Jurnal Riset Biologi dan Aplikasinya, Volume 5, Issue 1, March 2023 Etlingera (Zingiberaceae) in Bogor Botanic Gardens: Potential Benefits and Its Conservation Status Yeyen Novitasari Research Center for Plant Conservation, Botanic Gardens, and Forestry, Nasional Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km 46, Cibinong, Jawa Barat, 16911, Indonesia *Corresponding Author e-mail: yeyen.novitasari@brin.go.id Article History ABSTRACT Received : 6 December 2022 Indonesia is one of mega biodiverse countries in the world, with a high global biodiversity index and many vascular plant species. However, not all plant species are known in terms of their uses, potential benefits, and conservation status. One of example is genus Etlingera, where further studies are required. Therefore, this study aimed to provide information on the potential benefits and uses of the genus Etlingera and to investigate its conservation status. The study was conducted using the method of literature study, an inventory of potential uses, and an inventory of the genus Etlingera living in Bogor Botanic Gardens through direct observation. Six species of the genus Etlingera were collected from the Bogor Botanic Gardens, namely Etlingera brevilabrum, E. elatior, E. hemisphaerica, E. loerzingii, E. megalocheilos, and E. walang, conservation status of three species (E. brevilabrum, E. hemisphaerica, and E. megalocheilos) is Least Concern (LC), two species (E. elatior and E. walang) are Data Deficient (DD), and one species (E. loerzingii) is Vulnerable (VU). All species are commonly used as spices, condiments, cosmetics, and traditional medicine to cure various diseases, possibly also as ornamental plants. The secondary metabolites present in some species, namely E. brevilabrum, E. elatior, and E. hemisphaerica can be used as antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant agents. Revised : 4 February 2023 Approved : 15 March 2023 Published : 31 March 2023 Keywords Ethnobotany; ginger; preservation; traditional medicine How to cite: Novitasari, Y. (2023). Etlingera (Zingiberaceae) in Bogor Botanic Gardens: Potential Benefits and Its Conservation Status. Jurnal Riset Biologi dan Aplikasinya, 5(1):1-7. DOI: 10.26740/jrba.v5n1.p.1-7. INTRODUCTION Indonesia is the second mega biodiverse country in the world, with a global biodiversity index of 418.78 and a number of 19.232 vascular plant species (Nash, 2022; Darajati et al., 2016). Some of these plant species are commonly used by Indonesians for many purposes, such as medicines, food, and ornamental plants (Bahtiar et al., 2017). Zingiberaceae or ginger family is a family of flowering plants with 1300 species in 52 genera of perennial herbs with tuberous rhizomes, distributed in tropical Africa, Asia, and America (Tamokou et al., 2017). The genera of Zingiberaceae in Bogor Botanic Gardens are Alpinia, Amomum, Boesenbergia, Curcuma, Etlingera, Globba, Hedychium, Hornstedtia, Kaempferia, Languas, Nanochilus, Plagiostachys, and Zingiber (Ariati et al., 2019). The genus Etlingera is easy to find in the Malesian region, especially in the humid forests of Sumatra. Some Etlingera species are used as ornamental plants in botanical gardens and tropical parks (Poulsen et al., 2009). There are approximately 200 species of Etlingera in the world and 74 species in Malesia (Puspitaningrum et al., 2017; Poulsen, 2012; Newman et al., 2004). Bogor Botanic Gardens is an ex-situ conservation area that serves as a repository of plant diversity from various regions in Indonesia, especially lowland forest ecosystem. As the oldest botanical garden in Southeast Asia, according to Jurnal Riset Biologi dan Aplikasinya https://journal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/risetbiologi mailto:yeyen.novitasari@brin.go.id https://doi.org/10.26740/jrba.v5n1.p1-7 Jurnal Riset Biologi dan Aplikasinya, 5(1): 1-7, March 2023 | 2 Republic of Indonesia Presidential Decree No. 93 of 2011, it has played an important role in plant conservation, research, education, tourism, and environmental services. Hence, Bogor Botanic Gardens, along with other botanical gardens in Indonesia, is required to carry out research and preservation activities to maintain and enhance the diversity of its plant collections (Pemerintah Republik Indonesia, 2011). However, there is lack of information on plant collections in Bogor Botanic Gardens, especially those of the genus Etlingera, regarding their potential uses and the need for conservation. Thus, this research aimed to provide valuable insight into the potential benefits and the utilization of the genus Etlingera and studied its conservation status. MATERIALS AND METHODS Research Area The study was conducted at Bogor Botanic Gardens from September to October 2022. The Bogor Botanic Gardens