JELE (Journal of English Language and Education) ISSN 2541-6421 Vol. 5, No. 2, December 2019, pp. 120-129 120 http://dx.doi.org/10.26486/jele.v5i2.875 jele@mercubuana-yogya.ac.id Theme Realization In Everything, Everything Movie Script Nurhayati Br Tarigan 1,* , T. Silvana Sinar 2 , Yulianus Harefa 3 , Muhammad Yusuf 4 1,2,3,4 University of Sumatera Utara, Jl. Dr. T. Mansyur No. 9 Medan, Postal Code: 20155 Indonesia 1 nurhayatitarigan950@gmail.com * , 2 silvanatengku@gmail.com, 3 yulianus@usu.ac.id, 4 yusufelmahbub5@gmail.com * corresponding author 1. Introduction Language is used as a tool to interact with or among people to establish and maintain relations with them and to exchange our own viewpoint about things in the world. Language can be both, spoken or written. Spoken language and written language is technical terms that has properties of texture and it is known as discourse or text (Halliday, 1994). Text refers to any instance of language, in any medium, that makes sense to someone who knows the language. Text is characterized as language functioning in context (Halliday & Hasan, 1976; Halliday, 2010). Language is a resource for making meaning so text is a process of making meaning in context. The study of discourse is to study any aspect of language use, seen as a social practice. Brown and Yule (1983) state that discourse analysis is an analysis of language use. The analysis of a discourse examines and determines the connections among language and structure. Discourse analysis need branches of linguistics as a tool in analyzing language and sign. One of the theory used in the analysis of discourse, is Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) by M.A.K Halliday. The crucial characteristic of SFL is its orientation outside linguistics to sociology. SFL advocates a view of language as a means of doing. The central question linguistic investigation is concerned in SFL is how language is structured to convey meaning. The textual function indicates the way of text is organized or structured. It is realized as the use of Theme-Rheme. In an English clause, the one that identified as that element which comes first in the clause, called Theme. The rest of the clause is called Rheme. In SFL, Theme analysis is one way to analyze the development of written texts method through the study of the relationship between A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history Received : September 3, 2019 Revised : October 4, 2019 Accepted : November 5, 2019 There are two kinds of Theme: Unmarked Theme and Marked Theme. It is divided into two subtypes: simple Theme and multiple Theme. The theory of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is used, regarded with textual function that observes clause as a message and analyzes it from the thematic structure in the term of Theme-Rheme. The method of descriptive qualitative is applied. The source of data were Everything, Everything movie script, taken from Springfield Springfield site. Data of the research were selected, based on the second character dialog. The purpose of this research is to indicate the types and to describe the realization of the Theme markedness. The research findings showed, the dominant type of markedness realization is simple unmarked Theme with 69.4% percentage. It dominates the other markedness realization, that is simple marked Theme with 2.4% percentage, multiple unmarked Theme with 27.1% percentage, and multiple marked Theme with 0.9% percentage. This is an open access article under the CC–BY-SA license. Keywords Markedness Unmarked Theme SCRIPT Systemic Functional Linguistics mailto:nurhayatitarigan950@gmail.com mailto:silvanatengku@gmail.com mailto:yulianus@usu.ac.id3 mailto:yusufelmahbub5@gmail.com http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ ISSN 2541-6421 JELE (Journal of English Language and Education) 121 Vol. 5, No. 1, June 2019, pp. 120-129 Nurhayari Br Tarigan, et al (Theme Realization In Everything, Everything Movie Script) Themes and Rhemes in the clauses of a text (Francis, 1989; Fries, 1994-1995). The ideational or topical Theme is the element refers to a participant, a circumstance, or the process of the clause. The topical Theme is divided into two subtypes: unmarked and marked Theme. According to Halliday (1985), Themes can also be divided into two subtypes: simple Theme and multiple Theme. Therefore, there are four types of Theme related to unmarked and marked Theme: simple unmarked Theme (SUT), simple marked Theme (SMT), multiple unmarked Theme (MUT), and multiple marked Theme (MMT). In this research, the researchers would analyze Everything, Everything movie script as subject of the research. Everything, Everything movie is a 2017 American