dippenaar.qxd A check list of the spiders of the Kruger National Park, South Africa (Arachnida: Araneae) ANNA S. DIPPENAAR-SCHOEMAN and A. LEROY Dippenaar-Schoeman, Anna S. and A. Leroy. 2003. A check list of the spiders of the Kruger National Park, South Africa (Arachnida: Araneae).Koedoe 46(1): 91–100. Pre- toria. ISSN 0075-6458. As part of the South African National Survey of Arachnida (SANSA), projects are underway to determine the biodiversity of arachnids present in protected areas in South Africa. Spiders have been collected over a period of 16 years from the Kruger Nation- al Park, South Africa. A check list is provided consisting of 152 species, 116 genera and 40 families. This represents about 7.6 % of the total known South African spider fauna. Of the 152 species, 103 are new records for the park. The ground dwelling spiders com- prise 58 species from 25 families. Of these, 21 % are web dwellers and 62 % free liv- ing, while 17 % live in burrows. From the plant layer, 94 species have been collected of which 53 % were web builders and 47 % free living wandering spiders. Key words: Araneae, biodiversity, check list, Kruger National Park, South Africa, spi- ders. Anna S. Dippenaar-Schoeman, ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Pretoria 0001, Republic of South Africa; Astri Leroy, P.O. Box 2810, Wilropark, 1731, Republic of South Africa. ISSN 0075-6458 91 Koedoe 46/1 (2003) Introduction Conservation biologists are starting to recog- nise the importance of the invertebrate com- ponent in the functioning of healthy ecosys- tems. Therefore, any approach to conserva- tion needs to take into account the composi- tion of these invertebrate fauna. Inventories, with resulting check lists, provide valuable baseline information on species present and are the first step toward a better understand- ing of the fauna of the area. In 1997, the South African National Survey of Arachnida (SANSA) was initiated (Dippe- naar-Schoeman & Craemer 2000) with its main aim to make an inventory of the arach- nid diversity of South Africa. One of the pro- jects of SANSA is to compile an inventory of spiders presently conserved in parks and reserves in South Africa. Although spiders constitute an abundant and highly diverse group of invertebrate animals, little is still known about their diversity even in conserved areas. From South Africa check lists exist for the spider fauna of the Moun- tain Zebra National (Dippenaar-Schoeman 1988), Roodeplaat Dam Nature Reserve (Dippenaar-Schoeman et al. 1989), Karoo National Park (Dippenaar-Schoeman et al. 1999), Makelali Nature Reserve in the Limpopo Province (Whitmore et al. 2001) and the Western Soutpansberg (Foord 2002). The aim of this study was to compile the first check list of the spider species of the Kruger National Park (KNP) and to determine the percentage of species protected. This was not an intensive survey but reflects on collecting done in the park over a period of 16 years. Although this survey may not reflect the true diversity and species richness of the area, it does give an indication of species present. Material and methods Study area The Kruger National Park (KNP) is situated in the Lowveld region of the Mpumalanga and Limpopo Provinces of South Africa. The park is 350 km long dippenaar.qxd 2005/12/09 10:26 Page 91 from north to south with a surface area of 1 948 528 ha. The climate is subtropical, with the annual rainfall varying between 700 mm in the south and 400 mm in the north. It falls within the Savanna Biome and the vegetation includes mixed bushwil- low woodlands, mountain bushveld, thorn thicket, thorn veld, sourveld, scrubveld, sandveld