Teaching Transactional and Interpersonal Conversation: A Classroom Action Research (CAR) LANGUAGE CIRCLE Journal of Language and Literature Vol. IX/1 October 2014 57 SPEAKER’S VISION AND ATTITUDES THROUGH DEICTIC EXPRESSIONS Ahmad Sofwan Semarang State University sofwan1589@yahoo.com Edmundus Bouk Timor University edmundbouk@yahoo.com ABSTRACT This study addresses how deictic expressions of person, place and time account for vision and attitudes of a speaker in speeches on certain issues. In this qualitative study, the data consisted of four speeches delivered by Xanana Gusmao of Timor Leste. The result of the study shows that the speaker used various types of deixis, including person, place, and time deixis. Person deixis was used to introduce Timorese people, whereas more time deixis referring to present time was used to focus his attention on the present situation and did not want to turn back to the past experience with full of political and social conflicts. The speaker’s vision is reflected in the use of the first person plural ‘we’ more than the first person singular ‘I’ or ‘me’. This indicates that the speaker represents himself as an ‘insertive’ leader. He is also a sort of leader with more future vision, indicated by the use of more time deixis referring to the present and future time than those of past time, so he wanted to bring his people and nation to face the future to develop the nation and to build better relationship with its neighbouring states. Keywords: pragmatics; deixis; vision; attitudes. INTRODUCTION The main function of language is to help people communicate with one another, and it should be used properly in terms of its context. The meaning of any word in an utterance or in a written text will be interpreted from which its context that is called deitic or deixis (Mey, 1993). That’s why deixis is the single most obvious way in which the relationship between language and context is reflected (Levinson, 1983, p. 54). The term deixis is a technical term (from Greek) for one of the most basic things we do with utterances. Deixis is a word that its referent moves depending on time and space of uttering the word, and it is a part of pragmatics which has a relationship with the words or sentences that change because of the context. Deixis means “pointing” via language. Any linguistic form used to accomplish this “pointing” is called deictic expression. Levinson (1983, p. 54) acknowledges that deixis concerns the ways in which languages encode or grammaticalize features of the context of utterance or speech event, and it also concerns the ways in which the interpretation of utterances depends on the analysis of the context of the utterance. The importance of deictic information for the interpretation of an utterance can 58 LANGUAGE CIRCLE Journal of Language and Literature Vol. IX/1 October 2014 be illustrated by what happens when such information is lacking. Deixis is deeply grammaticalized that it is hard to think as anything than an essential part of semantics. If semantics is taking to include all conventional aspects of meaning, then deictic phenomena are considered semantic. Deixis belongs to the domain of pragmatics because it directly concerns with the relationship between the structure of languages and the context in which they are used related to everything as his point of view. With deixis, the central person is the speaker, the central time is the time at which the speaker produces an utterance, and finally the central place is the speaker’s location at the utterance time. In the literature, there have been three traditionally recognized categories of deixis based on three axes, namely spatial-socio- temporal axes. Spatial deixis is based on spatio-axes (e.g. this, that, here and there). Personal deixis is based on socio-axes (e.g. I and you). Temporal deixis is based on temporal axes (e.g. now, today, and yesterday) but not including before or earlier (Jarvella & Klein 1982, p. 2). Levinson (1983) adds to them, social deixis, that is honorific and discourse (or text) deixis. Person deixis concerns the encoding of the role of participants in the speech event in which the utterance is delivered. The category first person is the grammaticalization of the speaker’s reference to himself, second person the encoding of the speaker’s reference to one or more addressees, and third person the encoding of neither reference of persons and entities which are neither speakers nor addressees of the utterance. Person deixis operates on a basic three-part division, exemplified by the pronouns for first