LANGUAGE CIRCLE: Journal of Language and Literature, 13(2) April 2019 114 The Analysis of Pure Borrowing Technique in Indonesian Translation of “Does My Head Look Big in This” Novel Badriyah Ulfah Indo Global Mandiri University, Palembang, Indonesia Email: BadriyahUlfah@uigm.ac.id Abstract The process of translation is beyond finding equivalents in the target language (TL) or conveying the general meaning of the source language (SL). For having an acceptable and understandable rendering, some techniques and strategies should be selected as the basis of translating. In ‚Does my head look big in this‛ novel the translator used some techniques but this study only aimed at analyzing the pure borrowing technique. It is a technique in the translation to take a word directly from the SL into the TL without any adjustment. The data of this study were collected by selecting the pure borrowing words found in all chapter of the novel. The result of the analysis shows that there are 85 pure borrowing words used in this novel. The words consist of 4 word classes namely noun, verb, exclamation, and adjective. The calculation mentions 88 % of the pure borrowing words are nouns, 6 % are adjective, 4 % are verb, and 2 % are exclamation. Applying appropriate techniques such as pure borrowing in translating might be needed in order to make the translation product reliable and acceptable for the reader but the translator must consider some aspects that might be related to the translation works itself Key words: Source Language (SL), Target Language (TL), Novel, Pure Borrowing technique INTRODUCTION ‚Does my head look big in this‛ novel was written by Randa Abdel-Fattah. It was released in Australia, by Pan MacMillan Australia, on August 1st, 2005. It won the Australian Book Industry Award and Australian Book of The Year Award for older children. This novel was so unique because it brings the Muslim in general and Middle East culture in specific into the novel. The other unique thing is that the place told in the story is Australia. In short, the story revolves around (and is told from the view point of) a sixteen-year-old Muslim girl living in Australia who decides to wear the hijab, a religious veil, full-time. Her decision leads to different reactions from her friends, family, and peers.So this book is mostly buzzing around the mixture of Muslim and Australian culture. This book seems closed to the writer life which is a Muslim and lives in Australia. This book is so famous as one of the refference for children literacy because it brings a lot of moral value especially in respecting other people’s belief. In Indonesia this novel is also famous in the teenagers because it also contain with the story which face by most of teenager in general. As the mixture of two very different culture and way of life, the translator might get a lot of difficulties in translating the novel into Indonesian language. So the writer used a lot of technique of translation in the book. As it was said by Fadaee (2011) that the process of translation is beyond finding equivalents in the target language (TL) or conveying the general meaning of the source language (SL). For having an acceptable and understandable rendering, some techniques mailto:BadriyahUlfah@uigm.ac.id LANGUAGE CIRCLE: Journal lof Language and Literature 13(2) April 2019 p-ISSN 1858-0165 Available online at http://journal.unnes.ac.id e-ISSN 2460-853X 115 and strategies should be selected as the basis of translating.In line with Fadaee, Srikandi (2010) concluded thatthe term of translation has three meaning (1) the science generally, (2) product (text which has been translated, and (3) process (the action in translation production), usually we call it translating. Translation is identical with communicate the message or idea, that is written in original text. Basically, Translation is a change of form. When we talk about the form of a language, we are referring to the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and paragraphs, which are spoken and written. It consists of transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language. Furthermore Venuti (2004:84) divided translation process into two terms. There are direct translation and oblique translation. It contains seven procedures of translation which classify the new variety of language. These procedures in order to control the translator work. Borrowing, calque, and literal translation are direct translation and Transposition, Modulation, Equivalence, and Adaptation are oblique translation. Those two term of translation process can be linked to the translation strategy namely foreignization and domestically. Direct translation may be assumed as part of Foreignization strategy. Foreignization itself was defined by Yang, L (2013) as a term to designate the type of translation in which a TT (Target Text or Target-language Text) is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original. Furthermore Hatim, B & Munday, J (2004) defined it as the strategy where the translation seeks to preserve ‘alien’ features of a STin order to convey the ‘foreignness’ of the original. The translator still keeps holding on the source language in order to introduce the source text culture or it might happen that the target language doesn’t have the equivalent words. Meanwhile Literal Translation may be assumed as part of Domestication strategy. Domestication