LANGUAGE CIRCLE: Journal of Language and Literature XI/2 (April 2017) p-ISSN 1858-0165 Available online at http://journal.unnes.ac.id e-ISSN 2460-853X 127 THE SHIFTS OF FUNCTIONAL WORDS IN THE TRANSLATION OF TOER’S BUMI MANUSIA INTO ENGLISH BY MAX LANE Inge Rahmawatie Indraprasta PGRI University Jakarta, Indonesia rahma_inge@yahoo.com Engliana Indraprasta PGRI University Jakarta, Indonesia engliana.seok@gmail.com Ira Miranti Indraprasta PGRI University Jakarta, Indonesia ade_miranti@yahoo.co Received: 30 September 2016. Revised: 28 February 2017. Accepted: 31 March 2017 Abstract In the process of translation, the translator uses class shift as a translation strategy to achieve a communicative translation. The aims of the research are to investigatehow functional word shifts performed and kinds of classshift in the novel. This research paper was conducted by using the qualitative method. The result of the research indicated that there were 12 types of classshift found on the selected pages in the novel. In this research, the writer found 177classshifts in translation. There were shift from adverb to noun (3 data) is 1,7 %, shift from noun to adverb (4 data) is2,26 %, shift from adjective to verb (7 data) is 3,96 %, shift from adjective to noun (8 data) is 4,52 %, shift from adverb to adjective (9 data) is 5,09 %, shift from verb to adverb (10 data) is 5,65 %, shift from noun to adjective (11 data) is 6,21 %, shift from adverb to verb (15 data) is 8,47 %, shift from noun to verb (22 data) is 12,43 %, shift from verb to adjective (23 data) is 12,99 %, shift from verb to noun (26 data) is 14,69 %, and shift from adjective to adverb (39 data) is 22,03 %. Based on the elaborations above, it can be concluded that the result of this research show the translation of functional word shift are considered to be accurate, clear and natural because the words in TL has the same message with the words in SL although they have different classes of the word. Keywords: translation shift, functional word shift, class shift How to Cite: Inge Rahmawatie; Engliana; Ira Miranti. 2017. The Shifts of Functional Words in The Translation of Toer’s Bumi Manusia into English By Max Lane. Language Circle: Journal of Language and Literature, XI/2. INTRODUCTION English is used in global communication even textual, audio or visual media. Freeborn (2006) says that English today is a worldwide international language. English is widely used by people in the world, so it is called as the global language. The people who are from various countries will be united by using English as the international language which has to be learned by them. In this http://journal.unnes.ac.id/ LANGUAGE CIRCLE: Journal of Language and Literature 11/2 (April 2017) 128 globalization era, the need of English is very high because it can support communication activities. In learning English, translation is an important part because the nature of translation is that it involves two equivalent messages in two different languages (Venuti, 2004). He also adds that the translator tasks “is not only to transfer a message from one culture to another but to assess the functions of both the original and translated texts and assess the level of functional equivalence between the languages.”In the process of translation, shift is a part that cannot be separated. Catford (1965) states that shifts mean the departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from SL to TL. While Newmark (1988) use the term "transposition" to reach the level of "naturalness" of certain to produce a translation that can be acceptable. In conveying the meaning from SL to TL,some shiftsare occurred because of the different grammatical rules, writing style, social and cultural background between two languages in order to achieve naturalness that can be understood by readers. Catford (1965) distinguishes two major shifts that occur in the translation namely level shift and category shift. In this writing, the writers’ focus on category shift. There are four subs in the categoryshifts: structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and the intra-systematic shifts. Among these subs, the writer will focus only on classshift. Catford (1965: 78) states that class shift occurs when the translation equivalent of an SL item is a member of a different class from the original item. Classshift occurs when there is a shiftfrom the classof word in translation. This word-classes may vary from one language to another language. For example, in English there are categories of words adverbs are usually paired with the phrasesin Indonesian (e.g., "carefully" becomes"hati-hati") and determiners thatuse slightly different languageIndonesia although it can be resolved counterpart(e.g.,the article “an” or “a”becomes“sebuah”, “sebutir”, “sehelai”; and “this” or “these” becomes “ini”) (Alzuhdy, 2004).For those reasons, translation shift is needed to be discussed especially in the term of the class shift. METHODOLOGY This research uses the descriptive