Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan, Kesusastraan, dan Budaya p-ISSN: 2086-6100
Vol. 13 No. 1, January-June, Page.95-118
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How to Cite (in APA 7th Edition):
Nurhidayati, S. A., & Mulyadi. (2023). Conceptualization of Metaphor at the Discourse of the Bali

G20 Summit in Online Mass Media : Cognitive Semantic. Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan,
Kesusastraan, Dan Budaya, 13(1), 95–118.
https://doi.org/10.26714/lensa.13.1.2023.95-118

Conceptualization of Metaphor at the Discourse of the Bali
G20 Summit in Online Mass Media : Cognitive Semantic

Siti Ayu Nurhidayati1*, Mulyadi2
1,2Universitas Sumatera Utara

Indonesia

sitiayu@students.usu.ac.id

Article History: Submitted on December 25th, 2022; Revised on February 7th, 2023:
Accepted on June 18th, 2023; Published on June 30th, 2023.

ABSTRACT

This study discusses the conceptualization of metaphors in the discourse of
the Bali G20 Summit using cognitive semantic theory. The purpose of this
study is to explore and analyze the types and meanings of metaphors and
create a semantic network to see the relationship of meanings with one
another. This research is included in the descriptive qualitative research. The
source of metaphor data comes from online mass media. The method used
in data collection is the simak method, with the note-taking technique as the
primary technique, and the data analysis method uses the distribution method
with advanced techniques for natural elements (BUL). The results showed
three types of metaphors, namely three structural, two orientational, and five
ontological metaphors. Based on the metaphorical mapping between the
source domain and the target domain of the image scheme, namely the
identity of the suitability feature matching; space with features Up-Down,
Front-Back, Left-Right, Near-far, Center-Periphery, Contact; force strength
with the characteristics of balance, state of existence characteristic of an
object, cycle, and process, limited space bounded space. Cognitive roles
influence the conceptualization of metaphors in the discourse of the Bali G20
Summit. The meaning of the metaphor is reflected based on different
thoughts and experiences in the context of the sentence. The linkage of
meaning between one meaning and another can be connected through
synonymous meaning relations in a semantic network.

Keywords: cognitive, image, networks, metaphors,semantic

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Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan, Kesusastraan, dan Budaya p-ISSN: 2086-6100
Vol. 13 No. 1, January-June, Page.95-118
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e-ISSN: 2503-328X

How to Cite (in APA 7th Edition):
Nurhidayati, S. A., & Mulyadi. (2023). Conceptualization of Metaphor at the Discourse of the Bali

G20 Summit in Online Mass Media : Cognitive Semantic. Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan,
Kesusastraan, Dan Budaya, 13(1), 95–118.
https://doi.org/10.26714/lensa.13.1.2023.95-118

INTRODUCTION

The importance of language for human life causes language to vary
wildly, one of which is conveying messages or information using figurative or
figurative language. For example, this figurative or figurative language can be
found in metaphors. Metaphor (Kridalaksana, 2008) is the use of words or
other expressions for objects or other concepts based on figures of speech
or similarities, eg, mountain foot, table leg, based on the allegory of the
human leg. In producing utterances and words, language users can form
certain concepts influenced by their thoughts' realm, giving rise to creative
forms of language, such as the emergence of metaphorical expressions.
According to Ungerer (2006:118), metaphor is not only a form of creative
language phenomena but the result of a way of thinking about something.
(Lakoff, & Johnson, 2003:71) also mention that a person thinks and
conceptualizes something in metaphorical expressions. Conceptual
metaphors are studied through cognitive linguistics. In conceptual
metaphors, there are the source and target domains. The source domain is
the concept used as the basis for conceptualization, and the target domain is
where the conceptualization is directed (Nirmala, 2012). Between the source
and target domains are things embedded in our cognition and transformed
through metaphorical conceptualization. Ungerer (2006:118) suggests the
same thing in the view of cognitive linguistics; metaphor is a mapping of
concepts from the source to the target domain. In this article, the metaphor
discussed is a conceptual metaphor using a cognitive semantic approach.

Language phenomena will continue to emerge along with the times.
This language phenomenon arises because of the dynamic nature of language.
Language also develops following the development of the language of its
speakers. Language has a significant role in the process of human thinking,
the linkage between language and thought lies in the assumption that
language influences how people view the world and the minds of individual
language users. Humans interpret each concept with their cognition, and
language conveys these concepts. In linguistics, some studies study the
relationship between language and cognition, namely cognitive linguistics.
According to (Evans, Vyvyan., & Green, 2006), cognitive linguistics studies
how a person thinks about something spoken through his language. This
definition is in line with the opinion (Cuyckens, 2012) that cognitive
linguistics is the relationship between language and one's cognitive function.
Everyone's cognition is used to know and learn everything in this world.
Therefore, every concept that exists in the world can be interpreted
cognitively by someone, and these concepts can be different because different
cultures influence them. The study in linguistics that dissects meanings is
called cognitive semantics. Evans (2007) defines cognitive semantics as a study
that studies the meanings in one's cognition or the interpretation of one's
cognition. One of the main focuses of this study is a metaphor. A metaphor is