person (‘I’), second person (‘you’), and third person (‘he’, ‘she’, or ‘it’). In many languages these deictic categories of speaker, addressee, and other(s) are elaborated with markers of relative social status (for example, addressee with high status versus addressee with low status). Spatial deixis or deixis of place does not mean in isolation, it is only when you know where the speaker is standing or what the speaker is indicating that it becomes truly meaningful. (Thomas, 1995, p. 9). These indexicals, indicated by demonstratives (e.g. this, those) and place adverbials (e.g here, there) are used by (those, there). The deictic devises in a language commit a speaker to set up a frame of reference around him/her. Every language carries an implicit division of the space around the current speaker, a division of time relative to the act of speaking and via pronouns. The concept of distance is relevant to spatial deixis, where the relative location of people and things is being indicated. English makes use of only two adverbs, ‘here’ and ‘there’. The adverbs here and there pick out places according to their proximity to the location of the speaker; if the speaker moves, the interpretation of the adverbs will change. When the speaker and his/her addressee LANGUAGE CIRCLE Journal of Language and Literature Vol. IX/1 October 2014 59 have moved, they can call the shade here and their original place in there. In considering spatial deixis, it is important to remember that location from the speaker’s perspective can be fixed mentally as well as physically. Speakers temporarily away from their home location will often continue to use “here” to mean the (physically distant) home location, as if they were still n that location. Speakers also seem to project themselves into other locations to actually being in those locations. This sometimes described as deictic projection. The concept of distance already mentioned is clearly relevant to spatial deixis, where the relative location of people and things is being indicated. Contemporary English makes use of only two adverbs, ‘here’ and ‘there’. One version of the concept of motion toward speaker (i.e. becoming visible), seems to be first deictic meaning learnt by children and characterizes their use of words like ‘this’ and ‘here’. Place deixis can be seen from the use of demonstrative pronouns such as ‘this’, ‘that’, and demonstrative adverbs of place such as ‘here’ and ‘there’. The spatial location is relative to speaker’s location. Sometimes it can be proximal (close to the speaker) or distal (away from the speaker). Adverbs of place ‘here’ mean proximal or close to the speaker’s location, and ‘there’ means distal or away from the speaker’s location. The word ‘there’ can also be proximal to the addressee of speech act. Time or temporal deixis concerns itself with the various times involved in and referred to in an utterance. This includes time adverbs like ‘now’, ‘then’, ‘soon’ and so forth, and also different tenses. A good example is the word tomorrow, which denotes the consecutive next day after every day. Temporal indexicals concern the ‘when’ of the utterance. The time of an utterance is reflected by the verb-tense (present past future) and adverbs of time (e.g then, now). Deixis is divided into three temporal categories of ‘present’ (at the moment of utterance), ‘past’ (before moment of utterance), and future ‘future’ (after the moment of utterance). This division is more complex than it seems. Since it is at the time of the utterance that we encounter it, temporal deictic is usually interpreted as present tensed locutions. This article will mainly deal with deixis on the basis of pragmatic perspective that can contribute to the interdiciplinary effort of investigating how meanings and interpretations of deixis in the speech are negotiated. It is sometimes difficult for some English as Foreign Language (EFL) learners, especially for those who are beginners, to understand a word of a sentence because of the meaning of the word. Since the word has various meanings, the EFL learners often feel unsure of which meaning of the word they have to use. This article will try to bridge the common problem of interpreting the information content of messages and takes into account the process of adjusting how 60 LANGUAGE CIRCLE Journal of Language and Literature Vol. IX/1 October 2014 deixis categories in the speech are realized. METHODS On the basis of the nature of data, a qualitative research was applied. Best (1981, p. 106-107) states that qualitative research is a nonexperimental