DOI: https://doi.org/10.18196/jgp.121127 http://journal.umy.ac.id/index.php/jsp JURNAL STUDI PEMERINTAHAN Determining the Motivations for Political Participation Among Elected Youth Leaders PERLA P. PALOMARES DOODS EDWARD D. CADUTDUT AL-FAROUKP. AMOD QUEENIE PEARL V. TOMARO ABSTRACT: In the Philippines, Sangguniang Kabataan (SK), an aspect of politics in the local government level provides spaces for youth’s meaningful participation in policy-making and governance. In this study we expand the cast of the domain of motivational studies to provide a new perspective on why youth participate in politics, the extent of their political participation and the relation- ship of the motivations to their political participation. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pejabat SK termotivasi secara intrinsik dan ekstrinsik, tetapi lebih condong pada jenis motivasi intrinsik. Hal ini menunjukkan pentingnya Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan dan pengembangan Kepemimpinan dalam mengembangkan motivasi kepemimpinan dan keterlibatan politik kaum muda. Hasil menunjukkan mereka memiliki tingkat partisipasi politik rata-rata hingga tinggi. Keywords: YouthLeadership; Sangguniang Kabataan; Political Participation; Motivation ABSTRAK: Di Filipina, Sangguniang Kabataan (SK), sebuah aspek politik di tingkat pemerintah daerah memberikan ruang bagi partisipasi pemuda yang berarti dalam pembuatan kebijakan dan pemerintahan. Dalam studi ini kami memperluas pemeran domain studi motivasi untuk memberikan perspektif baru tentang mengapa pemuda berpartisipasi dalam politik, sejauh mana partisipasi politik mereka dan hubungan motivasi dengan partisipasi politik mereka. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa SK memiliki persediaan intrinsik dan ekstrinsik, tetapi lebih condong pada jenis motivasi intrinsik. Hal ini menunjukkan pentingnya Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan dan Pengembangan Kepemimpinan dalam mengembangkan motivasi kepemimpinan dan keterlibatan politik kaum muda. Hasil menunjukkan mereka memiliki tingkat partisipasi politik rata-rata hingga tinggi. Kata kunci: Kepemimpinan Pemuda; Sangguniang Kabataan; Partisipasi Politik; Motivasi INTRODUCTION Why people do what they do?” is a fundamental premise in the study of political behavior. 35 AFFILIATION: 1Mindanao State University–Iligan Instituteof Technology,Iligan City, Philippines 2 Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan, Cagayan de Oro, Philippines 3 The Asia Foundation, I liganCity, Philippines 4 Philippines Mindanao State University–Iligan Instituteof Technology,Iligan City, Philippines CORRESPONDENCE: queeniepearl.tomaro@g.msuiit.edu.ph CITATION: Palomares, P.P.,Cadutdut, D. E. D., Amod,F.P.,&Tomaro,Q.P.V. (2021). Determining The Motivations For PoliticalParticipation Among. Jurnal Studi Pemerintahan (Journal of Government& Politics), 12 (1).35 -61 ARTICLE HI STORY: Receive d: 2020-12-23 Revision: 2021-01-14 Accepted: 2021-01-15 https://doi.org/10.18196/jgp.121127 http://journal.umy.ac.id/index.php/jsp https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8124-7045 mailto:queeniepearl.tomaro@g.msuiit.edu.ph https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8124-7045 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6662-5888 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3332-9390 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5343-6113 Vol. 12 No. 1 February 2021 36 Actions and conducts of various actors are driven by reasons or interests which makes the inquiry of motivations an imperative. The youth is an integral part of the society. However, youth is often excluded in the political proceses. Kabataan. The Sangguniang Kabataan is a platform re- established under Republic Acts no. 10742 known as Sangguniang. Kabataan Reform Act. The purpose for its establishment is for youth representatives to implement programs and influence decision-making. However, political science has little to say to the question as to why some people don’t participate in politics whilst others do; this is due to the neglect of political science to inquire the plain origins of human motivations; furthermore, political engage- ment is a manifestation from the inventory of all conceivable activities that humans partake in (Wuttke, 2016). Therefore, just like any activities, humans have the tendency to be driven by certain motivations to engage in it. This study aimed to deter- mine what motivated the elected members of the Sangguniang Kabataan to run for public office. It is of vital importance to inquire as to what motivated the Sangguniang Kabataan offi- cials to run for positions in Sangguniang Kabataan, as motiva- tion are driven by interests or reasons that direct their behav- ioral trajectories with regards to their extent of political partici- pation. Motivational studies on political participation are less explored. In order to bridge that gap, this studyemploys a theory of motivation studies known