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Original Research

Vol. 50   No. 1   pp. 61 - 71

Vegetation of the hantam-tanqua-RoggeVeld subRegion, 
south afRica.   

PaRt 1: fynbos biome Related Vegetation

ABSTRACT
The Succulent Karoo Hotspot stretches along the western side of the Republic of South Africa and 
Namibia. A lack of botanical information on the Hantam-Tanqua-Roggeveld area of the Succulent 
Karoo Hotspot was identified during the SKEP (Succulent Karoo Ecosystem Plan) process. A grant 
from CEPF (Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund) funded a study to produce a vegetation map of the 
area to serve as baseline for ecosystem management.

Vegetation surveys were conducted over an area of more than three million hectares from August to 
October 2004. Two major floristic units were identified, namely the Fynbos Biome related (Mountain 
Renosterveld) and Succulent Karoo Biome related units. An analysis of the floristic data of the 
predominantly Mountain Renosterveld vegetation unit is presented in this paper. Three associations 
were identified, which were subdivided into nine subassociations, one of which contains four variants. 
The vegetation units are described in terms of their species composition and their relationships with 
the physical environment. A vegetation map is provided depicting the geographical distribution of the 
different vegetation types. The main threat to the vegetation of the region identified by the farming 
community was a lack of infrastructure.

Keywords: Mountain Renosterveld, phytosociology, Succulent Karoo, vegetation classification, 
vegetation map

The Succulent Karoo, which stretches along the western side 
of South Africa and Namibia, is recognised by the IUCN as 
one of the global hotspots of biodiversity (Myers et al. 2000, 
CEPF 2003) and one of only two hotspots that are entirely arid 
(Conservation International – website). 

In 2002 the Succulent Karoo Ecosystem Plan (SKEP) was 
launched to identify and generate consensus for a 20-year 
conservation and sustainable land-use strategy for the Succulent 
Karoo Hotspot. SKEP aims to meet the quantitative targets for 
the conservation of vegetation and globally threatened and 
endemic species at particular sites, as well as critical ecological 
and evolutionary processes that must be conserved to ensure 
the persistence of these species (Conservation International 
– website).

For management purposes, the SKEP initiative subdivided the 
Succulent Karoo into four subregions, of which the Hantam-
Tanqua-Roggeveld constituted one. In common with the rest 
of the Succulent Karoo, the vegetation of the Hantam-Tanqua-
Roggeveld subregion includes a wide range of succulents, 
geophytes and annuals. After good rains, the spectacular 
autumn and spring displays of wild flowers in parts of the 
region attract large numbers of tourists. Unlike many parts of 
Namaqualand, such brilliant shows of annuals and geophytes 
are not only a feature of fallow fields, but also occur in the 
undisturbed natural vegetation in the Hantam and Roggeveld 
(Van Wyk & Smith 2001).  

The identification, description and classification of vegetation 
units across the landscape comprise the critical first steps in 
building a framework for ecosystem management planning. 

Information on the spatial, temporal and ecological properties 
of the vegetation units can lead to the improved understanding, 
protection and management of natural resources. Progression 
of the SKEP initiative soon showed the paucity of data 
available on the biodiversity of the Hantam-Tanqua-Roggeveld 
subregion, which was key to future planning, conservation and 
development. The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF), 
which is a joint initiative of Conservation International, the 
Global Environmental Facility, the Government of Japan, the 
MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank, therefore granted 
funding for botanical studies in the subregion.

The first step of the botanical study was to undertake a 
systematic broad-scale vegetation survey of the entire subregion 
of approximately three million hectares, which could be used 
as the basis for further detailed botanical investigations. The 
survey revealed two distinct vegetation groups, i.e. the Fynbos 
Biome related Mountain Renosterveld vegetation group and 
the Succulent Karoo Biome related vegetation group. The aim 
of the present article is to report on the Mountain Renosterveld 
vegetation, depicting its component vegetation units on a map. 
A second article (Van der Merwe et al. in press) will report on 
the latter vegetation group. 

STUDY AREA

The Hantam-Tanqua-Roggeveld subregion (Fig. 1), as defined in 
the current study, lies in the predominantly winter rainfall region 
of the Northern and Western Cape Provinces of South Africa, 
and covers an area of approximately three million hectares. 
In the west it stretches from east of the Cederberg Mountains 

HElGA VAN dER MERWE  
MARGARETHA W. VAN ROOyEN

NOEl VAN ROOyEN
Department of Plant Science

University of Pretoria
South Africa

Correspondence to: Helga van der Merwe
 e-mail: soekop@hantam.co.za

Postal Address: department of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002

61
2008



Original Research Van der Merwe, Van der Merwe &  Van Rooyen

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http://www.koedoe.co.zaVol. 50   No. 1   pp. 61 - 71

in the southwestern corner, northwards along the Bokkeveld 
Mountains to just north of loeriesfontein. The eastern border 
includes the Roggeveld and Nuweveld Mountain Ranges to just 
southwest of Fraserburg, while the southern limit includes the 
Tanqua and Ceres Karoo to where the Swartrug Mountains and 
the Bontberg Mountains meet north of Ceres. 