romantic drama movie directed by Stella Meghie and written by J. Mills Goodloe. It is one of the most viewed romantic movies in 2017. Everything, Everything movie is also based on the best seller Nicola Yoon’s novel of the same name in 2015. Markedness is a condition, which the Theme of the clause consists of the two subtypes topical Theme. Halliday (2014) posits a cline of markedness, capturing the likelihood of the element occurring in initial position in the clause. Markedness in textual function of SFL has two components, which are unmarked and marked Theme. According to Halliday (1994), unmarked Theme is an element that occupies the departure point position of the clause and conflates with the grammatical subject, while an element other than occupies the departure point position of the clause, but does not conflates with the grammatical subject is called marked Theme. Unmarked topical Theme is usually the subject of a clause. A topical Theme that is not the subject, called a marked topical Theme. It stands out and attracts attention because it is not what people normally expect to find. This research was done by using qualitative descriptive design with case study in order to describe the markedness, found in the Everything, Everything movie script. Theoretically, the research is expected to deliver a contribution in linguistic scope and to be used as reference for the next research of analyzing markedness realization, and to increase an understanding of the reader about linguistic scope in analyzing markedness realization. Practically, the research is expected to increase the researchers knowledge as an author of this research in analyzing markedness realization and to provide an overview to the reader, especially the English department students for analyzing markedness realization. Topical Theme A topical Theme is the first place where experiences in the clause begin, experiences being either participant, circumstance, or process. The first experiential element encoded in a message is a circumstance, an adverbial group, or a prepositional phrase. In these cases, the circumstance signals the point of departure for the experiences in the message. Additionally, an entire nominal group can also serve as a topical Theme. According to SFL researchers, the rule is to identify only one topical Theme per clause, and the thematic potential of an English clause, is not considered exhausted until reaching the end of the topical Theme (Butt et al., 2000). This means that if the clause begins with a textual or interpersonal Theme, analysis of Theme must continue until reaching a topical element. Once a topical constituent identified, all remaining constituents consigned to the role of Rheme. Topical theme is the place where the experiential meaning of a clause begins. It realized through the subject or another nominal group, adverbial group, or prepositional phrase. Topical Theme also can be divided into two categories: unmarked and marked themes. Sometimes, all three types of Themes presented in a clause. In this case, the clause contains multiple Themes, a combination of textual, interpersonal, and topical Themes otherwise it called as simple Themes, when the clause contains topical Theme only. Regarding Halliday (1985), Themes are divided into two subtypes: simple Theme and multiple Theme. Therefore, there are four types of Theme related to unmarked and marked Theme: simple unmarked Theme (SUT), simple marked Theme (SMT), multiple unmarked Theme (MUT), and multiple marked Theme (MMT). Unmarked Topical Theme 122 JELE (Journal of English Language and Education) ISSN 2541-6421 Vol. 5, No. 2, December 2019, pp. 120-129 Nurhayari Br Tarigan, et al (Theme Realization In Everything, Everything Movie Script) Unmarked Theme is the most expected common and unremarkable Theme commonly a nominal group or a subject. Unmarked Theme is “an element that occupies the point of departure position of the clause and conflates with the grammatical subject” (Halliday, 1994:44). Unmarked topical Theme refers to a nominal group, nominal group complex, or nominal embedded clause, which functions as the subject of a clause. The term unmarked means that it is common that the subject of a clause functions as the topical Theme. Marked Topical Theme Marked Theme is an unusual and noticeable theme such as a prepositional phrase or adverbial group. A higher number of marked Themes can indicate the level of control and competency of the writer in directing the readers to focus on the development and organization of a text (Thompson, 1996; Halliday & Hasan, 1989). Marked theme is “an element other than occupies the point of departure position of the clause but does not conflates with the grammatical