watson.qxd Check list of the mammals of Tussen-die-Riviere Provincial Nature Reserve, Free State Province, South Africa J.P. WATSON Watson, J.P. 2006. Check list of the mammals of Tussen-die-Riviere Provincial Nature Reserve, Free State Province, South Africa. Koedoe 49(1): 111–117. Pretoria. ISSN 0075-6458. Tussen-die-Riviere Nature Reserve falls within the Eastern Mixed Nama-Karoo Biome. The surface area is approximately 23 000 ha and it is located in a summer rainfall region. Sixty six different mammal species were recorded for the reserve over the past 13 years which constitutes 65 % of the indigenous mammals recorded for the Free State Province. The highest number of species for the rodents and insectivores were record- ed in riverine habitat but the highest abundance were recorded in rocky habitat and was constituted by only one species, Aethomys namaquensis. Key words: check list, distribution, mammals, conservation area, South Africa. J.P. Watson, Scientific Support Services, Free State Department of Tourism, Environ- mental and Economic Affairs, Private Bag X20801, Bloemfontein, 9300 Republic of South Africa. (watsonj @dteea.fs.gov.za). ISSN 0075-6458 111 Koedoe 49/1 (2006) Introduction Species lists of occurrence or inventories of species on nature reserves, national parks or specific conservation areas have been pub- lished extensively in the past (Rautenbach 1976; Nel et al. 1980; Pienaar et al. 1980; Rautenbach 1982; Lynch 1983; Lynch 1989; Lynch & Watson 1990; Lynch 1994; Avenant 1997; Avenant 2000a). This refined the knowledge of the distribution of mammal species in South Africa. This information formed part of the reference base when the status of species and distribution delineations were determined for the biodiversity of South Africa. Very few provincial reserves in the Free State (FS) have published mammal inventories (Rautenbach 1976; Avenant 1997; Avenant 2000b; Avenant & Watson 2002; Wandrag et al. 2002). This is one of the reasons why the presence of some species in the FS were omitted or not properly docu- mented during the compilation of the recent Red Data Book of the mammals of South Africa (Friedman & Daly 2004). Lynch (1983) conducted a survey of the mammals in the Free State but never sampled any of the provincial or national conservation areas dur- ing this survey. All the effort was focused on private farms, although sampling did occur adjacent to some provincial reserves. The intention of this paper is to publish data that has been collected over the past 13 years at Tussen-die-Riviere Nature Reserve (TDR) in the Free State and hopefully it will con- tribute to the distribution of information on mammals in central South Africa. Study area Tussen-die-Riviere Nature Reserve is situat- ed in the southern Free State Province of South Africa, between the Caledon and Orange rivers, with the western boundary at the confluence of the two rivers (26º03'–26º 20'E, 30º25'–30º35'S). The reserve was established in 1967 and proclaimed as a nature reserve in 1972 (Van Aarde 1984; Vrahimis 1991). Altitude varies between 1150–1480 m above sea level. The absolute maximum and minimum temperatures recorded are 38.3 ºC and -9.3 ºC respective- ly, with a mean annual precipitation of 441 mm (Vrahimis 1991). Tussen-die-Riviere is about 23 000 ha in size, consisting of dolomite koppies with domi- watson.qxd 2006/04/17 11:02 PM Page 111 nant tree species being Olea, Rhus, Celtis and Maytenus. The grass plains consist of Themeda, Aristida, Cymbopogon, Era- grostis, Chrysocoma, Lesertia, Osteo- spermum, Salsola and Nestlera species. The two major rivers, the Orange and Caledon, that runs through the reserve are fringed by species such as Diospyros, Phragmitis, Salix babalonica, Acacia karoo, Lycium and Celtis. According to Acocks (1988), it falls within the False Upper Karoo (vegetation type 300), but Low & Rebelo (1996) rele- gates it to Eastern Mixed Nama-Karoo (veg- etation type 52). Originally TDR was utilised exclusively as a hunting venue but was also managed as a conservation area where a number of Artio- dactyla and Perissodactyla were introduced into the reserve over the years. Hunting formed part of the game management actions of the reserve. Recently the function of TDR changed from primarily being a hunting venue to a conservation area and the man- agement plan was adjusted accordingly. Materials and methods Recording of mammal occurrence data has been con- ducted since 1992. Small mammal surveys were car- ried out