The Mountain Renosterveld discussed in the current article 
is found on the Roggeveld, Nuweveld, Komsberg, Klein 
Roggeveld, Koedoesberg and Hantam Mountains. In general, 
this is the higher-lying part of the larger subregion that is 
actually situated in the Fynbos Biome (Rutherford & Westfall 
1986). This area includes Acocks’s (1988) Mountain Renosterveld 
(Veld Type 43), which is equivalent to the Escarpment Mountain 
Renosterveld (Unit 60) of low and Rebelo (1998). According to 
Mucina et al. (2005), six vegetation types are represented in the 
area, namely the Nieuwoudtville Shale Renosterveld (FRs 2); 
the Roggeveld Shale Renosterveld (FRs 3); the Central Mountain 
Shale Renosterveld (FRs 5); the Nieuwoudtville Roggeveld 
dolerite Renosterveld (FRd 1); the Hantam Plateau dolerite 
Renosterveld (FRd 2); and the Roggeveld Karoo (SKt 3).

The earliest references to the botanical wealth of the Hantam-
Roggeveld date from the early 1900s. diels (1909 in Van Wyk 
& Smith 2001) mentioned the high levels of endemism in the 
Hantam-Roggeveld and provided a useful floristic analysis of 
the region. He concurred with Marloth (1908) that the region 
is floristically more closely related to the Succulent Karoo and 
the Great Karoo than to the Cape Floristic Region, although 
Cape floristic elements are clearly present, especially on the 
Hantamsberg (Van Wyk & Smith 2001). The Roggeveld was 
also one of the three centres of endemism that Hilton-Taylor 
(1994) identified within the Western Cape domain, the other 
two centres being the Western Mountain Karoo and Tanqua 
Karoo, which also fall within the Hantam-Tanqua-Roggeveld 
subregion.  Van Wyk and Smith (2001) combined the Hantam-
Roggeveld into one of their 13 principal centres of plant 
endemism in southern Africa and stressed the unique botanical 
importance of this area.

The rainfall ranges from 132–467 mm per year (Weather Bureau 
1998), which, although falling mainly in winter, includes a few 
summer thunderstorms. In 2004 the rainfall season was poor 
and the usual winter snowfalls on the high-lying areas were 
limited to the light snow that fell on one occasion, compared 

with the mean of six snow days recorded over a 24-year period 
by the Weather Bureau (1998). At Sutherland the mean maximum 
for the warmest month, January, is 27.1°C, while, the extreme 
maximum recorded was 35.5°C in January 1980 (Weather 
Bureau 1998). The mean minimum for the coldest month, July, 
is –2.4°C, while the extreme minimum, -13.6°C, was recorded in 
July 1970 and August 1978 (Weather Bureau 1998).

Rocks of the Ecca Group cover most of this area with dwyka 
(consisting of tillite, sandstone, mudstone and shale) cropping 
out in the west and the Beaufort Group in the east (Council for 
Geoscience 1973, 1983, 1989, 1991, 1997, 2001). The Ecca Group 
includes sediments of the Koedoesberg Formation (consisting of 
sandstone and shale) and the Tierberg Formation (consisting of 
shale) (Council for Geoscience 1973, 1983, 1989, 1991, 1997, 2001). 
Mudstones of the Beaufort Group are found on the eastern side 
of the study area (Council for Geoscience 1973, 1983, 1989, 1991, 
1997, 2001). Igneous intrusions of dolerite occur throughout 
the region, being easily recognisable as very hard, dark grey 
to nearly black rocks (Van Wyk & Smith 2001). The soils of the 
Roggeveld consist primarily of clays and silts derived from 
the Karoo sequence shales (low & Rebelo 1998) and are found 
on the slopes and foothills of the Great Escarpment along the 
various mountain ranges.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Satellite images (Bands: 4, 5 and 3 (R,G,B)) of the study area 
were visually stratified into relatively homogeneous units on 
the basis of colour, texture and topography. This stratification 
was used to select the sites at which sample plots were surveyed 
from August until October 2004. At each site GPS (Global 
Positioning System) coordinates were taken and each species 
present in the plot was noted and assigned a cover-abundance 
value according to the Braun Blanquet cover-abundance scale 
(Werger 1974). Various environmental characteristics, such as 
altitude, topography, aspect, slope, an estimation of rock cover, 
the size of the rocks, soil type and colour, and the degree of 
erosion were noted at each sampling point. Biotic effects, such 
as trampling, small mammal activity, or invasion by alien 
plants, were also recorded. 

A total of 390 sample plots covering the entire Hantam-Tanqua-
Roggeveld subregion were surveyed in 2004. An analysis of 
the floristic data was undertaken using the TURBOVEG and 
MEGATAB computer package (Hennekens & Schaminée 2001). 
Vegetation data were captured with the TURBOVEG software 
and the data were classified with the aid of MEGATAB.

