 Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research (KJAR) Print-ISSN: 2411-7684 | Electronic-ISSN: 2411-7706 Volume 3 | Issue 1 | June 2018 | DOI: 10.24017/science.2018.1.6 Received: March 8, 2018 | Accepted: May 2, 2018 Effect of growing seasons, plant extracts with various rates on Black Bean Aphid, Aphis Fabae (Aphididae: Homoptera) Rebin A. Qadir Havall M. Amin Ardalan J. Majeed Crop protection Crop Protection Ornamental Plants Bakrajo Technical Institute Bakrajo Technical Institute Bakrajo Technical Institute Sulaimani Polytechnic University Sulaimani Polytechnic University Sulaimani Polytechnic University Sulaimani, Iraq Sulaimani, Iraq Sulaimani, Iraq Rebin.qadir@spu.edu.iq Havall.amin@spu.edu.iq Ardalan.majeed@spu.edu.iq 22 Abstract: Four plant extracts: Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp), Onion (Allium cepa Linn), Garlic (Allium sativum) and Cinnamon (Cinnamomum sp) with three extraction rates (0, 1 and 3) % in 2016 and 2017 seasons were used against aphid population in broad bean (Vicia faba). Some plants characteristic; Plant Height (cm), Fresh Weight.Plant-1 (g), Dry Weight.Plant-1 (g), Number of Pods.Plant-1, and aphid’s dead number after 6 hours and 24 hours were taken. Eucalyptus affected significantly on Number of Pods.Plant-1compared with the other extraction (7.416). As the extraction rate increased, all parameters increased. Pearson’s correlation test for traits in 2017 season indicated that there were a significant strong correlate and better than 2016 season among Number of Pods .Plant-1, Fresh Weight.Plant-1 (r = 0.770**), Dry Weight .Plant-1 (r = 0.816**), and M24 (r = 871**). Based on Number of Pods.Plant-1, the best interaction between the season, extraction types, and extraction rates, was a combination of the 2017 season × Eucalyptus extraction × 1% Extraction rate. Keywords: Plant Extracts, Aphis Fabae, Broad Bean, Biological control, Bioactivity 1. INTRODUCTION Broad bean is commonly known as broad bean or field bean which is grown in winter. Total cultivated area in the world about 25.2 million hectares with 19.7 million tones total production per year. Many countries such as Mediterranean, Middle Easter, Chinese, Indian, African and South American use bean as a standard source of their diet, in addition, it has an impressive importance as inexpensive and protein and carbohydrates rich substance [1, 2].Broad bean can be consumed as vegetable as fresh, but if dry seeds and pods was needed the plants will be leaved in the field until the maturity of the pods when it became dry. They contain fibers, carbohydrates, vitamins, proteins and minerals) in addition to (phytic acid alkaloids, saponins and tannins was previously studied [3, 4]. Several herbivores and pathogens will infect faba bean which consequently absorb nutrient and energy from plants. Aphid is considered one of the world-wide insect pests attacking faba bean and destroying most of the yields. There are about four thousand species were found and about two hundred and fifty species from this pests are harmful to different crops as well as the ornamental plants. One of them is Black bean aphid (Aphis fabae Scop.) is a major polyphagous pest of agricultural crops. The pest can cause to death of plants and causes reductions in the yield quantity and quality. Field losses infested by this pest can reach above 50% [5]. This insect pierce leaves, stems, flowers and young pods during adulthood and nymphs and leads to yellowing plants, withering and dying. Furthermore, it is a vector of more than 30 plant viruses, such as those of tomato and peas, potato, beets, cucurbits, crucifers etc. [6]. Aphis fabae is often control by application of the insecticides which are highly expensive and toxic [7]. Results show that insect resistance against pesticides has been increased [8] Pesticides may cause the destruction of useful insects (pollinators, parasitoids and predators), as well as their disadvantages against humans and wildlife ecosystems [9], Therefore, it is necessary to seek for an alternative of managing procedure of the insect. Fertility management practices is the best way for soil amendment as it could change up-take of organic matter and nutrients by plants and also affect soil microorganism and soil-borne pathogens[10]. Moreover, soil O.M and macro-micronutrients encouraged changes in the soil biota [11] and it impact on the aphid in an indirect way which may reform the plant media and create better relationship between soil pathogen and the aphid insect. During