and river- ine forest. Collecting methods Sporadic collecting was mainly undertaken from 1985 to 2001. Spiders were sampled by hand (ground and plant search, turning rocks and sifting of leaf litter) or using a sweepnet or beating tray for grass and low shrubs. The new records were identi- fied by the first author and are housed in the Nation- al Collection of Arachnida (NCA) at the ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute in Pretoria. The lack of taxonomic research in southern Africa within certain families made the identification of some genera to species level impossible. In some families, only immature specimens were collected, hampering identification to species level. This means that, in both instances, only generic names are included in the check list. The species list includes published Koedoe 46/1 (2003) 92 ISSN 0075-6458 Table 1 Guild classification of spiders collected in the Kruger National Park. Guilds Abbreviation Guild explanation WANDERING SPIDERS (W) Ground wandering spiders (GW) Free living FGW free-living spiders running on the soil surface when active Burrow living BGW living in burrows Plant wandering spiders (PW) Free living FPW free-living spiders running on the plant surface when active WEB-BUILDING SPIDERS (WB) Orb-web OWB orb-webs consisting of a frame with mooring and bridge lines that anchors the web and radial signal threads arranged like the ribs of a umbrella converging onto the centre of the web with circular spiral threads Funnel-web FWB sheet-webs made over soil surface with a funnel-shaped retreat Gumfoot-web GWB three-dimensional webs consisting of a central area with or without a retreat. The upper part comprises mooring, signal and catch threads and a lower part with mooring and catch threads. The lower catch threads studded with sticky droplets are attached to the substrate Retreat-web RWB silk threads used to catch prey radiating from retreat Sheet-web SHWB sheet-webs which, usually consists of an upper sheet with mooring, sig- nal and catch threads Space-web SPWB space-webs which, fill open space and are usually attached with mooring threads to different substrates. dippenaar.qxd 2005/12/09 10:26 Page 92 records of spiders previously recorded from the Kruger National Park. Guilds A guild is a group of species that potentially compete for jointly exploited limited resources (Polis & McCormick 1986). Because most spiders live in a defined environment with limitations set by both physical conditions and biological factors (Foelix 1982), species can be grouped into guilds based on available information on their habitat preferences and predatory methods. For the present study two main guilds were recognised, namely wandering spi- ders (W) and web builders (WB), with further subdi- visions based on micro-habitat and general behav- iour (Table 1). Results and discussion Numbers present Forty families represented by 116 genera and 152 species are presently known from the KNP (Table 2). Of the 152 species listed 103 are new records for the KNP (Table 2 & 3). The orb-web spiders of the family Araneidae are the most diverse and represented by 23 species, followed by the crab spiders (Thomisidae) with 15, the lynx spiders (Oxyopidae) with 9 and the wolf spiders (Lycosidae) and jumping spiders (Salticidae) with 8 species each. Fifteen families are rep- resented by a single species. A total of 91 species are free living wandering spiders (59 %) while 61 species (41 %) build webs. ISSN 0075-6458 93 Koedoe 46/1 (2003) Family Genera Species Nr Family Genera Species Nr Araneidae 15 23 15 Oxyopidae 3 9 4 Archaeidae 1 1 0 Palpimanidae 1 1 1 Barychelidae 