As a first step to the classification of the floristic data, a Two-Way 
Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN) (Hill 1979) was run in 
MEGATAB. The result of the TWINSPAN on the entire data set 
confirmed the presence of two distinct floristic groups, which 
enabled the data set to be split into two. A TWINSPAN was 
then run separately on each data set, with the resulting tables 
being further refined to obtain clear species assemblages. The 
first phytosociological table, which characterises the vegetation 
of the predominately Mountain Renosterveld as defined by 
Acocks (1988), is discussed in the current article. 

The major vegetation units distinguished in the Mountain 
Renosterveld were termed associations following the use as 
defined by Nelder et al. (2005). Associations are produced on 
the basis of the presence and abundance of species, vegetation 
structure and the spatial distribution of individuals in the 
dominant layer. Subassociations are generally distinguished 
on the basis of elements in the subdominant layers. The 
subassociations are described in terms of a list of species 
featuring each structural layer, together with its canopy cover.

FIGURE 1
Subregions in the SKEP planning domain (CEPF 2003).

62



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64



Fynbos biome related vegetation Original Research

A
frican P

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onservation and S
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http://www.koedoe.co.za KOEDOEVol. 50   No. 1   pp. 61 - 71

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65



Original Research Van der Merwe, Van der Merwe &  Van Rooyen

KOEDOE

A
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66

Using the distribution of the sample plots, supported by 
1:250 000 topocadastral maps, land type maps (Agricultural 
Research Council 1986a, 1986b, 1995, 1999a, 1999b, 2002, 2003), 
geology maps (Council for Geoscience 1973, 1983, 1989, 1991, 1997, 
2001) and satellite images, the stratified units were assigned to a 
vegetation unit in the floristic classification. Where two or more 
subassociations were present in a mapping unit, but it was 
not possible to map them separately as a result of high spatial 
diversity, they were mapped as mosaics of specific vegetation 
types.

Species that were unidentifiable during the field surveys were 
collected and the herbarium specimens sent to the Compton 
Herbarium, Kirstenbosch, for identification. The collection 
code (HR) and numbers of the specimens were kept throughout 
the process as not all the species, especially within the 
Mesembryanthemaceae, have yet been positively identified. All 
voucher specimens are lodged at the Schweickerdt Herbarium 
(PRU), University of Pretoria, Pretoria. Nomenclature follows 
that of Germishuizen and Meyer (2003).

RESULTS 

The floristic data analysis resulted in two phytosociological 
tables. The first table (Table 1) contains the predominantly 
Mountain Renosterveld veld type, as defined by Acocks (1988), 
or the Escarpment Mountain Renosterveld vegetation type, as 
defined by low and Rebelo (1998), and is described in this article. 
Three associations were identified, which were subdivided into 
nine subassociations, one of which contains four variants, as set 
out in the following scheme:  

1. Rosenia oppositifolia Mountain Renosterveld
1.1  Eriocephalus microphyllus – Rosenia oppositifolia 

Mountain Renosterveld
1.2 Antimima cf. granitica (HR248) – Rosenia oppositifolia 

Mountain Renosterveld
1.3 Pentzia incana – Rosenia oppositifolia Mountain 

Renosterveld
1.4 Euryops multifidus – Rosenia oppositifolia Mountain 

Renosterveld
1.5 Pteronia glomerata – Rosenia oppositifolia Mountain 

Renosterveld
2. Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis Mountain Renosterveld

2.1 Erodium cicutarium – Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis 
Mountain Renosterveld
2.1.1  Galenia africana – Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis 

Mountain Renosterveld
2.1.2 Oedera genistifolia – Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis 

Mountain Renosterveld
2.1.3 Senecio cakilefolius – Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis 

Mountain Renosterveld
2.1.4 Euryops lateriflorus – Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis 

Mountain Renosterveld
2.2 Dimorphotheca cuneata – Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis 

Mountain Renosterveld
2.3 Merxmuellera stricta – Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis 

Mountain Renosterveld
3. Passerina truncata Mountain Renosterveld

With the exception of unit 1.2, all vegetation units could be 
mapped (Fig. 2). Three additional mosaics were also mapped: 

the Nieuwoudtville mosaic, consisting of vegetation units 
2.1.1, 2.1.4, 2.2 and 5.1 (Van der Merwe et al. in press); 
the Soekop mosaic, consisting of units 2.1.3 and 2.2; and 
the 
Welgemoed mosaic, consisting of units 1.2, 1.3 and 1.5.

A large number of different land types are found in the study 
area and therefore only the predominant types are listed for 
each vegetation unit (Agricultural Research Council 1986a, 
1986b, 1995, 1999a, 1999b, 2002, 2003). Table 2 summarises the 
most important features of the various land type symbols that 
have been used in the text.

•

•

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Fynbos biome related vegetation Original Research

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1.3 Pentzia incana – Rosenia oppositifolia Mountain 
Renosterveld

Subassociation 1.3 is located around Sutherland and east of 
Sutherland on mudstones of the Beaufort Group. It also occurs 
further south in combination with subassociations 1.2 and 1.5 in 
the vicinity of the farm Welgemoed, at the foot of the Komsberg 
Mountains. This subassociation, excluding the mosaic unit, 
covers an area of 44 499 ha (5.5% of the total area covered by 
Mountain Renosterveld vegetation). land types include Fc and 
da and altitude ranges from approximately 1300–1500 m above 
sea level. The high-lying ridges on level terrain to moderate 
slopes are usually covered with brown or light brown sandy 
soils.

