adalah perjanjian antara dokter dengan pasien yang memberikan kewenangan kepada dokter untuk melakukan kegiatan memberikan pelayanan kesehatan kepada pasien berdasarkan keahlian dan keterampilan yang dimiliki oleh dokter tersebut (annyisfandyarie: 2006,hlm 57). komalawati terhadap perjanjian teraupetik berlaku hukum perikatan yang diatur dalam buku iii kuhperdata, sebagaimana disebutkan di dalam pasal 1320 kuhperdata yang berbunyi : “ semua perjanjian, baik yang mempunyai suatu nama khusus,maupun yang tidak dikenal dengan suatu nama tertentu, tunduk pada peraturan umum, yang termuat dalam bab ini dan bab yang lalu”. namun perjanjian teraupetik berbeda dengan perjanjian pada umumnya karena memiliki objek perjanjian ynang berbeda dengan perjanjian pada umumnya. perjanjian teraupetik atau trandaksi teraupetik termasuk dalam inspanningverbintenis atau perjanjian upaya, karena dokter tidak mungkin menjanjikan kesembuhan kepadapasien, yang dilakukan dokter adalah melakukan pelayanan kesehatan sebagai upaya untuk menyembuhkan pasien perjanjian teraupetik mengikat layaknya undang – undang bagi dokter maupun pasien. seperti halnya yang diatur di dalam pasal 1338 kuhperdata yang berbunyi : “ semua perjanjian yang dibuat secara sah berlaku sebagai undang – undang bagi mereka yang membuatnya”. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 resiko medis dan kelalaian medis dalam aspek pertanggungjawaban pidana i wahyu rizki karika ilahi page 173 profesi dokter juga memiliki etik kedokteran. etik kedokteran adalah norma dan asas yang berlaku bagi para dokter sebagai landasan dalam menjalankan profesinya. dalam praktiknya apa yang dimaksud dengan etik kedokteran ini,mempunyai dua sisi dimana satu sama lain saling terkait dan saling pengaruh – mempengaruhi. kedua sisi tersebut adalah: pertama, etik jabatan atau yang dikenal dengan istilah medical ethics, yaitu menyangkut masalah yang berhubungan dengan sikap para dokter terhadap sejawatnya,sikap dokter tehadap para pembantunya dan sikap para dokter terhadap masyarakat dan pemerintah. kedua,etik asuhan atau yang dikenal dengan sebutan ethics of the medical care,yaitu, merupakan etik kedokteran dalam kehidupan sehari – hari mengenai sikap dan tindakan seorang dokter terhadap penderita yang menjadi tanggung jawabnya(bahder johan nasution: 2013, hlm 9). dewasa ini sering muncul kasus – kasus dalam pelayanan kesehatan yang mengakibatkan kinerja dokter diragukan serta mengancam keberlangsungan karir seorang dokter. kasus yang paling baru adalah kasus operasi sesar yang mengakibatkan kematian pasiennya dilakukan olehdokter dewa ayu sasiary prawan. pada kasus dokter dewa ayu sasiary prawan, majelis hakim pengadilan negeri dan pengadilan tinggi memutus bebas namun majelis hakim tingkat kasasi memutus bersalah dokter ayu. pada saat peninjauan kembali, dokter ayu diputus bebas oleh hakim. kasus-kasus tersebut diajukan ke pengadilan karena terdapat ketidakpuasan atas hasil dari pelayanan kesehatan yang dilakukan oleh dokter maupun adanya indikasi kesalahan prosedur atau kode etik kedokteran. pengertian resiko medis tidak dirumuskan secara eksplisit dalam peraturan perundang-undangan yang ada. namun secara tersirat resiko medis disebutkan di dalam beberapa pernyataan yang ada mengenai resiko terhadap tindakan medis(anny isfandyarie: 2005,hlm38). resiko atas dijalankannya pelayanan medis sangat tidak dapat diprediksi karena petugas medis hanya bisa berupaya semaksimal mungkin untuk melakukan penanganan medis. sekalipun dapat diduga apa saja resiko medis yang dapat terjadi,tetap saja tidak dapat dipastikan resiko mana yang akan diperoleh pasien atas penanganan petugas medis tersebut. tidak jarang resiko medis yang terjadi berujung pada issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 resiko medis dan kelalaian medis dalam aspek pertanggungjawaban pidana i wahyu rizki karika ilahi page 174 kematian sehingga petugas medis dalam hal ini dokter diduga melakukan kesalahan atau kelalaian yang mengakibatkan kematian seseorang. berdasarkan pada pemaparan dalam latar belakang dan uraian masalah diatas, maka ruang lingkup penelitian dapat diambil rumusan permasalahan antara lain yaituapa kategori tindakan medis yang termasuk resiko medis dan kelalaian medis dan bagaimana pertanggungjawaban pidana terhadap resiko medis yang berujung kelalaian medis bagi dokter b. metode penelitian tipe penelitian yang digunakan ialah penelitian secara normative, yaitu metode pendekatan melalui pengkajian terhadap asas asas hukum dan sistematika hukum yang ada di dalam peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. sehingga penelitian secara normative ini dapat fokus pada inventarisasi hukum positif, dan penemuan hukum dalam perkara inconcreto dalam penanganan kasus. dalam penyusunan dan penulisan skripsi ini penulis menggunakan pendekatan masalah dengan beberapa metode yang ada yaitu ; metode pendekatan undang-undang (statute approach), pendekatan kasus (case approach), dan pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach). peter mahmud marzuki (2013:33) menguraikan pendekatan pendekatan yang digunakan digunakan dalam penelitian diatas sebagai berikut : pendekatan undang-undang (statute approach) dilakukan dengan menelaah semua peraturan perundang-undangan dan regulasi yang bersangkut paut dengan permasalahan yang sedang dibahas. pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach) adalah pendekatan yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan pijakan pandangan-pandangan dan doktrin doktrin yang berkembang dalam ilmu hukum yang terkait dengan kelalailan medis. c. pembahasan issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 resiko medis dan kelalaian medis dalam aspek pertanggungjawaban pidana i wahyu rizki karika ilahi page 175 konsep kelalaian medis dan pembuktiannya kelalaian dalam hukum pidana disebut juga dengan kealpaan. langemeyer “kealpaan adalah suatu struktur yang sangat gecompliceerd. dia mengandung dalam satu pihak kekeliruan dalam perbuatan lahir dan menunjuk kepada adanya keadaan batin yang tertentu, dan di lain pihak keadaan batinnya itu sendiri”(moeljatno:1993,hlm200). van hammel mengatakan bahwa kealpaan itu mengandung dua syarat yaitu : 1. tidak mengadakan penduga – duga sebagaimana diharuskan oleh hukum. 2. tidak mengadakan penghati – hati sebagaimana diharuskan oleh hukum. konsep kelalaian dalam kitab undang – undang hukum pidana (kuhp) dijelaskan dalam pasal 359 dan pasal 360 kuhp : pasal 359 kuhp “barangsiapa karena kealpaannya menyebabkan matinya orang lain diancam pidana penjara paling lama lima tahun atau kurungan paling lama satu tahun”. pasal 360 ayat (1) kuhp “barangsiapa karena kelapaannya menyebabkan orang lain mendapat luka – luka berat, diancam pidana penjara paling lama lima tahun atau kurungan paling lama satu tahun”. pasal 360 ayat (2) kuhp “barangsiapa karena kealpaannya menyebabkan orang lain luka – luka sedemikian rupa sehingga timbu penyakit atau halangan menjalankan pekerjaan jabatan atau pencarian selama waktu tertentu, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama sembilan bulan atau kurungan paling lama enam bulan atau denda paling tinggi tiga ratus rupiah”. kelalaian medis atau dalam bahasa sehari – hari dikenal dengan istilah malpraktek merupakan salah satu kejadian atau fenomena yang akhir – akhir ini muncul dan menjadi sorotan khalayak. hal ini dikarenakan beberapa pasien