because it deals with the relationship between nonmanipulated variable in a natural way, rather than an artificial setting. In other words, a qualitative research uses naturalistic approach that seeks to understand phenomena in context-specific settings, such as real world setting where the researcher does not attempt to manipulate the phenomenon of interest. To obtain data of the research, four speeches of Xanana Gusmao were selected. The speeches were taken on the basis of a range of considerations including the use of, for example, some social worlds, cultures and events. The speeches are presented in Table 1. Table 1 Speeches of Xanana Gusmao No. Speech Topic Date of speech delivery 1. The Inaugural Session of the Bali Democracy Forum December 10, 2008 2. Inauguration of the UN Educational ,Scientific and Cultural Organization’sTimor Leste National Commision – Cultural Performance and Reception April 23, 2009 3. Timor Leste and Development Partners Meeting April 7, 2010 4. The presentation Draft Law of the State Budget for 2011 January 12, 2011 In this research, the deixis in the speeches of Xanana Gusmao were classified, described and interpreted on the basis of deictic categories, namely person, place, and time deixis. The analysis took the following stages as proposed by Cohen et al. (2007, p. 476-481): (1) defining the units of analysis at different levels: a word, phrase, sentence, paragraph, or the whole text; (2) deciding the codes to be used in the analysis to to detect frequencies and patterns; (3) constructing the categories for analysis; (4) conducting the coding and categorizing of the data for further analysis, and (5) conducting the data analysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The Use of Deixis in Xanana Gumao’s Speeches There are three main types of deixis, namely person, place and time deixis which are found in the speeches. The data in Table 2 show the distribution of deixes in four speeches of Xanana Gusmao. LANGUAGE CIRCLE Journal of Language and Literature Vol. IX/1 October 2014 61 Table 2 Distribution of Deixes in Four Speeches of Xanana Gusmao No Types of Deixes Speech 1 Speech 2 Speech 3 Speech 4 Frequency Per cent Frequency Per cent Frequency Per cent Frequency Per cent 1 Person 59 80 54 87 110 79 76 78 2 Time 4 5 1 2 5 4 5 5 3 Place 11 15 7 11 24 17 17 17 Total 74 100 62 100 139 100 98 100 The data show that person deixis is dominant all four speeches, followed by place deixes, then time deixis. This indicates that the speaker used and manipulated the person deixes to communicate between himself and the audience and to show the interaction with the audience. In addition, place and time deixes are used to support the setting of the speeches. Furthermore, the data in Table 3 illustrate the use of person deixes. Table 3 Person Deixis No Person Speech 1 Speech 2 Speech 3 Speech 4 Total Frequency Percentage (% ) 1. 1st singular 5 10 16 15 46 15 2. 1st plural 41 38 70 53 202 68 3. 2nd singular - 2 5 2 9 3 4. 3rd singular 6 4 2 1 13 4 5. 3rd plural 7 - 17 5 29 10 Total 59 54 110 76 299 100 The data show that Xanana Gusmao used more 1st person plural ‘we’ than other kinds of pronominal systems. Furthermore, in Speech 3, he used 1st person plural pronoun ‘we’ seventy times or 64 %. It is dominantly used in his speech. This shows that he as a speaker at first he used 1st person singular ‘I’ but at another part of the speech he moved to 1st person plural pronoun ‘we’ inclusively. All speeches have the similar patterns for using ‘we’ most of the time in the speech. Xanana Gusmao used 2nd person singular ‘you’ to refer to the audience. In Speech 4, he did not use 2nd person singular ‘you’. It is similar with Speech 1 except in Speech 2 he used twice and in Speech 3 five times. Here are the examples taken from Speech 1. 1. First, please allow me to thank the government of Indonesia and in particular our host for the warm welcome. 