48 JPJO 7 (1) (2022) 48-54 Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga Available online at: https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/penjas/article/view/43105 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/jpjo.v7i1.43105 The Rise of Sport Participation and Motivation of the Community in Sidoarjo Luqmanul Hakim Universitas PGRI Adi Buana Surabaya, Indonesia Article Info Article History : Received January 2022 Revised February 2022 Accepted March 2022 Available online April 2022 Keywords : Motivation, Sport organization role, Sport participation Abstract Studies reported that sports participation contributively has impacts on society, the economy, and health. However, research on sports participation in developing coun- tries, including Indonesia, is limited. This study aimed to investigate the level of sports participation and motivation of the community. Furthermore, this research also exam- ined the role of government and public sports organizations. The data analysis tech- nique used was descriptive analysis, namely the data frequency from the questionnaire analysis. The study was conducted in Sidoarjo, Indonesia, involving 630 respondents and using a questionnaire developed from the Sports Development Index (SDI). The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The samples should meet the crite- ria, including the specified age group, place of residence, not physically disabled, and could carry out daily activities independently. The study found that 41% of respond- ents regularly participated in sports activities, 20% of respondents irregularly partici- pated in sports activities, and 39% of respondents were inactive. Soccer and running became the most played sports, performed by 26% and 18% of respondents. The main goal of exercising was to maintain health (64%). It was also found that most of them were engaged in the sports community. In addition, in the view of the community, the role of stakeholders in providing facilities, infrastructure, training, and sports socializa- tion still needs improvements.  Correspondence Address : Dukuh Menanggal XII road, Surabaya City, East Java, 60234, Indonesia E-mail : luqmanulhakim@unipasby.ac.id https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/penjas/index 49 INTRODUCTION The level of community participation in sports activities is closely related to various aspects of life. For example, literature recorded that sports participation is causally associated with happiness and well-being (Ruseski, Humphreys, Hallman, Wicker, & Breuer, 2014)(McMahon et al., 2017). In addition, it also has a positive socio-economic correlation, prevents crime (Caruso, 2011)(Chamberlain, 2013)(Meek & Lewis, 2014), and can reduce obesity (Bensimhon, Kraus, & Donahue, 2006), degenerative diseases such as diabetes mellitus (British Heart Foundation, 2013)(Al Tunaiji, Davis, Mackey, & Khan, 2014), hypertension and de- crease the risk of death from cardiovascular disease (Oja et al., 2017). This is what makes governments in many countries make campaigns to increase public sports participation as the primary strategy in health promotion. Data shows that, in general, developed countries have a high level of sports participation. Active Live Survey data stated that in England, sports participation in 2017 was 63 % for men and 58 % for women (Audickas, 2017). Canadian statistics released that in 2016, the regular sports participation rate was 61% and 28% for men and women, respectively (Canada, 2019). In Japan, the sports participation rate was 69 % in 2016 (Statista Research Department, 2020). In Singapore, 66 % of its population regularly participated in sports in 2019 (Sport Singapore, 2019). In contrast to other de- veloped countries, in the USA, the average percentage of the population participating in exercise and sports daily was only around 20% in 2015 (Woods, 2017). In Middle Eastern countries such as Saudi Arabia, 58% of the population is categorized as physically inactive (World Health Organization, 2016). There are not many literatures on sports participa- tion rates in developing countries, including Indonesia. The Indonesian Ministry of Youth and Sports stated in the period 2003, 2006, and 2009 the population's partic- ipation in sports continued to decline, from 25.4 % in 2003, down to 23.2 % in 2006, and finally down to 21.8 % in 2009. This pattern applies in urban and rural areas (Indonesian Ministry of Youth and Sports, 2010). In fact, in the last two decades, the government has been trying to increase the