is in the heart of Bogor, West Java, Indonesia and is situated at an altitude of about 265 meters above sea level. The average temperature in Bogor is around 26°C, and the humidity level is usually approximately 70%. Bogor receives significant yearly rainfall, with an annual average of 3500-4000 millimeters. The heaviest precipitation occurs in December and January. The Bogor Botanic Gardens was established in 1817 and covers an area of around 87 hectares (Figure 1). The garden maintains a collection of plants from the lowland rainforest ecosystem and has 12.370 specimens from all over Indonesia. Data collection The research was conducted using the method of literature study, inventory of potential benefits, and direct observation of living plant collections in Bogor Botanic Gardens to match the data from Bogor Botanic Gardens’ catalog with the actual condition in the garden, whether the collected plants were still alive or dead, and to count the amount of living collections. Primary data were collected through direct observation of the living plant collections at Bogor Botanic Gardens to verify and confirm the living plant collections, especially the genus Etlingera in the garden, which matched the data in the registration book and the CarryMaps application. Through this direct observation, that obtained the current status and number of living collections and species of the genus Etlingera in Bogor Botanic Gardens. Secondary data, such as general information about the plants, inventory potential, native range, population trend, and plants conservation status, were retrieved from the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), and uses of the plants was collected through literature studies related to the objectives of this study. The collection data were then explained descriptively. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Genus Etlingera in Bogor Botanic Gardens and Its Conservation Status There are six species of the genus Etlingera in Bogor Botanic Gardens (Table 1). Six Etlingera species are rhizomatous herbs that grow in the wet tropical biome (Ariati et al., 2019; Olander, 2019; Olander, 2020; Poulsen et al., 2009; Poulsen and Olander, 2019b; Poulsen and Olander, 2019a; Poulsen et al., 2019; Saw, 2019). All species of the genus Etlingera in Bogor Botanic Gardens are native to the region of Malesia, according to the Figure 1. The map showing the study sites at Bogor Botanic Gardens 3|Novitasari., Etlingera (Zingiberaceae) in Bogor Botanic Gardens IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The population trends of five species of the genus Etlingera in Bogor Botanic Gardens are unknown, except for E. loerzingii, which is declining since this species is endemic to Sumatra on the lower slopes of Barisan Mountains. Endemic species are particularly vulnerable to threats such as habitat loss, climate change, and human activities (Olander, 2020; Poulsen et al., 2009). In addition, Sumatran forests are under constant threat (WWF, 2019), and satellite imagery shows habitat destruction and conversion in some areas where the species has been found (GFW, 2023). E. walang is also endemic to Java (Table 1). All plant collections of the genus Etlingera in Bogor Botanical Gardens shown in Figure 2. The conservation statuses of six species of the genus Etlingera in Bogor Botanic Gardens vary from Data Deficient, Least Concern, to Vulnerable based on IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Etlingera elatior and E. walang are considered to be data deficient (DD). These species are reasonably well studied, but data on the distribution and native range are subject to considerable uncertainty. The native range of E. elatior may be Sumatra or Borneo. However, some sources give the range of this species as Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand. It is also difficult to distinguish which collection is native or cultivated. Therefore, a genetic study is needed to determine the correct native range of E. elatior (Poulsen and Olander, 2019a). On the other hand, the distribution of E. walang is uncertain, despite the fact that this species is endemic to Java and has been recorded from Blambangan and western Java (Olander, 2019). Three species, namely Etlingera brevilabrum, E. hemisphaerica, and E. megalocheilos, are classified as Least Concern according to IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. These species exist in many places, some of which are protected areas. Their range extends from Java and Sumatra across Peninsular Malaysia to Thailand. However, the habitat of E. hemisphaerica has decreased, and is considered as a rare species that has difficulty adapting to disturbed areas. Therefore, a population size and decline study are needed to protect the species from