Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research (KJAR)
Print-ISSN: 2411-7684 | Electronic-ISSN: 2411-7706
Website: Kjar.spu.edu.iq | Email: kjar@spu.edu.iq
Impact of Corona Virus on The
Life Status of Kurdish People
Living in Kurdistan Region of Iraq
Pary M. Azize Chia H. Sadiq
Nursing Department Midwifery Department
Sulaimani Technical Institute Sulaimani Technical Institute
Sulaimani Polytechnic University Sulaimani Polytechnic University
Sulaimani, Iraq Sulaimani, Iraq
Pary.azize@spu.edu.iq Chia.sadiq@spu.edu.iq
Lavin Luqman Othman
Information Technology Department
The British International school of Sulaimani
Sulaimani, Iraq
Lavin.luqman97@gmail.com
Article Info ABSTRACT
Special Issue on
Coronavirus (COVID-19)
DOI:
10.24017/covid.6
Article history:
Received: 08 May 2020
Accepted: 15 May 2020
The novel corona virus (COVID-19) is currently one of
the most common causing concerns in medical
community. The aim of this study is to carry out the effect
of corona virus on life status among Kurdish people in
Kurdistan region. An online form (questionnaire) was
used to collect the data among the researchers’ social
media users, especially Facebook as the main platform.
643 participated in the study and filledout the form;
however, 510 forms were accepted in terms of statistical
point of view. All statistical computations are enhanced
using statistical method (SPSS 21). The data was coded,
tabulated, and presented in a descriptive form. The finding
shows that the majority of gender respondents were female
aged mostly between 15-25 years old, majority were
employed, 92.7%, living in Sulaimani city, which was the
highest rate among all locations. 50% of the participants
identified that corona virus was a threatening disease
which was the highest. Followed by 22% who identified
the disease as fatal. Social distancing and hand washing
were the top choices for self protection against the disease.
Family Connection and Relaxation were the two positive
aspects of the virus, however, communication with others
and safety. Were the two negative aspects of the virus
stated by the respondents. 26.1% of respondents were
distracted themselves from stress by connecting with loved
Keywords:
Corona virus, Covid 19,
Life status, environment,
social media, life
threatening
Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research | Volume 5 – Issue 1 – June 2020 | 46
ones through social media followed by reading. There is a
significant positive statistical correlation between (Corona
Virus and life status) which is (0.846) and that the
significant value is (0.000). This illustrates that only
71.6% of factors affect (life status) in (Corona Virus). As
way of conclusion, corona virus has had a significant
impact on the people’s life status.
Copyright © 2020 Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research.
All rights reserved.
1. INTRODUCTION
The novel Corona Virus (COVID-19) is a new epidemic virus that has raised a big concern
among the medical community [1]. This virus is -induced pneumonia, the first report
discovered in Wuhan city since 2019 [2]. The number of people living with corona virus
across the word is 96,000 cases in 5/3/2020 and 3300 deaths have been reported till the date
[3]. Corona virus disease can caused multiple system infections especially respiratory tract
infection in humans such as severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory
syndrome (MERS) [4]. In addition, cough and fever are the most common symptoms of this
virus, some patients have also experienced other symptoms such as diarrhea and liver damage
[5,6] , it brings more encounters to patients recovery [7,8]. Many people may also be
asymptomatic. Usually elderly people and those with chronic disease such as diabetes,
cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases and cancer are more likely to develop
respiratory distress syndrome. Droplets of saliva or contact from an infected person are the
most common way of transmission. The incubation period is about 2-14 days. The rate of
deaths from this virus is likely to be 2% -%3 [9] A study by Joseph et al in 2005 investigated,
mental health and quality of life during the SARS pandemic situation among populations in
Hong Kong,, it indicated social and family support are associated with positive impact of
mental health [10]. In addition, a study conducted among Chines populations through an
online survey between January and February 2020 with about 263 participants. This study
reported that the COVID-19 was associated with mild stressful impact among local Chinese
aged ≥ 18 in Liaoning Province, mainland China [11]. The occurrence of corona virus over the
world can led to enormous public responses; continuously social media has reported across
limitations to keep all information taught about the pandemic situation. A pandemic has led to
stress, and anxiety, which is the most common reaction to any distressing condition [12]. The
most effective ways of protection against the virus is social distance.. Despite all the
preventive measures that has been used by people, but still cause stigma. In an online survey
that has been carried out in India to assess the knowledge and attitude of people regarding
Corona virus, stated that over a fifth of the participants agreed that social distancing, avoiding
traveling abroad, frequently using hand sterilizer are protection against the disease, However,
stigma and fear are still the dominant factors that stay with them especially because of
returning the recovered patients to the society [13]. The aim of this study is to carry out the
effect of corona virus on life status among Kurdish people in Kurdistan region
2. METHODS AND MATERIALS
Design of the study
An online survey was conducted, form (questionnaire) was used to collect the data among
social media users, especially face book as the main platform.