62 LANGUAGE CIRCLE Journal of Language and Literature Vol. IX/1 October 2014 2. I would like to express final words of appreciation to our closest neighbor, Indonesia, which provides a remarkable example of transition process from autocratic government towards a pluralistic democracy. Speech 1 deals with Xanana’s speech at the inaugural session of the Bali Democracy Forum in Nusa Dua Bali. In his speech, he used 1st person singular ‘I’ at the beginning of his speech to show that he attended the meeting as the head of Timor Leste government. So, the interpretation is that Xanana Gusmao showed his capacity as a leader who was invited to take part in the event and he wanted to express his appreciation because he thought that the meeting was an important one in the region to establish a good cooperation with other countries in the region. In concluding his speech in example 2, Xanana Gusmao again expressed his thanks to the Indonesian government as shown in the above data at Table 1, he mentioned Indonesia as the closest neighbor, to let the audience know that actually there was no problem between Timor Leste and Indonesia. It means that Timor Leste wanted to maintain a good relationship and cooperation with Indonesia, and Timor Leste as a new country could learn a lot from Indonesia rather than other Asian countries. The following description will deal with the identification of 1st person plural ‘we’ in Speech 1 – 4. In his speech he used the 1st person plural ‘we’ to refer to specific group of individual, present either at the speech event or in the discursive context, as in the following example. 3. Today we live in a situation of multi- dimensional threats, which include those posed by energy crisis. On other occasion, the 1st person plural is used to refer to Timor Leste government, people, or nation as a whole. I can call this ‘collective we’. 4. We have been studying the public sector reform in Indonesia and my government is also determined to create an effective, independent civil service. It can also refer to Xanana Gusmao himself as ‘personal we’. 5. We cannot borrow success formulas from other countries. In Speech 2, Xanana Gusmao used more 1st person plural ‘we’ to denote himself as a speaker and Timorese people, as exemplified below. 6. It is one we will celebrate tonight with performances which will highlight our cultural heritage to our people. In his speech, he was proud of different characteristics of cultures of Timorese people that showed the identity of the country. He gave more emphasis by using pronominal deictics ‘our’ four times in one clause, this shows that he wanted to LANGUAGE CIRCLE Journal of Language and Literature Vol. IX/1 October 2014 63 attract the audience attention that what he was saying was so important about the cultural identity of the people of Timor Leste including its uniqueness, as exemplified below. 7. Our culture is fundamental to our national identity and the strengthening of our unity and our national cohesion. In the example below, Xanana Gusmao as a speaker at first he used 1st person singular ‘I’ but at another part of the speech he moved to 1st person plural pronoun ‘we’ inclusively. 8. I would like to take this opportunity to announce that today we have the pleasure to open the Dili Convention Centre. The 2nd person singular ‘you’ is used once to refer to the audience, as illustrated below. 9. I ask you to relax and enjoy the cultural performances which reflect the heart and soul of our homeland. 10. It is a mixed feeling of pride and satisfaction that I welcome you all, in my name and on behalf of the government and people of Timor Leste. The 3rd person plural pronoun ‘they’ to refer to East Timorese people as exemplified below. 11. People of Timor Leste have earned their place in the history of democracy, through their selfless fight for national sovereignty. 12. In 2001, the Timorese people were invited to expres their dreams about the independence of the country. With the place deixis, Table 4 illustrates the use of place deixes by Xanana Gusmao. In Speech 1, Xanana Gusmao only used place deixis which are related to outside Timor Leste. It means that he did not mention any places or expressions denoting Timor Leste. Here are the examples: 13. We present here different cultures, different political options and different states and social development. 14. It is not by chance that this forum is being held here. 15. This Democracy Forum is at this moment more than timely to the Asian Region. 16. It is also not by chance that Timor Leste agreed to take part in this meeting, which seeks democraticculture in our region. Examples 13-16 show that in the speech, Xanana Gusmao used place deixis ‘here’ to refers to Nusa Dua Bali where the speech was delivered, so the meaning of the place deixis ‘here’ in examples 13 and 14 and ‘this’ in examples 15 and 16 denote a given unit of space 64 LANGUAGE CIRCLE Journal of Language and Literature Vol. IX/1 October 2014 that includes the location of the speaker at coding time. So, Xanana Gusmao used place deixis ‘here’ and ‘this’ to refer to place or location where the meeting took place. Table 4 Place Deixis No Here/there/this/that Speech 1 Speech 2 Speech 3 Speech 4 Total Frequency Percentage (%) 1. refers to places in Timor Leste - 1 4 5 10 67 2. refers to places outside Timor Leste 4 - 1 - 5 33 Total 4 1 5 5 15 100 In Speech 2 Xanana Gusmao did not use place deixis which refers to the outside world, but he just used once of place deixis which refers to the place in Timor Leste, as exemplified below. 