155 JPJO 5 (2) (2020) 155-161 Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga Available online at: https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/penjas/article/view/27385 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/jpjo.v5i2.27385 Neurotracker Training to Improve The Archery Athlete Concentration Komarudin 1 *, Sagitarius 1 , Hadi Sartono 1 , Patriana Nurmansyah Awwaludin 1 , Gilang Ginanjar Hidayatullah 2 1 Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Indonesia 2 PGSD Pendidikan Jasmani Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Indonesia Article Info Article History : Received July 2020 Revised August 2020 Accepted August 2020 Available online September 2020 Keywords : concentration, conventional, neurotracker Abstract Neurotracker is a 3D technology with Multiple Object Tracking (MOT). This technol- ogy has not been developed in Indonesia. Meanwhile, developed countries have imple- mented this technology in sport training, including in archery sport. In archery sport, the athletes are required to concentrate every time they perform a technique and to be fast and accurate in making a decision when aiming and releasing the arrows. The problem usually occurs during shooting is that the athlete doubts in aiming and releas- ing the arrows, thus the shooting result does not hit the target. It is caused by the ath- lete’s doubt and the lack of concentration. To overcome the problem, a neurotracker training is important to be conducted in every training process to improve the athletes’ concentration. The method used in this study was an experimental method. The sam- ples were 20 persons chosen in a non-random sampling. The subjects were divided into two groups through a random assignment, thus the number of subject in each group was ten persons. The instrument to measure the concentration was the Concentration Grid Test. The design of the study was pretest-posttest control group design. To ana- lyze the data, t-test was used. The result of the study showed that (1) there was a sig- nificant effect of the NeuroTracker training on the improvement of the archery ath- lete’s concentration, (2) there was a significant effect of conventional training on the improvement of archery athlete’s concentration, (3) there was a significant difference of effect between the NeuroTracker training and conventional training in the improve- ment of the archery athlete’s concentration. The NeuroTracker training was better than a conventional training in increasing the archery athlete’s concentration. It is suggested that the archery trainers implement the NeuroTracker technology in the training pro- cess as it could improve the concentration of the archery athletes.  Correspondence Address : Jln. Dr. Setiabudhi 229, Bandung, Indonesia E-mail : Mdendy94stiadi@gmail.com http://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/penjas/index 156 Komarudin et.al/ Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga 5 (2) (2020) INTRODUCTION The highest achievement is affected by various factors (Heinen, 2011). The psychological ability is an important part to gain the highest achievement (Weinberg & Gould, 2007). The athletes holding psy- chological abilities will have a maturity in facing chal- lenges in completing their duties in various situations, including during training and during competition. Ath- lete’s psychological maturation is reflected on their ability in controlling various problems, facing various challenges, and having a self-confidence and commit- ment in doing their duties (Komarudin, 2016). Archery athletes, in the competition process, will always face various obstacles causing the decrease in archery athlete performances. The obstacles include other teammates, competitors, coaches, and/or manag- ers, the presence of people you want to impress, specta- tors, crying children, mobile phones, family or relation- ship problems, media-photographers journalists, video cameras, announcers, mistakes, unexpected high perfor- mance, unfavorable weather conditions, changes in competition schedules, etc. (Lee & De Bondt, 2009). The obstacles will affect the psychological condition, such as the ability to focus and disruption in the process flow. It gets in the way of the attention that you need to apply to uphold excellent technique. This not only caus- es stress, but also consumes mental energy that is better applied elsewhere (Lee & De Bondt, 2009). Therefore, archery athletes are required to have a psychological maturity to enable them to control their problems, in- cluding in controlling their body, mind, decision mak- ing, and a precise shooting. The condition cannot be automatically acquired by the archery athletes if it is not supported by a good physical condition, skill, intel- lectuality, and the quality of central nerve system to control the complexs duties (Drust, 2013). The implementation of technology in a psycholog- ical training especially for improving athletes’ concen- tration is rarely conducted, mostly neglected. In ad- vanced countries, such as European countries, the train- ing technology