Data collection
The form spread around first from the researcher’s network especially facebook, then to
people who are connected to the researchers facebook accounts all around Kurdistan region.
The form was created using Google Forms as the platform. This decision was made because;
Google is a very sophisticated and very easy to use platform among online users. The platform
Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research | Volume 5 – Issue 1 – June 2020 | 47
allows to add questions in variety of styles (multiple choice, short answer, checkbox…etc.).
The researchers asked everyone to answer.
Sample and sampling technique
The form reached 643 subjects. The researchers studied the forms and filtered out 133 forms
as they had not filled the form completely. Know the samples are 510 respondents
Questionnaire
The Questionnaire is classified into two sections, the first section that this research attempted
to find some demographic data such as (age, gender, occupation and educational level….).
The second section demonstrates the data collected from the first section of the survey, in this
section, 12 questions were asked about their life status during that situation of having COVID-
19. The questionnaire started with the general question about the meaning of Corona virus to
them, their level of fear to the disease. Then we started to ask about their social life under the
stress of this disease for example: what does Corona Virus give and take away from you, how
you protect yourself and how you convince and distract yourself to not become stressed while
you are home. Finally, information was seeked about the benefit of staying home and social
distance to change the environment for the better and to the future of this Virus.
Statistical analysis
The answers are automatically turned into useful graphs and figures that are easily extracted
and can later on be used as representatives of the data. All statistical computations are
enhanced using statistical method (SPSS 21). The data has been coded, tabulated, and
presented in a descriptive form. The statistical procedure that was applied to determine the
results of the present study included:
1. alpha-cronbach has been used for testing the reliability of the questionnaire.
2. Descriptive statistical data analysis (Demography, descriptive variables as Corona Virus
and life status)
3. Inferential data analysis: Pearson bivariate correlation and Simple regression model:
This model was used to determine as: Impact of Corona Virus on the life status
-The significant level of all statistical procedures was determined at (F test), P< 0.000.
-There are criteria of the probability level of determining the significance of the test: P -value
as:
1. High significant (P< 0.001)
2. Significant (P< 0.05)
3. Non-significant (P> 0.05)
4. Very highly significant (P< 0.000)
3. RESULTS
Reliability of Questionnaire
Reliability means accuracy, dependability, stability, and consistency of the research
instrument. According to Heale and Twycross, (2015) [14], the recommended appropriate
sample size is “approximately 200 individuals (or more) for a research” which implies that a
sample size of 200 respondents is an appropriate sample size for the current research.
Table 1: Reliability and Validity
Methods Result
Alpha Cronbach’s 0.915
Validity 0.837
It can be seen in the table (1) that alpha Cronbach was used to get the result of the reliability
of the participations. As a result, the value of alpha Cronbach equals to (0.915) and the
validity was (0.837), then the result of alpha Cronbach and validity shows the highly reliable
of the questionnaire
.
Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research | Volume 5 – Issue 1 – June 2020 | 48
Table 2: Demographic data
Variables Frequency Percent %
Gender
Male 208 40.8%
Female 302 59.2%
Total 510 100.0
Age
15 – 25 years old 211 41.37%
26 – 35 years old 125 24.51%
36 – 45 years old 110 21.57%
More than 45 years old 64 12.55%
Total 510 100.0
Education level
Primary 15 2.9%
Secondary 38 7.5%
Institute 183 35.9%
College 181 35.5%
post graduate 93 18.2%
Total 510 100.0
Location
Suleimani 473 92.7%
Hawler 19 3.7%
Kirkuk 5 1%
Duhok 3 0.6%
Halabja 10 2%
Total 510 100.0
Occupation
Student 152 29.8%
Employed 179 35.1%
Teacher 92 18%
Unemployed 87 17.1%
Total 510 100.0
It is clear from the table (2): The majority of gender respondents were female, reaching 59.2%
of the total. This means the rate of females was more than males. The percentage of males was
40.8%.The highest percentage of age was between (15-25 years old) and 24.51% and 21.57%
were between (26 – 35 years old and 36 – 45 years old respectively) and only 12.55% of age
was (More than 45 years old).The majority of the educational level was institute, which was
35.9%, while the college, Post graduate and secondary were (35.5%, 18.2% and 7.5%
respectively) and only 2.9% was primary. Most of participants, 92.7% were living in
Sulaimani city, which was the highest rate among all locations, 3.7% , 2% and 1% were form
hawler ,halabja and kirkuk and the minority of location was in duhok, 0.6%. Occupational
status (Employed) from the study sample came in the first rank with a percentage of 35.1%. In
the second place were (Students) which was 29.8%, and 18% of the occupational were
Teachers, finally, the lowest rate of occupation, which was Unemployed, 17.1%.
Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research | Volume 5 – Issue 1 – June 2020 | 49
Table 3: Descriptive some questions
Variables Frequency Percent %
What does corona virus mean to you
It is a threatening disease 255 50%
It is a fatal disease 112 22%
It is a mild disease 137 26.9%
Others 6 1.2%
Total 510 100.0
How do you protect yourself from the virus?
Washing hands 224 43.9%
Social distancing 277 54.3%
Taking medication and vitamins 9 1.8%
Total 510 100.0
What did corona virus give to you?
Relaxation 203 39.8%
Family Connection 224 43.9%
Self-care time 56 11%
Others 27 5.3%
Total 510 100.0
What did corona virus take away from you?
Freedom 77 15.1%
Friendship 33 6.5%
Communication with others 177 34.7%
Economy 74 14.5%
Health 55 10.8%
Safety 94 18.4%
Total 510 100.0
How do you distract yourself from the stress of the virus?
Reading 120 23.5%
Exercise 44 8.6%
Connecting with loved ones through social
media
130 26.1%
Telephone calls with loved ones 94 18.4%
Sleeping 34 6.7%
Eating 15 2.9%
Communicating with family members/ house
mates
14 2.7%
Others 56 11%
Total 510 100.0
It is clear from the table (3): It can be clear that 50% of the [articipant6s felt that corona virus
was a threatening disease, which was the highest, 26.9% and 22% felt mild disease and fatal
disease respectively. The majority of the participants chose social distancing as the best way
of protecting themselves against the disease. which was 54.3% of the total and only 1.8%
considered medication and vitamins. According to the study, 43.9% of corona virus gives
family connection and 39.8% chose relaxation. 34.7% of participants felt that communication
with others was the biggest scarifies that they had to do because of the virus. and 18.4%,
15.1%. 14.5% and 10.8 take safety, freedom, economic and health respectively. 23.5% was
Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research | Volume 5 – Issue 1 – June 2020 | 50
reading to distract from the stress of virus, and 18.4% made Telephone calls with loved ones
2.7% was communicating with family members/ house mate
Table 4: Description of variables
Questions No Somehow Yes Mean S.D C.V Relative
importance NO NO NO
% % %
Are you afraid of corona
virus?