17. We will also be linking UNESCO to Government Ministers, who have responsibilities for education in these areas. Example 17 refers to areas or regions of Timor Leste. Meanwhile, in Speech 3 he used place deixis four times to refer to places in Timor Leste, and only once to refer to a place outside Timor Leste. Here are the examples taken from the data. 18. I thank those who came from afar crossing oceans to be here 19. This site where we are today has been built to provide suitable facilities for national and international conferences 20. I feel that my words must include a historic retrospective of this country and its people. The examples above show that in delivering his speech on the occasion on inauguration of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization in Timor Leste, Xanana Gusmao used place deixis which refer to Timor Leste. In example 18, place deixis ‘here’ refers to the place where the ceremony took place in Dili, while in example 19 also denotes the same idea. In example 21, he used ‘this’ to refer to Timor Leste as a country. 21. Do they want us to declare open war on terrorism, to this world phenomenon?(39) The use of ‘this’ as place deixis in example 21 refers to the world, which can be interpreted as any places outside Timor Leste. In Speech 4, Xanana Gusmao also used place deixis in his speech which refers to Timor Leste five times but he did not use any place deixis which refer to the LANGUAGE CIRCLE Journal of Language and Literature Vol. IX/1 October 2014 65 outside world. The examples are given below. 22. I would like to seize this opportunity to convey the office holders of the Nation’s Bodies of Sovereignty of this great House 23. We believe that we have done in this area and that the clearer definition of the partnership between government and private sector has been most useful in this vital period. In example 22, Xanana Gusmao used ‘this’ great House which refers to the Parliament House in Dili, Timor Leste, when he delivered his speech to the members of the parliament about the draft of State General Budget for 2011. Example 23 can be interpreted as the region of Timor Leste. With respect to the time deixes, as illustrared in Table 5, in Speech 1- 4, Xanana Gusmao used time deixis which refers to future, present and past events. In Speech 1, he used time deixis which refer to future twice, for present seven times and past twice. In Speech 2, he did not use time deixis which refer to future, for present five times and past twice In Speech 3, he used time deixis which refer to future five times, for present eleven times and past eight times. In Speech 4, did not use time deixis which refer to future, for present thirtees times and past four times. In total, 12% of time deixes refer to the future, 61% to the present time, and 27% to the past time. Table 5 Time Deixis No Coding Time (CT) Speech 1 Speech 2 Speech 3 Speech 4 Total Frequency Percentage (%) 1. expressing future time 2 - 5 - 7 12 2. expressing present time 7 5 11 13 36 61 3. expressing past time 2 2 8 4 16 27 Total 11 7 24 17 59 100 Various time deictic expressions were used by Xanana Gusmao. In Speech 1, he used time deixis ‘now’, which refers to the moment of utterance (or inscription) or coding time (CT) from the moment of reception or receiving time (or RT) by using time adverb ‘now’, as in example 24, ‘today’ and ‘this moment’ to refer to the present moment or at the time of speaking, as in example 25 and 26. 24. The Timorese people have trusted in democracy. And now expect this to also represent good government, economic progress and justice. 25. And today we live in a situation of multi-dimensional threats, which includes those posed by energy crisis 66 LANGUAGE CIRCLE Journal of Language and Literature Vol. IX/1 October 2014 26. This Democracy Forum is at this moment more than timely to the Asian region. In Text 4, Xanana Gusmao used time deixis to denote present time, here are the examples: Undoubtedly this contributing a great deal to the environment of trust and stability that we enjoy today.(12) It is this government’s policy that these funds be used now and investing strongly in our nation and in our people.(14) We will now be entering a new decade, will be a decisive one for Timor Leste.