The high shrub cover is attributed to species such as Pentzia 
incana (species group d), Rosenia oppositifolia and Pteronia 
glomerata (species group F) as well as Chrysocoma ciliata and 
Euryops lateriflorus (species group R). This subassociation shows 
local variations resulting from a low constancy of such species 
as Stipagrostis namaquensis, Braunsia sp. and Chrysanthemoides 
incana (species group C). When the perennial shrub cover is 
high, species in group C do not occur, however, when the shrub 
cover is lower, species in group C can dominate. Generally, the 
cover of the grass and non-grassy herbaceous layer is limited, 
except in the case of the grass species Stipagrostis namaquensis 
that occurred in a single relevé sampled in a drainage line.

1.4 Euryops multifidus – Rosenia oppositifolia Mountain 
Renosterveld

located just north of the Komsberg, subassociation 1.4 is found 
predominantly on mudstones of the Beaufort Group and covers 
an area of 106 189 ha (13.1% of the total area covered by Mountain 
Renosterveld vegetation). land types present include Fc and 
da, with, occasionally, deep deposits of the Ia land type. This 
subassociation is found at an altitude of between 1400–1500 m 
above sea level. The level to gently sloped ridges and light 
brown soils in this subassociation support a high shrub canopy 
cover of between 60 and 90%. 

The diagnostic species Euryops multifidus and Phyllobolus 
tenuiflorus (species group E), together with Rosenia oppositifolia 
(species group F), Chrysocoma ciliata and Eriocephalus ericoides 
(species group R) characterise this subassociation. The cover of 
the herbaceous component (including grasses) is usually limited 

Description of plant communities (Table 1, Fig. 2)

The 2004 winter season was extremely dry, resulting in annuals 
and geophytes being poorly represented in the survey. The 
following description will therefore focus on the perennial 
plant species with permanent above-ground organs.

1. Rosenia oppositifolia Mountain Renosterveld

This plant association is located at the southern end of the 
Roggeveld and Nuweveld Mountains as well as in the vicinity 
of the farms Onderplaas and droëkloof further north and 
occurs predominantly on land Types Fc and da. Mudstones 
of the Beaufort Group as well as dolerites are found underlying 
this association. The association is generally found on level 
terrain, gentle or moderate sloping ridges with a low rock 
cover from 0 to 10% or a high rock cover of 70 to 90%. Brown or 
light brown sandy soils are prevalent in this high-lying plant 
association. Although a high shrub cover is present, the grass 
and annual component only sometimes feature, usually with 
less than 5% cover. 

The vegetation of this association is characterised by species 
group F with a high cover of Rosenia oppositifolia and includes 
species such as Pteronia glomerata and Karroochloa schismoides. 
Common species include Chrysocoma ciliata, Euryops lateriflorus 
and Eriocephalus ericoides (species group R). This association has 
been subdivided into five subassociations.

1.1 Eriocephalus microphyllus – Rosenia oppositifolia 
Mountain Renosterveld

This unit is found in the region of the Nuweveld Mountains 
and covers an area of 106 454 ha (13.2% of the total area covered 
by Mountain Renosterveld vegetation). Geologically, this 
subassociation is found on mudstones of the Beaufort Group 
and predominantly on land Type Fc, indicating that there is 
lime present in the entire landscape. This high-lying vegetation 
occurs at an altitude of > 1400 m above sea level on ridges with 
level terraces to gentle slopes. The rock cover varies from zero 
to > 85%, and is usually comprised of stones (> 50–200 mm) and 
boulders (> 200 mm).

Shrub cover is generally high (mean cover 66%) and is 
characterised by species such as Rosenia oppositifolia and Pteronia 
glomerata (species group F) as well as the diagnostic species 
Eriocephalus microphyllus, Pentzia sp. (HRp317) and Euryops 
imbricatus (species group A). Other shrubs also present include 
Chrysocoma ciliata, Euryops lateriflorus and Eriocephalus ericoides 
of species group R. Grasses are either absent or their cover 
is limited to less than 5%, while annuals are seldom present. 
This phenomenon could, however, be a result of the drought 
conditions experienced during the time in which the surveys 
were conducted.

1.2 Antimima cf. granitica (HR248) – Rosenia oppositifolia 
Mountain Renosterveld

dolerite-derived B horizon soils on land Types da and Fc 
characterise this subassociation that is scattered throughout 
the Roggeveld Mountains and has not been mapped as a 
separate unit. The altitude generally ranges from 1200 to 1350 m 
above sea level. The high-lying ridges with level terrain to 
moderate slopes on brown to red brown sandy soils are usually 
covered with stones (> 50–200 mm in size). Shrub cover in this 
unit is high (with a mean value of 72%), while the herbaceous 
component is generally < 5%. Almost no grasses contribute to 
the herbaceous cover.