mengalami resiko medis berupa kematian ataupun cacat dan mengakibatkan banyaknya gugatan yang dilayangkan pasien terhadap dokter. kelalaian dalam hukum medis sering disebut dengan negligence. negligence adalah hal yang manusiawi yang sering dialami oleh manusia karena manusia tidaklah sempurna. menurut guwandi (2004:29) seseorang dikatakan lalai apabila ia bertindak acuh atau tidak issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 resiko medis dan kelalaian medis dalam aspek pertanggungjawaban pidana i wahyu rizki karika ilahi page 176 pedulian.tidak memperhatikan kepentingan orang lain sebagaimana lazimnya di dalam tata-pergaulan hidup masyarakat. pengertian kelalaian medis sendiri menurut hermien hadiati koeswadji secara harfiah berarti bad practice atau praktek buruk yang berkaitan dengan praktek penerapan ilmu dan teknologi medik dalam menjalankan profesi medik yang mengandung ciri – ciri khusus. karena malpraktek berkaitan dengan “how to practice the medical science and technology”, yang sangat erat hubungannya dengan sarana kesehatan atau tempat melakukan praktek dan orang yang melaksanakan praktek,maka pendapat hermien lebih cenderung menggunakan istilah “maltreatment (syahrul machmud: 2008, hlm13). black law dictionary sebagaimana dikutip oleh hm.soedjatmiko, merumuskan malpraktek sebagai : ”any profesional misconduct, unreasonable lack of skill or fidelity in professional or judiary duties, evil practice, or illegal or immoral conduct ..........” (perbuatan jahat seseorang ahli, kekurangan dalam keterampilan yang di bawah standar, atau tidak cermatnya seorang ahli dalam menjalankan kewajibannya secara hukum, praktek yang jelek atau illegal atau perbuatan yang tidak bermoral) anny isfandyarie, menyimpulkan sebagai kesalahan dokter karena tidak mempergunakan ilmu pengetahuan dan tingkat keterampilan sesuai dengan standar profesinya yang akhirnya mengakibatkan pasien terluka atau cacat badan bahkan meninggal dunia. r.hariadi, malpraktek adalah praktek yang buruk: melakukan yang seharusnya tidak dilakukan atau tidak melakukan apa yang sebenarnya dilakukan. istilah malpraktek berlaku untuk semua jenis profesi termasuk dokter, akuntan, pengacara dan sebagainya. di bidang kedokteran bila seorang dokter melakukan malpraktek disebut malpraktek kedokteran atau malpraktek medik (medical malpractice). j guwandi, dengan mengutip beberapa pendapat hakim dalam beberapa kasus yang pernah terjadi atau kamus–kamus mengutarakan pengertian malpraktek sebagai berikut : a. kasus valentin v. society se bienfaisance de los angeles, california, 1956 dirumuskan : issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 resiko medis dan kelalaian medis dalam aspek pertanggungjawaban pidana i wahyu rizki karika ilahi page 177 malpraktek adalah kelalaian dari dari seorang dokter atau perawat untuk menerapkan tingkat keterampilan dan pengetahuannya di dalam memberikan pelayanan pengobatan dan perawatan terhadap seorang pasien yang lazimnya diterapkan dalam mengobati dan merawat orang sakit atau terluka di lingkungan wilayah yang sama. “malpractice is the neglect of a physician or nurse to apply that degree of skill and learning on treating and nursing a patient which is customary applied in treating and caring for the sick or wounded similarly in the same community”. b. steadman’s medical dictionary malpraktek adalah salah cara mengobati suatu penyakit atau luka, karena disebabkan sikap – tindak yang acuh, sembarangan atau berdasarakan motivasi kriminal. “malpractice is mistreatment of a disease or injury throught ignorance, carelessness of criminal intent”. c. coughlin’s dictionary of law malpraktek adalah “sikap-tindak profesional yang salah dari seorang yang berprofesi, seperti dokter, ahli hukum, akuntan, dokter gigi, dokter hewan. malpraktek bisa diakibatkan karena sikap-tindak yang bersifat tak pedulian, kelalaian. atau kekurangan keterampilan atau kehati – hatian di dalam pelaksanaan kewajiban profesionalnya; tindakan salah atau praktek yang bersifat tidak etis”. “professional misconduct on the part of a professional person, such as a physician, engineer, lawyer, accountant, dentist, veterinarian.malpractice may be the result of ignorance, neglect, or lack of skill or fidelity in the performance of professional duties;intentional wrongdoing or unethical practice”. d. black’s law dictionary malpraktek adalah setiap sikap-tindak yang salah, kekurangan keterampilan dalam ukuran tingkat yang tidak wajar. istilah ini umumnya dipergunakan terhadap sikaptindak dari para dokter, pengacara, dan akuntan. kegagalan untuk memberikan pelayang profesional dan melakukan pada ukuran tingkat keterampilan dan issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 resiko medis dan kelalaian medis dalam aspek pertanggungjawaban pidana i wahyu rizki karika ilahi page 178 kepandaian yang wajar di dalam masyarakatnya oleh teman sejawat rata – rata dari profesi itu, sehingga mengakibatkan luka, kehilangan atau kerugian pada penerima pelayanan tersebut yang cenderung menaruh kepercayaan terhadap mereka itu. termasuk di dalamnya setiap sikap-tindak profesional yang salah, kekurangan keterampilan yang tidak wajar atau kurang kehati – hatian atau kewajiban hukum, praktek buruk, atau illegal atau sikap immoral. “any professional misconduct, unreasonable lack of skill. this term is usually applied to such conduct by doctors, lawyers, and accountants. failure of one rendering professional services to exercise that degree of skill and learning commonly applied under all the circumstances in the community by the average prudent reputable member of the profession with the result of injury, loss or damage to the recipient of those entitled to rely upon them. it is any professional misconduct, unreasonable lack of skill or fidelity in professional or judiciary duties, evil practice, or illegal or immoral conduct”. e. the oxford illustrated dictionary,2nd ed., 1975 malpraktek = sikap-tindak yang salah; (hukum) pemberian pelayanan terhadap pasien yang tidak benar oleh profesi medis; tindakan yang illegal untuk memperoleh keuntungan sendiri sewaktu dalam posisi kepercayaan. “malpratice = wrongdoing; (law) improper treatment of patient by medical attendant; illegal action for one’s own benefit while in position trust’. maka dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa yang dimaksud dengan malpraktek adalah : 1. melakukan sesuatu yang seharusnya tidak boleh dilakukan oleh seorang tenaga kesehatan. 2. tidak melakukan apa yang seharusnya dilakukan atau melalikan kewajiban (negligence) 3. melanggar suatu ketentuan menurut atau berdasarkan peraturan perundang – undangan. m yusuf hanafiah (1999:87), malpraktek adalah kelalaian seorang dokter untuk mempergunakan tingkat keterampilan dan ilmu pengetahuan yang lazim dipergunakan issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 resiko medis dan kelalaian medis dalam aspek pertanggungjawaban pidana i wahyu rizki karika ilahi page 179 dalam mengobati pasien atau orang yang terluka menurut ukuran di lingkungan yang sama. dari beberapa pendapat ahli tersebut dapat ditarik sebuah pernyataan bahwa kelalaian medis merupakan kondisi dimana seorang dokter atau tenaga medis melakukan penyimpangan terhadap kode etik kedokteran,standar profesi dokter dan standar operasional prosedur (sop) saat melakukan tindakan medis terhadap pasiennya sehingga mengakibatkan kerugian yang diderita pasien akibat dari tindakan medis tersebut. tolok ukur sekaligus syarat pembuktian kelalaian medis (guwandi, jakarta: 2009 hlm 11) di negara anglo saxon adalah konsep “4d” dari negligence yang terdiri atas : 1. duty harus ada hubungan dokter – pasien, sehingga ada kewajiban dokter untuk mengobati pasien 2. dereliction of that duty terdapat suatu penyimpangan dari “duty” pada pihak dokter karena ternyata ia tidak melakukan kewajibannya menurut standar profesi. 