subject” (Halliday, 1994:44). Marked topical Theme refers to a complement, circumstance, and prepositional phrase, which functions as the starting point of a clause but not as the subject of the clause. The term marked means that it is uncommon that the starting point of a clause is not subject of a clause that functions as the topical Theme. Theme Markedness for Mood In an analysis of Theme, Mood plays a substantial role in influencing how a speaker begins a clause. The following sections explain the influences of Mood on choices of Theme. In such cases, the Theme choice is unexpected for the particular Mood, which brings up the notion of markedness and its application to Theme. There are three kinds of mood in identifying Theme: declarative, interrogative, and imperative. Markedness in the Declarative Mood (Statements) In this Mood, the subject is the element chosen as Theme like personal pronouns unless the speaker has a reason for choosing something else like impersonal pronouns like it. A Theme that is something other than the subject in a declarative clause refers to as a marked Theme. Here is a quotation of conversation that researchers took from Everything, Everything movie script in order to show the kind of theme used: 1. It is not very good. It is not very good. Nominal Group Rheme Topical Theme SUT In the clause above, it as the starting point of the clause is functioned as Theme and is not very good is functioned as Rheme. It is named as nominal group and is classified as the subject of the clause. Nominal group as the Theme of the clause classified as unmarked topical Theme. The Theme of this clause consists of unmarked topical Theme only, called as simple unmarked Theme. Markedness in the Interrogative Mood (Questions) Finite realized in polar question or yes-no question and it functioned as the interpersonal Theme. A topical Theme may come after the interpersonal Theme. The natural starting point for polar questions can be a finite verb (can, might, have, do) and the topical Theme realized by the subject. There is another kind of interrogative clause using wh-element, called wh-interrogative. Since the interrogative typically used when asking a question, the unmarked pattern reflects a clause that begins with a wh-word. Interrogatives are separated between polar (yes-no) questions and content interrogatives. In asking a wh-question, the wh-word is the unmarked Theme (e.g., where, why, what, which, who, how). For example: ISSN 2541-6421 JELE (Journal of English Language and Education) 123 Vol. 5, No. 1, June 2019, pp. 120-129 Nurhayari Br Tarigan, et al (Theme Realization In Everything, Everything Movie Script) 1. Does it work? Does It work? Finite Nominal Group Rheme Interpersonal Theme Topical Theme MUT Does and it is functioned as Theme and work is functioned as Rheme. Does is initial position called finite and it is a nominal group. Nominal group as the Theme of the clause classified as unmarked topical Theme. The Theme of this clause consists of two kinds of Theme that is interpersonal Theme does, which comes before unmarked topical Theme it, called as multiple unmarked Theme. 2. Where would you go? Where would you go? Wh-element Rheme Topical Theme SUT Where is as starting point of the clause, functioned as Theme and would you go is functioned as Rheme. This clause started by where as a wh-element. Wh-element as the Theme in the clause, named as unmarked topical Theme. Since the Theme of this clause consists of unmarked topical Theme only, this clause called as simple unmarked Theme. Markedness in the Imperative Mood (Commands) The imperative is the only type of clause in which the process (the verb or predicator), is regularly found as Theme. Process is said to function as a topical Theme when it is used in the imperative, either positive or negative which is preceded by don’t or never. The typical function of an imperative clause is to give a command (do, put, give, get) or make a suggestion (let’s). When you is not part of making a command, the unmarked Theme is the finite verb (give, don’t, let’s). When you or a vocative begins the command, it considered as a marked Theme. Imperative becomes marked if imperative Theme followed by nominal group like you (don’t you go), started by finite (do take care), or other element. 1. Type faster. Type faster. Process Rheme Topical Theme SUT Type is functioned as Theme and faster is functioned as Rheme. Type is process. Type is not classified as the subject of the clause. However, it still classified as the Theme because type is the starting point of the clause itself. Process as the Theme of the clause classified as unmarked topical theme. The Theme of this clause consists of unmarked topical Theme only, called as simple unmarked Theme. 