The shrub layer is characterised by species such as Rosenia 
oppositifolia, Pteronia glomerata (species group F), Eriocephalus 
pauperrimus (species group l) as well as Asparagus capensis and 
Eriocephalus ericoides (species group R). diagnostic perennial 
species include Antimima cf. granitica (HR248) and Pelargonium 
sp. (species group B).

lAnD Type meAning oF Symbol

D Prismacutanic and/or pedocutanic diagnostic horizons dominate. 
After subtracting exposed rock, stones or boulders, more than half 
of the remaining land must consist of duplex soils. 

Da Refers to land where duplex soils with red B horizons comprise 
more than half of the area covered by duplex soils.

Db Refers to land where duplex soils with non-red B horizons 
comprise more than half of the area covered by duplex soils.

F Glenrosa and/or Mispah forms (though other soils may occur). The 
group accommodates pedologically young landscapes that are not 
predominantly rock, alluvial or aeolian and in which the dominant 
soil-forming processes have been rock weathering, the formation 
of orthic topsoil horizons and clay illuviation.

Fa Refers to land in which lime is rare or absent from the entire 
landscape.

Fb Indicates land where lime occurs regularly (though possibly in 
small quantities) in one or more valley bottom soils.

Fc Refers to land where lime is generally present throughout the 
entire landscape.

I Miscellaneous land classes.

Ia Refers to land types with a soil pattern difficult to accommodate 
elsewhere, at least 60% of which comprises pedologically youthful, 
deep (more than 1 m to underlying rock) unconsolidated deposits.

Ib Indicates land types with exposed rock (country rock, stones or 
boulders) covering 60–80% of the area.

TAble 2
Land type symbols and their meaning within the text (Du Plessis 1987)

67



Original Research Van der Merwe, Van der Merwe &  Van Rooyen

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http://www.koedoe.co.zaVol. 50   No. 1   pp. 61 - 71

as well as Euryops lateriflorus (species group R). Common annual 
species occurring in the unit include Erodium cicutarium, Bromus 
pectinatus, Senecio cakilefolius and Felicia australis (species group 
l). This subassociation has been subdivided into four variants.

2.1.1 Galenia africana – dicerothamnus rhinocerotis Mountain 
Renosterveld

This variant is floristically very diverse and occurs on the 
mudstones of the Beaufort Group and the shales of the Ecca 
Group. It is located in the region of the farms M’Vera and 
Vondelingsfontein at the northern extreme of the Roggeveld 
Mountains and Kareebos and Rooiwal west of the Klein 
Roggeveld Mountains. It also forms a mosaic in combination 
with variant 2.1.4, subassociation 2.2, and subassociation 5.1 
(Van der Merwe et al. in press) in the Nieuwoudtville area. 
Excluding mosaics, this variant covers an area of 25 369 ha 
(3.1% of the total area of the Mountain Renosterveld vegetation). 
Various land types are present, predominantly of the da and 
Fb types. The altitude is notably lower than for the other 
vegetation units, and varies from 600 to 1300 m above sea level. 
This variant occurs on undulating terrain. The light brown to 
brown coloured sandy soils are usually not covered by much 
rock, however, boulders (> 200 mm) do occur locally. 

A high shrub cover results primarily from the presence of 
Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis (species group Q) as well as the 
diagnostic species Galenia africana (species group G). Various 
annual species, such as Cotula nudicaulis and Polycarena aurea 
(species group K) and Erodium cicutarium, Senecio cakilefolius, 
Felicia australis and Leysera tenella (species group l), are present. 
The annual grass Bromus pectinatus (species group l) contributes 
to the low cover of the grass component in the variant. The 
absence of species group J in this variant differentiates it from 
variant 2.1.2. The presence of Galenia africana and various 
annuals indicates the increased disturbance that has taken 
place in this variant in the past.

2.1.2. Oedera genistifolia – dicerothamnus rhinocerotis 
Mountain Renosterveld

Variant 2.1.2 occurs on the mudstones of the Beaufort Group in 
the Klein Roggeveld Mountains, and covers an area of 46 797 ha 
(5.8% of the total area of the Mountain Renosterveld vegetation). 
It is found at an altitude between 1000 and 1300 m above sea 
level on level terrain to gentle slopes. The light brown sandy 
soils of this variant are covered with gravel (< 10 mm), small 
stones (> 10–50 mm) and boulders (> 200 mm), which are typical 
of land Type Ib.

The high shrub cover (more than 70%) is primarily a result of the 
presence of Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis (species group Q) as well 
as Oedera genistifolia (species group H) and Euryops lateriflorus 
(species group R). Merxmuellera stricta (species group Q), a 
perennial grass, dominates the grass component of this variant. 
Annual species are consistently present, however, their cover 
is low due to the drought conditions in the year in which the 
surveys were conducted.

The presence of species groups G and J distinguishes variant 
2.1.1 from variant 2.1.2, whereas the absence of species group I 
distinguishes variant 2.1.2 from variant 2.1.3.