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Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan, Kesusastraan, dan Budaya p-ISSN: 2086-6100
Vol. 13 No. 1, January-June, Page.95-118
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e-ISSN: 2503-328X

How to Cite (in APA 7th Edition):
Nurhidayati, S. A., & Mulyadi. (2023). Conceptualization of Metaphor at the Discourse of the Bali

G20 Summit in Online Mass Media : Cognitive Semantic. Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan,
Kesusastraan, Dan Budaya, 13(1), 95–118.
https://doi.org/10.26714/lensa.13.1.2023.95-118

a figurative language that conceptualizes one concept to another. For
example:

Hujan Debat di Sidang Luhut Vs Haris-Fatia: Mulai dari Pesan WhatsApp Minta
Tolong soal Freeport sampai Minta Saham. (Kompas.com)
Rain of Debates in Luhut Vs Haris-Fatia Trial: From WhatsApp Messages
Requesting Help on Freeport to Requesting Shares. (Kompas.com)

The metaphorical expression is shown by the linguistic marker debate
rain. The phrase debate rain consists of the word rain, which is defined lexically
in KBBI V online, as 'water droplets falling from the air due to the cooling
process' and the word debate, which is defined lexically in KBBI V online, as
'discussion and exchange of opinions on a matter by giving each other reasons
to defend their respective opinions'. The concept of metaphor in the phrase
debate rain is that the amount of debate that occurred in the trial is like the
concept of rain. What is being compared is a lot of debate with rain.

Conceptual metaphor (Lakoff, G., & Johnson, 2003) results from
mental construction based on the analogy principle of conceptualizing one
thing with another. The components of metaphor in the view of cognitive
linguistics include: (1) the domain of the source (source domain), generally of
a concrete nature; (2) the target domain, generally abstract; and (3) mapping
between the two domains (mapping). The following is an example of a
conceptual metaphor with the expression life is a journey described in table
1 below.

Table 1:
Metaphor Mapping

Life is a journey
(Source Realm and Target Realm)

Source Realm
(Life)

Target Realm
(Journey)

The starting point is birth, and the
ending point is death

The starting point is the starting
place to start the journey, and the
ending point is the destination.

Have goals. The purpose of life is
to enter heaven.

On the way must have a goal. For
example, we are going to the beach.

Have Barriers. In life, there are
obstacles, such as distractions in
worship.

I sometimes encounter obstacles
during the journey, such as a
vehicle breaking down.

According to Lakoff & Johnson (2013) (Tawami, T., & Sari, 2018;

Setiaji, 2019) conceptual metaphors consist of three types: structural
metaphors, orientational metaphors, and ontological metaphors.

1. Structural metaphor, namely a concept formed metaphorically by using
another concept. This structural metaphor is based on two domains: the

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Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan, Kesusastraan, dan Budaya p-ISSN: 2086-6100
Vol. 13 No. 1, January-June, Page.95-118
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e-ISSN: 2503-328X

How to Cite (in APA 7th Edition):
Nurhidayati, S. A., & Mulyadi. (2023). Conceptualization of Metaphor at the Discourse of the Bali

G20 Summit in Online Mass Media : Cognitive Semantic. Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan,
Kesusastraan, Dan Budaya, 13(1), 95–118.
https://doi.org/10.26714/lensa.13.1.2023.95-118

source domain and the target domain. Structural metaphors are based on
systematic correlations in everyday experience.

2. Orientational metaphors are metaphors related to spatial orientation, such as
up-down, inside-out, front-back, and so on. This spatial orientation arises
from the fact that we have bodies, and bodies function in a physical
environment. Therefore, this metaphor is based more on human physical
experience in adjusting direction orientation in everyday life, such as UP-
DOWN, measured from human physical experience.

3. Ontological metaphors conceptualize thoughts, experiences, and processes of
abstract things into something physical. In other words, ontological
metaphors consider abstract nouns as concrete nouns. For example, "The
Mind is a Machine" in the sentence "My mind just is not operating today"
(today my brain is not working or today I do not want to think).

Interpreting the meaning contained in the metaphor can be seen with
the image scheme. Image scheme (Saeed, 2003) is a fundamental cognitive
semantic conceptual structure. In addition, image schema is a structure of
meaning derived from the experience of how the body interacts with the
world. This experience is useful for understanding abstractly and
understanding the truth. Furthermore, (Cruse & Croft, 2004) describes the
image schema categories as follows (in Amant, Morrison, Chang, Cohen, &
Beal, 2006).