3. direct causation sehingga timbul suatu kerugian 4. damage namun harus ada kaitan secara langsung antara tindakan yang dilakukan oleh dokter dan kerugian yang timbul. keterkaitan resiko medis dan kelalaian medis pengertian resiko medis tidak dijelaskan secara rinci dan jelas di dalam peraturan perundang – undangan yang ada. oleh karena itu banyak orang yang menyalahartikan tentang resiko medis sehingga banyak tuntutan terhadap dokter di dalam pengadilan. resiko medis secara tersirat disebutkan dalam beberapa pernyataan sebagai berikut : 1. informed consent secara tertulis merupakan salah satu cara yang perlu dilakukan issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 resiko medis dan kelalaian medis dalam aspek pertanggungjawaban pidana i wahyu rizki karika ilahi page 180 untuk melindungi dokter dari tuntutan pasien,hal ini dikarenakan dalam informed consent, oasien telah sepakat untuk mendapat perlakuan tindakan medis yang akan dilakukan dokter. dari kesepakatan ini, pasien tidak akan mengadakan tuntutan apapun ke pengadilan di kemudian hari. selain itu dalam pernyataan tersebut juga dicantumkan bahwa dokter telah menjelaskan sifat, tujuan serta kemungkinan (resiko) akibat yang timbul dari tindakan medik tersebut kepada pasien atau keluarganya.dokter yang bersangkutan juga harus menandatangani formulir persetujuan tindakan medik termaksud. 2. pernyataan idi (ikatan dokter indonesia) tentang informed consent dalam lampiran skb idi no. 319/p/ba/88 butir 33 yang berbunyi: “setiap tindakan medis yang mengandung resiko cukup besar mengharuskan adanya persetujuan tertulis yang ditandatangani oleh pasien, setelah sebelumnya pasien itu memperoleh informasi yang adekuat tentang perlunya tindakan medis yang bersangkutan serta resiko yang berkaitan dengannya.” 3. dalam peraturan perundang – undangan yang berlaku pun secara eksplisit tercantum, dalam pasal 2 ayat (3), pasal 3 ayat (1) dan pasal 7 ayat (2) peraturan menteri kesehatan republik indonesia nomor: 585/men.kes/per/ix/1989 tentang persetujuan tindakan medis menyebutkan istilah resiko secara eksplisit dan tersirat, antara lain: 1. pasal 2 ayat (1) : persetujuan sebagaimana dimaksud ayat (1) diberikan setelah pasien mendapat informasi yang adekuat tentang perlunya tindakan medik yang bersangkutan serta resiko yang dapat ditimbulkannya. 2. pasal 3 ayat (1) : setiap tindakan medik yang mengandung resiko tinggi harus dengan persetujuan tertulis yang ditandatangani oleh yang hendak memberikan persetujuan. 3. pasal 7 ayat (2) : perluasan operasi yang tidak dapat diduga sebelumnya dapat dilakukan untuk menyelamatkan jiwa pasien. dari beberapa pernyataan di atas, dapat diambil pengertian resiko medis, yaitu sebagai berikut: issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 resiko medis dan kelalaian medis dalam aspek pertanggungjawaban pidana i wahyu rizki karika ilahi page 181 a. bahwa dalam tindakan medis ada kemungkinan (resiko) yang dapat terjadi yang mungkin tidak sesuai dengan harapan pasien. ketidak mengertian pasien terhadap resiko yang dihadapinya dapat mengakibatkan diajukannya tuntutan ke pengadilan oleh pasien tersebut. b. bahwa di dalam tindakan medis ada tindakan yang mengandung resiko tinggi. c. bahwa resiko tinggi tersebut berkaitan dengan keselamatan jiwa pasien. sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa resiko medis merupakan hasil yang tidak maksimal dari sebuah tindakan medis yang dilakukan oleh dokter. resiko medis dapat terjadi karena resiko dari tindakan medis muncul secara tiba – tiba diluar perkiraan dokter serta tidak dapat dihindari oleh dokter dan adapula yang timbul karena tindakan medis tersebut dilarang atau dibatasi oleh undang – undang karena tindakan medis tersebut mengandung resiko yang besar. resiko dari tindakan medis yang dilakukan dokter berbeda – beda skala besar kecilnya. dokter diminta untuk melakukan tindakan medis yang sesuai dengan kondisi pasien sekalipun resiko yang bersama tindakan medis tersebut besar. di dalam kode etik kedokteran indonesia dokter yang berkewajiban memberikan pertolongan kepada pasiennya haruslah memenuhi standar profesinya sebagai pedoman yang harus dipergunakan dalam menjalankan profesinya secara baik. hal ini untuk menghindari kerugian pada orang lain sebagai resiko dari tindakan medis yang dilakukan, yang seringkali justru mengakibatkan pasien menuntut secara hukum. sejak dulu telah dikenal salah satu prinsip tradisional dari etika kedokteran adalah primum non nocere, artinya yang penting adalah tidak merugikan. kelalaian medis sendiri diakibatkan karena kurangnya pengetahuan dokter terhadap penyakit pasien atau kurangnya pengetahuan dokter terhadap keilmuan kedokteran. kelalaian medis terjadi karena dokter tidak mengikuti standar operasional prosedur, standar profesi, dan menurut kalangan profesi dokter sipandang menyalahi kode etik kedokteran sehingga mengakibatkan pasien mengalami kerugian berupa cacat fisik maupun kematian. berikut adalah tabel perbandingan antara resiko medis dengan kelalaian medis : issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 resiko medis dan kelalaian medis dalam aspek pertanggungjawaban pidana i wahyu rizki karika ilahi page 182 resiko medis kelalaian medis 1. sesuai dengan standar operasional prosedur 1. tidak sesuai dengan standar operasional prosedur 2. ada kehati – hatian 2. tidak unsur kehati – hatian 3. tidak ada unsur lalai 3. ada unsur lalai 4. ada upaya pencegahan 4. tidak ada upaya pencegahan 5. ada contributory negligence 5. tidak ada contributory negligence dari penjelasan diatas dapat dilihat bahwa patokan untuk menentukan sebuah hasil pengobatan yang gagal dikategorikan resiko medis atau kelalaian medis adalah dari standar operasional prosedur, standar profesi dan pendapat kalangan profesi dokter sendiri. ketiga patokan ini juga dapat dilihat dari putusan pengadilan tentang kasus yang menimpa dokter ayu dan menjadi pertimbangan majelis hakim untuk membebaskan dokter ayu beserta tim dokternya. kasus dugaan kelalaian medis penulis mengambil contoh kasus yang dialami oleh seorang dokter bernama dr. dewa ayu sasyari prawanyang melakukan tindakan medis berupa operasi sesar. kasus dokter ayumenjadi perdebatan karena dokter ayudiputus bebas di tingkat pengadilan negeri namun diputus bersalah oleh pengadilan tingkat kasasi namun setelah mengajukan peninjauan kembali, dokter ayu diputus bebas oleh majelis hakim.pasien dokter ayu bernama siska makatey dinyatakan meninggal dunia melalui surat keterangan dari rumah sakit umum prof. dr. r. d.kandou manado no. 61/ver/ikf/fk/k/vi/2010, tanggal 26 april 2010 danditandatangani oleh dr. johannis f. mallo, sh. spf. dfm. dalam surat keterangan tersebut tercantum bahwa kematian korban akibat masuknya udara ke dalam bilik kanan jantung yang menghambat darah masuk ke paru-paru sehingga terjadi kegagalan fungsi paru dan selanjutnya mengakibatkan kegagalan fungsi jantung. masuknya udara ini dinilai oleh majelis