107 274 129 2.04 0.67 32.84 68
21 53.7 25.3
Have you been able to
convince yourself to not
become stressed?
Convince by corona
virus.
40 174 296 2.5 0.64 25.60 83.33
7.8 34.1 58
Is corona virus your life
threatening virus?
15 160 335 2.62 0.54 20.61 87.33
2.9 31.4 65.7
Do you think that social
media adds to the fear of
corona? Does it make
corona seem scary?
50 225 235 2.36 0.65 27.54 78.67
9.8 44.1 46.1
Sum 212 833 995 2.38 0.63 26.65 79.33
10.39 40.83 48.77
The data of Table (4) on repeat distributions (mean, stander deviation, coefficient of variance
and Relative importance) indicate explanatory variables that focus on (corona virus). This
variable has a mean of 2.38., standard deviation of (0.63) and the relative importance of
(79.33%). The percentage of people who responded with “Yes” to (48.77%), somehow
(40.83%), while the proportion of individuals who syayed “No” with the paragraphs have
reached the percentage (10.39%).
Table 5: Description of variables
Questions No Somehow Yes Mean S.D C.V Relative
importance
NO NO NO
% % %
Do you feel like corona virus
is pushing to stay clean?
14 52 444 2.84 0.43 15.14 94.67
2.7 10.2 87.1
Do you feel like corona virus
has been able to change the
environment for the better?
11 74 425 2.81 0.44 15.66 93.67
2.2 14.5 83.3
Do you think that we can end
corona virus by staying clean
and cleaning?
62 171 277 2.4 0.69 28.75 80.00
12.2 33.5 54.3
Sum 87 297 1146 2.68 0.52 19.8 89.4
5.69 19.41 74.90
The data of Table (6) on repeat distributions (mean, stander deviation, coefficient of variance
and relative importance) indicate explanatory variables that focus on (life status). This
variable has a mean of 2.68. a standard deviation of (0.52) and the relative importance of
(89.4%). The percentage of people who responded with “Yes” to (74.90%), somehow
Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research | Volume 5 – Issue 1 – June 2020 | 51
(19.41%), while the proportion of individuals who stated “No” with the paragraphs have
reached the percentage (5.69%).
Table 6: A relationship between Corona Virus and life status
Corona Virus - life status
life status Corona Virus
0.846 1 Correlation life status
0.000 Sig.
510 510 Sample
1 0.846 Correlation Corona Virus
0.000 Sig.
510 510 Sample
The level of significance at level 0.05
There is a relationship between the statistical function between the Corona Virus and life
status
Ho: There isn’t a relationship between Corona Virus and life status
H1: There is a relationship between Corona Virus and life status
It is noted from Table (6) that there is a significant positive statistical correlation between
(Corona Virus and life status), which is (0.846) and that the significance value is (0.000) and
is less than (0.05). This indicates acceptance of the second hypothesis, because a positive
correlation between the (Corona Virus and life status).
Table 7: Regression analysis of a dependent variable (life status) Impact of Corona Virus on the life
status
Model Coefficients Model Summary ANOVA Table
Unstandardized
Coefficients
T Test Sig. R R
2
Adjust
R
2
F Test Sig
B Std.Erro
r
Constant 0.232 0.065 3.594 0.00 0.846 0.716 0.715 1279.67 0.00
Corona
Virus
0.918 0.026 35.773 0.00
Ho: There isn’t the Impact of Corona Virus on the life status
H1: There is the Impact of Corona Virus on the life status
This table indicates that the regression model predicts the dependent variable significantly
well. This indicates the statistical significance of the regression model that was run. Here, the
(p-value) was (0.000), which is less than 0.05, and indicates that, the regression model
statistically significantly predicts the outcome variable (it is a good fit for the data).This
means that the method is possible to be used to analyze this data and this indicates acceptance
of the alternative hypothesis.