to increase the performance, especially psychological performance, has been rapidly devel- oped, starting from the application of biofeedback, Life Kinetik, NeuroTracker, and so on. NeuroTracker tech- nology is a research product from Neuro-Science as a new technology to improve the athlete’s performance. In Indonesia, NeuroTracker has not been popular among the athletes and coaches, although this technolo- gy could improve an athlete’s performance, especially in improving concentration, consistence, and perfor- mance during shooting. Coaches, in the training process, still use conven- tional methods, such as training by using a clock by following the movement of the second hand, using can- dles for focus training, doing meditation, and using im- agery without technology utilization. Meanwhile, there is a target requiring serenity, concentration, and preci- sion in making a decision to result in a good perfor- mance. This condition is contradictive with the real sit- uation in the field, where the athletes are demanded to give the best performance, while their psychological aspects are neglected, thus the target cannot be achieved well (Weinberg & Gould, 2007). This condition creates a wide gap in the training quality between Indonesia and advanced countries, such as Korea, thus it is understandable if European coun- tries gained two world records in Asian Games from 50 meter (144 arrows) mixed team compound. Chaewon and Choi Yonghee created a new record after gaining 1412 points. They created a world record over Jody Vermeulen and Mike Schloesser in the World Archery Championship 2018 in Berlin. Jody Vermeulen and Mike Schloesser gained 1410 points at that time. The interesting achievement occurred in 70 meter (144 ar- rows) mixed recurve team. Kang Chae Young and Oh Jin Hyek gained 1364 points, renewing the world rec- ord over Ukraine team, Anatasia Pavlova and Markiyan Ivashko, created in the Europe Grand Prix Rangking Event 2018 in Bulgaria with 1343 points (Setyawatie, 2018). The efforts to align the archery sport training qual- ity in Indonesia with the advanced countries is surely hard. It is caused by the limitation of a country. But a concrete effort could be conducted by improving im- portant components contributing to the achievement improvement, including improving the psychological condition of the athletes by using NeuroTracker tech- nology. The development and application of this tech- nology in archery sport in Indonesia has not been im- plemented, while other countries have been familiar with this technology. If we are not proactive and inno- vative, archery sport wil continuously be left behind Copyright © 2020, authors, e-ISSN : 2580-071X , p-ISSN : 2085-6180 157 and cannot compete with other countries in the world. NeuroTracker technology is a tool combining some of main components, including awareness, attention, and focus in a simple but challenging task. The many use of this technology is aimed at supporting the athlete’s per- formance. Technology is beneficial for improving neu- roplasticity, the brains incredible ability to adapt and change itself to better respond to performance demands (Martinez, 2019). A research related to NeuroTracker technology argues that NeuroTracker training significantly enhanc- es attention, working memory, and information pro- cessing speed and also lead to positive changes in neu- roelectric brain function. (Brendan, 2014). Moen, et al., (2018) state that a research on 60 elite athletes from various sport branches, such as martial arts (boxing and wrestling), handball, soccer, biathlon, orienteering, al- pine skiing, and paralympic sports (sled hockey, bad- minton, and table tennis), show that there was no signif- icant impact on the excecutive function of some sport branches. The result of discussion concludes the im- portance of the specific training utilizing NeuroTracker 3D Multiple Object Tracking (MOT) technology. Neu- roTracker is a tool designed to help you overcome chal- lenges with increased alertness, awareness and attention for performing well on a daily basis (Faubert, 2018). The result of research convinces the researcher that NeuroTracker, specifically, could improve psycho- logical aspect, including the athlete’s concentration. Therefore, researchers were interested to further study and examine this technology in the archery sport train- ing process to improve the athlete’s concentration. The purpose of this research was to further study the effect of NeuroTracker training on the archery athlete’s con- centration improvement and to study the difference be- tween the NeuroTracker training and conventional training on the improvement of the concentration of archery athletes. METHODS The method used in this study was experimental method, where researchers actively manipulated the independent variable (Fraenkel, et all. 2012). In the ex- periment process, the researchers aimed to find out the effect of manipulation on the dependen variable chang- es. In the process of experiment, the researchers tried to pilot training utilizing NeuroTracker technology on the concentration