threats (Saw, 2019). In contrast, E. megalocheilos is one of the most tolerant species to disturbance and can thrive in a completely open habitat (Poulsen and Olander, 2019b). Furthermore, although habitat quality has decreased, E. brevilabrum had been found in deforested and disturbed areas and grows well. Therefore, these species have been categorized as Table 1. Species of the genus Etlingera in Bogor Botanical Gardens (Ariati et al., 2019; Olander, 2019; Olander, 2020; Poulsen et al., 2009; Poulsen and Olander, 2019b; Poulsen and Olander, 2019a; Poulsen et al., 2019; Saw, 2019) No. Species Number of Plant Collections Source Native Range Population Trends Conservation Status 1 Etlingera brevilabrum (Valeton) R.M. Smith 2 Central Kalimantan Borneo to the Philippines Unknown Least Concern (LC) 2 Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Smith 6 Java, Central and East Kalimantan, South Sulawesi, and Sumatra Peninsula Thailand to West Malesia Unknown Data Deficient (DD) 3 Etlingera hemisphaerica (Blume) R.M. Smith 2 Scotlands Indonesia (Sumatra to Java), Malaysia, Thailand Unknown Least Concern (LC) 4 Etlingera loerzingii (Val.) R.M. Smith 2 North Sumatra Sumatra Decreasing Vulnerable (VU) 5 Etlingera megalocheilos (Griff.) A.D. Poulsen 1 South Kalimantan West Malesia Unknown Least Concern (LC) 6 Etlingera walang (Blume) R.M. Smith 2 West Java and South Sulawesi Java Unknown Data Deficient (DD) Jurnal Riset Biologi dan Aplikasinya, 5(1): 1-7, March 2023 | 4 Figure 2. Living plant collections of the genus Etlingera in Bogor Botanic Gardens, a). E. brevilabrum, b). E. elatior, c). E. hemisphaerica, d). E. loerzingii, e). E. megalocheilos, f). E. walang Least Concern (Poulsen et al., 2019). One of the six species of the genus Etlingera in Bogor Botanic Gardens, E. loerzingii, is considered vulnerable because this species is endemic to Sumatra and exists in six locations. It also has a small range (Olander, 2020). 2.2 Utilization and Potential Benefits of the Genus Etlingera in Bogor Botanical Gardens Etlingera brevilabrum The fruits of E. brevilabrum are edible, and the leaves are used for medicinal and roofing purposes (Poulsen et al., 2019). The extract of E. brevilabrum contains β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, phenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. Seventy-seven compounds of essential oils from eight groups of compounds were found in the rhizomes, stems, and leaves of E. brevilabrum. These compounds may have antimutagenic and antioxidant activity, antigenotoxic capacity, and lymphocyte potency (Mahdavi et al., 2013a; Mahdavi et al., 2013b, Mahdavi, 2014). In addition, the liquid smoke of fresh and dried leaves of E. brevilabrum contains ten different classes of organic compounds. The presence of phenols, carboxylic acids, aliphatic acids, esters, and aromatic acids can potentially be used to cure some skin problems (Mahdavi, 2014). Strong antioxidant activity and excellent antimicrobial and antifungal activity have been demonstrated in the smoke liquid of E. brevilabrum. It can inhibit the growth of 14 microorganisms (Mahdavi et al., 2018). Etlingera elatior E. elatior, commonly known as torch ginger, is cultivated for its aromatic and decorative flowering shoots. In Indonesia, this plant has been cultivated for hundreds of years. The arils surrounding the seeds, leafy shoots, and young shoots are edible and used as a forest snack and for medicinal purposes. However, this species is also known as an ornamental plant (Poulsen, 2012; Poulsen and Olander, 2019a). The plant is potentially developed as an ornamental plant and cropped flower in Bedugul (Oktavia et al., 2019). E. elatior is used in traditional medicine by the natives of Gayo and Kabanjahe, Balinese, and local people in Samosir Island to treat cold, fever, cough, digestive (diarrhea) system problems, muscles and joints problems, the reproductive system, ear infections, hypertension, diabetes, antioxidants, anti-proliferative, anticancer, antimicrobial agents, as a shampoo, as eye drops, to increase breast milk production, skin whitening, anti-aging, and to improve maternal fitness postpartum. There are 99 types of essential oils in the leaves, 62 in the rhizomes, 26 in the stem, and 95 in the flowers (Silalahi, 2016, 2017; Hartini and Sahromi, 2016; Purwoko et al., 2019; Saudah et al., 2021). Due to the high antioxidant and flavonoid contents in E. elatior, the powder of the E. elatior flowers can be used as a substitute for making cookies (Sari et al., 2022). In addition, the entire plant parts of E. elatior, such as shoots, stems, flowers, seeds, and fruits, have a high phenolic content, with the fruits containing the largest amounts of phenols. Almost all parts contain