Table 2:
Image Scheme

Space

Up-Down, Front-Back, Left-Right, Near-far, Center-

Periphery, Contact

Scale Path

Container

Containment, In-Out,

Surface, Full-Empty, Content

Force

Balance, Counterforce,

Compulsion, Restraint,

Enablement, Blockage,

Diversion, Attraction

Unity/

Multiplicity

Merging, Collection,

Splitting, Iteration, Part-Whole, Mass-Count, Link

Identity

Matching, Superimposition

Excistence

Removal, Bounded Space,

Cycle, Object, Process

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Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan, Kesusastraan, dan Budaya p-ISSN: 2086-6100
Vol. 13 No. 1, January-June, Page.95-118
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How to Cite (in APA 7th Edition):
Nurhidayati, S. A., & Mulyadi. (2023). Conceptualization of Metaphor at the Discourse of the Bali

G20 Summit in Online Mass Media : Cognitive Semantic. Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan,
Kesusastraan, Dan Budaya, 13(1), 95–118.
https://doi.org/10.26714/lensa.13.1.2023.95-118

The different meanings of a polysemic linguistic unit are unified based
on the categorization relations between the meanings, such as elaboration and
expansion, to form a semantic network (Langacker, 2008: 37; check further
Geeraerts, 2010). It is believed that the emergence of a new meaning in a
word must have a driving force. For example, the word roll out means to
hold, unfold, spread out, make, open, spread out, develop, carry out, carry
out, widen, hold, and organize, until the meaning of hitching must be
something that motivates it. The form of the relationship between these
meanings can be described (Nurhidayati, 2017:4). Lakoff & Johnson 1987)
have tried using metaphorical language styles, metonyms, and image schemas
to describe the relationship between meanings in the meaning of the
metaphor. At the same time, Langacker describes it through his prototype
theory and schema.

The dynamic nature of language is evidenced by the many language
phenomena that arise along with the development of technology in every era.
Technological developments at this time make it very easy for us to obtain
information; many media provide the various information we want, one of
which is mass media in the network (online). Information in the form of news
is conveyed in an informative manner to attract readers' attention. One of the
attractions for readers is the use of metaphors in the delivery of news in the
mass media.The study of the conceptualization of metaphors in mass media
is attractive because journalists use language that rarely or has nothing to do
with the scope of news in expressing an intention.

The G20 Bali Summit was the seventeenth meeting of the Group of
Twenty. The summit has been held in Bali, Indonesia, in 2022. Indonesia's
presidency runs from December 1, 2021 until the summit in the fourth
quarter of 2022. The coverage of the G20 Bali Summit was very popular
because the event was held in Indonesia. The G20 Bali Summit is a discourse
to build the nation's economy. The role realized through linguistic discourse
is not only understood as information, but builds the reality of people's
understanding of a phenomenon. The mass media that produces the G20 Bali
Summit discourse will influence the readers' cognition. In this case, people
are influenced to participate in building the nation's economy or vice versa.
In the manifestation of role fulfillment, the mass media has a variety of
languages that are flexible and interesting in conveying events. In this case,
the mass media uses various language tools to package constructive and
destructive ideologies related to the nation's economic development, one of
which is the use of metaphors. Metaphorical expressions are used in
delivering messages so that they have a deeper flavor.

In previous studies, several articles discussed conceptual metaphors
that were dissected using a cognitive semantic analysis knife. Research
conducted by Aulia, ZN (2020) entitled Conceptual Metaphors in the Rubric
of Manglé Online Magazine Unak-Anik Kahirupan: Cognitive Semantic
Analysis examines the types of conceptual metaphors, conceptual meanings,
and image schemes in the writing of manglé online magazine unak-anik

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e-ISSN: 2503-328X

How to Cite (in APA 7th Edition):
Nurhidayati, S. A., & Mulyadi. (2023). Conceptualization of Metaphor at the Discourse of the Bali

G20 Summit in Online Mass Media : Cognitive Semantic. Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan,
Kesusastraan, Dan Budaya, 13(1), 95–118.
https://doi.org/10.26714/lensa.13.1.2023.95-118

100

kahirupan. Haula (2019) examined Metaphor Conceptualization in the
Kompas Opinion Rubric: A Cognitive Semantic Study and found that the use
of metaphors in opinion texts is intended to convey the author's intention in
an unclear way and provide more interesting things for readers to listen to.
The distinctive feature of metaphors found in Kompas opinion texts is
metaphors related to nature. (Sofa, 2019b) Sofa (2019) Metaphor
Conceptualization of Emotional Experience: Case Study of University of
Indonesia Students with the findings of the relationship between emotions
and conceptual metaphors through the production of metaphors related to
emotional experiences. Masthuroh (2020), with the title Conceptualization of
Drug Metaphors: A Cognitive Linguistic Study, concluded that metaphors
are not only part of a language style, but behind that, there are ways and
thought processes when producing expressions containing metaphors so that
there is a cognitive process that occurs when someone produces an
expression metaphorically. Although the theoretical umbrella used is similar,
the approach and analysis of conceptual metaphors by making the Bali G20
Summit discourse in the mass media as the object of study has never been
done. Therefore, this study was conducted to continue and find the meaning
of metaphors in the mass media from the perspective of cognitive semantics.
Then, create a semantic network to see the relationship of meaning between
one word and another (which was not analyzed in previous studies).