1 1 1 Philodromidae 3 4 3 Caponiidae 1 1 1 Pholcidae 3 3 3 Corinnidae 2 2 2 Phyxelididae 1 1 0 Ctenidae 1 1 1 Pisauridae 5 5 3 Cyrtaucheniidae 1 1 1 Prodidomidae 1 2 2 Deinopidae 1 1 1 Salticidae 8 8 7 Dictynidae 2 2 1 Scytodidae 1 1 1 Dipluridae 1 1 0 Segestriidae 1 1 1 Eresidae 3 6 2 Selenopidae 2 6 1 Gnaphosidae 6 6 1 Sicariidae 2 2 2 Hersiliidae 1 2 0 Sparassidae 3 3 2 Idiopidae 1 1 1 Tetragnathidae 5 7 6 Linyphiidae 2 2 1 Theraphosidae 4 5 1 Liocranidae 1 1 1 Theridiidae 5 5 5 Lycosidae 8 8 8 Thomisidae 9 15 14 Mimetidae 1 1 1 Uloboridae 1 2 2 Miturgidae 2 4 2 Zodariidae 4 4 2 Oecobiidae 2 2 2 Oonopidae 1 1 1 Tot: 40 116 152 103 Table 2 Spider families collected at the Kruger National Park indicating the number of species and genera in each family and the number of species that are new records (NR) dippenaar.qxd 2005/12/09 10:26 Page 93 Ground wandering spiders Twenty-five families represented by 58 species are associated with the ground layer, 10 species live in burrows made in the ground, 36 species are free living and 12 are web dwellers. Web-building spiders Twelve species construct their webs on or close to the soil surface. The following web types were found: funnel-webs of the Dipluridae (Allothele malawi Coyle, 1984); retreat-webs of the Eresidae (Dresserus col- soni Tucker, 1920), Hersiliidae (Tama sp.), Oecobiidae (2 spp.) and the Phyxelididae (Xevioso orthomeles Griswold, 1990); space-web of the Pholcidae (3 spp.) funnel- web of the lycosid (Hippasa australis Lawrence, 1927) and the gumfoot-webs of the theridiids (Latrodectus geometricus C.L. Koch, 1841 and Steatoda capensis Hann, 1990). Free living ground spiders Thirty-six species (62 %) are free-living wanderers represented by 15 families. The more diverse families are the wolf spiders (Lycosidae) with 8 species, the ground spi- ders (Gnaphosidae) and the flatties (Selenop- idae) both with 6 species each. Burrow living spiders Eight of the burrow dwellers found in the park belong to the suborder Mygalo- morphae. They are represented by: two trap- door spider families, Cyrtaucheniidae (Ancy- lotrypa barbertoni (Hewitt, 1913)) and Idiopidae (Idiops castaneus Hewitt, 1913); five baboon spider species of the family Theraphosidae; and one lesser baboon spider of the family Barychelidae. Of the mygalo- morphs, the International Union for the Con- servation of Nature (IUCN) (De Wet & Schoonbee 1991) finds that it is mainly the larger Theraphosidae that are considered commercially threathened. Four of the thera- phosid species, added to Schedule VII of the Transvaal Provincial Nature Conservation Ordinance of 1983 as Protected Invertebrate Animals, are found in the park (Dippenaar- Schoeman 2002a; Gallon 2002), viz., Ceratogyrus bechuanicus Purcell, 1902, Harpactira gigas Pocock, 1898, Auga- cephalus breyeri (Hewitt, 1919) and A. juno- di (Simon, 1904). Plant wandering spiders Web-building spiders From the field layer 52 % of the species (50) collected build webs. The orb-web spiders were the most diverse and represented by three families namely the Araneidae (23 spp.), Tetragnathidae (7 spp.) and Ulo- boridae (2 spp.). Members of the genera Argiope, Afracantha and Gasteracantha of the Araneidae and Leucauge, Nephila, Nephilengys and Tetragnatha of the Tetrag- nathidae construct large orb-webs between plants and are seen in their webs during the day. The tropical tent-web spider Cyrtopho- ra citricola (Forskål, 1775) makes horizontal adapted orb-webs in plants like aloes. Most of the other orb-web species are nocturnal, e.g., the bark spider Caerostris, and remove their webs early each morning. The retreat webs of the