previous year's, some new bioactive plant extracts were examined and found that they have insecticidal properties and safe ecologically [12]. It has been found that there are more than 2000 plant species belong to 170 families which possess insecticidal properties [13]. Different parts of the herbaceous plant (dried+ fresh) were used [14, 15]. Few researches concerning this matter in Iraq-Kurdistan Region. In last decades bioactivity of botanical extracts against aphid species investigated by researchers. Among them, Aphis fabae [16, 17; 18; 19; 20; 21], Aphis citricola [22] Aphis craccivora [23], Aphis gossypii [24; 16, 17], Aphis nerii [16], Brevicoryne brassicae [24, 25], Lipaphis erysimi [26; 27], Melanocallis caryaefoliae [28], Myzus persicae [29; 16, 17; 30; 31; 32] and Schizaphis graminum [12]. Also, the plant extract repellent property vs. aphids was largely studied, among the aphid species, Aphis gossypii [33], Brevicoryne brassicae [24], and Myzus persicae [29; 30; 16]. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of different plant extracts based on dry matter of Eucalyptus, Onion, Garlic and Cinnamon for the control of black bean aphid. 23 2. METHODS AND MATERIALS 2.1. Experimental Site: This study was carried out at Bakrajo Technical Institute- Sulaimani Polytechnic University (SPU), Iraqi Kurdistan Region during (2015-2016) and (2016-2017) seasons under the rainfall condition. The location is at (35°32.976"N latitude and 45°21.537" longitude), located at 8 km south Sulaimani. Averages of just four months of rainfall as well as maximum and minimum temperatures, relative humidity and wind rates are shown in table 1. Table 1: Bakrajo Environmental conditions: Parameters 2016 (Average 4 month) 2017 (Average 4 month) Rain (mm) 81.22 85.75 Maximum Temp. (℃) 17.2 16.4 Minimum Temp. (℃) 11.3 4.91 Relative Humidity (%) 23.2 25.9 Wind (km/h) 5.6 6.04 2.2. Preparation of Botanical Extracts: 100 grams of dried materials for each of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp) ET1, Onion (Allium cepa Linn) ET2, Garlic (Allium sativum) ET3 and Cinnamon (Cinnamomum sp) ET4, were grinded to fine powder by an electric mixer for 5 minutes separately, then each was soaked in one liter of water. %100 of extracts preserved in well-dark cleaned glass bottles provided with tags at 25 °C which is a room temperature for twenty-four hours. After this period the mixtures were filtered through Whitman filter paper separately and stock of distilled water was also prepared to obtain required concentration (0, 1and 3%) ER1, ER2, and ER3.Then immediately used to perform the experiments respectively. 2.3. Application of Extracts in Field: Seeds of local variety of faba bean were sown by hand drill method and successive seedlings were grown in 3X2 m individual field-plots. When the plant height reached 20-25 cm, the field of the experiment were checked once a week for observing signs and symptoms of the aphids and recording any damages happened until it reaches the level of the economic threshold. Number of aphid (both immature and adults) were recorded on the indicated shoots (10 cm apical). The following parameters were taken: number of aphids/plant (before and after botanicals spray), Plant Height (PH) cm, Fresh Weight.Plant-1 (FWP) g, Dry Weight.Plant-1 (DWP) g, Number of Pods.Plant-1 (NPP). The counting aphid dead numbers individually (Mortality) were also taken after 6 hours (M6h) and 24 hours (M24h) spraying. 2.4. Soil Properties: Physicochemical properties for the soil was determined for each season. Table 2 shows some of these properties defined by [34 and 35]. Physicochemical characteristics were determined following procedures described by [37, 38, 39, 40, and 41]. Table 2: physicochemical properties of the soil used in the study: Parameters 2016 2017 pH 7.65 7.5 Electric Conductivity (mmhos/cm) 2.0 2.12 Calcium Carbonate (%) 2.45 2.49 Organic matter (%) 2.30 2.48 Calcium (mgkg-1) 4521 4322 Magnesium (mgkg-1) 223.2 280.78 potassium (mgkg-1) 203 245 phosphor (mgkg-1) 4.07 3.47 Zinc (mgkg-1) 1.43 1.37 Manganic (mgkg-1) 27.2 35 2.5. Statistical Analysis: Factorial experiment in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replicates was used in order to test main and interaction effects of Seasons, four plant extractions and three applications rates. Analysis of variance was carried out for the data using JMP statistical discovery and the means were compared according to LSD at 0.05 level. Correlation between mean values was analyzed by (SPSS program version 20.0.0). 