Meanwhile, the convention between the source domain and the target
domain is generated by looking at the similarities and comparing the
characteristics, traits, and categories between them. The similarity between
the research conducted by Aulia, Z. N. & Nur, T. (2020) and this study are
discussing and focusing on the conceptualization of metaphors, while the
difference in this study is that the researcher focuses on the study of
metaphors in online mass media data sources related to the Bali G20 Summit
discourse, dissecting the types and meanings of metaphors according to
theory (Lakoff, G., & Johnson, 2003) and image schemes according to theory
(Cruse, & Croft, 2004) to capture meaning and then create a semantic
network. Although the approaches and theories used are similar, in previous
studies there has been no formulation of the semantic network of metaphor
usage, especially in the discourse of the Bali G20 Summit. This study looks at
how the mass media package the form and realization of the use of
conceptual metaphors in the discourse of the Bali G20 Summit in the mass
media and then create a semantic network to see the relationship of meaning
between one another.

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How to Cite (in APA 7th Edition):
Nurhidayati, S. A., & Mulyadi. (2023). Conceptualization of Metaphor at the Discourse of the Bali

G20 Summit in Online Mass Media : Cognitive Semantic. Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan,
Kesusastraan, Dan Budaya, 13(1), 95–118.
https://doi.org/10.26714/lensa.13.1.2023.95-118

101

METHOD

The method in this research is a descriptive qualitative method.

(Djajasudarma, 2006) states that the qualitative method is a procedure that

produces descriptive data both orally and in writing that develops or exists in

society. In this case, the data is presented as it is factually, analyzed

systematically, and described for accuracy. The data taken comes from online

mass media related to the G2O Bali Summit discourse, data in the form of

words or phrases containing metaphorical meanings are classified based on

Lakoff & Johnson's (2013) types of metaphors. Then create a semantic

network to ensure the relationship between one meaning and another can be

connected through synonymous meaning relations.

Descriptive qualitative method is used to answer the problem of
conceptual metaphor in the discourse of G20 Bali Summit in Indonesian
mass media. This research method is used to obtain data logically and
empirically. The data obtained were then analyzed using the conceptual
metaphor approach (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980) and image schema (Cruse &
Croft, 2004 and then captured the meaning with semantic networks. Thus,
the data from the Bali G20 Summit discourse in the mass media in Indonesia
represented the meaning of metaphors, image schemes, semantic networks.

In collecting data, this research uses the simak method followed by
note-taking techniques (Mahsun, 2014). The simak method is a trick in
obtaining data that is done by listening to the use of language, both orally and
in writing. In collecting data, researchers listened to news related to the
discourse of the Bali G20 Summit in online mass media. Furthermore, the
note-taking technique is carried out by looking at and recording words and
phrases that contain metaphors in the news of the Bali G20 Summit discourse
in online mass media.

The data analysis method used is the distributional method (agih) with
the basic technique for direct elements (BUL) (Sudaryanto, 2018). The BUL
technique aims to determine the source and target domains in the metaphor
data contained in the news. Distributional method (agih) is a data analysis
method whose determining tool is an element of the language concerned
itself (Sudaryanto, 1993: 15). The distributional method (agih) is used to
analyze the types of metaphors, metaphorical meanings, and synonyms to
create a semantic network. The basic technique is the direct element division
technique (BUL). This technique is used to divide the lingual unit of data into
several elements (Sudaryanto, 1993: 31). The next technique is the expansion
technique. Metaphorical expressions are subject to expansion, the expansion
is only two kinds: to the left (forward) or to the right (backward). This is in
accordance with the linear nature of language (Sudaryanto, 1993: 55). In that
case, the result is the same as the use of other techniques, there are two kinds:
those that are acceptable (grammatical) and those that are not

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How to Cite (in APA 7th Edition):
Nurhidayati, S. A., & Mulyadi. (2023). Conceptualization of Metaphor at the Discourse of the Bali

G20 Summit in Online Mass Media : Cognitive Semantic. Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan,
Kesusastraan, Dan Budaya, 13(1), 95–118.
https://doi.org/10.26714/lensa.13.1.2023.95-118

102

(ungrammatical). Example: metaphorical expression in the context of a
sentence:
Proyek kerja sama tersebut yang akan membantu membumikan kerja G20 lebih
dekat dengan rakyat.
The cooperation project will help membumikan the work of the G20 closer to the people.
Proyek kerja sama tersebut yang akan membantu memperkenalkan kerja G20 lebih
dekat dengan rakyat.
The cooperation project will help memperkenalkan the work of the G20 closer to the
people.

The flow of data provision is carried out in several stages, namely as

follows.