hakim pengadilan tingkat kasasi menjadi kesalahan dokter dalam memberikan pelayanan medis kepada pasien. dalam kasus ini juga disinyalir adanya pemalsuan tanda tangan korban yang dilakukan oleh tim dokter yang menangani korban. namun dilihat dari kausalitasnya, pemalsuan tanda tangan tersebut bukanlah menjadi penyebab utama matinya korban. maladministrasi tersebut hanya sebagai tudingan belaka bagi keluarga korban untuk mempermasalahkan kematian korban ke persidangan. seperti kita lihat bahwa keadaan issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 resiko medis dan kelalaian medis dalam aspek pertanggungjawaban pidana i wahyu rizki karika ilahi page 183 darurat yang dimaksud dalam darurat medis hanyalah kalangan dokter yang mengerti. maladministrasi yang terjadi hanyalah dipergunakan untuk memenuhi syarat administrasi demi menyelamatkan jiwa pasien karena ketika tim dokter memilih melakukan operasi sesar, kondisi pasien sedang lemah. kondisi pasien tersebut juga dicantumkan dalam putusan kasasi yang sebagai berikut isinya : “berdasarkan keterangan dari saksi dr. hermanus jakobus lalenoh, sp.an. bahwa jawaban konsul terhadap surat konsul yang dikirim oleh bagiankebidanan kepada bagian anestesi tersebut yang menyatakan : pada prinsipnya kami setuju untuk dilaksanakan pembedahan dengan anestesi resiko tinggi, oleh karena ini adalah operasi darurat maka mohon dijelaskan kepada keluarga resiko yang bisa terjadi "darut"/ sebelum operasi atau "post"/ usai operasi. bahwa penyebab udara masuk dari setiap pembuluh darah balik yang terbuka yaitu dari infus atau dari suntikan obat tetapi dalam kepustakaan dikatakan udara yang masuk dari pembuluh darah balik ini hanya bisa menyebabkan kecelakaan penting yang kalau dia di atas 25 mg dan kalau di bawah tidak akan menyebabkan apa-apa, kemudian dalam kenyataan pemberian obat dari infus tidak pernah masuk udara karena dari suntik disposible untuk masuk udara, selanjutnya dari kepustakaan yang saksi baca dan saksi dapat dalam pendidikan saksi yaitu kemungkinan yang bisa juga adalah terutama dalam operasi persalinan bahkan di dalam aturan dikatakan bahwa udara bisa masuk sering terjadi pada operasi bedah saraf dengan posisi pasien setengah duduk bisa terjadi pada saat dia terkemuka itu udara bisa masuk, pada bagian kebidanan yang bisa sering terjadi bukan saja pada sectio cesaria tetapi juga pada kuretase bahkan dalam laporan kasus yaitu untuk hubungan intim dimana suami memakai oral itu bisa terjadi masuk udara,kasus ini memang jarang tetapi bisa saja terjadi, jadi pada waktu bayi lahir plasenta terangkat pembuluh darah itu terbuka yaitu pembuluh darah arteri/ pembuluh darah yang pergi yang warna merah dan pembuluh darah balik/ arteri yang warna hitam, jadi kemungkinan udara yang masuk berdasarkan hasil visum bisa saja terjadi dari beberapa hal tadi, selanjutnya tugas anestesi dalam hal ini telah selesai karena pasien/ korban sudah membuka mata dan bernapasspontan kecuali jika saat issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 resiko medis dan kelalaian medis dalam aspek pertanggungjawaban pidana i wahyu rizki karika ilahi page 184 pasien sebelum dirapihkan semua kemudian meninggal maka masih merupakan tugas dan tanggung jawab dari anestesi dan kebidanan.” dalam pembahasan terkait resiko medis, masuknya udara tersebut merupakan salah satu kategori resiko medis karena terjadinya emboli udara tersebut tidak dapat diduga oleh dokter yang melakukan pelayanan medis. dapat diketahui matinya korban bukan karena kesalahan atau kelalaian dokter dalam memberikan pelayanan medis tetapi karena resiko dari tindakan medis tersebut muncul sehingga dokter tidak dapat dimintai pertanggungjawaban atas matinya pasien yang dalam penanganannya. dalam putusan peninjauan kembali (pk) yang hanya boleh dilakukan sekali, majelis hakim memutuskan bahwa dokter ayu beserta tim dokter dibebaskan. putusan peninjauan kembali tersebut menguatkan putusan pengadilan negeri manado nomor 90/pid.b/2011/pn.mdo bahwa dokter ayu beserta tim dokter tidak bersalah. putusan peninjauan kembali juga mempertimbangkan putusan majelis kehormatan disiplin kedokteran indonesia (mkdki) yang menyatakan bahwa dokter ayu beserta tim dokter tidak menyalahi standar operasional prosedur (sop). pertanggungjawaban dalam hukum pidana perbuatan pidana hanya menunjuk kepada dilarang dan diancamnya perbuatan dengan suatu pidana. apakah orang yang melakukan perbuatan kemudian juga dijatuhi pidana, sebagaimana telah diancamkan, ini tergantung dari soal apakah dalam melakukan perbuatan ini dia mempunyai kesalahan. sebab azas dalam peranggungjawaban dalam hukum pidana ialah : tidak dipidana jika tidak ada kesalahan (geen straf zonder schuld; actus non facit reum nisi mens sir rea). dalam pertanggungjawaban dokter terhadap resiko medis, unsur kesalahan yang dipakai adalah kelalaian atau kealpaan atau di dalam istilah hukum kesehatan disebut dengan negligence. langemeyer “kealpaan adalah suatu struktur yang sangat gecompliceerd. dia mengandung dalam satu pihak kekeliruan dalam perbuatan lahir dan menunjuk kepada adanya keadaan batin yang tertentu, dan di lain pihak keadaan batinnya itu sendiri”. van hammel mengatakan bahwa kealpaan itu mengandung dua syarat yaitu : 1. tidak mengadakan penduga – duga sebagaimana diharuskan oleh hukum. issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 resiko medis dan kelalaian medis dalam aspek pertanggungjawaban pidana i wahyu rizki karika ilahi page 185 2. tidak mengadakan penghati – hati sebagaimana diharuskan oleh hukum. dalam bab sebelumnya telah diketahui perbedaan antara resiko medis dengan kelalaian medis. bahwa dalam menentukan unsur kesalahan berupa kelalaian, dalam hukum kesehatan perlu patokan yaitu berdasarkan standar operasional prosedur, standar profesi, dan pendapat kalangan profesi dokter. d. penutup berdasarkan hasil analisis yang dilakukan terhadap data-data yang diperoleh guna memperoleh jawaban atas permasalahan yang diteliti, maka pada bab ini penulis akan melakukan analisa kesimpulan dan pemberian saran atas masalah yang ditelitinya. a. patokan untuk menentukan sebuah hasil pengobatan yang gagal dikategorikan resiko medis atau kelalaian medis adalah dari standar operasional prosedur, standar profesi dan pendapat kalangan profesi dokter sendiri. ketiga patokan ini juga dapat dilihat dari putusan pengadilan tentang kasus yang menimpa dokter ayu dan menjadi pertimbangan majelis hakim untuk membebaskan dokter ayu beserta tim dokternya. b. resiko medis merupakan hasil yang tidak maksimal dari sebuah tindakan medis. resiko medis sendiri terbagi menjadi 2(dua) yaitu resiko medis yang dapat dimintakan pertanggungjawaban kepada dokter dan resiko medis yang tidak dapat dimintakan pertanggungjawaban kepada dokter. resiko medis yang tidak dapat dimintakan pertanggungjawaban kepada dokter merupakan resiko medis yang muncul karena sifat alami dan besarnya resiko yang timbul dari tindakan medis tanpa adanyafaktor kesalahan ataupun kelalaian yang dilakukan oleh pihak dokter. sedangkan resiko medis yang dapat dimintakan pertanggungjawaban kepada dokter merupakan resiko medis yang muncul karena tindakan medis yang dilakukan oleh dokter mempunyai resiko besar dan resiko tersebut muncul dikarenakan adanya unsur lalai yang dilakukan oleh dokter. daftar pustaka hermien hadiati koeswadji (1992:17) dikutip dari bahder johan nasution,hukum issn 2528-360x volume 