3. RESULTS The results of ANOVA for the seasons, application of dissimilar plant extractions, extractions rate, and their interactions in regard to some measured aphid death and plant features are shown in Table 3. There was a significant effect of the treatments on most of the measured parameters in the broad beans plant except for PH, and NP which were non-significantly affected by seasons. The interaction effect of the S×ET, and S×ET×ER for the M6h, M24h, and PH, and the interactions between S × ER for the M24h, PH, and NP, were also non- significant. Table 3: The ANOVA results of the treatments and their interactions for the effect plant extracts from different plants against A. fabae. Parameters Mortality After 6h (%) Mortality After 24h (%) Plant Height (cm) Fresh Weight/Plant (g) Dry Weight/Plant (g) No. of Pods/Plant Source D.F F-Ratio P>F F- Ratio P>F F- Ratio P>F F- Ratio P>F F- Ratio P>F F- Ratio P>F Season (S) 1 104.108 0.000 12.3909 0.012 2.7326 0.149 440.9326 0.000 249.9261 0.000 1.7263 0.236 Extractions Type (ET) 3 308.7971 0.000 314.3005 0.000 7.7259 0.000 38.9103 0.000 63.1768 0.000 14.013 0.000 Extractions Rate (ER) 2 1382.834 0.000 1437.707 0.000 43.2872 0.000 178.0183 0.000 262.0481 0.000 103.4472 0.000 S×ET 3 0.9517 0.420 0.5561 0.645 1.5689 0.205 7.703 0.000 7.5872 0.000 4.0822 0.010 S×ER 2 4.3473 0.016 0.716 0.492 2.8628 0.064 3.5828 0.033 13.0696 0.000 2.4173 0.097 ET×ER 6 74.4139 0.000 76.8073 0.000 3.0819 0.010 11.1089 0.000 15.6004 0.000 3.5743 0.004 S×ET×ER 6 0.7151 0.638 0.8193 0.558 1.8824 0.096 2.9858 0.012 2.809 0.017 2.7341 0.019 24 Table 4 shows that different plant extracts have significant effects on all parameters. While ET1 gave maximum mortality after 6h (49.03%), 24h (52.21%), ET4 gave the minimum percent of the motility which were 14.96% and 16.17% after 6h and 24h, respectively. ET1 and ET2 gave maximum plant height (55.33cm) and fresh weight.plant-1 (82.25g), respectively, while ET4 gave minimum dry weight.plant-1 (7.54g) and No. of pods.plant-1(5.17g). Table 4: Effects of botanical extract on Aphid mortality (%) and yield performance of broad bean plants. Extractions Type (ET) (%) Mortality After 6h (%) Mortality After 24h (%) Plant Height (cm) Fresh Weight/Plant (g) Dry Weight/Plant (g) No. of Pods/Plant ET1 49.083a 52.208a 55.333a 77.000b 11.300a 7.416a ET2 35.791b 38.541b 52.208a 82.250a 11.033a 7.125a ET3 31.958c 33.583c 52.708a 78.083b 11.345a 7.416a ET4 14.958d 16.166d 46.291b 61.125c 7.537b 5.166b LSD 2.259 2.371 3.877 4.197 0.657 0.818 *Numbers within a column carrying the same letters are not different significantly according to (LSD, p < 0.05) Table 5 shows that ER3 significantly increased mortality after 6h (48.84%) and 24h (52.38%). Minimum PH (42.63cm), FWP (54.78g), DWP (6.54g) and NP (3.84) obtained from the control (ER1). Table 5: Effects of botanical extract rate on Aphid mortality (%) and yield performance of broad bean plants. Extraction Rate (ER) (%) Mortality After 6h (%) Mortality After 24h (%) Plant Height (cm) Fresh Weight/Plant (g) Dry Weight/Plant (g) No. of Pods/Plant ER1 3.218c 3.312c 42.625b 54.781b 6.537b 3.843b ER2 46.781b 49.687b 56.718a 84.781a 12.225a 8.031a ER3 48.843a 52.375a 55.562a 84.281a 12.150a 8.468a LSD 1.956 2.054 3.358 3.635 0.569 0.708 *Numbers within a column carrying the same letters are not different significantly according to (LSD, p < 0.05) Table 6 shows that all the parameters expect PH and NP significantly affected by growing seasons. Higher mortality% after 6 and 24 h and DWP which were (35.08%), (36.25%) and (12.74g), respectively obtained from the second season (S2), while higher FWP (85.00g) obtained from the first season (S1). Table 6: Effects of different seasons on Aphid mortality (%) and yield performance of broad bean plants. Season Mortality After 6h (%) Mortality After 24h (%) Plant Height (cm) Fresh Weight/Plant (g) Dry Weight/Plant (g) No. of Pods/Plant S1 30.812b 34.000b 52.500 85.000a 7.782b 6.937 S2 35.083a 36.250a 50.770 64.229b 12.735a 6.625 LSD 1.024 1.564 2.559 2.420 0.752 0.581 *Numbers within a column carrying the same letters are not different significantly according to (LSD, p < 0.05) According to the maximum means, the best interactions of M24h, PH, and NP (78.000 %, 68.250 cm, and 10.750) respectively, were observed in S2 × ET1 × ER2, only for M6h increases with ER3 (75.000). However, the S2 × ET3 × ER2, and S1 × ET2 × ER2 interactions were mostly affected to DWP, FWP (17.875, 114.500) g respectively. Finally, the minimum value of all parameters