and shooting ability improvements of archery athletes. The esperiment was aimed to examine the utilization of NeuroTracker technology in the con- centration and shooting ability of archery athletes. The treatment in this research was given to the experimental group, the group that received training utilizing NeuroTracker technology. Meanwhile, control group was given a conventional training that was gener- ally conducted in the archery training in archery club of Universitas Pendidikan Indonesai with the regular pro- gram set earlier.The treatment was given in 12 meet- ings, three times a week, including Monday, Wendesday, and Friday. The treatment refered to the previous research stating that the experimental group trained on the 3D-MOT twice a week for 5weeks (Aidan Moran, Mark Campbell & Danila Ranieri, 2018). NeuroTracker training was conducted for one core session training, where each training session con- sisted of 20 times of trial (Jean, 2018). In line with the design of the research, before giv- ing treatments, a pretest was administered related to dependent variables, including concentration and shoot- ing ability tests. The purpose of the pretest was to find out the initial ability of the archery athletes before the treatment with training utilizing NeuroTracker. The treatment was given systematically based on the pro- gram in the NeuroTracker training. When the treatment was completed on both groups, the post test was con- ducted on the dependent variable to examine if there was an improvement of the average score related to concentration and shooting ability of archery athletes. The subjects of this research were all archery ath- letes in student archery club in Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, consisting of 40 people. Subjects involved in this study were 20 people, including 14 males and 6 females, aged 19-21 on average, taken with the non ran- dom sampling (purposive sampling). The consideration was that the subject had acquired shooting ability and had competed in various archery competitions. Further- more, the subjects were divided into two groups with a random assignment technique. The experiment group consisted of ten persons as well as the control group. The experimental group received treatment utilizing NeuroTracker training, while the conventional group Copyright © 2020, authors, e-ISSN : 2580-071X , p-ISSN : 2085-6180 Komarudin et.al/ Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga 5 (2) (2020) 158 received a general training generally conducted in the training process of the archery club. The procedure of this research was conducted as follows. The athletes, in the treatment process, were instructed to complete 12 training sessions for four weeks. The NeuroTracker was placed in a training room. Every athlete was trained individually. Relevant with the program and the instruction set in the Neuro- Tracker Manual, the training was conducted in the quiet and relatively dark place, as too many lighting will dis- truct the quality of the camera in capturing movements. Every athlete wore 3D glasses to activate the sharp per- ception of vision on TV. Athletes were asked to sit up- right on a chair placed in front of a 3D 50 inches (LG) TV with 1.33m of distance. NeuroTracker is designed to offer various different trainings adjusted to the individual ability. In this re- search, the researchers focused on the core session of training, where each session was conducted 20 repeti- tions for 8 seconds in a training meeting. The difficulty in NeuroTracker training was the speed of the target movement that had been adjusted to the NeuroTracker program. The instruction for the athletes in conducting NeuroTracker training is explained by Vartanian, Co- ady, Blackler (2016) that four targets will light up red, then return to yellow. Pay attention to the four targets when they are moving for 8 seconds. In the end of the 8 second repetition, identify the four targets. If the athlete identified those four targets correctly, the speed will increase. If the athlete made a mistake, the speed will decrease. In the end of the 20 repetition, the athlete will get the final score for all sessions. Meanwhile, in the conventional group, the athletes were given general training during the routine training, including warming up, shadow shooting training with- out arc, concentration training using flaming candles, and staring and following the clockwise in second, meditation training, and imagery training followed by shooting in 10m, 15m, 20m, 25m, and 30m of distance. To gain data, researchers used a correct instru- ment, thus the gained data were the data resulted from the valid and reliable instrument. The instrument to measure the concentration of archery athletes was CGT (Concentration Grid Test) (Harris & Harris, 1984; Wil- liams, 1993). This instrument had reliability (test-retest) result tested by product moment correlation of r = 0.79 (p < 0.05). The equipments needed to conduct the test included: 1) a room, 2) stationary, 3) Concentration Grid Test sheet, and 4) stop watch. The design in this study employed