(17) There is a similarity of using time deixis in Text 3 examples number 14,15, 16, 17 ,18, 19 and 20 which show that Xanana Gusmao preferred to use time deixis such ‘now’, today’, ‘at this moment’, while in Text 4, examples number 24, 25, and 26. To indicate or show past event, Xanana Gusmao used time deixis once namely ‘last year’, as exemplified below. 27. Last year people gave evidence of their collective democratic awareness, after a crisis that shook our institutions. Time deixis ‘last year’ consist of a deictic modifier ‘last’, together with a non- deictic name or measure word. The interpretation of such adverbials in English is systematically determined by the calendrical modes of reckoning. Last year will refer back a year before the time of speaking. In Speech 1, Xanana Gusmao used time deixis which refer to future time by using ‘then’, as in example 28. 28. People elected first the President and then their representatives in the National Parliament. The type deixis ‘then’ contrasts with ‘now’ and indeed then can be glosses as ‘not now’ to allow for its use in both past and future. In Speech 3 as well as Speech 1, he used deixis time ‘today’, as below. 29. The inauguration today is a significant event in the development of our country. 30. The inauguration today of the UNESCO National Commission in Timor Leste is a significant event in our country. From the examples above, time deixis ‘today’ refers to the diural span including coding time. Speech 2 is a speech delivered in Dili on April 23, 2009 on the occasion of the inauguration UNESCO – Timor Leste Commission. Xanana Gusmao used ‘today’ in order to emphasize the importance or the significance of the event, that’s why he used ‘today’ again and again in most of his speech. Beside using time deixis ‘today’, Xanana Gusmao used deictic time adverb like ‘now’ as in the following examples. LANGUAGE CIRCLE Journal of Language and Literature Vol. IX/1 October 2014 67 31. I know that by now some of you may be askingwhat is the purpose of all this world phenomenon? 32. With embargo now placed on Timor Leste to put us in the list of countries exporting terrorism. The deictic time adverb ‘now’ means a given span including the Coding Time, where that span may be the instant associated with the production of the speech itself. The interpretation of ‘now’ is referring to the moment or time of the speech delivery. In Speech 2, Xanana Gusmao used ‘tonight’ to indicate time when the event took place. 33. It is one we will celebrate tonight with performances which will highlight our cultural heritage to our people. 34. Tonight we have the opportunity to witness an important aspect of our uniquely Timorese culture. In his speech, Xanana Gusmao used time deixis which refers to future time. The data shows that Xanana Gusmao did not use time deixis which refer to future time such as in Speech 2 and 4, except in Speech 3, five times or 21 percent, and for Speech 1, twice or 18 percent. Here are the examples taken from Text 3 as follows: 35. Believe me when I say that next four days mean a great deal to our country which has the privilege of hosting you. 36. As you all know, in the coming days we will have three meetings.(6) In examples 35 and 36, ‘next four days’ and ‘in the coming days’ are used as time deixis. By using a deictic modifier ‘next’, example 35 refers to a unit of time including the coding time, but it will be ambiguous between the calendrical and non-calendrical interpretation. The same applied for ‘in the coming days’. Xanana Gusmao’s Vision and Attitudes Xanana Gusmao is a Prime Minister and as the head of Timor Leste government, so in delivering his speech to his audience, he chose a particular type of deixis because what he was saying would represent his ideas, views or opinions about his country in the past, present and future conditions. It means that what he was saying in his speeches should be linguistically and pragmatically interpreted on the basis of its contexts of situation and context of culture. The most important thing is that how deixis was being used in his speeches could reflect his vision about Timor Leste. This is in line with Chang-qi (2009) suggestion that deixis can be used for rhetorical purposes. The deixis found in his speeches could reflect his ideas or opinions as a Prime minister towards Timor Leste. Another important thing is that how deixis in his speeches could represent Timor Leste as a country or Timorese people. It clearly shows that in four speeches, the speaker used 1st person singular ‘I’, forty six times or 15 % comparing to other