1. The author searches for and marks news related to the Bali G20

Summit discourse that contains conceptual metaphors.

2. The author records news that has the potensial to become data

News source from https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/ data 1

News source from https://ekon.go.id/ data 2,3,10

News source from https://www.kominfo.go.id/ data 4,5,6,9

News source from https://www.esdm.go.id/ data 7

News source from https://analisadaily.com/ data 8

3. The author reduces the data included in conceptual metaphors and

classifies them based on the types of metaphors according to Lakoff

& Johnson's theory.

4. The author analyzes the data using the BUL technique.

Metaphors experience a change in meaning, and there is a reference
between the literal meaning (source meaning) to the target meaning.
Conversely, if the basic meaning does not change the meaning, then there is
no element of metaphor in it. I refer to the Big Indonesian Dictionary and
examine it introspectively to see the literal meaning. The reason is that the
Big Indonesian Dictionary is sufficient to reveal the basic meaning of a word.
Then, expressions containing metaphor elements are analyzed based on the
transfer of meaning from the source domain to the target domain. Then, the
data is displayed in a table to explain the semantic elements contained in the
meaning of the source, transfer markers, and semantic elements in the
meaning of the target. The analysis results in this way are used to show the
similarity of meaning between the source domain and the target domain so
that the type of similarity in meaning can be formulated between the two.
Furthermore, this research is to analyze the target content concerning the
source domain and relate it to the context where the metaphor is used in the
discourse of the Bali G20 Summit, as well as take inferences to reveal the
function (use) of metaphors and image schemes in the discourse of the Bali
G20 Summit.

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How to Cite (in APA 7th Edition):
Nurhidayati, S. A., & Mulyadi. (2023). Conceptualization of Metaphor at the Discourse of the Bali

G20 Summit in Online Mass Media : Cognitive Semantic. Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan,
Kesusastraan, Dan Budaya, 13(1), 95–118.
https://doi.org/10.26714/lensa.13.1.2023.95-118

103

FINDING AND DISCUSSION

The presentation of the results of this study is arranged based on the
types of metaphor categories found. The research results generally show that
ontological metaphors are most commonly found. There are five image
schemes found in the metaphor, namely identity (matching), space (up-
down), existence (object, bounded space, cycle, process), and force (balance)
image schemes. Furthermore, the linkage of meaning between one meaning
and another can be connected through synonymous meaning relations in a
semantic network. The following is an explanation of the analysis of
structural, orientational, and ontological metaphors found in the discourse of
the Bali G20 Summit.

Structural Metaphor
Data 1
Selain deklarasi, Presidensi Indonesia juga menghasilkan concrete deliverables yang berisi
daftar proyek kerja sama negara anggota G20 dan undangan. Proyek kerja sama tersebut
yang akan membantu membumikan kerja G20 lebih dekat dengan rakyat.(
https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/)
Apart from the declaration, the Indonesian Presidency also produced concrete deliverables
containing a list of cooperation projects for G20 member countries and invitations. This
cooperation project will help ground the work of the G20 closer to the people.

The linguistic markers show the metaphorical expression in data (1)
to be grounded. The word earthing has a lexical meaning in KBBI V online
1 to plant or store in the soil and 2 to socialize. The word "earth" in this
sentence means that the G20 cooperation projects can be planted like plants
planted on earth, whereas what can be planted are plants. The cooperation
project of the G20 countries is expected to introduce/broadcast/popularize
the work of the G20 in a society like the earth, which is very close to the
people. Therefore, the word in the sentence is an example of a metaphorical
lexicon.

Table 3:
Metaphorical lexicon membumikan

Source Realm
membumikan/ grounded

Target Realm
mempopulerkan/popularize/memperkenalkan/
introduce/ menyiarkan/ broadcast

• plant or store in the soil

• The earth where
humans live

• Socializing

• The meaning of grounding becomes introducing.

• The cooperation projects of G20 member
countries are expected to introduce the work of
the G20 to the public.

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How to Cite (in APA 7th Edition):
Nurhidayati, S. A., & Mulyadi. (2023). Conceptualization of Metaphor at the Discourse of the Bali

G20 Summit in Online Mass Media : Cognitive Semantic. Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan,
Kesusastraan, Dan Budaya, 13(1), 95–118.
https://doi.org/10.26714/lensa.13.1.2023.95-118

104

• Humans live on earth. As a place to live, humans
are close to the earth. This close/close similarity
feature makes the word grounding orientated to
the meaning of introducing.

The concept equation of the source and target domains in the data
gives rise to an identity image scheme of the 'identity' type of suitability. The
metaphorical expression of grounding has a 'matching' suitability, indicating
that one thing is the same as another. The metaphor of grounding has the
same relationship as introducing/popularizing.