2 nomor 2 april 2018 e-issn 2621-6159 resiko medis dan kelalaian medis dalam aspek pertanggungjawaban pidana i wahyu rizki karika ilahi page 186 kesehatan pertanggungjawaban dokter,rineka cipta,jakarta,2013,hal.1 undang – undang republik indonesia nomor 36 tahun 2009 tentang kesehatan,bab i,pasal 1 angka 1 kitab undang – undang hukum perdata internet, www.kamusbesarbahasaindonesia.org/kode%20etik/mirip bahder johan nasution,hukum kesehatan pertanggungjawaban dokter,rineka cipta,jakarta,2013,h.9 anny isfandyarie (selanjutnya ditulis “anny isfandyarie (2)” ), malpraktek dan resiko medik dalam kajian hukum pidana,prestasi pustaka,jakarta,2005,h.38 moeljatno,asas – asas hukum pidana,rineka cipta,jakarta,1993,h.200 m yusuf hanafiah dan amri amir, etika kedokteran dan hukum kesehatan, egc, jakarta,1999, h.87 guwandi,pengantar ilmu hukum medik & bio-etika,balai penerbit fakultas kedokteran universitas indonesia, jakarta,2009,h.1 http://www.kamusbesarbahasaindonesia.org/kode%20etik/mirip jurnal hukum volkgeist https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v6i2.2032 vol. 6 no.2, june 2022 162 legal review concerning amputed authority of dpr and dpd in the process of regional propagation in indonesia l. m. ricard zeldi putra1*, indah kusuma dewi1, ernawati1, waode novita ayu muthmainna1, mashendra1, jayanto2 1faculty of law, universitas muhammadiyah buton, indonesia 2faculty of law, universitas haluoleo kendari, indonesia *correspondence: ricardzeldiputra@gmail.com article history abstract received: 02.03.2022 accepted: 18.06.2022 published: 30.06.2022 article 38 paragraph (1) of law no. 23 of 2014 concerning local government as amended by law no. 9 of 2015 concerning the second amendment to law no. 23 of 2014 concerning local government is contrary to article 20a paragraph (1), article 21 and article 22d paragraph (1) of the 1945 constitution. where the proposal for regional expansion proposed by governor is takeover of authority. in the 1945 constitution has been regulated in a limitative manner the authority given to the dpr and dpd institutionally the power to form the law and give authority to the president to submit a draft law. author examines legal analysis of the authority of the dpr and dpd in the process of regional expansion. type of research is normative research and qualitative descriptive form. the authority of the dpr and dpd in the process of regional expansion as regulated has been constitutionally harmed, namely the right to submit a draft law related to regional expansion and participate together to discuss the draft law which results in the process of regional expansion cannot be submitted by the dpr and dpd which has a legislative function. keywords: authority, dpr, dpd, regional propagation article licence copyright © 2022 the author(s): this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution sharealike 4.0 international (cc by-sa 4.0) 1. introduction after the amendment to the 1945 constitution, it was further emphasized in article 1 paragraph (3) of the 1945 constitution that the state of indonesia is a state of law. a. hamid s. attamimi, namely a state that places law as the basis of state power and the exercise of that power in all its forms is carried out under the rule of law. according to him, rechtstaat is the bond between the state and the law that does not take place in a loose or coincidental bond, but an essential bond. from this view, it means that the power of government in a country is based on law and vice versa to implement the law in the administration of a country's government must be based on power (hamid s. attamimi, 1992). the 1945 constitution has stated things that are fundamental to the formation of the state of indonesia. abdul azis in his book explains that the rule of law is a state based on law and justice for its citizens, meaning that all authority and actions of state equipment or rulers are solely based on law or in other words regulated by law so that it can reflect justice for social life (azis hamid, 2011). as a consequence of the state based on this law, the state of indonesia in the implementation of national and state life cannot be separated from the legal norms formed which of course are based on pancasila and the 1945 constitution which are abstract, general, binding and universally applicable within the framework of the unitary state of the republic of indonesia. indonesia. the form of the state determines or describes the division of power within the state. vertically, namely the central government and local government, horizontally is the legal division of power legislative, executive and judiciary (mustari pide, 1999).in the state and to give birth to equitable development, indonesia divides the government into two, namely the central government and regional government as contained in article 18 paragraph (1) of the 1945 constitution (ricard zeldi putra & la ode muhram, 2021) with the enactment of the law on regional government, it gives local governments the flexibility to run their own wheels of government by referring to the policies that have been determined in order to create better public services and welfare. another potential with the existence of the law can provide a new instrument for regions that want to separate themselves from their original areas which administratively have fulfilled the requirements to form a new autonomous region https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v6i2.2032 mailto:ricardzeldiputra@gmail.com p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 2: 162-167 163 (dob). in the case of a proposal for the formation of a new autonomous region, even though it has fulfilled the administrative requirements to form a region, it will stagnate if the central government makes a moratorium policy. so if in the implementation of the formation of a new autonomous region following the legal instruments or mechanisms as contained in article 38 paragraph (1) of law number 23 of 2014 concerning regional government as amended by law number 9 of 2015 concerning the second amendment to the law number 23 of 2014 concerning regional government will institutionally harm the authority of the dpr and dpd in the power to form laws and give the president the authority to submit draft laws. therefore, the authors are interested in studying more deeply related to what will be written in the form of an accredited national scientific journal with the title "legal analysis of the authority of the dpr and dpd in the process of regional expansion in indonesia". 