person deixis such as 1st person plural ‘we’ 68 LANGUAGE CIRCLE Journal of Language and Literature Vol. IX/1 October 2014 two hundred and two times or 68 %. By looking at the small percentage in using 1st person singular ‘I’, it means that Xanana Gusmao did not want himself to be the deictic center, rather than to be a part of the audience or addressee by using 1st person plural ‘we’. By using less 1st person singular ‘I’, it shows that as a speaker, Xanana Gusmao did not want to focus the attention of his audience to himself as a Prime Minister. Another interpretation is that he wanted to show the audience that to be the head of the government is not everything. It also means that he wanted to express himself inclusively with the audience by using more 1st person plural ‘we’ in most parts of his speeches. The most important thing is that the message that would be conveyed rather than the speaker himself. As a speaker he did not use 2nd person singular ‘you’ in his speeches. The interpretation is that Xanana Gusmao did not want to address the audience directly by using ‘you’. It is understandable that to some extent, it is not so polite for some non native speakers of English to address the audience directly by using ‘you’ in such a formal meeting. It is a matter of cultural influence the way someone uses the language. It can also be interpreted as Xanana Gusmao would maintain a balance of addressing the audience on the basis of the social status of the audience since he delivered the speech in a formal meeting. This shows that in delivering his speech, the speaker gave a greater attention and priority to his people and his country. By using more 1st person plural ‘we’ can be interpreted as Xanana Gusmao had a vision and mission to focus his attention on develop Timor Leste. Another interpretation is that by using more 1st person plural ‘we’ that refers to Timorese people, he wanted to introduce his people to the audience. This is reasonable because as a speaker he was also the head of Timor Leste government, so whatever he was saying would represent his ideas, opinions or views about Timorese people. It also means that Xanana Gusmao was so serious to pay more attention to Timor Leste and persuade his people its people to have a better life. It means that the use of person deixes has persuasive function (Zupnik, 2010). Place deixis or space deixis concerns the specification of locations relative to points in speech events. The speaker used more place deixis that refer to Timor Leste or Timorese people, ten times or 67 percent and referring places outside Timor Leste, five times or 33 percent. As a speaker he used ‘here’ and also proximal- distal dimension ‘this’ or ‘that’ which means the object in a pragmatically given area close to the speaker’s location at Coding Time (CT). Again, by using more place deixis which refer to Timor Leste, can also mean Xanana Gusmao gave greater attention to Timor Leste, it shows that he tended to focus his attention on Timor Leste. He LANGUAGE CIRCLE Journal of Language and Literature Vol. IX/1 October 2014 69 wanted to introduce Timor Leste and its people to the outside world. Another interpretation is that he considered Timor Leste as something more important to think about. It also means that as a poorest country, he realized that Timor Leste should be developed during his term in office. It is clearly shown that the speaker used time deixis which refer to future, seven times or 12 %, to show present, thirty six times or 61 %, and to show past event, sixteen times or 27 %. The data shows that time deixis which refer to the present time is still dominantly used in Speech 1-4. The interpretation is that Xanana Gusmao was a realistic leader that he wanted to focus his attention on the present condition in Timor Leste rather than talking about bitter experience in the past. The question is ‘why the speaker didn’t use any time deixis which refer to the future? In fact, Timor Leste is a poor country, so as the prime Minister of Timor Leste, Xanana Gusmao should think about the future of Timor Leste. By doing so, the audience will judge his willingness to develop Timor Leste or his audience will get a comprehensive understanding about what Xanana Gusmao will do in the future. This should be questioned because there are only seven times or 12 % of time deixis found in four Texts. As a Prime Minister, I think it is important to think about the future of Timor Leste by using time deixis which refers to the future condition. Besides, the speaker also used time deixis to refer to the past