The semantic network and the interrelationship of the meaning of the
word grounding.

memasukan menanamkan menancapkan
membenamkan menaruhkan

mendaftarkan membumikan menyiarkan

menempatkan memuatkan menghantar

Data 2
Kesuksesan pelaksanaan 437 acara G20 di 24 kota di seluruh Indonesia dan ratusan
pertemuan bilateral merupakan hasil jerih payah para pengampu di
Kementerian/Lembaga dan seluruh pihak yang terlibat. (https://ekon.go.id/)
The successful implementation of 437 G20 events in 24 cities throughout Indonesia and
hundreds of bilateral meetings results from the hard work of supervisors in
Ministries/Agencies and all parties involved.

The linguistic markers of effort show the metaphorical expression in

data (2). The phrase toil has a lexical meaning in KBBI V online: a business

carried out with great difficulty: finally, -- the community also appreciates the

effort as a beneficial endeavor. The phrase jerih payah is worth the hard

work. The expression jerih payah is equivalent to hard work. The phrase

jerih payah shows an expression of being tired, bored, tired, lethargic, or

weak, feeling bored, tired, withered and limp. The word payah in KBBI V

online means weary; tired: stiff; difficult: in trouble. The meaning of

metaphor of toil refers to struggle or hard work. Lakoff, G., & Johnson

(2003) have tried using metaphorical language styles, metonyms, and image

schemas to describe the relationship between meanings in the meaning of the

metaphor. The following is the meaning of the metaphor based on the source

and target domains.

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How to Cite (in APA 7th Edition):
Nurhidayati, S. A., & Mulyadi. (2023). Conceptualization of Metaphor at the Discourse of the Bali

G20 Summit in Online Mass Media : Cognitive Semantic. Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan,
Kesusastraan, Dan Budaya, 13(1), 95–118.
https://doi.org/10.26714/lensa.13.1.2023.95-118

105

Table 4:

Metaphorical lexicon jerih payah

Source Realm
(jerih payah)

Target Realm
(kerja keras—perjuangan)( hard

work—struggle)

• Tired: expression tired, bored,

weary, tired, or lethargic, feeling

bored, tired, withered, and

lethargic.

• Tired: means tired; tired: hard;

difficult: in trouble.

• Jerih payah metaphorical meaning of 'hard

work'.

• The struggle process

• The successful implementation of 437

G20 events in 24 cities throughout

Indonesia and hundreds of bilateral

meetings results from the jerih payah

of supervisors in Ministries/Agencies

and all parties involved.

• Jerih payah→ Hard work → struggle

→success

The concept equation of the source and target domains in the data
gives rise to an image schema of the 'identity' image schema of the suitability
type. The metaphorical expression of toil has a 'matching' suitability,
indicating that one thing is the same as another. The metaphor of toil has the
same relationship with jerih payah (struggle). The process of struggle shows
a tired and troubled expression. Tired and stiff is the meaning contained in
the phrase toil. The connection between jerih payah and other meanings can
be shown through the following semantic network and attachment to the
meaning of jerih payah.

jerih payah --kerja keras→ perjuangan

Jerih payah

lelah bosan letih penat

lelah penat sukar susah dalam kesulitan.

lunglai perasaan jemu payah layu lungkrah

Data 3
Concrete deliverables merupakan kumpulan proyek, program, atau inisiatif dari negara-
negara G20 yang berkaitan dengan pilar-pilar Presidensi Indonesia. Terdapat 226
proyek/program/inisiatif bersifat multilateral dan 140 proyek matang bersifat bilateral
dengan nilai total USD71,5 miliar. ((https://ekon.go.id/))

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How to Cite (in APA 7th Edition):
Nurhidayati, S. A., & Mulyadi. (2023). Conceptualization of Metaphor at the Discourse of the Bali

G20 Summit in Online Mass Media : Cognitive Semantic. Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan,
Kesusastraan, Dan Budaya, 13(1), 95–118.
https://doi.org/10.26714/lensa.13.1.2023.95-118

106

Concrete deliverables are a collection of projects, programs, or initiatives from the G20
countries related to the pillars of the Indonesian Presidency. There are 226 multilateral
projects/programs/initiatives and 140 bilateral mature projects with a total value of
USD 71.5 billion.

Mature linguistic markers indicate the metaphorical expression in data
(2). For example, the word matang has a lexical meaning in KBBI V online
is old, and it is time to be picked, eaten, and so on (about fruits); matang: the
mango is left -- on the tree. The metaphorical meaning of the word matang
is 'ready'. Ripe fruit is a fruit that is "old" time to pick. A mature project is a
project that is ready to be worked on in detail "steadily".Look at the source
and target domains of mature metaphorical meaning below.

Table 5:
Metaphorical lexicon matang

Source Realm (matang)(old) Target Realm (siap)(ready)

• Fruit--it is old--time to be
picked---eaten.

• Project -- concept ready -- design ready -- detailed
-- feasible – solid

• Concrete deliverables are a collection of
projects, programs, or initiatives from the
G20 countries related to the pillars of the
Indonesian Presidency. There are 226
multilateral projects/programs/initiatives
and 140 bilateral ready/feasible projects
with a total value of USD 71.5 billion.