as Self-Determination Theory., this theoryis widelyrecognized in other fields of social sciences, es- pecially in educational psychology (Wuttke, 2016). However, it is poorly utilized in the study of political behavior. This study fo- cuses on the domain of motivational studies to address the gap between the study of political participation and motivations. This study attempted to provide fresh perspective on why youth par- ticipate in politics in the context of elected Sangguniang Kabataan officials within the locale of Iligan City, Lanao del Norte, Philippines.The purpose ofthis studyis to determine the extent JURNAL STUDI PEMERINTAH AN of motivation and political participation and the relationship of 37 the extent of motivation for running in elections and the ex- tentofpoliticalparticipation ofthe Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) officials for running for office. Thus, the study revolves around two central inquiries:(1) To what extent are the motivations and political participation of the elected Sangguniang Kabataan officials in running and working for public office? (2) To what extent is the relationship between the extrinsic and intrinsic motivation with political participation? LITERATURE REVIEW Existing studies on youth leaders in the Philippines have mainly focused on the perspectives of the ordinary youth and Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) leaders regarding their perceptions about citizenships, and its implications towards the relevance of civic engagement (Alampay and Angeles, 2012). Youth have been revered in studies to have the creativity and the immense potential to stimulate growth (Balanon et al., 2007). They play pivotal role in achieving development in both the local and national levels (Ravanilla, 2015); (Alampay & Ange- les, 2012). However, youth’s participation remains limited and in different areas of policy process. There’s limited youth par- ticipation in War on Drugs-related processes (Mutiarin et. al, 2020) and there is limited youth participation in peace processes as well. Under the Republic Act 10742, commonly known as the Sangguniang Kabataan Reform Act of 2015, the youth in every village are represented byanelected council consists mainlyof a chairperson and seven members, all of whom shall be elected by the youth members of the Katipunan ng Kabataan, with two appointed officials, namely the secretary and the treasurer. The SK chairperson automatically sits in the Sangguniang Barangay (Village Council) as an ex - officio member and also as the chair of the Committee on Youth and Sports of the village council. Every chairperson also has the right to be elected to the presi- Vol. 12 No. 1 February 2021 38 dency of the SK National Federation (SKNF) from the provin- cial assembly of all SK chairs. While in formal political processes, youthareprovidedwiththese spacesandwhilethese spacespro- vide youth the opportunity as public servants, the quality of public service they provide rest upon the manner of service from the public servants (Moner & Tomaro, 2018). The manner of ser- vice is contingent upon the motivations of leaders in running for public office. This study dwells on the domain of motivation studies in political participation among the youth; more specifically, this study sought to determine the motivation or what energized the current Sangguniang Kabataan official to run for office. As (Wuttke, 2016) emphasized, there isaneedtostudypsychologi- cal aspect in political engagements in the wake of the cognitive revolution in which the social sciences have gradually replaced ‘needs’ with ‘goals’ and ‘expectancies’ as prevailing motivational concepts. Exploration on intentions behind political support towards policies such as war on drugs (Mutiarin et al., 2020) heeds the call for psychological analysis in political science. In order to grasp the idea of what motivates people to engage in a particular activity, we turn to a theory of motivational studies and Psychology which was developed by(Richard M. Ryan and Edward L. Deci, 2000) known as the Self Determination Theory. According to (Ryan and Deci, 2000), as cited in the study of (Lilleker and Koc- Michalska, 2016), motivation, in Self-Deter- mination Theory, is the interplay between external persuasion and personal attitude towards a specific action. Self-Determina- tion theorydifferentiates between diverse types of motivation in the basis of distinct reasons or goals that stimulate an indi- vidual into action (Ryan & Deci, 2000). The mostbasic distinc- tion of motivations in self-determination theory are intrinsic motivation, which is the partaking into an activity because it is inherently satisfying or enjoyable rather than for some sepa- rable consequence, and extrinsic motivation, which refers to a construct that pertains whenever an activity is performed this is JURNAL STUDI PEMERINTAH AN in order acquire some separable outcome. 