2.1.3 Senecio cakilefolius – dicerothamnus rhinocerotis 
Mountain Renosterveld

This variant, excluding mosaics, covers an area of 13 654 ha (1.7% 
of the total area covered by Mountain Renosterveld vegetation) 
and is found on mudstones of the Beaufort Group and shales of 
the Ecca Group in the region of the farms Botuin, Blomfontein 
and de Hoop in the Roggeveld Mountains, predominantly on 
land Types da and Fc. In combination with subassociation 
2.2 in the region of the farm Soekop, it is found in a mosaic 

to < 5%, which could be the result of the drought conditions in 
the year of survey.

1.5 Pteronia glomerata – Rosenia oppositifolia Mountain 
Renosterveld

Geologically, this subassociation occurs predominantly 
on mudstones of the Beaufort Group and is similar to 
subassociations 1.3 and 1.4. It is found on land Types Fc, da and 
db on the southwestern extreme of the Roggeveld Mountains. 
It also occurs in a mosaic with subassociations 1.2 and 1.3 in 
the vicinity of the farm Welgemoed at the foot of the Komsberg 
Mountains. This subassociation covers an area of 69 233 ha 
(8.6% of the total area of the Mountain Renosterveld vegetation), 
excluding the mosaic unit. This high-lying (1200–1600m above 
sea level) subassociation is found on level terrain and gentle 
slopes on a range of different rock sizes, varying from gravel 
(< 10 mm) to boulders (> 200 mm). The soil colour also varies 
substantially from light brown to brown to red brown. 

Shrub cover is generally high (> 60%) and the grassy component 
has a higher presence and cover compared with the previous 
subassociations.  likewise, annual species are present in all 
relevés, with their cover generally being higher than in the 
previous subassociations. This was probably the case due to 
the local rain showers received in the area during the year of 
survey. 

No diagnostic species group separates this subassociation. The 
most prominent species present include Rosenia oppositifolia, 
Pteronia glomerata (species group F), Erodium cicutarium (species 
group l) and Euryops lateriflorus (species group R). The grass 
component is represented by Karroochloa schismoides (species 
group F) and Bromus pectinatus (species group l) with, in one 
relevé, a high cover of Merxmuellera stricta (species group Q). 
Erodium cicutarium and Felicia australis (species group l) as well 
as Heliophila crithmifolia (species group Q) represent some of the 
annual species.

2. dicerothamnus rhinocerotis Mountain Renosterveld

This plant association is located in the Roggeveld, Klein 
Roggeveld, Koedoesberg and Komsberg Mountains and has 
been further subdivided into three subassociations. Generally 
it can be found on the mudstones of the Beaufort Group or the 
shales of the Ecca Group on land Types da, Fb, Fc, Ib and Fa. 
The level terrain and gentle slopes of subassociations 2.1 and 
2.2 as well as the gentle to moderate slopes of subassociation 2.3 
are usually comprised of light brown or brown sandy soils. The 
shrub cover is high (50–95%) and a grass and annual component 
are generally present throughout the association. The very 
high cover of Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis, Merxmuellera stricta 
and Dimorphotheca cuneata (species group Q) distinguishes this 
association from the Rosenia oppositifolia Mountain Renosterveld 
(association 1). 

2.1 Erodium cicutarium – dicerothamnus rhinocerotis 
Mountain Renosterveld

Subassociation 2.1 generally occurs on mudstones of the Beaufort 
Group in the Roggeveld, Klein Roggeveld and Komsberg 
Mountains on land Types da, Fb, Fc and Ib, and excluding 
mosaic units, covers an area of 213 410 ha (26.4% of the total area 
of Mountain Renosterveld vegetation). The altitude varies from 
600 to about 1600 m above sea level and the landscape is gently 
undulating. Soils are light brown sandy soils with a varying 
rock cover consisting predominantly of boulders (> 200 mm). 
The shrub cover is generally high (50–95%), with grass and 
other herbaceous species consistently occurring across all the 
surveyed sites.

Prominent perennial species in this subassociation include 
Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis, Merxmuellera stricta (species group Q) 

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vegetation unit. It occurs at altitudes higher than 1200 m above 
sea level on level terrain to gently sloping landscapes with 
light brown to brown coloured soils. Rocks are mostly absent, 
although boulders do occasionally occur. 

Shrub cover varies considerably, with the main contributors 
being Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis and Dimorphotheca cuneata 
(species group Q) as well as Chrysocoma ciliata, Asparagus 
capensis, Euryops lateriflorus and Eriocephalus ericoides (species 
group R). The grass component varies considerably depending 
on the presence or absence of the perennial grass Merxmuellera 
stricta (species group Q). The most prominent annual species 
include Cromidon varicalyx and Plantago cafra (species group I), 
Cotula nudicaulis and Polycarena aurea (species group K) as well 
as Erodium cicutarium and Senecio cakilefolius (species group l). 
The cover of this component is highly variable, depending on 
the amount of rainfall received locally during the season.

Variant 2.1.3 has a close affinity with variant 2.1.2 due to their 
sharing species group J, however, they differ as a result of the 
presence of species group I that is confined to variant 2.1.3.