The concept equation of the source and target domains in the data
gives rise to an image schema of the 'identity' image schema of the suitability
type. Mature metaphorical expressions have a 'matching' suitability, indicating
that one thing is the same as another. The matang metaphor has the same
relationship with readiness/worthiness. Like a fruit, it can be picked and eaten
when it is matang. Likewise, a mature project means a project that is ready
in terms of concept, ready in terms of planning, and detailed so that it is
feasible and solid to work on. Here, semantic networks and meaning
attachments of words mature to show the similarity of meaning.

dalu dewasa intensif komprehensif luas

matang sinonim

balig cukup umur mantap mendalam mendetail

masak- menguning sinonim sinonim selesai- siap- teperinci

ranum sampai umur tua matur sempurna akal

http://jurnal.unimus.ac.id/index.php/lensa
https://m.persamaankata.com/3645/dalu
https://m.persamaankata.com/4120/dewasa
https://m.persamaankata.com/6618/intensif
https://m.persamaankata.com/8916/komprehensif
https://m.persamaankata.com/10365/luas
https://m.persamaankata.com/1277/balig
https://m.persamaankata.com/3472/cukup-umur
https://m.persamaankata.com/10799/mantap
https://m.persamaankata.com/3631/mendalam
https://m.persamaankata.com/4096/mendetail
https://m.persamaankata.com/10863/masak
https://m.persamaankata.com/9311/menguning
https://m.persamaankata.com/15656/selesai
https://m.persamaankata.com/16317/siap
https://m.persamaankata.com/33163/teperinci
https://m.persamaankata.com/26622/ranum
https://m.persamaankata.com/20727/sampai-umur
https://m.persamaankata.com/19010/tua
https://m.persamaankata.com/10962/matur
https://m.persamaankata.com/15864/sempurna-akal

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How to Cite (in APA 7th Edition):
Nurhidayati, S. A., & Mulyadi. (2023). Conceptualization of Metaphor at the Discourse of the Bali

G20 Summit in Online Mass Media : Cognitive Semantic. Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan,
Kesusastraan, Dan Budaya, 13(1), 95–118.
https://doi.org/10.26714/lensa.13.1.2023.95-118

107

Orientational Metaphor

Data 4

Presiden Joko Widodo secara resmi menutup Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi (KTT) G20
Tahun 2022 yang digelar di Bali selama dua hari pada 15 s.d. 16 November 2022.
(https://www.kominfo.go.id/)
President Joko Widodo officially closed the 2022 G20 Summit, held in Bali for two
days from 15 to 2022. November 16, 2022.

The word closed linguistic marker indicates the metaphorical
expression in data (4). The lexical meaning in KBBI V online is to make it
not open (such as closing, locking, closing): ~ book; ~ window; ~ eyes; ~
door. The lexical meaning of closed will be used as a thinking orientation.
The word closed not only makes it not open but also becomes a
metaphorical expression in data (4) which means ending/ending the event.
About opening and closing, the concept of space becomes an orientation to
reflect different things (ending/ending). Every culture in society is different,
including in Indonesia. The metaphorical expression opening-closing is used
to start-end events as if a window can be opened and closed as well as an
event that can be opened and closed even though events are abstract forms
that are reflected as space.

Table 6:
Metaphorical lexicon menutup

Source Realm (menutup)(closed) Target Realm (mengakhiri)( end)

• Make something not open

• Space-oriented (window, door, or

similar)

• Reflection on the concept of

opening-closing space to the

concept of starting-ending an event.

The orientation of thinking reflection on the concept of closed from

the realm of sources and targets in the data gives rise to the existence of an
imaging scheme of 'space.' The metaphorical expression of closed has space
Up-Down, Front-Back, Left-Right, Near-far, Center-Periphery, and Contact,
which shows the similarity of the spatial concept of space with other things.
The closed metaphor has the same thinking orientation as the ending/end.
The following shows the network of meanings and the interrelationships of
the meaning of the word closed. Closed words have synonyms or equivalent
words. The word equation has its concept in its use, depending on the context
of the sentence.

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Nurhidayati, S. A., & Mulyadi. (2023). Conceptualization of Metaphor at the Discourse of the Bali

G20 Summit in Online Mass Media : Cognitive Semantic. Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan,
Kesusastraan, Dan Budaya, 13(1), 95–118.
https://doi.org/10.26714/lensa.13.1.2023.95-118

108

menutup
membubarkan

mengakhiri menyudahi

menamatkan menyelesaikan menghentikan
sinonim
mengunci mengatup membkolade
sinonim
melunasi sinonim membayar
melengkapi mencukupi blokir

Ontology Metaphor

Data 5

Dalam kesempatan tersebut, Presiden menyampaikan bahwa Presidensi G20 Indonesia
dimulai dengan harapan untuk menyatukan niat bersama dalam mewujudkan
pemulihan dunia yang inklusif dari pandemi. (https://www.kominfo.go.id/)
On this occasion, the President said that Indonesia's G20 Presidency began with the hope
of uniting a common intention in realizing an inclusive world recovery from the pandemic.