on various occasions utilising Sherman type live traps, snap traps (museum specials) and catching specimens by hand. A general bait, consisting of peanut butter, rolled oats, sunflower oil and beef extract (Bovril) was used to bait traps. Traps were checked and re-baited at sunrise and sunset and the specimens collected were either released after iden- tification or in cases where animals were sampled the specimens were deposited in the mammal collec- tion of the National Museum in Bloemfontein. The trap success of rodents and insectivores caught in traps was calculated following the method described by Rowe-Rowe & Meester (1982). The following habitat types were sampled: rocky ridges, riverine vegetation, grass/ shrub land, and old buildings. In the case of the latter, traps were set out- side the buildings next to walls in vegetation. Macro mist nets were used to collect bats at night. Likely sites were investigated during the day and bats were collected by hand or shot with .22 dust shot. Sight records of various species were taken during game drives, night drives with a spotlight, and dur- ing culling operations. Other signs like quills, tracks, scats and burrows were also used to determine the presence of some species on the reserve. Sightings recorded by the reserve personnel were incorporated in the species lists. The nomenclature followed in this manuscript is according to Bronner et al. (2003). Results and discussion According to Hilton-Taylor & Le Roux (1989) the Nama-Karoo and Succulent- Karoo are two of the most inadequately pro- tected biomes in South Africa. The Nama- Karoo, in which TDR is located, is particu- larly inadequately protected and of concern (Gelderblom & Bronner 1995). Tussen-die- Riviere has grassland elements present which places it in the transitional zone between the Nama-Karoo and Grassland bio- mes. Gelderblom et al. (1995) are of the opinion that the southern Free State is an unprotected hotspot with high species rich- ness, endemic and Red Data species and is a conservation priority area for carnivores. Augmentation of the conservation area net- work in this region will protect the maxi- mum number of species within a minimum land surface (Gelderblom et al. 1995). Apart from the alien invasive fallow deer Cervus dama (Nature Conservation Ordi- nance No. 8 of 1969) which entered the reserve by dispersal from neighbouring farms, only one species of the 66 recorded species for TDR, viz., impala Aepyceros melampus, occurs extralimitly in TDR (Plug & Badenhorst 2001). This species was origi- nally introduced for hunting purposes. The species composition (Table 1) on TDR repre- sents 65 % of the 101 indigenous mammals for the Free State (Lynch 1983; Watson 1990a; Watson 1990b; Watson 1998; Avenant & Watson 2002; Ferreira & Avenant 2003). The Chacma baboon Papio hamadryas ursi- nus is shown as being introduced in Table 1, although this species did occur originally in the region. Baboons that were used in a behavioural study by a student were released Koedoe 49/1 (2006) 112 ISSN 0075-6458 watson.qxd 2006/04/17 11:02 PM Page 112 ISSN 0075-6458 113 Koedoe 49/1 (2006) into the resident troop at TDR in the early 1970s after completion of the project. The study animals did not originate from this region but were animals captured at Loskop Dam Nature Reserve in Mpumalanga. There is evidence that two genetically different groups of baboons occur in South Africa, a northern and southern group (Friedman & Daly 2004; Bloomer pers. comm.). The result is that the troop on TDR might have been contaminated with animals from the northern group. Fallow deer, an exotic or alien invasive species (Nature Conservation Ordinance No 8 of 1969), occasionally enter TDR from neighbouring farms. The TDR personnel cull these animals whenever this species is encountered. Re-entry from adjacent farms does, however, occur periodically and it is a continuous process to remove these animals, underlining the importance of regulating the importation of alien species into any area. Ferreira & Avenant (2003) recorded Otomys saundersiae or Saunders’ vlei rat, Dendro- mus melanotis the grey climbing mouse, Tat- era leucogaster the bushveld gerbil, Mys- tromys albicaudatus the white tailed rat and Crocidura cyanea the reddish-grey musk shrew at the reserve. Four other species, Cro- cidura fuscomurina the tiny musk shrew (DD), Desmodillus auricularis the short tailed gerbil, Ichneumia albicauda the white- tailed mongoose and Lutra maculicollis the