Dictynidae, Eresidae and Segestriidae are made on different parts of the plants. Two species of the genus Ste- godyphus, S. dumicola Pocock, 1898 and S. mimosarum Pavesi, 1883 are communal nest spiders found in large nests attached to the trees. The other web spiders construct gum- foot-webs (Theridiidae) and sheet-webs (Pisauridae and Linyphiidae). The large fun- nel-webs made vertically next to trees with the retreat part usually concealed in the plants or in abandoned animal holes are made by the large pisaurid Euprosthenops australis Simon, 1898. Free living plant spiders Ten families from 44 species are found on plants, with members of four families associ- ated with bark, eight with grass, and four with leaves. The long spinnered bark spider Hersilia sericea Pocock, 1898 is a perma- nent inhabitant on bark, while members of the Philodromidae, Salticidae and Thomisidae are found on bark as well as Koedoe 46/1 (2003) 94 ISSN 0075-6458 dippenaar.qxd 2005/12/09 10:26 Page 94 ISSN 0075-6458 95 Koedoe 46/1 (2003) Table 3 Check list of the spiders of the Kruger National Park Family/genus/species Guild Record 1. Family Araneidae Afracantha camerunensis (Thorell, 1899) OWB Emerit 1973 Araneus apricus (Karsch, 1884) OWB NR Argiope australis (Walckenaer, 1805) OWB Bjørn 1997 A. flavipalpis (Lucas, 1858) OWB Bjørn 1997 A. trifasciata (Forskål, 1775) OWB NR Caerostris sexcuspidata (Fabricius, 1793) OWB NR Cyclosa insulana (Costa, 1834) OWB NR Cyphalonotus larvatus (Simon, 1881) OWB NR Cyrtophora citricola (Forskål, 1775) OWB NR Gasteracantha milvoides Butler, 1873 OWB NR G. sanguinolenta C.L. Koch, 1844 OWB NR G. versicolor (Walckenaer,1842) OWB Emerit 1973; Benoit & Emerit 1975 Hypsacantha crucimaculata (Dahl, 1914) OWB NR Isoxya stuhlmanni (Bösenberg & Lenz,1895) OWB NR I. tabulata (Thorell, 1859) OWB NR Kilima decens (Blackwall, 1866) OWB NR Nemoscolus vigintipunctatus Simon, 1897 OWB NR Neoscona blondeli (Simon, 1885) OWB Grasshoff 1986 N. moreli (Vinson, 1863) OWB Grasshoff 1986 N. rufipalpis (Lucas, 1858) OWB NR N. subfusca (C.L. Koch, 1837) OWB NR Poltys furcifer Simon, 1881 OWB NR Singa albodorsata Kauri, 1950 OWB Kauri 1950 2. Family Archaeidae Afrarchaea bergae Lotz, 1996 FGW Lotz 1996a 3. Family Barychelidae Brachionopus pretoriae Purcell, 1904 BGW NR 4. Family Caponiidae Caponia natalensis (O.P.-Cambridge, 1874) FGW NR 5. Family Corinnidae Castianeira sp. FGW NR Merenius alberti Lessert, 1923 FGW NR 6. Family Ctenidae Ctenus transvaalensis Benoit, 1981 FGW NR 7. Family Cyrtaucheniidae Ancylotrypa barbertoni (Hewitt, 1913) BGW NR 8. Family Deinopidae Menneus camelus Pocock, 1902O WB NR 9. Family Dictynidae Mashimo leleupi Lehtinen, 1967 RWB NR Archaeodictyna ulova Griswold & M-Griswold, 1987 RWB Griswold & M-Griswold 1987 10. Family Dipluridae Allothele malawi Coyle, 1984 FWB Coyle 1984 11. Family Eresidae Dresserus colsoni Tucker, 1920 RWB NR dippenaar.qxd 2005/12/09 10:26 Page 95 Koedoe 46/1 (2003) 96 ISSN 0075-6458 Gandanameno purcelli Tucker, 1920 RWB NR Stegodyphus africanus (Blackwall, 1866) RWB Kraus & Kraus 1988 S. dumicola Pocock, 1898 RWB Kraus & Kraus 1988 S. mimosarum Pavesi, 1883 RWB Kraus & Kraus 1988 S. sabulosus Tullgren, 1910 RWB Kraus & Kraus 1988 12. Family Gnaphosidae Aphantaulax inornata Tucker, 1923 FGW Tucker 1923 Asemesthes purcelli Tucker, 1923 FGW Tucker 1923 Camillina maun Platnick & Murphy, 1987 FGW Platnick & Murphy 1987 Megamyrmaekion transvaalense Tucker, 1923 FGW Tucker 1923 Scotophaeus marleyi Tucker, 1923 FGW Tucker 1923 Zelotes tuckeri Roewer, 1951 FGW NR 13. Family Hersiliidae Hersilia sericea Pocock, 1898 FPW Benoit 1967 Hersilida sp. (immature) RWB NR 14. Family