2.1.4 Euryops lateriflorus – dicerothamnus rhinocerotis 
Mountain Renosterveld

Variant 2.1.4 occurs on land Types da and Fc in the Komsberg 
Mountains and southwest of the Basterberg Mountains and 
covers an area of 127 590 ha (15.8% of the total Mountain 
Renosterveld vegetation), excluding the mosaic vegetation 
unit. The mosaic is found in combination with variant 2.1.1, 
subassociation 2.2, and subassociation 5.1 in the Nieuwoudtville 
area (Van der Merwe et al. in press). This variant is generally 
found at high altitudes on level terrain to gentle slopes. The light 
brown soils are derived from mudstones of the Beaufort Group. 
Rocks are generally absent, although boulders (> 200 mm) may 
occur locally. 

The high shrub cover is due primarily to Dicerothamnus 
rhinocerotis and Dimorphotheca cuneata (species group Q) as well 
as Chrysocoma ciliata, Asparagus capensis and Euryops lateriflorus 
(species group R). The grass cover is generally low, except where 
Merxmuellera stricta (species group Q) dominates. The cover of 
the annual component is generally low.

Two forms of variant 2.1.4 occur as a result of the presence or 
absence of species group K, which mainly consists of annual 
species. Such species might have occurred throughout the 
region in a normal rainfall year. 

2.2 dimorphotheca cuneata – dicerothamnus rhinocerotis 
Mountain Renosterveld

This high-lying subassociation can be found in the Keiskie 
Mountains, at the northern extreme of the Roggeveld Mountains, 
and excluding mosaics, covers an area of 20 196 ha (2.5% of 
the total area covered by Mountain Renosterveld vegetation). 
It also occurs in combination with variant 2.1.3 in the region 
of the farm Soekop and additionally, it forms a mosaic in the 
Nieuwoudtville area in combination with variants 2.1.1 and 
2.1.4 and subassociation 5.1 (Van der Merwe et al. in press). The 
land types present include da, Fa and Fc and the altitude varies 
from 700–1400 m above sea level. The undulating terrain is 
usually covered by a high percentage of boulders (>200 mm). 
The light brown to brown coloured sandy soils are derived 
from Ecca shales.  

The shrub cover varies greatly (20–80%), whereas the cover 
of both the grass and annual species remains low. diagnostic 
species include Hermannia cuneifolia, Helichrysum hamulosum 
and Oedera sedifolia (species group M). Felicia filifolia, Polygala 
scabra and Ehrharta melicoides (species group N) are common 
to both subassociation 2.2 and 2.3, although subassociation 2.3 
lacks species group M. The dominant species is Dicerothamnus 

rhinocerotis and other prominent species include Merxmuellera 
stricta, Dimorphotheca cuneata (species group Q) and Chrysocoma 
ciliata, Euryops lateriflorus and Eriocephalus ericoides (species 
group R).

2.3 Merxmuellera stricta – dicerothamnus rhinocerotis 
Mountain Renosterveld

This subassociation is located in the region of the farms Piet 
se Nuplaas, droëberg, Nuwepos, Soekop and Vaalhoek in the 
Roggeveld Mountains and includes the higher-lying vegetation 
of the Koedoesberg and Basterberg Mountains. It covers an 
area of 230 838 ha (28.5% of the total Mountain Renosterveld 
vegetation). Geologically, it occurs on the mudstones of the 
Beaufort Group, the shales of the Ecca Group and even, 
occasionally, on dolerites occurring within the mudstones and 
shales. land types include Fc, da and occasionally Ib at an 
altitude of 900 to 1600 m above sea level. The high-lying gentle 
to moderately steep slopes are usually covered with stones 
(> 50–200 mm) or boulders (> 200 mm). The soils are generally 
brown sandy soils. Shrub and grass cover vary considerably, 
whereas the annual component is either absent or covers less 
than 1% of the area.

Three variations are distinguished in this subassociation. 
The first variation is differentiated by the presence of species 
group N, which is shared with subassociation 2.2. The second 
variation is characterised by the perennial shrub Pteronia 
glauca (species group O), whereas the third variation does 
not include species group N or O. In all of these variations 
Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis, Merxmuellera stricta (species group Q) 
and Chrysocoma ciliata (species group R) dominate with a very 
high cover (60–95%). Other species present include Asparagus 
capensis, Euryops lateriflorus and Eriocephalus ericoides (species 
group R).

3. Passerina truncata Mountain Renosterveld

The third plant association, which is found exclusively on 
dolerites on land Type Ia, occurs at high altitudes (approximately 
1500 m above sea level and higher) on the Hantam Mountain 
as well as at various locations scattered throughout high-lying 
areas in the Roggeveld Mountains. It covers an approximate 
area of 17 982 ha (2.2% of the total area of the Mountain 
Renosterveld vegetation). The high-lying terraces and plateaux 
consist of red brown sandy clay soils, with the rock cover 
varying from 20– 80%.  The shrub cover is very high, except 
where a high cover of exposed rocks occurs. Compared to the 
high shrub cover, the cover of the grass and annual species is 
generally very low. 

This association is differentiated by species group P, which 
includes diagnostic species such as Passerina truncata and 
Othonna auriculifolia. Other common species present include 
Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis, Merxmuellera stricta and Dimorphotheca 
cuneata (species group Q) and Eriocephalus ericoides (species 
group R).