2. methodology type of the research used is normative research with an approach that focuses on the theoretical approach, the statutory approach, the case approach and is described in a qualitative descriptive form. the type of normative legal research is a process to find a rule of law, legal principles, and legal doctrines in order to answer the legal issues faced (marzuki, 2010). the normative juridical approach is carried out by studying, viewing, and examining several theoretical matters concerning legal principles relating to research problems. according to soerjono soekanto, the normative juridical approach is legal research carried out by examining library materials or secondary data as a basis for research by conducting a search on regulations and literature related to the problems studied (soekanto & sri mamudja, 2001). this research is a normative legal research used in an attempt to analyze legal materials by referring to the legal norms set forth in the laws and regulations. data collection techniques are carried out by means of in read scientific books, magazines, newspapers and other readings related to research (mustika & salam, 2021). procedure for identification and inventory of legal materials which includes primary legal materials, namely statutory regulations, secondary legal materials, namely legal literature and scientific works, tertiary legal materials, consisting of; law dictionary. the legal materials obtained, inventoried and identified are then analyzed qualitatively. for obtain correct and accurate data in this research, namely by conducting a literature study by collecting data by reading, citing, recording and understanding various literatures related to the problems studied. 3. result and discussion 3.1 regulation of regional government in indonesia government is a person, agency or apparatus that issues or gives orders(ndaraa, 1998). indonesia is a unitary state which according to cf strong, a unitary state is a country organized under one central government (f. strong, 2004). in article 38 paragraph (1) paragraph (3) paragraph (6) of law number 23 of 2014 concerning regional government as amended by law number 9 of 2015 concerning the second amendment to law number 23 of 2014 of article 38 in first paragrapfh concerning regional government which reads in full as follows: the establishment of the preparatory region as referred to in article 33 paragraph (2) is proposed by the governor to the central government, the people's representative council of the republic of indonesia, or the regional representative council of the republic of indonesia after fulfilling the basic territorial requirements as referred to in article 34 paragraph (2), and administrative requirements as referred to in article 37. also law number 23 of 2014 of article 38 in third and six paragraph as follow : the results of the assessment as referred to in paragraph (2) shall be submitted to the house of representatives of the republic of indonesia and the regional representatives of the republic of indonesia the results of the study as referred to in paragraph (5) are submitted by an independent study team to the central government for further consultation with the house of representatives of the republic of indonesia and the regional representatives of the republic of indonesia jimly asshiddiqe's view regarding legislation is the overall hierarchical arrangement of laws and regulations in the form of laws downwards, namely all legal products that involve the role of the people's p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 2: 162-167 164 representative institutions together with the government or that involve the role of the government because of their political position in implementing legislative products. determined by the people's representative institutions together with the government according to their respective levels (asshiddiqie, 2006). positively regulates the order of statutory regulations to the extent of the principle that, for example, regional regulations must not conflict with statutory regulations of a higher level. or in the case of the constitution there is the phrase: the supreme law of the land (huda, 2005). the theory put forward by hans kelsen in his book on law, among others, is that legal analysis, which reveals the dynamic character of the system of norms and the function of basic norms, also reveals a further peculiarity of the law. law regulates its own formation because a legal norm determines the way to create another legal norm, and also to a certain degree, determines the content of the other norm. because, one legal norm is valid because it is made in a way determined by another legal norm, and this other legal norm is the basis for the validity of the first-mentioned legal norm (kelsen, 2010). the idea of territorial expansion and the formation of the new autonomous region has a fairly strong legal basis. judicially, the basis that contains the problem of regional formation is contained in article 18 of the 1945 constitution, which in essence, that dividing indonesia's regions over large regions (provinces) and provincial areas will be divided into smaller areas. furthermore, from the central government side, the process of discussing regional expansion that comes from various regions goes through two major stages, namely the technocratic process (technical and administrative feasibility study), as well as the political process because in addition to having to meet the technocratic requirements that have been regulated in the law and government regulation, the expansion proposal must be supported politically by the dpr (wahyun muqoyyidin, 2013). the main purpose and objective of the formation of the region is in order to improve the effectiveness of public services and accelerate the realization of community welfare. local governments that regulate and take care of their own government affairs according to the principles of autonomy and assistance duties, are directed to accelerate the realization of community welfare through improvement, services, empowerment, and community participation, as well as increasing regional competitiveness by taking into account the principles of democracy, equity, justice, privileges and specificities of a region in the system of the unitary state of the republic of indonesia (kusuma, 2011). each autonomous region that carries out the functions and principles of regional autonomy has a local government that organizes local government. the implementation of local government affairs is carried out by the regional government and the regional people's representative council according to the principle of autonomy and assistance duties with the principle of autonomy as widely as possible in the system and principles of the unitary state of the republic of indonesia as referred to in the 1945 nri constitution, this is affirmed in article 1 number (2) of law no. 23 of 2014 concerning regional government (hereinafter referred to as law no. 23 of 2014) (esri edhi mahanan, 2017). 3.2 the authority of dpr and dpd in the process of regional expansion in indonesia the dpr has three functions, namely the legislative function, the budget function, and the supervisory function. meanwhile, dpd has three functions, namely the legislative function, the consideration function, and the supervisory function (zada, 2015). in a presidential system of government as a means of oversight of the president which is often used by the parliament and opposition politicians to provide an oversight and provide a threat to the person who will commit an offense.