39 Intrinsic motivation is rooted from the desire to satisfy the innate psychological needs for competence and autonomy, whereas extrinsic motivation is primarily caused by a desireto achieve a reward which is instrumental (Ryan & Deci, 2000). However, extrinsically motivated behavior can vary in the ex- tent to which they are self-determined. (Ryan and Deci, 2000) has identified four types of extrinsic motivation that vary de- pendingon the extent to whichtheyare self-determined orclose to being intrinsic, these are: (1) external regulation – performed to satisfy external demand or obtain external reward – is the least self-determined; (2) introjected regulation – caused by feel- ing of pressure in order to avoid guilt or to attain ego-enhance- ments or pride; (3) identified regulation – the value of the activ- ity is identified and accepted as a regulation bythe individual as his or her own – is more self-determined; and (4) integrated regulation – when identified regulation fully assimilates to the selfwhichoccursthrough self-examination andbringnewregu- lation into correspondence with the individual’s other values and needs, which is the most self- determined out of all the extrinsic motivation. Self-determination theory is considered to be a standard theory of social sciences that has a multiplicity of application and has been widely used on religious behavior, volunteering, pro-environmental behavior, exercising, prosocial action, edu- cational achievements, motivation at work or health related behavior, and though it has inspired a broad variety of research in many fields it was largely neglected in the study of political behavior (Wuttke, 2016). CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of this study. This study identified the demographics of the elected Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) officials firsthand. By determining the extent of motivation of these officials, this study identified what drove Vol. 12 No. 1 February 2021 40 them to run for office in the Sangguniang Kabataan elections. This study also determined the extent of political participation of the elected Sangguniang Kabataan. Finally, thedetermined if a correlation exists between the extent of motivation the elected Sangguniang Kabataan officials and the degree to which they participate in politics. FIGURE 1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK (adopted from the Theory of Self-Determination by Richard M. Ryan and Edward L. Deci, 2000) Informed by the theory of (Ryan and Deci, 2000), this study operated under the following hypothesis: H1: There is a positive relationship between the intrinsic motivation of the Sanggu nia ng Ka bataan officials and their political participa - tion. H2: There is a positive relationship between the extrinsic motivation of the Sanggu nia n g Kabataan officials and their political participa - tion. RESEARCH METHODS This paper is a quantitative research of SK Council in se- lected barangays in Iligan City exploringthe socio-demographic profile, the level of political participation of the Sangguniang Kabataan Council and the type and extent of motivations they had for running in the Sangguniang Kabataan election. As such, the study determined correlation between the level of political JURNAL STUDI PEMERINTAH AN participation of the Sangguniang Kabataan officials and their 41 type and extent of motivation with regards to participating in politics. The study used the Likert scale of agreement survey in itspursuit of identifyingtypesofmotivationforpolitical partici- pationamongthe Sangguniang Kabataanofficials(N= 78). This paper also utilized quantitative data analysis on the gathered data from the survey. Quantitative data analysis includes the calculation of frequencies of variables and differences between variables. In identifying the relationship between the level of politicalparticipation ofthe SKcouncil andtheirrespectivetype of motivation in participating in politics, regression analysis was used. This study used the Likert scale of agreement survey ques- tionnaire and including basic demographic survey questionnaire as a research instrument for gathering data necessary for the study. The demographic survey consisted of questions regarding gender, parents’ educational attainment, family political history, andfamilyincome of therespondents. The Likert scaleofagree- ment surveyquestionnaire uses 5-point scale of agreement with thenumber 1 representing strongdisagreement, 2 represent- ing disagreement, 3 representing uncertainty, 4 representing agreement and 5 representing strong agreement to the ques- tions regarding their reason or motivation for participating in politics. Furthermore, another set of questions were asked ac- cording to their level of political participation, with 1 represent- ing never, 2 representing seldom, 3 representing sometimes, 4 representing very often and 5 representing always. The Survey Questionnaires were given to each Sangguniang Kabataan offi- cial in thisstudy. The descriptive statistics was