2. Method This research was done by using qualitative descriptive design with case study in order to indicate and to describe the Theme markedness, found in the Everything, Everything movie script. The research data would be taken from clauses of second character dialog of the script. The source of data in this research is the script of Everything, Everything Movie, taken from Springfield Springfield site. The research data only focused on finding markedness realization in the script of the movie. Clauses are categorized as data, containing kinds of markedness realization: simple and multiple unmarked and marked Theme. The data of research would be analyzed based on Miles, Huberman, and Saldana (2014) interactive model with three phases of data analysis which is consist of data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing or verification. The dominant 124 JELE (Journal of English Language and Education) ISSN 2541-6421 Vol. 5, No. 2, December 2019, pp. 120-129 Nurhayari Br Tarigan, et al (Theme Realization In Everything, Everything Movie Script) markedness realization would be select by using the following formula: n = Fx/N x 100% (Bungin, 2005:171-172) in order to percentage the findings of the research. Where: n = Percentage of types Fx = Total types frequency of the sub-category N = Total of all categories 3. Findings and discussion Findings Markedness realization that realized through clauses, therefore, this research used clauses as data of the research. One clause that has only one kind of Theme in its markedness, called as simple unmarked or simple marked Theme. On the other hand, one clause that has more than one kind of Theme in its markedness, called as multiple unmarked or multiple marked Theme. In this kind of Theme, the topical Theme usually started by other kinds of Theme like textual and interpersonal Theme. The following points would provide the analysis of Theme markedness types found in the Everything, Everything movie script clauses as the data of the research. Analysis of Theme Markedness in Everything, Everything Movie Script Simple Unmarked Theme (SUT) Simple Theme is the Theme of a clause that usually realized by only one element like nominal, prepositional or adverbial component. It is an independent unit and cannot be further divided into smaller functional unit. Simple unmarked Theme refers to that which is most usual as subject of the clause. It is the one which realized by subject of the clause or nominal group. There are 143 clauses, using this kind of Theme markedness. The example of data is enclosed below: 1. You take the Bundt next time. Data 5 You take the Bundt next time. Nominal Group Rheme Topical Theme SUT You is as subject of the clause, functioned as Theme and take the Bundt next time is functioned as Rheme. This clause started by you as a nominal group. Nominal group as the Theme in the clause, named as unmarked topical Theme. The Theme of this clause consists of unmarked topical Theme only, called as simple unmarked Theme. 2. Where would you go? Data 61 Where would you go? Wh-element Rheme Topical Theme SUT Where is as starting point of the clause, functioned as Theme and would you go is functioned as Rheme. This clause started by where as a wh-element. Wh-element as the Theme in the clause, named as unmarked topical Theme. Since the Theme of this clause consists of unmarked topical Theme only, it called as simple unmarked Theme. Simple Marked Theme (SMT) ISSN 2541-6421 JELE (Journal of English Language and Education) 125 Vol. 5, No. 1, June 2019, pp. 120-129 Nurhayari Br Tarigan, et al (Theme Realization In Everything, Everything Movie Script) If Theme element doesn’t conflate with the subject of the clause, it is marked Theme. Simple marked Theme is the one, which realized by prepositional or adverbial component and command as the starting point of the clause. There are 5 clauses, using this kind of Theme markedness. The example of data is enclosed below: 1. Just go back inside. Data 127 Just go back inside. Circumstance Rheme Topical Theme SMT Just functioned as Theme and go back inside is functioned as Rheme. Just is circumstance. Just is not classified as the subject of the clause. However, it still classified as the Theme because just is the starting point of the clause itself. Circumstance as the Theme of the clause classified as marked topical Theme. The Theme of this clause consists of marked topical Theme only, called as simple marked Theme. 