Idiopidae Idiops castaneus Hewitt, 1913 BGW NR 15. Family Linyphiidae Tybaertiella krugeri (Simon 1894) SHWB Simon 1894 Meioneta habra Locket, 1968 SHWB NR 16. Family Liocranidae Rhaeboctesis trinotatus Tucker, 1920 FGW NR 17. Family Lycosidae Arctosa transvaalana Roewer, 1960 FGW NR Evippomma squamulatum (Simon, 1898) FGW NR Hippasa australis Lawrence, 1927 FWB NR Hogna transvaalica (Simon, 1898) FGW NR Lycosa sp. BGW NR Pardosa crassipalpis Purcell, 1903 FGW NR Pirata sp. FGW NR Proevippa albiventris (Simon, 1898) FGW NR 18. Family Mimetidae Mimetus natalensis Lawrence, 1938 FPW NR 19. Family Miturgidae Cheiracanthium africanum Lessert, 1921 FPW Lotz 1996b* C. furculatum Karsch, 1879 FPW Lotz 1996b* Cheiramiona paradisus Lotz, 2002 FPW Lotz 2002 C. krugerensis Lotz, 2002 FPW Lotz 2002 20. Family Oecobiidae. Oecobius navus Blackwall, 1859 RWB NR Uroecobius sp. (immature) RWB NR 21. Family Oonopidae Opopaea speciosa (Lawrence, 1952). FGW NR 22. FamilyOxyopidae Hamataliwa kulczynskii (Lessert, 1915) FPW NR Oxyopes jacksoni Lessert, 1915 FPW NR O. longispinosus Lawrence,1938 FPW NR O. pallidecoloratus Strand, 1906 FPW NR Peucetia pulchra(Blackwall, 1865) FPW Van Niekerk & Dippenaar- Schoeman1994 P. madalenae Van Niekerk & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 1994 FPW Van Niekerk & Dippenaar- Schoeman1994 P. striata Karsch, 1878 FPW Van Niekerk & Dippenaar- dippenaar.qxd 2005/12/09 10:26 Page 96 ISSN 0075-6458 97 Koedoe 46/1 (2003) Schoeman 1994 P. transvaalica Simon, 1896 FPW Van Niekerk & Dippenaar- Schoeman 1994 P. viridis (Blackwall, 1858) FPW Van Niekerk & Dippenaar- Schoeman1994 23.Family Palpimanidae Palpimanus transvaalicus Simon, 1893 FGW NR 24. Family Philodromidae Philodromus rufus Walckenaer, 1825 FPW NR Thanatus atlanticus Berland, 1936 FPW NR T. vulgaris Simon, 1870 FPW NR Tibellus sunetae Van den Berg &Dippenaar- Schoeman FPW Van den Berg & Dippenaar- 1994 Schoeman, 1994 25. Family Pholcidae Leptopholcus sp. (immature) SPWB NR Pholcus leptopholcicus Strand, 1909 SPWB NR Smeringopus natalensis Lawrence, 1947 SPWB NR 26. Family Phyxelididae Xevioso orthomeles Griswold, 1990 RWB Griswold 1990 27. Family Pisauridae Cispius problematicus Blandin, 1978 FPW Sierwald 1997 Euprosthenops australis Simon, 1898 FWB NR Perenethis symmetrica (Lawrence, 1927) FPW Sierwald 1997 Rothus purpurissatus Simon, 1898 SHWB NR Thalassius rossi Pocock, 1902 FGW NR 28. Family Prodidomidae Theuma foveolata Tucker, 1923 FGW NR T. fusca Purcell, 1907 FGW NR 29. Family Salticidae Baryphas ahenus Simon, 1902 FPW NR Brancus bevisi Lessert, 1925 FPW NR Heliophanus transvaalicus Simon, 1901 FPW NR Hyllus brevitarsis Simon, 1902 FPW NR Myrmarachne laurentina Bacelar, 1953 FPW NR Phlegra albostriata Simon, 1901 FGW NR Portia schultzi Karsch, 1878 FPW Wanless 1978 Thyene coccineovittata (Simon, 1885) FPW NR 30. Family Scytodidae Scytodes fusca Walckenaer, 1837 FGW NR 31. Family Segestriidae Ariadna sp. (immature) RWB NR 32.Family Selenopidae Anyphops rubicundus (Lawrence, 1940) FGW Lawrence 1940 A. silvicolellus (Strand, 1913) FGW Corronca 1998 Selenops krugeri Lawrence, 1940 FGW Corronca 2000 S. ovambicus Lawrence, 1940 FGW Corronca 2000 S. radiatus Latreille, 1819 FGW Corronca 2000 S. tenebrosus Lawrence, 1940 FGW NR 33. Family Sicariidae Loxosceles spiniceps Lawrence, 1952* FGW NR Sicarius oweni Newlands, 1986 * FGW NR dippenaar.qxd 2005/12/09 10:26 Page 97 Koedoe 46/1 (2003) 98 ISSN 0075-6458 34. Family Sparassidae Olios correvoni Lessert, 1921 FPW NR Palystes superciliosus L. Koch, 1875 FPW Croeser 1996 Pseudomicrommata longipes Bösenberg & Lenz, 1895 FPW NR 35. Family Tetragnathidae Diphya simoni Kauri, 1950 OWB Kauri 1950 Leucauge decorata (Blackwall, 1864) OWB NR Nephila pilipes (Fabricius, 1793) OWB NR N. senegalensis annulata (Thorell, 1859) OWB NR Nephilengys cruentata (Fabricius, 1775) OWB NR Tetragnatha boydi O.P.