qualitative approach in analyzing and identifying functional word shifts which performed in the translation of “Bumi Manusia” by Pramoedya Ananta Toer and its English translation by Max Lane. In taking a sample of the analysis, the writers chooses some pages by using systematic sampling presented by Cochran (1997: 205).The object data consists of 20 chapters and 535 pages. Based on the formulation, the writer takes 27 pages for samples by picking them from chapter to chapter; the first chapter starts on page 9, and then the writer collects the data from the page 9 and continues every 19 pages from the novel. In this research, the writer focuses analysis on the major classes of the word. The instruments of this research are the researchers themselves. The data finding was taken from observing the novels both Indonesian as source language (SL) and English as target language (TL). The goal is to find out the functional word shift which is performed in the translation from SL to TL by using the theory of translation shift by Catford.The data were presented by analyzing and classifying thefunctional word shifts that are performedaccording to Catford’s theory of translation shifts and describes by using words, natural language, and tables. Then, the writer collects the data findings and makes a Inge Rahmawatie; Engliana; Ira Miranti. 2017. The Shifts of Functional Words in The Translation of Toer’s Bumi Manusia into English By Max Lane. Language Circle: Journal of Language and Literature, XI/2. 129 percentage of each kind of shiftthat is performed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION There are totally 177 functional word shifts occur in the novel “Bumi Manusia” by Pramoedya Ananta Toer and its translated “This Earth of Mankind” by Max Lane. Table 1 shows the percentage of the word shift which is performed in the “Bumi Manusia” as the SL and its English by Max Lane as the TL. The results are shift from adjective to verb as much as 22.03%. 2.21% shift from noun to adverb. 12.43% shift from noun to verb. 14.69% shift from verb to noun. 12.99% shift from verb to adjective. 5.65 shift from verb to adverb. 22.03% shift from adjective to adverb. 3.96% shift from adjective to verb. 1.7% shift from adverb to noun. 5.09% shift from adverb to adjective. 8.47% shift from adverb to verb. Table 1. Percentage of the Word Shift in Translation (n=177) Word Shift in Translation Total Percentage (n) (%) Shift from noun to adjective 11 6,21 Shift from noun to adverb 4 2,26 Shift from noun to verb 22 12,43 Shift from verb to noun 26 14,69 Shift from verb to adjective 23 12,99 Shift from verb to adverb 10 5,65 Shift from adjective to noun 8 4,52 Shift from adjective to adverb 39 22,03 Shift from adjective to verb 7 3,96 Shift from adverb to noun 3 1,7 Shift from adverb to adjective 9 5,09 Shift from adverb to verb 15 8,47 In this research, most data found is shift from adjective to adverb as much as 22.03%. There is a total of 39 adjectivesshift into adverbs. It may cause the purpose of the translator is to make a good communicative translation. SL 1: membetulkan dengan tak kurang angkuh. (p. 123) TL 1: corrected Papa arrogantly. (p. 84) The word ‘angkuh’ is an adjective in SL that means “sifatsukamemandang rendah kepada orang lain; tinggi hati; sombong; congkak” (badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id) and it has been translated into English as ‘arrogantly’ that is an adverb means “in a manner resulting from or revealing an exaggerated sense of one’s own importance or abilities” (www.oxforddictionaries.com). The translator doesn’t use ‘arrogant’ because ‘angkuh’ here show the way how someone http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/result#result__10 http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/reveal#reveal__2 http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/exaggerate#exaggerate__2 http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ LANGUAGE CIRCLE: Journal of Language and Literature 11/2 (April 2017) 130 looked down to others. The word “Arrogantly” modifies a verb. Because of that, the translator uses ‘arrogantly’ rather than ‘arrogant’. SL 2: bertepuk tangan riang (p. 448) TL 2: clapped merrily (p. 301) The word ‘riang’ is an adjective means “suka hati; girang sekali” (badan bahasa.kemdikbud.go.id) and the word ‘merrily’ is an adverb that means “in a cheerful way” (www.oxforddictionaries. com). The word ‘merrily’ shows the way how someone reacts cheerfully on something good. Both ‘riang’ and ‘merrily’ has the same meaning. The second shift is shift from verbin to noun as much as 14.69%. SL 1: ia berkemban (p. 47) TL 1: she wore breast-cloth(p. 37) The word ‘berkemban’ is a verb that means “memakaikemban” (badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id) and the word ‘breast cloth’ is a noun. In The Complete Costume Dictionary By Elizabeth J. Lewandowski, kemben: Java. Breast cloth worn by women instead of a blouse”. It can be conclude that breast cloth is a noun that means