level of public sports participation through the Sports System Law Number 03 of 2005 Article 24, which requires public and private agencies to carry out training in sports activities for their em- ployees (President of Republic Indonesia, 2005). Unfor- tunately, this has not shown maximum results. On the other hand, from 2013 until 2018, the prev- alence of diseases related to physical inactivity contin- ued to increase (Kemenkes RI, 2019a). The low level of community participation in sports also impacts the level of physical fitness of the Indonesian people. This is in accordance with the results of a study from the Ministry of Youth and Sports, which showed that the level of physical fitness of the Indonesian people in the good category was only 4.1%, while the very good ones were only 1.1% (Ministry of Youth and Sports of the Repub- lic of Indonesia, 2009). It is believed that this can be overcome by increasing community participation in sports. Data showed that in 2018, the proportion of the population of Sidoarjo Regency who had sufficient physical activity was the second-lowest in East Java province, namely 57.11%, far below the average ratio of East Java and National, which were 73.5% and 66.5% respectively. Furthermore, the proportion of peo- ple who have insufficient physical activity ranks second highest, at 38.20%, well above the average ratios of the East Java and National, which are 26.5% and 33.5%, respectively (Kemenkes RI, 2019a, 2019b). Therefore, this study aims to determine the level of sports partici- pation and motivation to exercise and the involvement of sports community organizations in Sidoarjo Regen- cy. However, the lack of data on the level of sports participation in the last decade resulted in a lack of pro- motion and strategies to increase people's motivation to exercise and engagement in a sports activity. Therefore, this study aims to determine Indonesia's level of sports participation. We also examine the intrinsic motivation of the community in doing sports activities. In addition, this study also aims to evaluate the role of stakeholders, i.e., the government and community sports organiza- tions - FORMI, in supporting sports activities. METHODS Participants The participants in this study were 630 residents of Sidoarjo spread over seven sub-districts, namely Candi, Prambon, Krian, Sidoarjo, Sedati, Gedangan, and Jabon sub-districts. These seven sub-districts were chosen Copyright © 2022, authors, e-ISSN : 2580-071X , p-ISSN : 2085-6180 Luqmanul Hakim/ Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga 7 (1) (2022) 50 because they have regularly carried out car free day activities. First, the researcher determined the target number of respondents in each sub-district, namely 90 people, divided by age group and gender. Then the re- searchers went to each sub-district and gave a question- naire to residents who met the criteria. The inclusion criteria were not physically disabled, able to carry out daily activities independently, aged 7-40 years, and domiciled in the research location. Exclusion criteria had a physical disability that causes the inability to car- ry out daily activities independently, age range beyond 7-40 years, and not domiciled in the research location. The research focuses on the age category of children (7 to 15 years), teenagers and young adults (15 to 24 years), and adults (25 to 40 years). Each age group con- sists of 15 male and 15 female respondents. The demo- graphic data of participants are presented in Table 1. Sampling Procedures The population in this study was the people of Si- doarjo Regency, which consisted of 18 sub-districts. The population of Sidoarjo Regency in September 2020, according to the results of the 2020 population census, was 2,082,801 people. The male population is 1,048,574 and the female population is 1,034,227. Based on the Slovin formula, the minimum number of samples required with a margin of error of 5% is 400 samples. While in this study used 630 samples. The sampling technique used is clustered sampling. The sampling technique is purposive sampling, where the selection of respondents is based on the fulfillment of the inclusion criteria. Materials and Apparatus The The instrument used in the research used as a data collector was a questionnaire, while the question- naire used was a lift to measure the participation of the development results of the Sports Development Index (SDI). SDI is a composite index that reflects the success of sports development based on four basic dimensions: (1) open space available