-Cambridge, 1898 OWB NR T. subsquamata Okuma, 1985 OWB Okuma & Dippenaar-Schoeman 1988 36. Family Theraphosidae Augacephalus breyeri (Hewitt, 1919) BGW Gallon 2002 A. junodi (Simon, 1904) BGW Gallon 2002 Ceratogyrus bechuanicus Purcell, 1902 BGW Smith 1990 Harpactira gigas Pocock, 1898 BGW NR Idiothele nigrofulva (Pocock, 1898) BGW Gallon 2002 37. Family Theridiidae Argyrodes convivans (Lawrence, 1937) GWB NR Latrodectus geometricus C.L. Koch, 1841 GWB NR Phoroncidia eburnea (Simon,1895) GWB NR Steatoda capensis Hann, 1990 GWB NR Theridion purcelli O.P.-Cambridge, 1940 GWB NR 38. Family Thomisidae Misumenops rubrodecoratus Millot, 1942 FPW NR Monaeses pustulosus Pavesi, 1895 FPW Dippenaar-Schoeman 1984 M. quadrituberculatus Lawrence, 1927 FPW NR Pactactes compactus Lawrence, 1947 FPW NR Runcinia aethiops (Simon, 1901) FPW NR R. flavida (Simon, 1881) FPW NR R. johnstoni Lessert, 1919 FPW NR Simorcus cotti Lessert, 1936 FPW NR Thomisops pupa Karsch, 1879 FPW NR Thomisus daradioides Simon, 1890 FPW NR T. granulatus Karsch, 1880 FPW NR T. kalaharinus Lawrence, 1936 FPW NR T. spiculosus Pocock, 1901 FPW NR Tmarus africanus Lessert, 1919 FPW NR Xysticus sp. FPW NR 39. Family Uloboridae Uloborus planipedius Simon, 1896 OWB NR U. plumipes Lucas, 1846 OWB NR 40. Family Zodariidae Capheris transvaalica Hewitt, 1915 BGW NR Chariobas sp. FPW NR Diores rectus Jocqué‚ 1990 FGW Jocqué 1990 Hermippus tenebrosus Jocqué, 1986 FGW Jocqué 1986 * from unpublished MSc and PhD theses. BGW = burrow ground dwellers; FWB = funnel web; FGW = free living ground wanderer; FPW = free liv- ing plant wanderers; GWB = gumfoot-web; OWB = orb-web; NR = new collecting record; SHWB = sheet- web; SPWB = space web. dippenaar.qxd 2005/12/09 10:26 Page 98 other parts of the plant. The KNP, as part of the Savanna Biome, is represented by about 32 grass-living species. Many of the grass dwellers are well camouflaged with elongated bodies, e.g., Runcinia spp. (Thomisidae), Tibellus sunetae Van den Berg & Dippenaar- Schoeman, 1994 (Philodromidae) and Pseudomicrommata longipes Bösenberg & Lenz, 1895 (Sparassidae), while others with their green or straw-coloured bodies blend in with the grass, e.g., members of the families Oxyopidae and Thomisidae. Conclusion Preliminary investigations into the biodiver- sity of invertebrate fauna in South Africa have highlighted the lack of baseline infor- mation on the ecology and diversity of most arachnid groups (Dippenaar-Schoeman 2002b). This survey of the KNP forms part of the South African National Survey of Arachnida (SANSA) and data gathered will be used in the Savanna Biome Project, Mpumalanga Biobase Programme and Arachnida in Conserved Area Projects. Of the 2000 spiders presently known from South Africa (Dippenaar-Schoeman 2002b), the 152 species of KNP represent about 7.6 % of the total spider fauna, with 103 species being new distribution records. Although this paper reports on sporadic col- lecting and probably represents only a por- tion of the spider fauna present, we hope this information will stimulate further research on this group of animals in the KNP. Future projects for the park include a key to the spi- ders and maps showing their distribution patterns. Acknowledgements We wish to thank the warden and officials of the Kruger National Park for their friendliness and assis- tance. Thanks are due to Dr. M.K.P. 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