DISCUSSION

According to Rutherford and Westfall (1986), low and Rebelo 
(1998) and Mucina et al. (2005) the vegetation of the subregion, 
as discussed in the present article, is situated predominantly 
in the Fynbos Biome. However, diels (1909 in Van Wyk & 
Smith 2001) concurred with Marloth (1908) that the region is 
floristically more closely related to the Succulent Karoo than 
to the Cape Floristic Region. This area was also included in the 
SKEP initiative and not in the CAPE (Cape Action Plan for the 
Environment) initiative.

The clear split between Table 1 and the table presented on the 
Succulent Karoo related vegetation (Van der Merwe et al. in 
press) reveals that most of the species in species group F (Table 1) 

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are found in the general species group in the upper portion 
of the Succulent Karoo table, whereas most of the species in 
species group Q (Table 1) are not found in the Succulent Karoo 
table. Such a finding indicates association 1’s affinity with the 
Succulent Karoo Biome vegetation of the Escarpment Karoo, 
Roggeveld Karoo and Hantam Karoo, as described in Van der 
Merwe et al. (in press). The true Renosterveld of associations 
2 and 3, as defined by species group Q (Table 1), is, however, 
lacking from the Succulent Karoo table and belongs to the 
Fynbos Biome related vegetation. This Mountain Renosterveld 
is probably distinct from other Renosterveld vegetation types 
in any case and could be studied in the future.

Grazing and cropping are the main land-uses in the Mountain 
Renosterveld. Sustainable land management tries to minimise 
the risk of veld degradation or species extinction by managing 
populations of plants and animals within an area to ensure that 
they can continue to reproduce and function normally, even after 
stressful conditions such as drought (Esler et al. 2006). Although 
damage can happen fast, recovery in the Karoo is very slow, 
as it depends mainly upon unpredictable rainfall events (Esler 
et  al. 2006). Sustainable farm management planning is critical 
for ensuring a productive, profitable future in the region.

Inadequate farming practices, resulting from a severe lack of 
infrastructure, especially fencing, pose a serious threat to the 
vegetation. Farms in the region yield a low income as a result 
of the harsh environmental conditions and the unpalatable 
grazing caused by the dominance of Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis. 
Because of the low monetary value of the land and the high 
cost of infrastructure it is not financially viable for a farmer to 
invest too much in infrastructure, as the ability to recover such 
costs is limited. Although the farmers are generally willing 
to implement improved veld management and infrastructure 
development, their financial means hinder their doing so. 

According to low and Rebelo (1996) the degree of transformation 
in the Escarpment Mountain Renosterveld, which closely 
corresponds to the Mountain Renosterveld as described in 
the current article, is unknown. However, many large tracts of 
land cultivated in the past are still cultivated due to the higher 
rainfall in the region compared with that experienced in the 
surrounding areas of the Hantam and Tanqua Karoo.

Invasive species in the vegetation type described are 
predominantly annuals that were brought into the region with 
fodder from other parts of the world, and of which many have 
been naturalised over the centuries. The isolated individuals of 
Prosopis species present are usually limited to highly disturbed 
areas alongside water points and feeding areas. The unpalatable 
renosterbos, Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis, which dominates 
large sections of the Mountain Renosterveld is considered an 
encroacher by most farmers with its dominance being blamed 
on centuries of incorrect management practices in the region.  
Also, overgrazing is thought to have substantially reduced the 
grassy component in the vegetation.

The protected area network for the Mountain Renosterveld 
is severely under-represented. Two local municipal nature 
reserves, namely the Nieuwoudtville Wildflower Reserve 
(115 ha) and the Akkerendam Nature Reserve (230 ha), fall 
within the region. A natural heritage site at Banksgate, near 
Sutherland, protects the rare sterboom, Cliffortia arborea. The 
Tanqua National Park has substantially expanded during the 
last 3–5 years, with the latest land acquisitions including a 
section of Mountain Renosterveld vegetation.

In conclusion, the aims of the project described in this article 
were to classify and describe the various vegetation units present 
in the Mountain Renosterveld part of the Hantam-Tanqua-

Roggeveld subregion in terms of their species composition, 
environmental parameters and relationships to one another 
as well as to map their geographical distribution. Such an 
inventory of vegetation types should aid future planning, 
resource management and biodiversity conservation, which 
should encourage sustainable land use practices, reducing the 
negative impact on the environment. 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank the Critical Ecosystem 
Partnership Fund (CEPF) for funding the project by way of the 
SKEP (Succulent Karoo Ecosystem Plan/Program) initiative.  
The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund is a joint initiative of 
Conservation International, the Global Environmental Facility, 
the Government of Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and the 
World Bank. A fundamental goal is to ensure that civil society is 
engaged in biodiversity conservation. The assistance of Hennie 
van den Berg of Iris International in compiling the vegetation 
map is gratefully acknowledged. CapeNature, the department 
of Tourism, Environment and Conservation (Northern Cape) 
and SANParks are thanked for the necessary permits and 
permission to conduct this research.

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