a traditional cloth that is worn by Javanese women instead of blouse to cover women breasts. In this analysis there is shift from verb into noun because of different grammatical rule. SL 2: Puas mengumpat (p. 66) TL 2: Satisfied after her outburst (p. 48) The word ‘mengumpat’ is a verb that means “mengeluarkan umpat(an); memburuk- burukkan orang; mengeluarkan kata-kata keji (kotor) karen amarah (jengkel, kecewa, dan sebagainya)” (badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id) and the word ‘outburst’ means “A sudden release of strong emotion” (www.oxforddictionaries.com). It describes an aspersion because of strong emotion. The writer uses ‘outburst’ because ‘outburst’ show an expression of strong emotion while ‘mengumpat’ itself have the meaning issues expletives, vilifies people, issues vile words. It’s like swearing. Because of the analysis above, it can be concluded that the translator inclined use more polite language in his translation. In this case there is shift from verb to noun because of the translator writing style. The third shift is shift from verb into adjective as much as 12, 99%. In data 73 : SL 1: sebagai terpelajar (p. 220) TL 1: as an educated person (p. 148) The word ‘terpelajar’ is a verb that means “telah mendapat pelajaran (di sekolah)” (badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id) and the word ‘educated’ is an adjective means “resulting from or having had a good education” (www.oxforddictionaries.com). The translator uses ‘educated’ because it has the same meaning with ‘terpelajar’ that is someone who had a good education. The word ‘educated’ here aims to modified noun. The word ‘educated’ represented SL text. SL 2: ia bersemangat (p. 334) TL 2: h e was eager (p. 224) The word ‘bersemangat’ is a verb which means “ada semangatnya; mengandung semangat” (badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id) and the word ‘eager’ is an adjective that means “Strongly wanting to do or have something” (www.oxforddictionaries.com). Both ‘bersemangat’ and ‘eager’ have the same meaning there is an expression or act http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/cheerful#cheerful__2 http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/release#release__18 http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/result#result__10 http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/strongly#strongly__2 http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ Inge Rahmawatie; Engliana; Ira Miranti. 2017. The Shifts of Functional Words in The Translation of Toer’s Bumi Manusia into English By Max Lane. Language Circle: Journal of Language and Literature, XI/2. 131 full of passion. The word ‘eager’ convey the same message. The fourth shift is shift from noun to verb as much as 12. 34%. SL 1: Suaranya meminta kepercayaanku. (p.66) TL 1: Her voice pleaded with me to believe. (p. 48) The word ‘kepercayaan’ is a noun means “anggapan atau keyakinan bahwa sesuatu yang dipercayai itu benar atau nyata” (badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id) and the word ‘believe’ is a verb which means “Accept that (something) is true, especially without proof” (www.oxforddictionaries.com). The translator uses ‘believe’ as the translation of ‘kepercayaan’ since the message in the sentence emphasized in the belief that something believed was true. Both the SL and TL have the same meaning so the word ‘believe’ is represented the meaning of SL. SL 2: dalam iringan penari (p. 201) TL 2: partnered by the dancer (p. 135) The word ‘iringan’ is a noun means “bersama-sama (dengan); diikuti (dengan)” (badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id) and the word ‘partnered’ is a verb that means “Be the partner of” (www.oxforddictionaries.com). The word ‘iringan’ has the same meaning with ‘partnered’ so TL represented the meaning of SL. The fifth shift is shift from adverb to verb as much as 8,47%. SL 1: tanyaku pura-pura. (p. 163) TL 1: I asked, pretending. (p. 109) The word ‘pura-pura’ is an adverb that means “tidak sesungguhnya” (badanbahasa. kemdikbud.go.id) while the word ‘pretending’ is a verb means “ behave so as to make it appear that something is the case when in fact it is not” (www.oxforddictionaries.com). Both ‘pura-pura’ and ‘pretending’ have the same meaning, it is ‘behave’ that make something happen when it is not. SL 2: ia tertawa bahak. TL 2: he burst out laughing. The word ‘bahak’ is an adverb that means “nyaring dan keras atau keras-keras (tentang tertawa)” (badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id) and the word ‘burst’ is a verb means “suddenly begin doing or producing something” (www.oxforddictionaries.com). The word ‘burst’ in here is producing something suddenly, in these cases the word ‘bahak’ is laugh out loud that means producing laugh suddenly loud because of something unpredictable. So, the word ‘burst’ is represented the meaning in SL. The sixth is shift from noun to adjective as much as 6.21%. SL 1: tugas kemanusian itu. (p. 505) TL 1: the humanitarian task he was undertaking. (p. 339) The word ‘kemanusiaan’ is a noun that means “secara manusia; sebagai manusia” (badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id) and the word ‘humanitarian’ is an adjective that means “concerned with or seeking to promote human welfare” (www.oxforddictionaries.com), the meaning does not change. The translator shifts SL noun to adjective in order to modified noun so the word ‘humanitarian’ represented the meaning SL. SL 2: hartawan (p. 505) TL 2: wealthy man (p. 339) http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/behave#behave__2 http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/case#case__21 http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/fact#fact__21 http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/fact#fact__21 http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ LANGUAGE CIRCLE: Journal of Language and Literature 11/2 (April 2017) 132 The word ‘hartawan’ is a noun that means “orang yang banyak hartanya; orang kaya” (badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id) and the word ‘wealthy’ is an adjective that means “Having a great deal of money, resources, or assets; rich” (www.oxforddictionaries.com). The translator uses ‘wealthy’ as the translation of ‘hartawan’ since the message in the sentence is emphasized in the person who has much money, the adjective wealthy aims to modified noun in TL. They have the same meaning so the word ‘wealthy’ represented the meaning SL. The seventh is shift from verb to adverb as much as 5,65%. SL 1: dia semakin cantik menawan (p. 353) TL 1: she became more captivatingly beautiful (p. 238) The word ‘menawan’ is a verb means “menarik hati; memikat” (badanbahasa. kemdikbud.go.id) and the word ‘captivatingly’ is an adverb that means “capable of attracting and holding interest” (www.oxforddictionaries.com). The translator uses ‘captivatingly’ because it can represent the message of ‘menawan’. Both the words show an attracting gesture. SL 2: penyakit terkutuk (p. 258) TL 2: the accursed disease (p. 173) The word ‘terkutuk’ is a verb which means “terkena kutukan” (badanbahasa.kemdikbud. go.id) and the word ‘accursed’ is an adverb means “under a curse” (www.oxford dictionaries.com). Both ‘terkutuk’ and ‘accursed’ have the same meaning. The word ‘accursed’ represented the message of SL. The eighth shift is shift from adverb to adjective as much as 5. 09%. SL 1: Setiap pribadi akan datang padanya mau tak mau (p. 9) TL 1: We will all eventually arrive there willing or unwilling (p. 15) The word ‘mau’ is an adverb means “sungguh-sungguh suka hendak; suka akan; sudi (badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id) and the word ‘willing’ is an adjective that means “ready, eager, or prepared to do something” (www.oxforddictionaries.com). The translator uses ‘willing’ because it has the same message as the word ‘mau’. Though they have different classes of word, they convey the same message. SL 2: Apa mungkin? (p. 220) TL 2: Is it possible? (p. 148) The word ‘mungkin’ is an adverb that means “tidak atau belum tentu; barangkali; boleh jadi; dapat terjadi; tidak mustahil” (badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id) and the word ‘possible’ is an adjective meaning “able to be done or achieved” (www.oxford dictionaries.com). Both ‘mungkin’ and ‘possible’ has the same meaning, that is, something that can happen or be achieved. The word ‘possible’ represented the message of SL. The ninth shift is shift from adjective to noun as much as 4.52%. SL 1: Jangan sampai ada banyak bising. (p. 239) TL 1: Keep her away from any noise. (p. 162) In data 80 the word ‘bising’ is an adjective that means “ramai (seperti berdengung- dengung, berdesir-desir, berdesing-desing) hingga menyebabkan telinga seperti pekak (tentang suara atau bunyi)” (badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id) and the word ‘noise’ is a noun meaning “a sound, especially one that is loud or unpleasant or http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ http://www.oxford/ http://www.oxford/ Inge Rahmawatie; Engliana; Ira Miranti. 2017. The Shifts of Functional Words in The Translation of Toer’s Bumi Manusia into English By Max Lane. Language Circle: Journal of Language and Literature, XI/2. 