the pretest- posttest control group design (Creswell, 2013). The de- sign included two independent variables and one de- pendent variable. The independent variables were the training using NeuroTracker (X1) training and conven- tional training (X2). The dependent variable was the concentration ability of the archery athletes (Y1). The data analysis technique used in this research was the parametric statistical analysis. In this research, two independent variables and one dependent variable were included. The independent variables in this re- search were the training using NeuroTracker (X1) and conventional training (X2). The dependent variable of the research was the concentration ability of the archery athletes (Y1). The data analysis technique used in this study was the t-test using the SPSS version 21 for win- dows program (Santoso, 2013). RESULT Data obtained from the measurement process were then analysed by statistical approach. The data analysed in this study were the concentration of archery athlete data. Before the test was administered, the post test was conducted on the variable. The researchers conducted a pre test to the two groups of sample to examine the score increase as the effect of the NeuroTracker training treatment on both dependent variables. When the treat- ment was completed, a post test was conducted to gain concentration data of the archery athletes. The result of the mean of the pre-test and post test, standard deviation, gain score, and the concentration variable of archery athletes receiving NeuroTracker training and conventional training can be seen in Figure 1. Data in Figure 1 show that concentration ability of the archery athletes displays score improvement from the pre-test to the post test shown in the gain score. The mean of pre-test score of the concentration ability of the NeuroTracker training was 11.200, while the post test mean was 19.700, with the gain score 8.500. Mean- while, the conventional group gained mean score Copyright © 2020, authors, e-ISSN : 2580-071X , p-ISSN : 2085-6180 Komarudin et.al/ Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga 5 (2) (2020) 159 11.100 for pre-test and 15.600 for post test, with gain score 4.500. The data analysis technique of this research used parametric statistics analysis, as the gain of the concen- tration variable after the normality and homogeneity tests was (p) > 0.05, which means that the concentration data of the experimental and control group were nor- mally distributed and homogenous. Therefore, the sta- tistical test used was the parametric test named t-test. To find out the increase of mean of the pre test and post test on the concentration variable trained by Neuro- Tracker training and conventional training, the Paired t- test was conducted. The result of analysis shows that the concentration variable of the experimental group was t-calculated -21.177 with (p) 0.000 < 0.025; of the control group was t-calculated -9.429 with (p) 0.000 < 0,025. Therefore, it concludes that there was a signifi- cant difference between the pre-test and the post-test on the concentration variable of the group with Neuro- Tracker training. According to the result of analysis, it concludes that there was a significant effect of Neuro- Tracker training and conventional training in the ar- chery athlete concentration. Furthermore, to find out the effect difference be- tween the NeuroTracker training and the conventional training, the Independent t-test was conducted. The re- sult of the test showed that t calculated was 6.414, while (p) 0,000 < a 0.025. Therefore, it concludes that there was a significant effect difference between the NeuroTracker training and conventional training on the archery athlete concentration improvement. According to the mean of the concentration variable, the training utilized NeuroTracker technology was better than the conventional training on the archery athlete concentra- tion improvement. DISCUSSION To discuss the finding of the study, the researchers studied some literatures theoretically according to the previous research. The training for improving the ath- lete’s performance does not only emphasize on the physical aspects, but also on the psychological aspects (Oemosegard, 2001), especially training emphasizing brain training, specifically in the hippocampus area (Lutz, 2017). Similar opinion is also explained by Wil- liam (2015) that sports specialists are aware that achiev- ing success isn’t all physical–it’s also mental too. To increase athletic performance, training the brain is also important. Psychological training, in the training pro- cess and competition, is important because competition 95% depends on psychological factor (Townsend, 2008). Psychlogical factor, such as stress assisted by anxiety will have impacts on the intellectual function, thus the performance will full of awry, doubt, and inac- curacy (Setyobroto, 2001). Therefore, psychological problems are barriers that should be concerned in the training process so that the athletes could show their potential that contributes to their performance. The finding of