The R2 value indicates how much of the total variation in the dependent variable (life status),
can be explained by the independent variable (Corona Virus). In other words, R Square for
this study is (0.716). In this case, 76.2% can be explained, which is very large.
In other words, this indicates that 71.6% of the variance of (life status) has been explored in
(Corona Virus), this illustrates that only 71.6% of factors affect (life status) in (Corona Virus)
and the other variables (28.4%) are due to random error.
Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research | Volume 5 – Issue 1 – June 2020 | 52
4. DISCUSSION
Corona virus was a life changing disease for everyone and everything around the world. It had
its pros and cons. Even though. It was a significant health hazard for humans, but it was able
to clean the environment. The virus stopped the life of humans in many countries; however, it
was able to restart the life of many other species that used to share the planet with humans.
CONVID-19 also had its benefits for humans, it brought families together, stopped many wars
and made equality among the different classes in society. However, it did have sever impacts
on the mental, financial and the safety status of humans. All of this was the motivation for the
conduction of this study. The aim of the research is to find the impact of the virus on the life
status of citizens in Kurdistan, Iraq.
Similar to other public health concern for people, corona virus can lead to levels of anxiety
and stresses [15].
Regarding the importance of psychological variables, the current study indicated that %25.3 of
participants were frightened from COVID-19. Fear is not the highest impact of corona virus; it
has been stated that stress is also another factor when it comes to this pandemic situation.
These are inconsistent with the result of a study [16]. In an online survey of 808 U.S. among
adults, stated that approximately 56% of participants were worried or very concerned about
the COVID-19 in the U.S. Similarly, a group of researchers asked a number of medical
students from the College of Medicine at King Saud University and found that the majority of
the subjects fear the disease, interestingly majority 87% of them were female student [17].
Regarding awareness about COVID -19 pandemic, this study found that most of the
participants (%43.9) were aware of the basic elements of the disease. This study’s responders
reported that the current use of hand washing indicates the increasing concern of participants
toward personal hygiene measure to avoid the virus. This finding is consistent with [18] the
study conducted in Indian which stated that 97% participants were frequently washing their
hands to stop the COVID- 19.
In term of social distancing, the majority of the participants in this study reported that more
than (54.3%) of the participants agreed that social distancing is a significant impact to avoid
the disease. This finding is consistent with the study which indicated that awareness about
COVID-19 is reflected in their attitude and behaviors considerably as most of the Chines
participants (about 98%) agreed with social distancing [18].
This study represents that, most of the participants stated that corona virus has the highest
(% 83.3) impact to change the environment for the best. This result is supported by a study
form China. The study reported that the corona virus can prevent the environment form
pollution and significantly contributes in reduction to global carbon emission [19].
In this context, social media may be one of the most important impacts on mental health. This
study stated that social media was responsible for spreading fear of COVID-19 among
participants, which is about (% 46.1) of all individuals. This finding is consistent with [20],
the MERS outbreak period, which indicated that social media can influence largely express
negative words like fear and anxiety with respect to the infectious disease. In contract, as in
the locked down situation, social media is the main source to gain information about COVID-
19 in about half of the population [21]. In a two similar studies on MERS was consisted
results that social media is a main source of information among health care professionals [22,
23].
5. CONCLUSION
As way of conclusion, this study showed that corona virus has had a significant impact on the
life status of citizens in Kurdistan, Iraq. The results showed that the majority of the subjects
were suffering from mental instability as the cause of the epidemic. Social distancing was
chosen as the best way to protect themselves and their families from the contagious virus.
CONVID-19 changed the world in many ways. Despite its many negative impacts, it will be
able to have long term benefits for humans, the planet and the different species.
Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research | Volume 5 – Issue 1 – June 2020 | 53
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