for sports, (2) human resources or sports personnel involved in sports activities, (3) community participation in exercising regularly, and (4) the degree of physical fitness achieved by the commu- nity (Ruseski et al., 2014). In this study, the evaluated aspects were: frequen- cy, duration, type, objective, length of engagement, mo- tivation to participate in sport, sports community, sports facilities, organizers of sports activities, facility provid- ers, government and public concern on sport, belief that sport is important, training on recreational sports. Procedure In this study, the author took samples from 7 sub- districts in Sidoarjo. The composition of the sample in each sub-district is designed the same. Each respondent was given a questionnaire containing 18 questions. For respondents children under ten years, the authors con- ducted interviews based on the questions in the ques- tionnaire and fill out the questionnaire. All participants Copyright © 2022, authors, e-ISSN : 2580-071X , p-ISSN : 2085-6180 Location Age Sex Candi District (n = 90) 7 – 15 years old (n = 30) Boy (n = 15) Girl (n = 15) 16 – 24 years old (n = 30) Male (n = 15) Female (n = 15) 25 – 40 years old (n = 30) Male (n = 15) Female (n = 15) Prambon District (n = 90) 7 – 15 years old (n = 30) Boy (n = 15) Girl (n = 15) 16 – 24 years old (n = 30) Male (n = 15) Female (n = 15) 25 – 40 years old (n = 30) Male (n = 15) Female (n = 15) Krian District (n = 90) 7 – 15 years old (n = 30) Boy (n = 15) Girl (n = 15) 16 – 24 years old (n = 30) Male (n = 15) Female (n = 15) 25 – 40 years old (n = 30) Male (n = 15) Female (n = 15) Sidoarjo District (n = 90) 7 – 15 years old (n = 30) Boy (n = 15) Girl (n = 15) 16 – 24 years old (n = 30) Male (n = 15) Female (n = 15) 25 – 40 years old (n = 30) Male (n = 15) Female (n = 15) Sedati District (n = 90) 7 – 15 years old (n = 30) Boy (n = 15) Girl (n = 15) 16 – 24 years old (n = 30) Male (n = 15) Female (n = 15) 25 – 40 years old (n = 30) Male (n = 15) Female (n = 15) Gedangan District (n = 90) 7 – 15 years old (n = 30) Boy (n = 15) Girl (n = 15) 16 – 24 years old (n = 30) Male (n = 15) Female (n = 15) 25 – 40 years old (n = 30) Male (n = 15) Female (n = 15) Jabon District (n = 90) 7 – 15 years old (n = 30) Boy (n = 15) Girl (n = 15) 16 – 24 years old (n = 30) Male (n = 15) Female (n = 15) 25 – 40 years old (n = 30) Male (n = 15) Female (n = 15) Table 1. Sample composition Luqmanul Hakim/ Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga 7 (1) (2022) 51 involved in this study have expressed their willingness to fill out the questionnaire Data Analysis The data analysis technique used was descriptive analysis, or the frequency of data from the question- naire analysis. RESULT In this study, each respondent was asked to answer 18 questions, which were grouped into 4 clusters: (1) the level of sports participation, (2) intrinsic motivation to exercise, (3) the type of sport played, (4) community perceptions of the role of stakeholders in support sports activities. The results regarding the level of sports par- ticipation are presented in table 2, which include: sports activities in the last week since when did sports activi- ties, the frequency of doing sports weekly, and the du- ration of each exercise. From table 2, it is found that the proportion of respondents who are inactive or do not do sports at all is 39%. Table 2 shows that most active re- spondents in sports, i.e., 36%, have been doing it for more than three years. On the other hand, 9% of re- spondents stated that they exercised for less than one year. Table 2 also presents the exercise frequency for each week. 20% of respondents exercised irregularly, while 41% did it regularly. The highest frequency is five times a week, as much as 5%, and the smallest fre- quency is as much as 11% once a week. The duration of the respondents doing exercise is shown in table 2. The majority, i.e., 20%, practiced for 90-120 minutes, and the lowest proportion was 9%, exercised for 60-90 minutes. After determining the level of participation, active respondents were asked about the types of sports they do (table 3). 