was obtained by untreated plants (using distill water) in the experiment (Table 7). Table 7: The best interaction between the season, extraction types, and extraction rates in the experiment. Parameters Mortality After 6h (%) Mortality After 24h (%) Plant Height (cm) Fresh Weight/Plant (g) Dry Weight/Plant (g) No. of Pods/Plant Interactions S2 × ET1 × ER3 S2 × ET1 × ER2 S2 × ET1 × ER2 S1 × ET2 × ER2 S2 × ET3 × ER2 S2 × ET1 × ER2 Maximum Mean 75.000 78.000 68.250 114.500 17.875 10.750 Interactions S1 × ET2 × ER1 S1 × ET1 × ER1 S2 × ET1 × ER1 S2 × ET4 × ER1 S1 × ET4 × ER1 S1 × ET4 × ER1 Minimum Mean 2.250 2.000 39.250 45.750 4.800 3.500 LSD 5.533 5.809 9.497 10.282 1.609 2.004 Base on the Person’s correlation coefficient between studied traits illustrated for season S1 in (Table 8), generally there was a positive significant correlation between all traits. The result showed that NPP has the strongest correlation (r = 0.751**) with FWP. Following this traits DWP and M24h were showed the most correlation with NPP (r = 0.725**, r = 0.709**) respectively. The stronger positive correlation was observed between PH and M24h (r = 0.793**). Also, highly significant and positive relation was observed among DWP with M24h (r = 0.924**). The broad bean plants were treated with the different types of plant extraction after 24h the death percentage of aphid was increased. Result for correlation indicated that there were a significant positive correlate among NPP with FWP, DWP and M24h (r = 0.770**, r = 0.816**, r = 25 0.871**) respectively in S2 (Table 9). Later this trait the FWP (r = 0.891**) and M24H (r = 0.892**) showed the strong correlation with DWP, although the same correlation was observed between FWP with M6h and M24h (r = 0.819**). Finally, for both season a very strong positive correlation between M24h and M6hwere observed. Table 8: Correlation coefficients among Aphid mortality (%) and yield performance of broad bean plants in 2015-2016. Parameters Correlation with Mortality After 6h (%) Mortality After 24h (%) Plant Height (cm) Fresh Weight/Plant (g) Dry Weight/Plant (g) No. of Pods/Plant Mortality After 6h (%) 1 Mortality After 24h (%) 0.994** 1 Plant Height (cm) 0.786** 0.793** 1 Fresh Weight/Plant (g) 0.854** 0.856** 0.747** 1 Dry Weight/Plant (g) 0.910** 0.924** 0.762** 0.881** 1 No. of Pods/Plant 0.698** 0.709** 0.688** 0.751** 0.725** 1 **Correlation is showing significances at 0.01 levels by using (2-tailed) test. Table 9: Correlation coefficients among Aphid mortality (%) and yield performance of broad bean plants in 2016-2017. Parameters Correlation with Mortality After 6h (%) Mortality After 24h (%) Plant Height (cm) Fresh Weight/Plant (g) Dry Weight/Plant (g) No. of Pods/Plant Mortality After 6h (%) 1 Mortality After 24h (%) 0.996** 1 Plant Height (cm) 0.692** 0.699** 1 Fresh Weight/Plant (g) 0.819** 0.819** 0.564** 1 Dry Weight/Plant (g) 0.888** 0.896** 0.592** 0.891** 1 No. of Pods/Plant 0.861** 0.871** 0.671** 0.770** 0.816** 1 **Correlation is showing significances at 0.01 levels by using (2-tailed) test. 4. DISCUSSION Application of materials such as water extract on the plant plays nowadays an important role in reducing aphid number which infests plants. Use of plant natural water extracts for the purpose of aphid control is of special concern in agriculture as they reduce environmental pollution compared to industrial compounds. Researchers have found that plant extracts are of noticeable influence on reducing aphid numbers and increasing yield in broad bean. All botanical water extracts had effects on reduce of aphid numbers and increase morphological attribute with plant yield. Previous study evaluated water extract of eucalyptus and garlic reduced the number of aphids, also water extracts of tobacco and neem have been tested and showed a great result to control aphids [36]. Repelling activities of natural essential oils is of great importance in showing potential toxic action against aphids. Researchers found some properties of plant natural essential oils which are of special concern in controlling aphids among those are ginger (Zinigiber spp.), lavender (Lavandula officinalis Chaix), peppermint (Mentha piperita), spear-mint (Mentha spicata), thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinallis) oils [37, 38]. Among the 13 tested substance compounds contained in rosemary oil a repellent action in relation to Mentha persicae is exhibited by such compounds as linalool, d,1-camphor and terpineol. 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