done with the aid of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences or SPSS, a computer software designed for statistical analysis of social science dataanalysis. This is to ensure the accurate analysis of data and to avoid computa- tionerrors forreliability. Thereliabilityof the questionnaire was assessed through determining the coefficient of Cronbach’s Vol. 12 No. 1 February 2021 42 Alpha. A minimum of 0.70 is needed to indicate the reliability and validity of the constructs (Nunnally,1978). In order to get the regression analysis, the measurement was doneusing SmartPLS 3, a software with graphical userinterface for variance-based structural equation modeling using the par- tial least squares (PLS) path modelling method. RESULT AND DISCUSSION In all quantitative studies, theimportance of reliabilityanaly- sis is crucial. Cronbach’s alpha or coefficient alpha (Cronbach, 1951) is certainly one of the most important and pervasive sta- tistics in research involving test construction and use (Cortina, 1993). Cronbach alpha is one of the most commonly reported reliability estimates in the language testing literature (Brown, 2002). Cronbach’s alpha is a measure of internal consistency, that is, how closely related a set of items are as a group. It is considered to be a measure of scale reliability (UCLA, 2016). Cronbach’s alpha is a convenient test used to estimate the reli- ability, or internal consistency, of a composite score (Statistics Solutions, 2014). Technically speaking, Cronbach’s alpha is not a statistical test – it is a coefficient of reliability (or consistency) (UCLA, 2016). The general rule of thumb is that a Cronbach’s alpha of.70 and above is good,.80 and above is better, and.90 and above is best (Statistics Solutions, 2014). The researchers conducted a pilot survey to test the reliabil- ity of the questionnaire. Table 1 shows the results of the Cronbach’s Alpha. The results are obtained using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Given the results below, it is clear that the questionnaire is reliable. All of the items are above the general rule of thumb of.70. Most of the variables tested have Cronbach’s Alphas of more than.80 which means that all items have better reliability. JURNAL STUDI PEMERINTAH AN 43 TABLE 1. RESULTS OF CRONBACH’S ALPHA CRONBACH’S ALPHA RELIABILITY TYPE Political Participation .838 Better Extrinsic Motivation .842 Better Integration .838 Better Identification .786 Good Introjection .726 Good External regulation .786 Good Intrinsic Motivation .880 Better Competence .822 Better Curiosity .752 Good Enjoyment .722 Good FIGURE 2. PIE CHART ON GENDER SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILES OF THE SANGGUNIANG KABATAAN OFFICIALS IN ILIGAN CITY Of all the respondents, 47.4% are male and 52.6% are fe- male, comparatively. This means that most of the respondents are female constituting 41 out of the 78 respondents (see Figure 2). In the father’s highest educational attainment (see Figure 3), 58.5% are college graduates or at least on the college level, 33.8% are high school graduates or at least on the high school level, Vol. 12 No. 1 February 2021 44 5.2% only graduated on elementary or at least studied in el- ementary level and 2.6% have a post-graduate degree FIGURE 3. PIE CHART ON FATHER’S HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT On the other hand, in the mother’s highest educational at- tainment (see Figure 4), half of the total respondentsanswered that their mothers studied up until high school, 42.3% are col- lege graduates or at least studied in college, 6.4% have a post- graduate degree and 1.3% studied up until elementary. FIGURE 4. PIE CHART ON MOTHER’S HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT On the monthly income (see Figure 5), more than half (52.3%) of the total respondents answered that their parents’ monthly income is below P10,000, 26.9% answered P10,001 to P20,000, 6.4% answered P30,001 to P40,000, 10.2% answered JURNAL STUDI PEMERINTAH AN P20,001 to P30,000 and P50,001 to P70,000 and 2.6% answered 45 above P100,000. This shows that most of the Sangguniang Kabataan officials are in the lower income class. FIGURE 5. PIE CHART ON PARENTS’ (ADDED) MONTHLY INCOME Lastly, the researchers asked the respondents as to whether or not they have a family political history. 