this research shows that there was a significant effect of the NeuroTracker training on the concentration improvement of archery athletes. This finding is strengthen by the statement that NeuroTrack- er is a part of psychological training that trains our brain that is able to improve the neuroplasticity. Neuro- Tracker also trains our brain to adapt in responding work demands. In structure, our brain will restore its function to do a required tasks efficiently. Castonguay (2015) explains that NeuroTracker brings the brain to rewire itself, thus it performs the tasks more efficiently. In sport psychological research, it is explained that attention and concentration are important componets to improve the athlete’s performance (Mann, Williams, Copyright © 2020, authors, e-ISSN : 2580-071X , p-ISSN : 2085-6180 Figure 1. Calculation r esult of mean, standar d deviation, gain score, and archery athlete concentration Komarudin et.al/ Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga 5 (2) (2020) 160 Ward, & Janelle, 2007). Research related to perceptual- cognitive skill has a potential in improving the athlete’s performance (Appelbaum & Erickson, 2016). Besides, perceptual-cognitive skill training has a potential on the excecutive function of brain (Owen, et al., 2010). One of perceptual-cognitive skill trainings is training using NeuroTracker. NeuroTracker is a 3D, perceptual- cognitive training system that improves on-field perfor- mance for all levels of athletes. The software enhances critical abilities, including situational awareness, deci- sion-making speed, visual processing bandwidth, and sustained concentration (Jean, 2018). Thus, Neuro- Tracker is a perceptual-cognitive skill in a 3D form that enables athlete achievements on all levels. The aspect that can be trained by NeuroTracker is the critical abili- ties, including speed in taking decision, visual pro- cessing bandwidth, situational awareness, and sustained concentration. In the archery sport, this technology is crucial as the athletes should focus on the series of archery move- ment techniques begins from stance to aiming and re- lease the arrows. In the aiming and release stages, the athletes are required to be brave in taking decision quickly, precisely, and accurately. Moreover, an arc is completed with a kliker that the athlete should quickly release the arrow. In the http://www.optikiq.com., Optik (2019), it is explained that effective decision making skills become vital, and as the level of perfor- mance rises, the demands increase, pushing the individ- ual to the threshold of their cognitive capacity. The brain is plastic and able to adapt to new demands with training that make it possible for a person’s cognitive processing thresholds to be upraised, leading to in- creased ability to deal with the high-pressure demands of the competitive world. The opinion emphasizes that the effective decision making is important to increase the performance in the higher demand that reinforces a person to reach the cognition capacity. The brain plas- ticity will be able to adapt with new demands in the training process that enables the cognition process to increase above the threshold and improve the ability in meeting the requirement of a competitive world. The attention and concentration are relized abili- ties. The disruption of attention causes the loss of awareness significantly. It even further causes the loss of focus in the critical time during a big event. Neuro- Tracker excels at training attention as it amplifies the demands and the pressure of this skill, resulting in fail- ure the very instant there is a lapse. Mastery of several attention forms are essential for performing at the high- est levels, each of which NeuroTracker trains in a spe- cialized way (Castonguay, 2015). In the NeuroTracker training, the athletes are trained in the ability to track objects that is directly correlated to the anticipatory re- spons time and rapid decision making in an athlete. A quick tracking speed is highly important in almost all sports. In a game, athletes need to hold an increase abil- ity in recognizing the game situation, effective antici- pate future events, and take the best possible decision while avoiding costly mistakes (Mangine, et al., 2014; in Caroline, et al., 2018). Elite athletes have an ability to make more efficient eye movements and perform better on measures of attention (Appelbaum & Erick- son, 2018). CONCLUSION According to the result of the data analysis of this research, the researchers conclude that there was a sig- nificant effect of the NeuroTracker training on the con- centration improvement of archery athletes; there was a significant effect of the conventional training on the archery athlete concentration improvement; there was a significant effect difference between NeuroTracker training and conventional training on the archery athlete concentration improvement. According to the gained mean, NeuroTracker training was better than conven- tional training on improving the archery athlete concen- tration. 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