spotted necked otter (NT) were recorded by Lynch (1983) in close proximity to reserve but these species have not to date been recorded on the reserve. Of these four species, one is near threatened (NT) and one is data deficient (DD), resulting in two of the four species listed in a Red Data category as defined by Friedman & Daly (2004). It is important to establish whether these species occur on the reserve, and management prac- tices should be of such a nature as to be able to accommodate these species. Most of the above-mentioned four species are not common, occur in low numbers or are very secretive and difficult to observe or cap- ture. Rodentia The rocky outcrop habitat offered the lowest variety of species. Only one species, Aethomys namaquensis, was trapped although sightings of the insectivores Ele- phantulus myurus, were made while working in the veld. None were successfully trapped. Even with the lowest species variety this habitat had the highest trap success (Table 2). Aethomys namaquensis is a common and abundant species in rocky habitat in the Free State. High trap success percentages are usu- ally experienced when trapping in rocky habitat. Old buildings gave the second highest trap success with only two species present, viz., Mastomys (sensu lato) and Graphiurus mur- inus. The Mastomys (sensu lato) was trapped in only two habitats; the other being riverine vegetation. This species is a generalist and its presence is also indicative of habitat distur- bance. Graphiurus murinus was only cap- tured next to an old building in the Spes Bona area of the reserve (Table 2). These ani- mals are, to a large extent, arboreal and old buildings have shelter and food plants, such as Diospyros lyciodes, growing along the walls. Traps were set for this species where eaten fruits were detected at the old build- ings. Factors such as shelter, food and signs of their presence enhanced the trappabilty of this species at the old buildings although they do mostly occur in rocky habitats, or in big trees with holes in the trunks and branches (Skinner & Smithers 1990). Grass and shrub plains had the lowest trap success. Only two species were recorded, i.e., Aethomys namaquensis and Saccostomys campestris (Table 2). The former is usually confined to rocky areas and the inclusion of the species in this habitat is due to the fact that traplines were set too close to rocky areas and an ecotone effect manifested in this species being trapped in grass/ shrub plains. The pouched mouse, Saccostomys campes- tris, is catholic, occupying a variety of vege- tation and climate types and is widely dis- tributed (Skinner & Smithers 1990). Lynch (1983) shows this species to occur only in the watson.qxd 2006/04/17 11:02 PM Page 113 Koedoe 49/1 (2006) 114 ISSN 0075-6458 Table 1 Mammals recorded in Tussen-die-Riviere 1 = Re-introduced, 2 = Listed Red Data species (Friedman & Daly 2004). 3 = Exotic. DD = Data Deficient; NT = Near Threatened; VU = Vulnerable. Scientific and common names are according to Bronner et al. (2003) Scientific name Common name Status Observed Signs/ TDR in surveys personnel Insectivora 2 Suncus varilla Lesser dwarf shrew DD X 2 Atelerix frontalis South African hedgehog NT X 2 Crocidura cyanea Reddish-grey musk shrew DD Chiroptera Rhinolophus clivosus Geoffroy’s horseshoe bat X Neuromicia capensis Cape serotine bat X Tadarida aegyptiaca Egyptian free-tailed bat X Primates 1 Papio hamadryas ursinus Chacma baboon X Cercopithecus pygerythrus Vervet monkey X Carnivora Vulpes chama Cape fox X Canis mesomelas Black-backed jackal X Aonyx capensis African clawless otter X Ictonyx striatus Striped polecat X 2 Poecilogale albinucha Striped weasel DD X Genetta genetta Small-spotted genet X Suricata suricatta Suricate X Cynictis penicillata Yellow mongoose X Galerella pulverulenta Cape grey mongoose X Atilax paludinosus Marsh mongoose X Proteles cristatus Aardwolf X 2 Parahyaena brunnea Brown hyaena NT X Caracal caracal Caracal X Felis silvestris African wild cat X Felis nigripes Black footed cat X Otocyon megalotis Bat-eared fox X Panthera pardus Leopard X Perissodactyla 1 Ceratotherium simum White rhinoceros X 2,1 Diceros bicornis minor Black rhinoceros VU X 1 Equus quagga Plains zebra X Hyracoidea Procavia capensis Rock hyrax X Tubulidentata Orycteropus afer Aardvark X Artiodactyla 1 Phacochoerus africanus Common warthog X 1 Connochaetus gnou Black wildebeest X 1 Alcelaphus buselaphus Red hartebeest X 1 Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi Blesbok X Sylvicapra grimmia Common duiker X Antidorcas marsupialis Springbok X Rhaphicerus campestris Steenbok X 1 Aepyceros melampus Impala X 1 Oryx gazella Gemsbok X 1 Syncerus caffer African buffalo X 1 Tragelaphus strepsiceros Greater kudu X watson.qxd 2006/04/17 11:02 PM Page 114 extreme southern Free State Province and is of the opinion that they are absent from the rest of the province. This species has howev- er been recorded at Sandveld Nature Reserve in the western Free State (Avenant & Watson 2002). Next to the drainage lines where riverine vegetation was present, the highest number of species (5) were recorded. The two most common species were generalists, Rhab- domys pumilio and Mastomys (sensu lato). These two species usually have wide habitat requirements and are catholic. The high species variety is probably due to the greater number of micro habitats that are available, more diverse food range and the denser veg- etation cover in these areas. Otomys irrora- tus, a specialist and vegetarian, was only col- lected in the riverine areas as this species tends to keep to areas with firstly dense veg- etation cover and secondly, areas associated with higher moisture which also promotes plant production (Table 2). Conclusion As mentioned above, Tussen-die-Riviere Nature Reserve has 66 recorded mammal species present. A number of these species are endemic to South Africa and some are listed in Red Data book categories (Fried- ISSN 0075-6458 115 Koedoe 49/1 (2006) Table 1 (continued) Scientific name Common name Status Observed Signs/ TDR in surveys personnel 1 Tragelaphus oryx Eland X Redunca fulvorufula Mountain reedbuck X 1 Redunca arundinum Southern (Common) reedbuck X 3 Cervus dama Fallow Deer X Rodentia Xerus inauris South African ground squirrel X Pedetes capensis Springhare X Hystrix africaeaustralis Cape porcupine X Cryptomys hottentotus African mole-rat X Otomys irroratus Vlei rat X Otomys saundersiae Saunders’ vlei rat 2 Mystromys albicaudatus White-tailed rat EN Saccostomus campestris Pouched mouse X Malacothrix typica Large eared mouse X Dendromus melanotis Gey climbing mouse Rhabdomys pumilio Four-stripe grass mouse X Mus minutoides (sensu lato) Pygmy mouse X Mastomys (sensu lato) Multimammate mouse X Aethomys namaquensis Namaqua rock mouse X Grahiurus murinus Woodland dormouse X Tatera brantsii Highveld gerbil X Tatera leucogaster Bushveld gerbil Lagomorpha Lepus saxatilis Scrub hare X Lepus capensis Cape hare X Pronolagus rupestris Smith’s red rock rabbit X Macroscelidea Elephantulus myurus Rock elephant shrew X Species in bold are records from Ferreira & Avenant (2003). watson.qxd 2006/04/17 11:02 PM Page 115 man & Daly 2004). Tussen-die-Riviere Nature Reserve falls within the transitional zone between the Nama-Karoo and Grass- land biomes and is an important area for the conservation of South African mammals. The reserve supports a high species richness, including some endemics and is pointed out as a priority area for carnivores (Gelderblom et al. 1995). Furthermore, the reserve forms an integral part of the conservation network in this region. This also supports the recom- mendation by Gelderblom et al. (1995) that maximum conservation effort with minimum land surface can be achieved in this region. This should be investigated by the various adjoining provinces and an effort must be made to increase the surface area of the con- servation areas in this biome. The formation of a trans-provincial park, linking all the nature reserves and having a jointly-man- aged management plan for the whole area will also enhance the biodiversity conserva- tion effort in this biome. Acknowledgements Gratitude is extended to the Free State Department of Tourism, Environmental and Economic Affairs for the time and funds that were available to collect the data and publish the results. Further gratitude is extended to all the reserve personnel at Tussen-die- Riviere who contributed with observations. The recommendations of Dr Naas Rautenbach, Savvas Vrahimis and Dr. Pierre Nel on the manuscript are appreciated and incorporated in the document. References ACOCKS, J.P.H. 1988. Veld types of South Africa, 3rd edn. Memoirs of the botanical Survey of South Africa 57: 1-146. AVENANT, N.L. 1997. Mammals recorded in Qwa- Qwa National Park (1994-1995). Koedoe 40(1): 31-40. AVENANT, N.L. 2000a. Terrestrial small-mammal diversity in Koranaberg Conservancy, Free State, South Afrika. Navorsinge van die Nasio- nale Museum, Bloemfontein 16(4): 69-82. AVENANT, N.L. 2000b. Small mammal community characteristics as indicators of ecological distur- bance in the Willem Pretorius Nature Reserve, Free State, South Afrika. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 30(1): 26-33. AVENANT, N.L. & J.P. WATSON. 2002. Mammals of Sandveld Nature Reserve, Free State province, South Africa. Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum, Bloemfontein 18(1): 1-12. BRONNER, G.N., M. HOFFMANN, P.J. TAYLOR, C.T. CHIMIMBA, P.B. BEST, C.A. MATHEE & T.J. ROBINSON. 2003. A revised systematic checklist of the extant mammals of the southern African subregion. Durban Museum Novitates 28: 56 - 106. FERREIRA, S.M. & N.L. AVENANT. 2003. Modelling the effects of trap-spacing on small mammal community descriptors in grasslands at Tussen- die-Riviere Nature Reserve, Free State Province, Koedoe 49/1 (2006) 116 ISSN 0075-6458 Table 2 Species variety and trap success for the various habitats sampled in Tussen-die-Riviere Nature Reserve, Free State Province, South Africa Habitat Nights Trap Number of individuals (Percentage trap-success) Total no. individuals Aethomys Saccostomus Rhabdomys Mastomys Otomys Mus Graphiurus and namaquensis campestris pumilio sensu lato irroratus minitoides murinus trap-success Rocky outcrop 120 5 (4.2%) 5 (4.2%) Grass/ Shrub plains 280 2 (0.7%) 4 (1.4%) 6 (2.1%) Riverine 640 4 (0.6%) 7 (1.1%) 7 (1.1%) 1 (0.2%) 1 (0.2%) 20 (3.2%) Old shed 140 3 (2.1%) 2 (1.4%) 5 (3.5%) Total 1180 7 (0.6%) 8 (0.7%) 7 (0.6%) 10 (0.9%) 1 (0.08%) 1 (0.08%) 2 (0.2%) 36 (3.1%) watson.qxd 2006/04/17 11:02 PM Page 116 South Africa. Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum, Bloemfontein 19(2): 21-30. FRIEDMAN, Y. & B. DALY (eds.). 2004. Red Data Book of the Mammals of Southern Africa: A Conservation Assessment. CBSG Soutern Africa, Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (SSC/IUCN), Endangered Wildlife Trust. South Africa. GELDERBLOM, C.M. & G.N. BRONNER. 1995. Patterns of distribution and current protection status of the endemic mammals in South Africa. South African Journal of Zoology 30(3): 127-135. GELDERBLOM, C.M., G.N. BRONNER, A.T. LOMBARD & P.J. TAYLOR. 1995. Patterns of distribution and current protection status of the Carnivora, Chi- roptera and Insectivora. South African Journal of Zoology 30(3): 103-114. HILTON-TAYLOR, C. & A. LE ROUX. 1989. Conserva- tion status of the fynbos and Karoo biomes. Pp. 202-223. In: HUNTLEY, B.J. (ed.). Biotic diver- sity in Southern Africa. Cape Town: Oxford Uni- versity Press. LOW, A.B. & A.G. REBELO. 1996. Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Pretoria: Depart- ment of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. LYNCH, C.D. 1983. 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A survey of the mammals occurring in the Golden Gate Highlands Nation- al Park. Koedoe 19: 133-144. RAUTENBACH, I.L. 1982. Mammals of the Transvaal. Ecoplan monograph No. 1: 1-211. ROWE-ROWE, D.T. & J. MEESTER. 1982. Habitat pref- erences and abundance relations of small mam- mals in the Natal Drakensberg. South African Journal of Zoology 17: 202-209. SKINNER, J.D. & R.H.N. SMITHERS. 1990. The mam- mals of the southern African subregion. Pretoria: University of Pretoria, South Africa. SOUTH AFRICA. 1969. Nature Conservation Ordi- nance No. 8 of 1969. Pretoria: Government Printer. VAN AARDE, R.J. 1984. Reproduction in the porcu- pine Hystrix africae-australis Peters. D.Sc. the- sis, Univ. Pretoria, Pretoria. VRAHIMIS, S. 1991. Activity patterns of Black Wilde- beest (Connochaetes gnou Zimmerman, 1780) in the Orange Free State. M.Sc. thesis, Universi- ty of the Orange Free State. WANDRAG, G.F., J.P. WATSON & N.B. COLLINS. 2002. Rodent and insectivore species diversity of Seekoeivlei Provincial Nature Reserve, Free State, South Africa. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 32(2): 137-143. WATSON, J.P. 1990a. Westward range extention of Temminck’s hairy bat in South Africa and Lesotho. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 20(3): 119-121. WATSON, J.P. 1990.b. New distribution records of Laephotis in Southern Africa and Lesotho. Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum, Bloem- fontein 7(4): 61-70. WATSON J.P. 1998. New distributional records for three microchiropteran bats (Vespertillionidae, Rhinolophidae) from the Free State Province, South Africa. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 28(4):127-131. 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