84.6% of the total respondents answered no, and 15.4% answered yes (see Figure 6). FIGURE 6 PIE CHART ON FAMILY POLITICAL HISTORY Out of those respondents who answered yes, 54.5% answered that their uncle or aunt ran for public office, 27.3% were un- able to answer and 18.2% answered that their father ran for public office (see Figure 7). Vol. 12 No. 1 February 2021 46 On the other hand, on the position their parents/relatives ran for, 72.7% ran as Barangay Councilor and 27.3% ran as Barangay Captain, Mayor, and Congressman collectively (see Figure 8). FIGURE 8 PIE CHART ON THE POSITIONS THE PARENTS/RELATIVES RAN FOR MOTIVATIONS OF THE SANGGUNIANG KABATAAN OFFICIALS IN ILIGAN CITY Central the aim of the study is to analyse the motivations of the Sangguniang Kabataan officials in Iligan City. This deter- minedifthe Sangguniang Kabataan officials are extrinsicallyor intrinsically motivated in running for public office. According to the Self-Determination Theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000), there are four types of extrinsic motivation. These are: external regu- lation, which is performed to satisfy external demand orobtain FIGURE 7. PIE CHART ON PARENTS/RELATIVES WHO RUN FOR PUBLIC OFFICE JURNAL STUDI PEMERINTAH AN external reward, and is the least self-determined; introjected 47 regulation, which is caused by feeling of pressure in order to avoid guilt or to attain ego-enhancements or pride; identified regulation, which the value of the activity is identified and ac- cepted as a regulation by the individual as his or her own, and is more self-determined; and integrated regulation, which is when identified regulation fully assimilates to the self which occurs through self-examination and bring new regulation into corre- spondence with the individual’s other values and needs and is the most self-determined. These four types of extrinsic motiva- tion were measured in this study. FIGURE 9. RESPONSES TO EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION (INTEGRATION) A. SANGGUNIANG KABATAAN OFFICIALS’ EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION Most of the respondents showed positive responses to all the statements regarding the integration type of extrinsic motiva- tion. With a cumulative frequency of about 84% for “agree” and “strongly agree”, it simply indicates that the respondents ran for public office because they believe that important issues need to be solved immediately and around 88% “agreed” and “stronglyagreed” thattherespondents ranas SKofficial because they wanted to implement a program that would benefit the Vol. 12 No. 1 February 2021 48 society and to enforce a policy for the betterment of the com- munity. Results also showed that around 11% of all therespon- dents showed uncertainty and only about 3% did not ran for public office because they wanted to solve an issue or to enforce a policy (see FIGURE9). Synonymous to the previous type of extrinsic motivation, most of the respondents also showed positive responses regardingthe identification type of extrinsic motivation. With a cumulative frequency of 94%, most of the respondents “agreed” and “strongly agreed” that they ran for public office because they wanted to improve their leadership and communication skills. Furthermore, 81% “agreed” and “strongly agreed” that joining the SK would improve their social capital and could hone their skills that would help them in their career choice. Around 7% were uncertain and around 5% did not ran for public office to improve their leadership and communication skills, or to im- prove their social capital and to hone their skills (see FIGURE 10). FIGURE 10. RESPONSES TO EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION (IDENTIFICATION) Unlike the previous extrinsic motivations, there were mixed responses regarding the introjection type of extrinsic motiva- tion. 25% of the respondents “strongly disagreed” and “disagreed” that they were influenced by their parents and peers to run for public office. 26% were “uncertain” that they were convinced JURNAL STUDI PEMERINTAH AN by their parents and peers to run. However, majority of the re- 49 spondents“agreed” and “strongly agreed” that theywere influ- enced to run for public office. Despite of this, 79% of the re- sponses “agreed” and “strongly agreed” that they wanted to make their families, relatives and peers proud, about 11 Sangguniang Kabataan officials were “uncertain” and 6.4% “strongly disagreed” and “disagreed” to the statement that they want to make the important people of their lives proud (see FIGURE 11). FIGURE 11. RESPONSES TO EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION (INTROJECTION) FIGURE 12. RESPONSES TO EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION (EXTERNAL REGULATION) Tantamount to the previous extrinsic motivation (introjec- tion), there were also mixed responses regarding the external regulation type of extrinsic motivation. 