26% or the majority stated that they play football. This is in line with the duration of the training shown in Figure 4, which shows that the majority prac- ticed for 90 to 120 minutes. The next most popular sport was running, which 18% of the respondents did. This is understandable because running does not require special skills and can be carried out anywhere. A sur- prising answer came from 1% of respondents who stat- ed that they did the Gobak Sodor exercise. Gobak Sodor is a kind of traditional game from Indonesia. This game is a group game consisting of two groups, where each team consists of 3 - 5 people. The essence of the game is to block the opponent from passing over the line to the last row back and forth, and to win; all group members must complete the process back and forth in a predetermined field area. Meanwhile, 12% of partici- pants stated that they did not do certain sports regularly. Data regarding participants' intrinsic motivation to engage in sports activities are shown in table 4. Among respondents who are active in sports, we ask them the main reason they exercise. Not surprisingly, 64% said they wanted to stay healthy. Interestingly, the second- highest answer, 18%, stated that they exercise with the goal of achievement in sports. However, we also found that motivation is not always high among those who Copyright © 2022, authors, e-ISSN : 2580-071X , p-ISSN : 2085-6180 Table 2. The level of sports participation Variable Frequency (n) Percentage (%) Length of engagement in the sports activity 0 – 1 years 59 9% 1 – 2 years 60 10% 2 – 3 years 40 6% More than 3 years 224 36% Inactive 247 39% 630 100% Frequency of doing sport in a week Uncertain 124 20% Once 69 11% Twice 76 12% Three times 82 13% 5 times 32 5% Inactive 247 39% 630 100% The duration of each exercise Less than 30 minutes 85 13% 30 – 60 minutes 114 18% 60 – 90 minutes 59 9% 90 – 120 minutes 126 20% Inactive 246 39% 630 1 Type of Sport Frequency (n) Percentage (%) Aerobics 38 10 Soccer 100 26 Badminton 27 7 Run 68 18 Ling Ting Kung Gymnastics 9 2 Cycling 47 12 Swimming 23 6 Yoga 21 5 Gobak Sodor 4 1 Others or uncertain 47 12 Table 3. Type of sport Luqmanul Hakim/ Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga 7 (1) (2022) 52 exercise regularly; 68% stated that they sometimes feel lazy. We also examine if they have a community in sports. We believe that community is one of the motiva- tors in sports. As expected, 62% have a community consisting of sports clubs, schools, workplaces, etc. Although 39% of respondents are inactive in sports, 92% of respondents believe that sport is im- portant and very important. This shows that the majori- ty of those who have never exercised at all still believe that participating in sport is necessary. They were then asked about their reasons for not exercising. The high- est answer was because they felt tired (40%), had no time (28%), and were not interested in exercising (16%). From here, it can be suggested to provide train- ing for the community on selecting the proper time to exercise and do it correctly not to feel tired. Thus, sports participation can increase. Table 5 illustrates how the public perceives the government and community sports federation (FORMI) in supporting sports. This role is assessed from several indicators consisting of (1) provision of sports facilities and infrastructure, (2) training and socialization regard- ing recreational sports or sports for all, (3) frequency of organizing sports activities by the government or FORMI, and (4) opinions regarding the level of govern- ment and public concern for sports. From table 4, only 34% of respondents felt that the sports facilities in their environment were adequate, while 66% of the others felt that their facilities were insufficient. 72% of re- spondents also stated that the sports facilities around them result from self-help or community efforts. Only 21% stated that the government provided the facilities. This study also found that only around 50% of respond- ents experienced training and socialization regarding Copyright © 2022, authors, e-ISSN : 2580-071X , p-ISSN : 2085-6180 Variable Frequency (n) Percentage (%) The purpose of doing sports Maintain health 247 64 Lose weight 36 9 Strengthen friendships 27 7 Willingness to have sports achievements 68 18 Others 6 2 Sport Community School 86 22 Club 101 26 Workplace 32 8 Alone 146 38 Others 19 5 Feeling lazy in doing sport Yes, sometimes 263 68 Never 121 32 Reason not doing sport Not interested 39 16 No time 69 28 There are no facilities and infrastructure 20 8 Tired 98 40 Enough though the work I do 17 7 Others 2 1 Believe that sport is important Very important 279 44 important 300 48 Not important 51 8 Table 4. Motivation to participate in the sports activity Table 5. Public perception regarding the role of stakeholders in supporting community sports activities Variable Frequency (n) (%) Sports facilities around Adequate 214 34 Less adequate 330 52 Very less adequate 86 