was defined by Hatim, B & Munday, J (2004) as a translation strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in orderto minimize the foreignness of an ST. From the seven procedures proposed by Venuti, this article only focuses on borrowing procedure. Borrowing is the simplest of all translation procedures. It is a process of transferring the SL (Source Language) into the TL (Target Language) in which the words of the text become ‚loan words‛ because there is no change of form when transferring SL text into the TLThe term of borrowing means a word taken directly from anotherlanguage(Satriadi, 2014). Borrowing is used by every translator in order to create stylistic effectInstead of analizing all the technique used by the translator. A’yun (2013) mentioned borrowing as a word or expression straight from another language and it can be pure(without any change), e.g., to use the English word lobby in a Spanish text, or it can be naturalized (to fit the spelling rules in the TL), e.g., gol, fútbol, líder, mitin. In bahasa Pure Borrowing can be found in the common noun such as editor, golf, bank, film, villa,etc. In the proper noun such as November, Cinderella, papa, anzora, etc. In Adjective such as mental, junior, modern,etc. The naturalized borrwing in bahasa can be found in noun such as aktris, sel, komisaris, juni, sekretaris, aktor,etc. In adjective such as teknis, tropis, politik, romantis, misterius, etc. Because there are two kinds of borrowing, this article focuses on pure borrowing technique in the translation of ‚ Does my head look big in this‛ novel. METHODOLOGY Siregar (2016) defined translation procedures as methods applied by translators when they formulate equivalence for the purpose of transferring elements of meaning from the LANGUAGE CIRCLE: Journal of Language and Literature, 13(2) April 2019 116 Source Text (ST) to the Target Text (TT). Furthermore Venuti (2004) described Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet’s view in 1950s that translators can choose from two methods of translating, namely direct, or literal, translation and oblique translation. Vinay and Darbelnet proposed seven methods or procedures namely (1) Borrowing, (2) Calque, (3) Literal translation, (4) Transposition, (5) Modulation, (6) Equivalence, and (7) Adaptation. Borrowing is usually used in terms of new technical or unknown concepts, to overcome a gap, usually a metalinguistic one. Borrowing is the simplest of all translation methods. Borrowing is mostly applied to introduce the flavor of the source language color is a matter of style, but at the same time it may have a significant effects on the message contained. Calque is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression from another, but the translator translates literally each of its elements. The result is either a lexical calque i.e. one which respects the syntactic structure of the target language while introducing a new mode of expression. Literal translation is a direct transfer of the source text into grammatical and idiomatically appropriate target text. Transposition is a procedure which involves replacing one word class with another class without changing the message. There are two types of transposition, namely obligatory and optional transposition. Obligatory transposition occurs when the target language has no other choices because of the language system. Modulation is the varying of the language, obtained by a change in the point of view, this change can be justified, although literal even transposed. There are two types of modulation, namely free or optional is generally adopted because of nonlinguistic reason. It is mostly used to stress the meaning, to affect coherence or to find out natural form in the TL. Equivalent is often desirable for the translator to use an entirely different structure with different meaning from that of the source language text so long as it is considered appropriate in the communicative situational equivalent to that of the source language text. Adaptation is the extreme limit of translation which is used in cases the translator has to create a new situation that can be considered equivalent. Some of the source language data do not have exact equivalents in the target language because of the different cultural backgrounds between the source language and target language. Therefore, not all of the source language terms can be translated into the target language if the source language terms are considered as not having the equivalents. From those seven procedures, Borrowing is the simplest of all translation procedures. Hadithya (2014) mentions that this task refers to a case where a word or an expression is taken from the source language and used in the target language, but it in a ‘naturalized’ form, that is, it is made to conform the rules of grammar or pronunciation of the target language. MoreoverBorrowing in translation is not always justified by lexical gap in the target language, but it can mainly be used as a way to preserve the local color of the word, or be used out of fear from losing some of the semiotic aspects and cultural aspects of the word if it is translated. From the explanation it can be assumed that borrowing can be divided into two kinds namely pure borrowing and naturalized borrowing. Pure borrowing is a technique in the translation to take a word directly from the SL into the TL without any adjustment. The words are taken purely, it occurs in noun category in the SL which is translated into the TL. Meanwhile naturalized is one of the LANGUAGE CIRCLE: Journal lof Language and Literature 13(2) April 2019 p-ISSN 1858-0165 Available online at http://journal.unnes.ac.id e-ISSN 2460-853X 117 techniques used by the translator to equalize the meaning of the target language towards the source language by borrowing the source language‘s term, then the spelling and the pronunciation is adjusted with the target language such as the words plastik, informasi, aktris, aktor, and boss which comes from English of plastic, information, actress, and boss. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION The pure borrowing technique in the translation is analysed based on word categories and the novel chapter.For the word classes there are four categories found in the novel; those categories are noun , verb, adjective, and exclamation. Based on the data analysis It was found that there were 85 borrowing words existed in the novel. It consisted of 75 nouns, 3 verbs, 5 adjectives, and 2 exclamations. In the analysis the word class of noun is divided into two namely common and proper noun. There are 46 common nouns and 29 proper nouns. Meanwhile, based on the chapter of the novel, there were 45 chapters written in the novel. The highest number of borrowing words are in chapter 1 and chapter 9 with 8 borrowing words and the lowest number of borrowing words which do not contain any borrowing words belong to some chapter namely chapter 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20 , 22, 26, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 39, 40, and 41. Most of the chapters only contains noun for the borrowing words but some chapter such as chapter 1 contains noun and verb, chapter 3 contains noun and adjective, chapter 6 contains noun and verb, chapter 9 contains noun, verb, and adjective, chapter 21 contains noun and adjective, chapter 24 contains noun and exclamation, chapter 28 contains noun and adjective, and chapter 31 contains noun, adjective, and exclamation. Below is the chart of the total number of the borrowing words per chapter. Based on the chapter, it could be seen that the use of borrowing words in this novel is fluctuative. The translator sometimes uses a lot of borrowing words but in other times did not use it at all. But the chart showed that the translator mostly used the borrowing words in the beginning of the novel. The chart might be fluctuative but it shows the reduction use of borrowing words. In the first chapter, it touches 8 total of words meanwhile at the end of the chapter it is found 1 word only. It can be assumed that when the translator start to 0 2 4 6 8 10 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 T o ta l W o rd s CHAPTER Pure Borrowing Words based on Book Chapter LANGUAGE CIRCLE: Journal of Language and Literature, 13(2) April 2019 118 translate, she still got a lot of difficulties in understanding the novel but then in the process of the translation she started to comprehend and reduce the use of borrowing words. In other cases, the analysis of the borrowing words based on the word classes is also important. The result is quiet unbalanced between four word classes that contains in the novel. The total number of noun could reach 75 words where it consists of 46 comon noun and 29 proper noun. Meanwhile there are only 3 verbs, 5 adjectives, and 2 exclamations words And the above chats show the percentage charts of total number of borrowing words based on the word classes. So as it is counted there are 88% from all the borrowing words which belongs to nouns, 6% of all borrowing words are adjective, 4 % of all words belongs to verbs and the lowest percentage, 2% belongs to exclamation. As it is divided into some categories of classes, the borrowing words found in the novel are as follows. 1. Noun Common Noun Proper Noun Treadmill, Full-Timers, Bad Hair Day, Home- Room, Power-Walker, Bumper, Bacon, Concealer, Foundation, Pull-Over, Food-Court, Snooze, Skydiving, White-Lie, Gym, Hall-Of- Fame, Conditioner, Eyeliner, Headphone, Mood,Girls, Loungeroom, Strawbery Tart, Mudcake,E-Mail, Fashion Design, Kisser, Dressing Salad, Dad, Chilli, Football, Cinnamon, Scone, Fish And Chips, Mug, Rollerblade, Burger Fillet, Man, Superglue, Parliament House, Alumunium Foil, Chat, Rating, Lipgloss, Watercress, Sunblock Yoghurt, tabouleh, hippy, burgundy, salad, buffet, copacabana, barbeque, sambusa, sheekon, migraine, beanbag, pantyhose, salad crispy, fetta cheese, savoy cracker, daffodil, stiletto, fairdinkum, crikey, mate, vegemite, sandwrich gorgonzola, salami, dabke, gokart, maklobe, fortelillini, souvlaki 88% 4% 6% 2% Total words of Borrowing based on Word classes Noun Verb Adjective Exclamation LANGUAGE CIRCLE: Journal lof Language and Literature 13(2) April 2019 p-ISSN 1858-0165 Available online at http://journal.unnes.ac.id e-ISSN 2460-853X 119 In some of the translation words which borrowed the source text, it is gotten some of them actually had equivalent word with target language and it could be changed into target language, indonesian words. All of these words come from common noun. 1. Mood = Suasana hati 5. Football = Sepak Bola 9. Chat = Percakapan 2. Girls = Cewek-cewek 6. Cinnamon=kayu manis 10. Kisser = Pencium 3. Dad = Ayah 7. Mug = Mangkuk 11. Rating = Penilaian 4. Chilli = Cabai 8. Man = laki-laki Meanwhile all the proper nouns are unable to be translated to the target language because most of them are kinds of food which is only found in the Source language culture. 