22% of the respondents “strongly disagreed” and “disagreed” that they ran for public office because theywant to gain rewards and privileges that come with being an SK official and 28% were “uncertain”. Nevertheless, Vol. 12 No. 1 February 2021 50 majority of the respondents “agreed” and “strongly agreed” they wanttogain rewardsand privilegesthat come with beingan SK official, with 50% cumulative frequency (see FIGURE 12). In assessing all the extrinsic motivations, they are more lean- ing on the integration and identification type of extrinsic moti- vations which is close to intrinsic in nature. This result echoes the findings of the study of civic engagement wherein the sub- ject of the study was found to be motivated more bytheir beliefs and specific civic issues that the youth are passionate about, as well as motivation associated with self-enhancement (Ballard, 2014; Ballard,2015). B. SANGGUNIANGKABATAANOFFICIALS’INTRINSICMOTIVATION Intrinsic motivation, as explained in the theory, is rooted from the desire to satisfy the innate psychological needs for com- petence and autonomy, whereas extrinsic motivation is prima- rilycaused byadesire toachieve a rewardwhich isinstrumental (Ryan & Deci, 2000). In this study, intrinsic motivation was measured into three types, namely, competence, curiosity and enjoyment. Most respondents believe that theyare competent that is why theyran for public office. With a cumulative frequency of about 81%, most respondents “agreed” and “strongly agreed” that they are capable and responsible public servant. About 15% were “uncertain” that they have the capability to be a public servant and only about 4% “strongly disagreed” and “disagreed” that they are capable and responsible (see Table 6). Synonymous to the previous intrinsic motivation, most of the respondents showed positive responses, presentingthatthey ran for public office out of curiosity. About 83% “strongly agreed” and “agreed” that they ran for public office because wanted to try being a public servant and serving their fellow youth. About 11% showed “uncertainty” of this indicator and only about 6% showed “strong disagreement” and “disagreement” that they were curious about public service (see FIGURE 14). JURNAL STUDI PEMERINTAH AN 51 FIGURE 14. RESPONSES TO INTRINSIC MOTIVATION (CURIOSITY) Tantamount to other intrinsic motivations, most of the re- spondents also showed positive responses to all of the statements regarding the enjoyment type of extrinsic motivation, provided that they ran for public office because they solely find it enjoy- able to become a public servant. 81% of all the respondents “agreed” and “strongly agreed” that they enjoy being a youth representative and feel happy being a public servant and 13% showed “uncertainty”. On the other hand, 6% do not enjoy being a youth representative (see FIGURE 15). In comparing both motivations, the Sangguniang Kabataan officials are bothintrinsicallyandextrinsically motivated, but is more leaning on the intrinsic motivation. In analyzing the ex- trinsic motivation of the Sangguniang Kabataan officials, they FIGURE 13. RESPONSES TO INTRINSIC MOTIVATION (COMPETENCE) Vol. 12 No. 1 February 2021 52 are more leaning on the more self-determined type of extrinsic motivation, namely integration andidentification. This result is synonymous to the findings of study that stated one of the significant drivers of participation of youth in SK programs is self-enjoyment of feelings of fulfillment. FIGURE 15. RESPONSES TO INTRINSIC MOTIVATION (ENJOYMENT) FIGURE 16. FORMS OF PARTICIPATION POLITICAL PARTICIPATION OF THE SANGGUNIANG KABATAAN OFFICIALS IN ILIGAN CITY This section measured the political participation of the Sangguniang Kabataan officials. In this study, this refersto theact by the youth of running in elections to gain public offices, active information seeking, consultation such as openly express- ing ideas in public fora, and active involvement in decision mak- ing processes. In this study, political participation is measured into how informed they are, how do they consult and how in- volved they are. JURNAL STUDI PEMERINTAH AN Figure 16 above shows the responses of the respondents to- 53 wards their political participation. Regarding on information, about 4% of the responses “never” discuss and social and politi- cal issues on social media. On the consultation part, about 4% “never” participate inanyforaorpolicyrecommendations, 16% “seldom” join these, 42% “sometimes” partake in these activi- ties, 33% do take part in these events “very often” and 5% “al- ways” join these fora and surveys about policy recommendations. Lastly, on the involvement of these officials, only about 3% of all the respondents answered that they “never” participate in workshops and training programs that could help develop their skills, 5% “seldom” partake in these activities. Overall, the abovementioned results tell us that the Sangguniang Kabataan officials have an average to high levels of political participation because most of these officials do take part and participate in these political activities, mostly sometimes to very often. This supports the findings of (Tomaro and Mutiarin, 2019) on the high levels of political engagement of youth people. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MOTIVATIONS AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION OF THE SANGGUNIANG KABATAAN OFFICIALS IN ILIGAN CITY In this section, the relationship between the motivations and political participation will be measured using regression analy- sis. Regression analysis is a statistical method that allows to ex- amine the relationship between two or more variables of inter- est. Th process of performing a regression allows one to confi- dently determine which factors matter most, which factors can be ignored and how these factors influence each other (Vilela, 2018). The analysis was done through the use of SmartPLS 3 as a quantitative tool. Average variance extracted (AVE) is a measure to assess con- vergent validity. Similar to explained variance in exploratory factoranalysis (EFA), average variance extracted is theaverage amount of variance in indicator variables that a construct is Vol. 12 No. 1 February 2021 54 managed to explain. (IGI Global, 2019). In order for a variable to be significant, the average variance extracted must be above 0.5. This study used PLS Algorithm in order to get the r-square of every indicator statement. In essence, the PLS algorithm is a sequence of regressions in terms of weight vectors. The weight vectors obtained at convergence satisfy fixed point equations. TABLE 10. MEASUREMENT MODEL1 Items Loadings a AVEb CRc Rho_Ad Cronbach’s Alphae Intrinsic COM1 0.773 0.571 0.943 0.941 0.930 Motivation COM2 0.726 COM3 0.810 COM4 0.800 CUR1 0.811 CUR2 0.598 CUR3 0.850 CUR4 0.814 ENJ1 0.829 ENJ2 0.802 ENJ3 0.578 ENJ4 0.605 Extrinsic EXR2 0.591 0.528 0.923 0.933 0.909 Motivation EXR3 0.623 IDE1 0.854 IDE2 0.759 IDE3 0.645 IDE4 0.839 INJ4 0.639 INT1 0.791 INT2 0.692 INT3 0.768 INT4 0.811 Political CO3 0.722 0.521 0.896 0.880 0.867 Participation CO4 0.622 IN4 0.585 IV1 0.740 IV2 0.772 IV3 0.798 IV4 0.807 IV5 0.698 JURNAL STUDI PEMERINTAH AN The initial PLS Algorithm stated that the r-square some of 55 theindicator statements arebelow 0.5 (see Table 10),thus, some oftheindicator statementswasremoved. Also, theaverage vari- ance extracted on the Political Participation variableis below 0.5 as well. Thus, in order for the average variance extracted to be above 0.5, the indicator statements of the variable below 0.5 willberemoved. Sincealloftheindicator statementswereabove 0.5, the lowest r-squares were removed. After removing the lowest r-squares, the average variance extracted was above 0.5 (see Table 11). TABLE 11. CONSTRUCT RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY ACCORDING TO PLS ALGORITHM Cronbach’s Alpha rho_A Composite Reliability Average Variance Extracted Extrinsic Motivation 0.909 0.933 0.923 0.528 Intrinsic Motivation 0.930 0.941 0.940 0.571 Political Participation 0.867 0.880 0.896 0.521 In order to determine the relationship of extrinsic and in- trinsic motivation of the Sangguniang Kabataan officers to their political participation, this study used bootstrapping in order to determine the p-values usingthe software SmartPLS 3. Accord- ing to the software, bootstrapping is a nonparametric procedure that allows testing the statistical significance of various PLS-SEM results suchpathcoefficients, Cronbach’s alpha, HTMT, and R² values. The p-value tells which relationships in a model are significant (Frost, 2019). TABLE 12. PATH COEFFICIENTS OF THE EXTRINSIC AND INTRINSIC MOTIVATION Original Sample Sample Mean Standard Deviation T Statistics P values Extrinsic 0.094 0.123 0.194 0.484 0.629 Motivation Intrinsic Motivation 0.584 0.588 0.189 3.094 0.002 Vol. 12 No. 1 February 2021 56 Table 12 shows the p-values of extrinsic and intrinsic motiva- tion. The table explains that only the intrinsic motivation hasa significant effect to political participation with a p-value of less thanthe significance level of 0.05. Accordingto (Frost, 2019), if the p-value is less than the significance level, the sample data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the regression model fits the data. This supports the Self-Determination Theory be- cause according to the theory, intrinsic motivation, morelikely, increases the likelihood to engage in an activity rather than ex- trinsic motivation (Ryan & Deci, 2000). This result is consistent with the study of political participation which finds that intrin- sic motivation is associated with active information seeking online (Losier, Perreault, Koestner, and Vallerand, 2001). It isalsocon- sistent with the findings that in terms of Youth participation in Sangguniang Kabataan programs, intrinsic motivation such as feelings of fulfillment was determined to be among the signifi- cant drivers of political participation (Peregrino, 2014). This result is also consistent with findings of other fields of study such as sports wherein being intrinsically motivated to participate in sports or physically activity is associated with height- ened participation on that activity (Lauderdale, Yli-Piipari, Irwin and Layne, 2015; Standage, Duda, and Ntoumanis, 2005; Teixeira, Carrca, Markland, Silva, and Ryan, 2012). A study about motivations in online and offline spheres of political participation may help explain why extrinsic motiva- tion does not exert a significant effect on political participation. Accordingly, extrinsic motivation is more affective in online sphere of political participation as it is more concerned with fitting in (Lilleker & Koc-Michalska, 2016). Meanwhile, most of the identified levels of political participation of the SK officials happens more offline (active participation in public consulta- tions and fora, and decisions making processes such as annual meetings). Furthermore, why extrinsic motivation does not ex- ert significant effect on political participation may be explained by the higher levels of intrinsic motivation compared to their JURNAL STUDI PEMERINTAH AN extrinsic motivation; as intrinsic motivation is associated with 57 increased internalization of values and behavioral regulations (associated with a sense of personal commitment) which leads to greater persistence, more positive self-perceptions, and bet- ter quality of engagement (Ryan & Deci, 2000). In the Philip- pinecontext, the youtha popularlyperceive SKofficialsas hav- ing self-serving reasons in their service and being no different thantraditionalpoliticians(traitsofhavingextrinsicmotivation) (Peregrino, 2014). However, the findings of this studyis in con- trastwiththese popularperceptionsof SKofficials, asitisshown that the SK officials in Iligan City is more affected by intrinsic motivation (associated withasense of personalcommitment) in their political participation. TABLE13. R-SQUARE OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION R-square Political Participation 0.445 Table 13 showsthe r-square ofthepoliticalparticipationvari- able. Only 44.5% can be explain by this study’s model. The re- mainder 55.5% can be explained by external factors such as parenting styles (Wuttke, 2016; Fox, Scholar & Timmerman, 2016). Among the external factors that may contribute to this study’s model are the spheres or platform of political participa- tion wherein it was found that offline political participation was associated more with feelings of fulfillment (Lilleker & Koc- Michalska, 2016). Furthermore, socio-economic status may in- fluence decision-making as significant relationship between socio- economic status and motivation are apparent in other fields of studysuchaseducation(Bergerand Archer, 2015; Bodovskiand Youn, 2011; Garriot et al., 2013; Johnson Mortimer, 2011; McCoy et al., 2015; Salinas and Jimenez et al., 2010, as cited by Sheehy-Skeffington and Rea, 2017). Vol. 12 No. 1 February 2021 58 CONCLUSION Motivation is a significant factor in determining the levels of participationoractivityamongindividuals. Asa partofthebroad repertoire of activities that people engage in, political participa- tion is also affected by the extent of motivation an individual hasfortheactivity. Fourconclusionsmaybedrawninthisstudy, firstly, the Sangguniang Kabataan officials subjected to this study were determined to consist mostly of females than males with more; they were also determined to have parents with an educa- tionalattainment of college level; theywere mostlybelongingto low-income households; and finally, most of them were de- termined to not have relatives with political history or back- ground. Secondly, the SK officials in this studywere found to be more intrinsically motivated when they ran of public office than they are extrinsically motivated. The third conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that the SK officials in this study were found to participate in politics frequently through active information seeking on social issues, active participation in pub- lic fora and consultations, and active participation in key deci- sion-making process. Finally, the findings of this study are con- sistent with the theory of Self-determination which posits that being intrinsically motivated to engage in an activity leads to a more participative engagement. This study concludes that when it comesto political participation amongthe SK officials, intrin- sic motivation towards participating in politics is significantly associated and affective towards theact of information seeking, active participation in public fora and consultations, and being active in decision-making processes. Significant strides with regards to the inquiry of cognitive concepts such as motivation, and its influence to political par- ticipation have been made in the previous literatures and in the findings of this study. The emergence of intrinsic motivation to be stronglyrelated to political participation, the development of intrinsic motivation through civic education, leadership de- velopment, and political education must be given strong focus JURNAL STUDI PEMERINTAH AN by educational institutions. For future researches, a need for 59 expansion in this field of study is still necessary in order to broaden the knowledge of this subject matter. As this study fo- cuses more on quantitative analysis, it is recommended for fu- ture research to utilize qualitative research methods or a combi- nation of both in the inquiry of how cognitive concepts such as motivations affect the degree of political participation among the youth. 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