133 that causes disturbance” (www.oxford dictionaries.com). The translator chooses ‘noise’ because it conveys the same message as ‘bising’. It means sounds that causes disturbance. SL 2: hanya memandangi aku dan semua tingkah-lakuku dengan mata terheran- heran. (p. 258) TL 2: but only stared at me, and everything I did, with amazement. (p. 173) The word ‘terheran-heran’ is an adjective that means “merasa sangat heran” (badanbahasa. kemdikbud.go.id) and the word ‘amazement’ is a noun means “A feeling of great surprise or wonder” (www.oxforddictionaries.com). In order to convey the message from SL, the translator uses “amazement” describes a feeling of wonder or amazed. The translator changes it to noun since the sentence will be more acceptable. The tenth shift is shift from adjective to verb as much as 3, 96%. SL 1: lenyap ditelan bumi. (p. 123) TL 1: swallowed up by the earth. (p. 84) The word ‘lenyap’ is an adjective that means “tidak kelihatan lagi; tidak ada lagi; hilang; musnah” (badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id) and the word ‘disappeared’ is a verb means “cease to be visible” (www.oxforddictionaries.com). Both ‘lenyap’ and ‘disappeared’ have the same meaning that is something gone; invisible. The translator chooses ‘disappeared’ in order to make sentence more acceptable by changing the adjective in SL into verb in TL. SL 2: Mereka jadi pucat (p. 353) TL 2: They paled (p. 238) The word ‘pucat’ is an adjective that mean “ putih pudar (tentang air muka); agak putih (tentang warna); -- seperti mayat” (badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id) and the word ‘paled’ is a verb means “Become pale in one’s face from shock or fear” (www.oxforddictionaries.com). The translator changes the adjective into a verb since the message of the SL aims to face that became paled because of shock or fear. The eleventh shift is shift from noun to adverb as much as 2. 26%. SL 1: Ia tak juga mendapat kemajuan. (p. 85) TL 1: He still didn’t get anywhere. (p. 60) The word ‘sementara’ is a noun means “beberapa lamanya; tidak selamanya; tidak untuk selama-lamanya” (badanbahasa. kemdikbud.go.id) and the word ‘temporarily’ is an adverb which means “for a limited period of time; not permanently” (www.oxforddictionaries.com). Both SL and TL explain the details of the time or certain period. The word temporarily represented the meaning SL. SL 2: Panji Darman, dahulu Jan Dapperste (p. 505) TL 2: Panji Darman, formerly Jan Dapperste (p. 339) The shift also happened in the data 177 the word ‘dahulu’ is a noun that means “(waktu) yang telah lalu; (masa) lampau” (badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id) and the word ‘formerly’ is an adverb means “in the past; in earlier times” (www.oxforddictionaries.com). They have the same meaning because it explains the times in the past. The twelfth shift is shift from adverb to noun as much as 1,7%. SL 1: bukan hendak keluar sebagai pemenang. (p. 334) http://www.oxford/ LANGUAGE CIRCLE: Journal of Language and Literature 11/2 (April 2017) 134 TL 1: have no desire to be victor. (p. 224) The word ‘hendak’ is an adverb that means “mau; akan; bermaksud akan” (badanbahasa. kemdikbud.go.id) and the word ‘desire’ is a noun means “A strong feeling of wanting to have something or wishing for something to happen” (www.oxforddictionaries.com). The word ‘hendak’ here aims have a desire to possess or do (something); wish for. The translator chooses ‘desire’ in order to make a good communication in SL. Both ‘hendak’ and ‘desire’ has the same message. The word ‘desire’ represented the message in SL. SL 2: Selanjutnya, kan kita bakalnya bekerja sama? (p. 467) TL 2: And the future? We will continue working together, yes? (p. 314) The word ‘selanjutnya’ is an adverb means “seterusnya; sesudah itu; lalu; berikutnya” (badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id) and the word ‘future’ is a noun that means “a period of time following the moment of speaking or writing; time regarded as still to come” (www.oxforddictionaries.com). SL ‘selanjutnya’ aims to time or something that will happen in the future. Both ‘selanjutnya’ and ‘future’ has the same meaning. The word ‘future’ represented the message in SL. Based on analysis above, the translated version of Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer are considered to be accurate, clear and natural because the words in TL represented the message with the words in SL although they have different classes of word. The translator made the shift in order tomakegood communicative translation in TL with the result that it can be represented the message in SL. CONCLUSION This research shows how functional word shift performed in the translation. In the process of transferring message from SL to TL, in this case from Indonesian to English, the translator used wordshift as translation strategy in order to achieve communicative translation. The goal here is that the translation can be understood by English- speaking readers. The translator should have the knowledge about the grammatical rule, social and cultural background of the source language in order toavoid the mistake that can lead to a different interpretation in TL and alsoachieve the communicative and acceptable translation. REFERENCES Ananta Toer, P. (1980).Bumimanusia. Jakarta: HastaMitra Publishing House. Ananta Toer, P. (1982). This earth of mankind(M. Lane, Trans.). Victoria: Penguin BooksAustralia Ltd. Baker. (Original work published 1980). Alzuhdy, Y. A. (2004). Analisis translation shiftdalam penerjemahan bilingual bahasa Inggris – Bahasa.Journal ofTranslation. 22 (2), 188-190 Catford, J. C. (1965). A linguistic theory of translation. 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