2. Verb 1. Kenyataan itu menghantamku saat aku sedang power-walking diatas treadmilldirumah(pg 9) 2. Simone, tenang sajalah‛ kataku, ‚give your self a break, oke?‛ (pg 71) 3. Dad baru menemukan lelucon-lelucon di internet dan mem-forward e-mail (pg 97) There are only 3 borrowing verbs founded in the novel. The first word is ‚power- walking‛. the verb have an –ing suffix which shows that the tense used in the sentence is continuous. The translator couldn’t find the equivalent word in bahasa for this verb. Moreover if it is translated into indonesia,the word power-walking should be conected to the next word i.e treadmill. The root word is walking which means berjalan, power means all the abilities of a person’s body. So the word power-walking means that a walking activity which needs all the abilities of the subject who do it and it is done in the treadmill. In bahasa it could be said be berjalan cepat di atas tredmill (an excercise machine that has a moving surface that you can walk or run on while remaining in the same place) The second word is a verb phrase. The word ‚give youself a break‛ actually has an equivalent word to the target language namely beristirahatlah. But the translation does not do this because it will change the translation shift of the word. The unit shift will be considered as downword. The use of this translation will also be called as textual equivalence because the shift changes from verb phrase into imperative form. It is assumed that the translator used borrowing technique because of those reasons. The last verb is the most common word that could be found in computer vocabulary. The word forward in bahasa is mostly translated into Meneruskan. It would be quite confussing when it got back translation because the word meneruskan is continue in English. Meanwhile forward and continue is in different terms. So that is why the translator choose to borrow this word. LANGUAGE CIRCLE: Journal of Language and Literature, 13(2) April 2019 120 3. Adjective 1. Aku sudah memilih kerudung biru laut dan ikat kepala katun baby blue supaya cocok dengan jins dan kardigan biruku (pg 32) 2. Benar-benar macho dan segalanya waktu di kelas dan bersama cowok-cowok (pg 107) 3. ‚Benar-benar full penampilan religius sekarang, ya?‛ (pg 180) 4. Aku kepingin mencukur alis adam dan menempelkan bulu-bulu pink dengansuperglue di sana. (pg 233) 5. Kita sedang diruang chat perjodohan Turki Online (pg 257) The first adjective in the borrowing word is talking about color. Here the translator still used the word baby blue instead of biru bayi in bahasa. The translation will be so strange if the translator used the term biru bayi in the novel so that the borrowing technique is the good way to be chosen. Meanwhile the other adjective which is related to the color is the word ‚pink‛. It is quite different from the word baby blue because the color pink has the equivalent word in Indonesia namely merah muda. The translator should try to use this equivalent word instead of borrowing. The other adjective word which also has an equivalent word in indonesia is the word full. The translator could use the word penuh instead of full. This word is so common in Indonesian language. Meanwhile the other two adjective namely macho and online are so common borrowing words in Indonesian language. These two words have been so closed to Indonesian culture. Even those two words have been part of the Indonesian language. CONCLUSION From the analysis of domestication and foreignization of the source data ‚ Does My Head Look Big in This‛ novel (Chapter 1 – 45) it can be concluded that most of the time the translator used borrowing technique especially pure borrowing. There were 85 borrowing words founded in this novel. Those 85 words are within 72 sentences which spread in 45 chapters of the novel. There are two chapters that contain the most borrowing words within namely chapter 1 and chapter 9 which have 8 words. There are also 19 chapters that do not contain borrowing words at all.The use of the borrowing word in the chapter is assumed fluctuative. But the chart get lower as it comes to the end of the story. In short when the novel is readed, the taste of foreignization is so strong as there are a lot of borrowing words used by the translator. The borrowing words in this novel can be divided into 4 kinds of word classes namely noun, verb, adjective, and exclamation. Noun isthe most founded word in the novel. There are 75 nouns which consisted of 46 common nouns and 29 proper nouns. In contrast there are only 3 verbs, 5 adjectives, and 2 exclamations. In percentage it is calculated that from te total number of the borrowing words 88 % of them are noun, 6 % are adjective, 4 % are verb, and 2 % are exclamation. In analysing the data it is also found that there are some borrowing words which actually have the equivalent words in the target language. There are 14 words which consist of 11 nouns, 1 verb, and 2 adjectives that could be translated into target language without any borrowing technique. So that it can be suggested to the translator to use the target language instead of the source language. 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