2. See you at the bottom. Data 153 See you at the bottom. Process Rheme Topical Theme SMT See is as starting point of the clause, functioned as Theme and you at the bottom is functioned as Rheme. This clause is started by see as a process. This process as the Theme in the clause followed by you, is named as marked topical Theme. The Theme of this clause consists of unmarked topical Theme only, called as simple marked Theme. Multiple Unmarked Theme (MUT) The multiple Theme refers to a clause structure which has more than one element of Theme. In a multiple Theme, the Theme of the clause ends with the first constituent named participant, circumstance, process and it extends from the beginning of the clause up to the first element. It means that the last constituent in a multiple Theme has to be a topical Theme. The element that comes before the topical Theme can be textual and/or interpersonal Theme. The multiple Theme that ended by unmarked topical Theme is called as multiple unmarked Theme. There are 56 clauses, using this kind of Theme markedness. The example of data is enclosed below: 1. So, I don’t feel sorry for you. Data 42 So, I don't feel sorry for you. Structural Nominal Group Rheme Textual Theme Topical Theme MUT So and I is functioned as Theme and don't feel sorry for you is functioned as Rheme. So is connector called structural and I is a nominal group. Nominal group as the Theme of the clause classified as unmarked topical Theme. The Theme of this clause consists of two kinds of Theme, that is textual Theme so which comes before unmarked topical Theme I, called as multiple unmarked Theme. 2. Have you ever left this house? 126 JELE (Journal of English Language and Education) ISSN 2541-6421 Vol. 5, No. 2, December 2019, pp. 120-129 Nurhayari Br Tarigan, et al (Theme Realization In Everything, Everything Movie Script) Data 60 Have you ever left this house? Finite Nominal Group Rheme Interpersonal Theme Topical Theme MUT Have and you is functioned as Theme and ever left this house is functioned as Rheme. Have is initial position called finite and you is a nominal group. Nominal group as the Theme of the clause classified as unmarked topical Theme. The Theme of this clause consists of two kinds of theme, that is interpersonal Theme have which comes before unmarked topical Theme you, called as multiple unmarked Theme. Multiple Marked Theme (MMT) Multiple Theme is the Theme that consists of topical Theme together with other Theme that comes before it. The other Theme could be interpersonal or textual Theme. The multiple Theme form neither multiple unmarked Theme or multiple marked Theme could be consists of textual + topical, interpersonal + topical, and textual + interpersonal + topical. The multiple Theme that ended by marked topical Theme is called as multiple marked Theme. There are 2 clauses, using this kind of Theme markedness. The example of data is enclosed as below: 1. Boston, but I am from New York. Data 22 Boston, but I am from New York. Complement Structural Rheme Topical Theme Textual Theme MMT Boston and but is functioned as Theme and I am from New York is functioned as Rheme. Boston is complement and but is connector called structural. Complement as the Theme of the clause classified as marked topical Theme. The Theme of this clause consists of two kinds of Theme, that is textual Theme but, which comes after marked topical Theme Boston, called as multiple marked Theme. 2. So, please don’t take my love. Data 156 So, please don’t take my love. Structural Complement Rheme Textual Theme Topical Theme MMT So and please is functioned as Theme and don’t take my love is functioned as Rheme. So is connector called structural and please is complement. Complement as the Theme of the clause classified as marked topical Theme. The Theme of this clause consists of two kinds of Theme, that is textual Theme so which comes before marked topical Theme please. This Theme called as multiple marked Theme. The following points would provide the analysis of Markedness in Everything, Everything Movie Script. Table 1. The Types of Markedness in Everything, Everything Movie Script Types of Theme Number of Data Percentages Simple Unmarked Theme (SUT) 143 69.4 Simple Marked Theme (SMT) 5 2.4 ISSN 2541-6421 JELE (Journal of English Language and Education) 127 Vol. 5, No. 1, June 2019, pp. 120-129 Nurhayari Br Tarigan, et al (Theme Realization In Everything, Everything Movie Script) Multiple Unmarked Theme (MUT) 56 27.1 Multiple Marked Theme (MMT) 2 0.9 Total 206 100 The dominant markedness realization of Theme in Everything, Everything movie script specifically to second character dialog of the movie is simple unmarked Theme (SUT) than other kinds of markedness, discovered by clauses of the dialog that is mostly started by subjects or nominal groups. The research findings showed that the dominant type of markedness realization is simple unmarked Theme with 69.4% percentage. This type of markedness