55 JPJO 7 (1) (2022) 55-60 Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga Available online at: https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/penjas/article/view/44577 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/jpjo.v7i1.44577 Is dynamic rotation training able to improve futsal athlete performance? Sugeng Purwanto*, Moch Fath Khurrohm Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sport Science, Yogyakarta State University, Indonesia Article Info Article History : Received February 2022 Revised March 2022 Accepted March 2022 Available online April 2022 Keywords : Dynamic rotation training, Futsal player playing performance Abstract The The performance of an athlete is determined by their game skill and technique, which become important components to achieving the game's objectives. Empirically, this study aimed to test the effect of providing dynamic rotation training on futsal ath- lete playing performance. This experimental study involved 20 futsal athletes aged 16- 19 years in Banyumas Regency (Age= M 17,6 ± BMI 20,3 kg/m2). Futsal special per- formance test was used to measure the futsal player playing performance. The analysis involved skill components (passing, controlling, dribbling, and shooting) and physical aspects (speed and agility). Furthermore, results showed that providing dynamic rota- tion training could significantly increase the performance of futsal athletes aged 16-19 years (p-value = 0,001). These findings become the foundation that a coach needs to be concerned with to select an effective exercise to impact the athletes positively.  Correspondence Address : Jl. Colombo Yogyakarta No.1, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55281 E-mail : sugeng_purwanto@uny.ac.id https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/penjas/index 56 INTRODUCTION Futsal is a team sport with a high level of com- plexity (Beato et al., 2017). The intensity of this sport tends to be higher than in other sports (Barron, Collins, and Carling 2020). The game demands that require players to rotate to find space to control the ball as of- ten as possible have become unique in the sport of fut- sal (Sarmento et al., 2015). This makes the player's playing performance factor a critical thing to consider. Physical is preferred because this sport is included in high intensity, but each player's level of playing skills must be considered. A coach has more dominance to manipulate a form of training to support the perfor- mance of his players (Moore et al. 2014); this is still required as a whole investigation process. The scheme of the training process must essential- ly be adjusted to the goals to be achieved. Futsal has fast game characteristics (Amani-Shalamzari et al., 2019); each player's physical and technical factors are the main thing (Sekulic et al., 2019). Therefore, each coach needs to consider the unification of these two aspects in determining the variety of exercises. Dynam- ic rotation training or player rotation-based games is manipulated to play a role in each player's physical and technical improvement (Gómez et al., 2015). The pri- mary basis of applying this exercise is that each player rotates freely within the area of the field that has been manipulated from a small space to a wider field size. The goal is for the interaction of players with the ball to occur as often as possible because the higher the inter- action between the player and the ball, the level of the physical and technical union of futsal becomes quickly achieved (Lapresa et al. 2013). Although previously, it has been tested that the application of games-shaped exercises can harmonize the game of professional play- ers professional (Oppici et al., 2018). Another study suggests that the rotational exercise game-based form can increase futsal players' aerobic and anaerobic ca- pacity (Amani-Shalamzari et al., 2019). This needs to investigate in a broader study to produce more specific results. In parallel with this, providing a suitable train- ing program will progressively improve the quality of players without causing a high risk of injury, and the goals will be met (Zein et al., 2014). The unification of physicality and technique is vital in the sport of futsal because it will affect the tacti- cal of players in the games (Yiannaki, Carling, and Col- lins 2018). The perfect physical and technical union will affect the efficiency of the player's movement and the attack's effectiveness in achieving the game's objec- tives (Gómez et al., 2015). However, the evaluation results of the previous exercises through specific train- ing observation activities showed that 60% of the play- ers in the team still had a performance at a low level. This is supported by problems that are still the same faced in 3 months of practice periodization, such as the accuracy of passing is still not on target, the way drib- bling is always facing the ball, easy to lose the ball, too long in making decisions, and target shooting that still does not lead to the goal. A performance like this must undoubtedly be improved by implementing appropriate training to support the player's playing skills. Further- more, exercises with specified targets must be achieved consistently and continuously (Barbieri et al., 2016). A study is crucial to improve players' game perfor- mance from these problems. Several related studies have been conducted, such as the application of small- sided games-based exercises to improve the cognitive performance of futsal athletes (Khurrohman et al., 2021). Other research states that applying exercises with a smaller area can improve decision-making (Práxedes et al., 2018). Furthermore, training with ma- nipulation of the field area can increase the understand- ing of the objectives in each player's position (Coutinho et al., 2019). However, it needs to be an in- depth study that the provision of practice variation is essential for players. Dynamic rotation training has been modified to stimulate the technical alignment of each athlete. Spontaneous movement with high intensity be- comes a characteristic of futsal sports (Sánchez et al., 2018). Dynamic rotation training is in control, i.e., the ball's movement is determined by the player himself during the implementation of the exercise. Technical errors will increase progressively by increasing ball interaction between players (de Pinho et al., 2020). Just like research (Caglayan et al., 2018) demonstrate that the application of ball possession exercises can improve the physical and technical alignment of the game. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of exercise on the performance of playing futsal athletes in adoles- cents. Copyright © 2022, authors, e-ISSN : 2580-071X , p-ISSN : 2085-6180 Sugeng Purwanto & Moch Fath Khurrohman / Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga 7 (1) (2022) 57 METHODS Participants This study was conducted with total sampling techniques, totaling 20 male futsal athletes with an age range of 16-19 years, as a preparation event for the an- nual event in Central Java. The determination of the study subjects is based on the theory of exercise period- ization that athletes are in the phase of improving the special training process and competition participation (Khurrohman et al., 2021; Wijayanti and Kushartanti, 2014). Materials and Apparatus The performance of athletes' futsal playing skills is measured by a special performance test that has been tested for validity and reliability of r = 0.89 (Farhani et al., 2019). The test method is carried out by measuring the player's success in completing various test items in units of time. This test has been specially designed by involving skill components (passing, controlling, drib- bling, and shooting) and physical aspects (speed and agility). Measurements are taken before the exercise intervention and afterward to determine the effect of giving the exercise. Procedure Observation, descriptive, and experimental activi- ties are the designs used in this study. Sampling is done with total sampling or the total number of samples used as a research subject. First, a brief explanation is done where the researcher describes the objectives and possi- ble risks to players and coaches. Then approval was obtained between players, coaches, and researchers who continued measuring the athlete's body mass index. In experimental studies conducted in this study, the goal is to determine the effect of providing dynamic rotation training on the performance of futsal athletes' playing skills. The study was conducted during 16 meetings; 2 meetings as a pre-post test measurement, and 14 sessions were used to provide exercise interven- tions. Data Analysis Data analysis methds are carried out with several stages, 1) Descriptive analysis, 2) Normality test (Shapiro Wilk test), 3) Homogeneity test (test of homo- geneity), 4) Hypothesis test (paired t-test) with the help of SPSS 25. RESULT The average performance score of overall futsal skills athletes in the pre-test was 33 seconds (SD = 1.52), while post-test results experienced an improved performance with a score of 32.35 seconds (SD = 1.49), which can be seen in Table 2. Table 2 shows that the results of the application of exercise experience an in- creased effect on the performance of playing futsal ath- letes. There was an increase in time of 0.65 seconds from the difference in pre-test and post-test results. Copyright © 2022, authors, e-ISSN : 2580-071X , p-ISSN : 2085-6180 Sugeng Purwanto & Moch Fath Khurrohman / Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga 7 (1) (2022) Table 1. Characteristic of futsal player N Age Height (cm) Weight(kg) BMI (kg/m2) 20 17,6 168±2,69 57,3±3,51 20,3 Figure 1. Futsal special performance test Table 2. Descriptive statistic Variable Mean±SD Mean Difference Pre-test Posttest Athlete performance 33±1,52 32,35±1,49 0,65 s Figure 2. Result comparison pretest-postest 58 Furthermore, a test of normality and homogeneity of the research data with a significance level of 0.05. The test shows a significant value (p-value > 0.05). This result states that both of the above data have nor- mally distributed data and have the same variant. This test has been qualified to proceed to the hypothesis test results shown in table 3. In the previous test, there was an increase in per- formance of 0.65 seconds. This result was then strengthened by analyzing the effectiveness of applying exercises with paired t-tests with a p-value of 0.001 (p < 0.05). These results proved that dynamic rotation training effectively improves the performance of futsal athletes aged 16-19 years. DISCUSSION Based on the research data analysis results, it was mentioned that the application of dynamic rotation training-based exercises proved effective in significant- ly improving athletes' futsal playing skills. The effect is based on the actual pattern of futsal games. The pattern of play that emphasizes the overall technicality into unity to support the game (De Oliveira Bueno et al. 2014) refers to applying this form of exercise. This is supported by previous studies that state that implement- ing a training program tailored to the game will have a much better impact because players will get used to dealing with situations in matches (Naser, Ali, and Macadam 2017). Coaches must make breakthroughs because this will stimulate the development and unifi- cation of physical, technical, psychological, and under- standing of the game's tactics. Each player's performance can be improved by implementing an appropriate training program (Reis et al. 2019) because exercise is at risk (Sarmento et al. 2015); appropriate training can improve each athlete's ability. For example, dynamic rotation training im- proved futsal athletes' performance significantly. Train- ing patterns that aim to make the player's interaction with the ball occur as often as possible will positively impact the physical unification and technique of the game (Karsten et al., 2017). Another finding is that the application of exercises like have a fantastic effect on decision-making in the game situation (Sparkes et al., 2018). This study supports previous research, which showed that mini-area-based exercises could improve the understanding of each player's position and physical performance (Coutinho et al., 2019). Furthermore, there is an increase in effective passing ability after being given stimulation of small-sided games (Khurrohman et al., 2021). Furthermore, other research showed that the provision of exercise interventions in plotting field are- as could improve the cardiovascular work system of futsal athletes (Moran et al., 2019). Based on a review of some previous literature, researchers have tested the effects of providing dynam- ic rotation training-based exercises on the performance of athletes' playing skills. As a result, it was significant- ly able to improve the performance of futsal athletes aged 16-19 years. This finding is slightly different from previous studies (Coutinho et al., 2019; Khurrohman et al., 2021; Moran et al., 2019). The author found new results related to the performance of athletes with the provision of exercise patterns that are almost similar to previous studies. However, this needs to be verified on an ongoing basis, given the many forms of exercise that can be used in the sport of futsal. In addition, the coach- ing process must be carried out continuously, starting from an early age. CONCLUSION The application of dynamic rotation training-based exercises proved effective in enhancing the perfor- mance of playing futsal athletes. These results were shown from a significant increase based on the pre-post test value. This is attributed to the practice pattern ap- plied emphasizes the interaction between players with the ball, which is much higher than in other exercises. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declared no conflict of interest. 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