14 Sports facility provider Government 132 21 Public or non-governmental 455 72 Entrepreneur 43 7 Number of sports venues around 1 268 42 2 193 31 3 169 27 Training in Sports for all Once 160 25 Rarely 156 25 Never 314 50 Socialization about sport for all Once 156 25 Rarely 175 28 Never 299 47 Frequency of sports activity conducted by government Once a week 122 19 Once a month 151 24 Once in 3 months 357 57 Public concern for sports really care 235 37 Less care 304 48 Does not care at all 91 15 Government concern for sports really care 199 31 Less care 351 56 Does not care at all 80 13 Luqmanul Hakim/ Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga 7 (1) (2022) 53 recreational sports or sports for all. Only 37% of re- spondents argue that the public generally cares about sports. In line with this, only 31% of respondents stated that the government is towards sports in the communi- ty. DISCUSSION In this study, we found an interesting fact that the participation rate in public sports rose to 41%. In con- trast, in the previous study, it was only 21.8% in 2009 (Indonesian Ministry of Youth and Sports, 2010). This is different from the results of basic health research, which states that the proportion of the population who has sufficient activity in the Sidoarjo Regency is 57.11% (Kemenkes RI, 2019b). This is because the measured domains are different, in which Riskesdas measures activity at work, travel to and from places, and recreational activities (WHO, 2012), while our study measures the involvement of respondents in sports activities. In addition, the samples in the Risk- esdas study were all aged ten years and over, while in our research, the respondents were aged 7 to 40 years. This research also identified four motives for do- ing sport: health, losing weight, strengthening friend- ships, and willingness to have sports achievement. Peo- ple's awareness that practicing sport regularly is one of the most pivotal factors contributing to maintaining health becomes the prime reason for their engagement. These results are similar to India, Slovenia, Croatia, and Germany studies. Research on motivation in sports par- ticipation conducted in India obtained four main fac- tors: sports action with friends; fitness and health; so- cial status; and popularity (Ahmed, Ho, Al-Haramlah, & Mataruna-Dos-Santos, 2020). A similar study was also conducted in Slovenia, Croatia, and Germany; and gave six motives for exercising, namely: sports action with friends, popularity, fitness and health, sports events, social status, and relaxation with exercise (Kondrič, Sindik, Furjan-Mandić, & Schiefler, 2013). Another crucial finding from this research is the importance of the role of the sports community, such as clubs, schools, or workplaces. As the results of this study, people who exercise in the community are al- most twice as high as those who exercise alone, with a ratio of 62 to 38. This is because sports communities such as sports clubs are believed to have the ability to unite people through the development of social net- works (Waardenburg & Nagel, 2019). From here, a strategy can be designed to increase sports participation through the formation and empowerment of sports com- munities. Our investigation shows that football and running are the uppermost sport of choice in society. For several decades, football's position as the most popular sport has been irreplaceable across the globe (Palacios- Huerta, 2004). Furthermore, literature records that in 2004, 400 million players worldwide played this sport (Dvorak, 2004). As for running, we suppose that the high number of people interested in this sport is be- cause it does not need special skills and facilities. The government has a pivotal part in enhancing sports participation and exercise in a country (Pujari, 2017). For example, a study in Germany concluded that government spending, especially on providing facilities and infrastructure, positively contributed to sports par- ticipation (Dallmeyer, Wicker, & Breuer, 2018)(28). However, this research found that the public believes that the role of the government still needs to be im- proved because the provision of facilities and infra- structure, as well as training, socialization, and concern for sports, is still lacking. CONCLUSION This study concludes that the community partici- pation rate in sports is good, shown by 41% participat- ing regularly. The most practiced sport is considered less expensive and does not require a particular skill. 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