(mp, 2020) in regional expansion, the mechanism has been accommodated in article 38 paragraph (1) of law number 23 of 2014 concerning regional government as amended by law number 9 of 2015 concerning the second amendment to law number 23 of 2014 concerning regional government. in line with the constitutional mandate in article 20a paragraph (1), article 21 and article 22d paragraph (1) of the 1945 constitution. where the proposal for regional expansion proposed by the governor is a takeover of authority that has been regulated in the 1945 constitution. which in the 1945 constitution has regulated in a limitative manner, the authority given to the dpr and dpd institutionally in the power to form laws and give the president the authority to submit draft laws. in addition, article 21 of the 1945 constitution has given constitutional rights to members of the dpr to submit a draft law (ruu), this means that the indonesian state has implemented a rule of law concept which is in accordance with the principle of separation of powers given to high state institutions with the principle of mutual supervision and checks and balances. in montesquieu's theory it is explained about the division of power in a p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 2: 162-167 165 country where power is then divided into 3 axes or better known as the trias politica, namely first, executive power (implementing laws), second legislative power (law making), third namely judicial power (law making) (asshiddiqie, 2013). so that article 38 paragraph (1) does not provide space regarding the proposal for the establishment of a bill as regulated in article 43 paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) of law number 15 of 2019 regarding amendments to law number 12 of 2011 concerning the establishment of regulations. legislation. in addition, it is also inconsistent with the theory of legislation that has long been embraced in indonesia in the theory put forward by hans kelsen and hans nawiasky about tiered, multi-layered legislation and has its own division of groups where the lower regulations must not conflict with higher regulations (farida indrati soeprapto, 2010). function and authority is a symbol of the relationship between the institution and its activities. the combination of tasks carried out by an institution is the operationalization of an internal function. the use of the word task cannot be separated from authority. therefore, it is often used together, namely duty and authority. when compared with functions, or duties, the word authority has more meanings related to the law directly. by stating that an institution has the authority, it causes categorical and exclusive consequences. categorical is an element that distinguishes between institutions that have authority and those that do not. exclusive means making institutions that are not mentioned as institutions that are not authorized. as a consequence, for all exit consequences caused by similar activities carried out by institutions that are not authorized have no legal consequences. this categorical-exclusive nature applies horizontally, meaning that it involves relations with other institutions of equal position (bagus suryawan, 2020). the function of representative institutions according to safa'at include legislation function (function in forming a law), supervision function (function overseeing the president's power), budgeting (function for preparing apbn), and nomination function (function for appointment/inauguration of state officials/leaders) (suhendra & ray ferza, 2015). in addition, article 38 paragraph (1) has also taken the authority of the dpr and dpd in proposing draft laws relating to regional expansion. on the other hand, the position between the president, dpr and dpd is equal as a high state institution whose constitutional authority has been clearly regulated according to the constitution related to the formation of laws. on the other hand, article 38 paragraph (1) also contradicts the principle of justice and equal position in law and government in article 6 paragraph (1) letters g and h which means that there is an equal position in the 1945 constitution between the president, dpr and the government as institutions. country height. in political practice, the constitutional legitimacy of article 22d has not guaranteed equality of roles between the dpd and the dpr. with a limited constitutional area, there are aspects of implementing regional autonomy, the space for movement and bargaining position of the dpd with the dpr is relatively limited. the linkage between the constitutional functions of the dpr and the dpd lies in both as institutions that represent the interests of the people. both became a form of representative democracy as a result of the exercise of the right of participation of the citizens who elected the representatives of the people (nugroho, 2011). article 22d paragraph (2) of the 1945 constitution so that the phrase "submitted" in article 38 paragraph (3) of law number 23 of 2014 concerning regional government as amended by law number 9 of 2015 concerning the second amendment to law number 23 the year 2014 concerning regional government contradicts the 1945 constitution. in article 20 paragraph (2), article 22d paragraph (2) of the 1945 constitution, the discussion must be carried out by the dpr together with the president and for regional expansion followed by dpd so as to reflect a balanced position between the president and the deputy president, dpr and dpd as high state institutions. on the other hand, the discussion of the bill that came from the president. article 22d paragraph (2) of the 1945 constitution so that the phrase "consulted" in article 38 paragraph (3) of law number 23 of 2014 concerning regional government as amended by law number 9 of 2015 concerning the second amendment to law number 23 2014 concerning regional government is contrary to the 1945 constitution or at least it is interpreted that there is a discussion process carried out between the dpr and the president which is followed by the dpd. furthermore, if you look at the process of forming the law regulated in law number 12 of 2011 concerning the formation of legislation, it also stipulates that a draft law (ruu) must be submitted by the president and the dpr or dpd prepared by the relevant ministers and included in the program national legislation (prolegnas) and the submission of the bill must be accompanied by an academic text so that this is not in accordance with article 38 paragraph (1) of law number 23 of 2014 concerning regional government as amended by law number 9 of 2015 concerning the second amendment on law number 23 of 2014 concerning regional government against the 1945 constitution of the republic of indonesia. p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 2: 162-167 166 then in the process of forming the law regulated in law number 12 of 2011 concerning the formation of legislation, it also regulates a draft law (ruu) to be discussed together and followed up through two levels of discussion which was attended by the government with the dpr and dpd so that according to the author, this is inconsistent with article 38 paragraph (3) paragraph (6) of law number 23 of 2014 concerning regional government as amended by law number 9 of 2015 concerning the second amendment to law number 23 of 2014 concerning regional government against the 1945 constitution of the republic of indonesia and in the end denies existing theories and regulations in the aspect of laws and regulations in indonesia which are based on the concept of the rule of law. the amendment of the 1945 constitution when viewed from a constitutional point of view, then the functions and authorities of the state are in conflict with functions and authorities, such as legislative power exercised not only by the house of representatives, but the regional representative council and the executive (president) have the authority to propose draft laws, therefore the two institutions can also be said to be legislative institutions. one of the most fundamental changes in the indonesian constitution is to regulate the principle of limiting power. therefore, according to william g. andrews: "under constitutional, two types of limitations impinge on government. power proscribe and procedural prescribed" power prohibits and procedures are prescribed (ruliah, 2018). 