dominated other kinds of markedness realization in addition to simple marked Theme with 2.4% percentage, multiple unmarked Theme with 27.1% percentage, and multiple marked Theme with 0.9% percentage. Discussion Theme markedness is realized in different kinds of clauses, starts from declarative, interrogative, and imperative. The markedness is realized through the starting point of each clause itself as the meaning of Theme that is the starting point of a clause. It depends on what begins the clause. In the declarative clause, markedness is realized as unmarked topical Theme if the clause begins by nominal group or subject, and embedded clause. The realization of markedness as marked topical Theme is usually if the clause begins by complement, circumstance, and prepositional phrase. Markedness realization in interrogative clause is usually unmarked Theme and it always uses more than a single Theme, since the type of Theme in this clause has finite as interpersonal Theme then it followed by topical Theme. Another kind of interrogative clause is called as wh-interrogative. This kind of clause is usually unmarked Theme, considering that all kinds of wh-element is classified as unmarked topical Theme. Neither is imperative clause, in imperative clause, the kinds of markedness is also unmarked and marked Theme. The realization of markedness as unmarked topical Theme is if the clause begins by process as the starting point of the clause. When the process is started by other element and the process is followed by subject you, the Theme of imperative clause becomes marked topical Theme. If unmarked and marked Theme is the only Theme of these clauses, the Theme is called as simple unmarked or marked Theme. All of these clauses may also have more than one Theme only. If the unmarked and marked topical Theme is started by other kinds of Theme like interpersonal and textual Theme, the Theme is called as multiple unmarked or multiple marked Theme. There are four kinds of markedness that can be found in Everything, Everything movie script. They are simple unmarked Theme (SUT), simple marked Theme (SMT), multiple unmarked Theme (MUT), and multiple marked Theme (MMT). Unmarked topical Theme and marked topical Theme were realized through different kinds of clause that is declarative, interrogative, and imperative. A clause may have unmarked or marked topical Theme only, called as simple unmarked and simple marked Theme. However, a clause may also have more than one Theme in its clause. The other kinds of Theme, either interpersonal or textual Theme or both, may come before reaching the unmarked or marked topical Theme. This kind of Theme called as multiple unmarked or multiple marked Theme. 4. Conclusion As the conclusion of this research, the researchers concluded, based on the findings of this research, it is found that the dominant Theme markedness in Everything, Everything movie script specifically to second character dialog of the script is simple unmarked Theme with 69.4% percentage. It could be discovered by the realization of each clause that is mostly started by subjects and nominal groups. This type of markedness dominated other kinds of markedness realization in addition to simple marked Theme with 2.4% percentage, multiple unmarked Theme with 27.1% percentage, and multiple marked Theme with 0.9% percentage. Acknowledgments 128 JELE (Journal of English Language and Education) ISSN 2541-6421 Vol. 5, No. 2, December 2019, pp. 120-129 Nurhayari Br Tarigan, et al (Theme Realization In Everything, Everything Movie Script) I would like to say a big thank you to Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D. as the first supervisor of my thesis. I thank you for your attention, patience, and advice to guide me in the process of preparing this thesis to appear as it should be. Even in her busiest time, she managed to spend valuable time and make constructive comments on every problem I faced in procees of doing the research and completing this thesis. I also want to thank my co-supervisor, Drs. Yulianus Harefa, M.Ed.TESOL. for his kindness, knowledge, and patience to help me write and complete the thesis. His attention and advice made me able to overcome the shortcomings I made in the thesis. May Allah SWT always provide health, sustenance, and dilate and provide relief for all your affairs. Finally, I also don't forget to thank my lecturer as well as my mentor, Muhammad Yusuf, M.A. who gave ideas and guidance in working on this thesis. Thank you for being willing to take the time and help by giving responses and suggestions for the implementation of this thesis. May Allah SWT always give blessings for all your affair. 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