monoterpenes, terpenoids, sesquiterpenes, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, and tannins. The plant extract can be used as an anticancer agent, especially an antileukemic agent (Rusanti et al., 2017), antioxidant (Maimulyanti and Prihadi, 2015), insect repellents and termiticides (Rislyana et al., 2015), antibacterial and antifungal agents to inhibit Salmonella thypi, Shigella sp., Aspergillus flavus, Streptococcus mutans, and in fish spoilage (Angin, 2015; Suryani et al., 2019; Nasution et al., 2020; a b c d e f 5|Novitasari., Etlingera (Zingiberaceae) in Bogor Botanic Gardens Nurlaili et al., 2022). Furthermore, the leaf and flower extracts of E. elatior can be used as a natural protein preservative, for example, in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (Nurlaili et al., 2022). E. elatior can also be used as a functional food and to make jelly sweets (Muawanah et al., 2012). In addition, the leaf extract of E. elatior can heal wounds in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) effectively (Nastity et al., 2015). Etlingera hemisphaerica E. hemisphaerica is commonly known as the Black Tulip, Helani Tulip Ginger, or Tulip Ginger. As with E. elatior, the immature inflorescences are used to flavor food or spice in Indonesia. E. hemisphaerica and E. elatior can substitute for each other, as both have similar uses. Due to the attractive color of the inflorescence and some variations in the involucre bracts, this species has high potential as an ornamental plant (Saw, 2019; Handayani and Ariyanti, 2015). The half-ripe fruits are mixed raw into various salad or vegetable dishes, while the ripe fruits are made into fruit sweets. The stem of the plant can be eaten raw, cooked, or steamed (Ibrahim and Setyowati, 2016; Lim, 2014). According to Ruyani et al. (2018) and Umar et al. (2021), the leaf extract of E. hemisphaerica contains tannins, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, antioxidants, minerals, and vitamin C. The leaves are used for wound cleansing, as an antibacterial agent against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, as an immunomodulator or immunostimulant, have a protective effect against HgCl2 toxicity, can improve the evaluation of the stage of spermatogenesis, and potentially lower blood glucose and triglyceride levels (Ruyani et al., 2014; Gresinta, 2019; Noverita and Sinaga, 2021). In addition, E. hemisphaerica has sour flowers, and the fruit has a fragrant smell to treat skin problems, cancer, and tumors. Etlingera loerzingii The vegetative shoots and inflorescences are edible, delicious, aromatic, sour, and sweet in taste and smell. E. loerzingii has great potential as an ornamental plant like E. elatior (Olander, 2020; Poulsen et al., 2009). Etlingera megalocheilos E. megalocheilos is used as food. The fruits are sweet and edible, even if they are unpleasant (Poulsen and Olander, 2019b). The leaves and rhizomes of E. megalocheilos contain many chemical compounds such as camphene, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, verbenol, aromadendrene, azulene, borneol, myrcene, and sabinene. This species has enormous potential to be used as a natural preservative, herbal products, foods, cosmetics, nutraceuticals, and ornamental plants (Trimanto and Hapsari, 2018). Etlingera walang The leaves can be used as a condiment. The crushed leaves have an unpleasant smell similar to that of the rice bug, Leptocorisa acuta (walang sangit in Indonesian). More historically significant is the practice of burning leaves in the rice field in western Java to drive away this pest. Although no detailed information on the use of E. walang, as a ginger plant is available, this species can potentially be used as a spice, ornamentals, and traditional medicine (Olander, 2019; Pitopang et al., 2020; Jansen, 2022). CONCLUSION The six Etlingera species recorded from the Bogor Botanic Garden have varying conservation statuses. Three species are of Least Concern, two are Data Deficient, and one is Vulnerable. These plants are used for various purposes, such as spices, seasonings, cosmetics, and traditional medicine. They are also used for ornamental purposes. The secondary metabolites contained in some of these plants have antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties that make them valuable for various applications. Conservation efforts are necessary for vulnerable species such as Etlingera loerzingii, which could be extinct if not protected. Collecting more information on the species with data deficiencies (E. elatior and E. walang) is also essential to accurately assessing their conservation status. The Bogor Botanic Gardens and other botanical gardens are critical in conserving plant species and preserving their genetic diversity. 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