4. conclusion the authority of the dpr and dpd in the process of regional expansion as stipulated in law no. 23 of 2014 concerning local government as amended by law no. 9 of 2015 concerning the second amendment to law no. 23 of 2014 concerning local government has been constitutionally harmed, namely the right to submit a draft law related to regional expansion and participate together to discuss the draft law in accordance with the article 20 paragraph (1), article 20 paragraph (2), article 21 and article 22d paragraph (2) of the 1945 constitution and article 65 paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) of law number 15 of 2019 against changes to law number 12 of 2011 concerning the establishment of laws and regulations to determine the expansion of new autonomous regions whose authority is in article 38 paragraph (1) paragraph (3) paragraph (6) of law no. 23 of 2014 concerning local government as amended by law no. 9 of 2015 concerning the second amendment to law no. 23 of 2014 concerning local government. then in article 20 paragraph (1), article 20 paragraph (2), 20a paragraph (1), article 21 and article 22d paragraph (1) of the 1945 constitution and article 65 paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) of law number 15 of 2019 against changes to law number 12 of 2011 concerning the establishment of laws and regulations have been violated by article 38 paragraph (1), paragraph (3) and paragraph (6) of law no. 23 of 2014 concerning local government as amended by law no. 9 of 2015 concerning the second amendment to law no. 23 of 2014 concerning local government which results in the process of regional expansion cannot be submitted by the dpr and dpd which has the function of legislation and resulting in the potential arising from other laws that will be formed by the dpr together with the president who does not accommodate and harm the authority of the dpr and dpd in the proposal and discussion of the next rule of law. references asshiddiqie, j. 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(2015). kewenangan legislasi dewan perwakilan daerah dalam reformasi kelembagaan perwakilan pasca putusan mahkamah konstitusi. jurnal cita hukum, fsh uin syarif hidayatullah jakarta, 3(1), 25– 28. jurnal hukum volkgeist https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v6i1.1548 vol. 6 no.1, december 2021 69 legal protection for unregistered citizen at healthcare and social security agency (bpjs) andi nur awaliah ramadhani1*, zulkifli aspan1, muh. hasrul1 1faculty of law, hasanuddin university, indonesia *correspondence: anurulandi@gmail.com article history abstract received: 27.10.2021 accepted: 24.12.2021 published: 27.12.2021 despite the reality that the jkn program is necessary for all indonesian residents, there are still individuals who have not enrolled as jkn members. the purpose of this research is to evaluate and explain the application of individual health services and the government's impediments to citizens receiving legal protection under the bpjs health health social security system. the research approach adopted is one of normative legal research. a descriptive legal approach was adopted in the assessment process. according to the findings of this study, the applicatio n of individual health services in the framework of legal protection for people who are not enrolled in the bpjs health social security system is restricted to the supply of health facilities. the state does not offer legal protection in the form of duty for delivering health care, because individua ls who are not enrolled as bpjs health participants will be registered as general patients, requiring them to pay for treatments individually or through private insurance. while the idea of bpjs health as given in the bpjs law requires everyone to register for bpjs health, bpjs health still has several inadequacies, which causes some individuals to be hesitant and unwilling to register as bpjs health participants. the government cannot claim that the lack of legal protection in health services is the responsibility of those who do not register as bpjs health participants, because this is a result or implication of the numerous deficiencies in health services that continue to employ bpjs health. keywords: legal protection; citizen; bpjs article licence copyright © 2021 the author(s): this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution sharealike 4.0 international (cc by-sa 4.0) 1. introduction social security that enables individuals to grow is one of the fundamental rights proclaimed in the 1945 constitution of the republic of indonesia (uud nri 1945) as the highest regulatory hierarchy. this is expressed in paragraph (3) of article 28h, which states that everyone has the right to social security that enab les his or her complete development as a dignified human being. furthermore, the development of the social security system has also been regulated in article 34 paragraph (2) of the 1945 constitution of the republic of indonesia. the state develops a socia l security system for all people and empowers the weak and incapable in accordance with human rights dignity. the declaration of constitutional social security as a universal right is a response to the 1948 united nations declaration on human rights. indonesia accepted the declaration, which establishes that everyone has the right to social security in the case of unemployment, disease, disability, inability to work, widowhood, or old age. in order to comply with the united nations declaration on social security rights, ilo convention no. 102 of 1952 suggested that all nations offer fundamental protection to all citizens (tim kecil pokja, 2020). as part of the process of creating social security and following the mandate of the republic of indonesia's 1945 constitution, law no. the spirit of recognizing social security as a right of all people to receive a social "feeling of security" from birth to death. this is to ensure that the fundamental necessities of a decent existence are met and to enhance dignity in order to realize an indonesian society that is prosperous, just, and prosperous(sulastomo, 2011). according to the requirements of article 1 paragraph (1) of law no. 40 of 2004 on the national social security system, social security is a kind of social protection designed to ensure that all individuals may meet their fundamental necessities for a dignified existence (nkri, 2004). additionally, article 1 paragraph (2) of the sjsn https://doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v6i1.1548 mailto:anurulandi@gmail.com p issn: 2528-360x e issn: 2621-6159 jurnal hukum volkgeist volume 6 no 1: 69-78 70 law establishes that the social security system is a mechanism for the administration of social security programs by a number of social security administering organizations. as a means of carrying out the mandate under article 5 paragraph(1) of the sjsn law, a social securit