event. The interpretation is that Xanana Gusmao did not want to describe the past event in the history of Timor Leste. It was a sensitive issue. This is reasonable because most Timorese people still had bitter experience of a long conflict since 1975 where most Timorese people suffered a lot. Xanana Gusmao would create a balance between the history of Timor Leste in the past and today’s history without emphasizing more on the past event as he himself experienced more conflicts among the Timorese people when he was a guerrilla leader for 17 years fighting against the presence of Indonesia in Timor Leste. Another interpretation is that Xanana Gusmao did not want to offend the Timorese feelings by describing the past events or experience, since it could be a source of a new conflict among different ethnic groups in Timor Leste as a result of a feeling of revenge to be the victims of political conflict. Xanana’s ideas or opinions could reflect his vision/attitudes towards Timor Leste which are realized by using deixis in his speeches. Deixis which was used in his speeches would determine or reflect his way of thinking, that’s why whatever he was saying in terms of the selection of a particular deixis should be linguistically and pragmatically interpreted. To show the capacity of Xanana Gusmao as a politician and as the head of Timor Leste government, then he used 1st 70 LANGUAGE CIRCLE Journal of Language and Literature Vol. IX/1 October 2014 person singular ‘I’ or ‘me’. He used 2 singular ‘you’ to refer to the audience who were present at the time of speech delivery. Xanana Gusmao tended to use ‘we’ inclusively whether with the audience or the Timorese people. This shows that Xanana Gusmao was an ‘insertive’ leader of how to involve people to think as what Xanana Gusmao was thinking about. So, the speech indicates an inclusive speech (Adetunji, 2006). Xanana Gusmao used place deixis to refer to Timor Leste by using demonstrative pronouns this and that and also English adverbs here and there. The idea is that when Xanana Gusmao wanted to denote a place which refers to Timor Leste, and then he would use demonstrative pronouns and English adverbs. The ideas of denoting future time are expressed by using time deixis such as then, next, in the coming days/months/years, and tomorrow. The data shows time deixis refers to present, (36 times or 61 %) distributed in four speeches such as Speech 1 (7 times or 64 %), Speech 2 (5 times or 71 %), Speech 3 (11 times or 46 %), and then Speech 4 (13 times or 76 %) by using this moment, today, now, and tonight. In almost four speeches, he used more time deixis ‘today’ and ‘now’. The past events are realized by using deictic modifiers such as this, next, and last, together with a non-deictic name or measure word or common noun units, like weeks, months, years, and proper name units like December. Here are the examples taken from the data, such as: last year, on February this year, in 2003, in the last two days, for the last ten years, the last few years, and ten years ago. CONCLUSION Xanana Gusmao is a politician and the way a politician chooses deixis determines his views or opinions, so there is a particular choice of using deixis when someone is still in power. Deixis in the speeches of Xanana Gusmao can be classified into person, place and time deixis. Each type of deixis which is used in the speeches can determine or reflect Xanana’s vision/ attitudes towards Timor Leste since it portraits his ideas or opinions about Timor Leste and the Timorese people. To express togetherness with the Timorese people, he used 1st person plural. To express future time, he used then, next, in the coming days/months/years, and tomorrow; for present, such as this moment, today, now, and tonight. To denote past event, he used deictic modifiers such as this, next, and last, together with a non-deictic name or measure word or common noun units, like weeks, months, years, and proper name units like December. REFERENCES Adetunji, A. 2006. Inclusion and Exclusion in Political Discourse: Deixis in Olusegun Obasanjo’s speeches. LANGUAGE CIRCLE Journal of Language and Literature Vol. IX/1 October 2014 71 Retrieved from http://www.jllonline.co. uk/juornal/5_2/LING2.pdf Best, J.W. 1981. Research in education. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chang-qi, C. (2009). On rhetorical use of deixis. US-China Foreign Language, Volume 7, No.4 (Serial No.67). Retrieved October 13, 2010 from http://www.linguist.org.cn/doc/uc20090 4/uc20090404.pdf Cohen, L. 2007. 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