The word "menyatukan" belongs to ontology metaphor because in
the statement there is an abstract process. The word unify has a process. The
process of bringing two or more components together into the final form of
the product. In this case, the process of uniting the intentions of many people
into one common intention. Uniting intentions is an abstract process, while
uniting scattered objects is a concrete process. Thus, the word "menyatukan"
falls into the category of ontological metaphor.

The metaphorical expressions in data (5) are indicated by uniting
linguistic markers. For example, the word uniting has a lexical meaning in
KBBI V online: to make one, collect (merge, and so on) into one.
Conceptually, uniting means collecting scattered objects. For example, some
marbles were scattered on the floor and then quoted in one place. That is
what is understood as the meaning of uniting. However, the intention is an
abstract element—mind-oriented intention. So, usually, what is understood
to unite is objects, not intentions. The metaphorical expression of ontology
means this; some things are compared directly or indirectly. As Lakoff, G., &
Johnson (2003) stated, ontological metaphors are metaphors that
conceptualize thoughts, experiences, and other abstract processes- into
something that has physical properties. In other words uniting intentions is
seen as an entity through the adjective determination ‘tekad’.

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How to Cite (in APA 7th Edition):
Nurhidayati, S. A., & Mulyadi. (2023). Conceptualization of Metaphor at the Discourse of the Bali

G20 Summit in Online Mass Media : Cognitive Semantic. Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan,
Kesusastraan, Dan Budaya, 13(1), 95–118.
https://doi.org/10.26714/lensa.13.1.2023.95-118

109

Table 7:
Metaphorical lexicon menyatukan

Source Realm (menyatukan)(uniting) Target Realm (tekad)(determination)

• Concrete objects

• Several marbles scattered on the
floor and then picked up and put in
one place.

• Unite scattered marbles.

• The equivalent word for uniting in
this concept is “collecting”

• Abstract/inner

• On this occasion, the President said
that Indonesia's G20 Presidency
began with the hope of uniting a
common intention in realizing an
inclusive world recovery from the
pandemic.

• The equivalent word that uniting
this concept is determination
‘tekad’.

In this research, we found ontology metaphor data with image
schema, namely force in the form of balance. The word unites on uniting
intentions, a metaphorical expression of ‘tekad’ in balance with the concept
of thinking, uniting on uniting marbles, the meaning of collecting.
The uniting intention interpreted as a ‘tekad’ has inner strength as the target
domain while uniting as lexical meaning has concrete power as the source
domain. Here are some equivalent words to menyatukan. Look at the semantic
web and the entanglement of the meanings of words that uniting.

menyatukan
mencampur

mengumpulkan
menghubungkan sinonim

menjalin
mengawinkan

mengelompokkan
merapatkan

sinonim mempertemukan
menggabungkan

menghimpun

Data 6

“Diskusi mengenai hal ini berlangsung sangat-sangat alot sekali dan akhirnya para
pemimpin G20 menyepakati isi deklarasi yaitu condemnation perang di Ukraina
karena telah melanggar batas wilayah, melanggar integritas wilayah,” ujar Presiden
dalam pernyataan pers di media center di Bali International Convention Center,
Kabupaten Badung, Provinsi Bali, Rabu (16/11/2022). (https://www.kominfo.go.id/)
"The discussion on this matter was very, very tough, and finally, the G20 leaders agreed on
the contents of the declaration, namely the condemnation of war in Ukraine for violating
regional boundaries and violating territorial integrity," the President said in a press

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Nurhidayati, S. A., & Mulyadi. (2023). Conceptualization of Metaphor at the Discourse of the Bali

G20 Summit in Online Mass Media : Cognitive Semantic. Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan,
Kesusastraan, Dan Budaya, 13(1), 95–118.
https://doi.org/10.26714/lensa.13.1.2023.95-118

110

statement at the media center at the Bali International Convention Center, District
Badung, Bali Province, Wednesday (16/11/2022).

The metaphorical expression in data (6) is indicated by linguistic
markers violating. The word violating has a lexical meaning in KBBI V
online: crashing; crashing; pounding: the car is damaged by ~ trees. In data
(6), ontological metaphors are found; according to Lakoff and Johnson
(1980), ontological metaphors are metaphors that conceptualize thoughts,
experiences, and other abstract processes- into something that has physical
properties. His car was damaged by breaking a tree. This means that the
lexical meaning of the word violating is 'crash.' The tree is a thing and is a
concrete realm. However, the word transgression as a metaphorical
expression has an abstract realm defined as 'beyond.' Usually, violating is an
object, for example, a tree, whereas in data (6), what is being violating is
territorial integrity. Thus, the expression of this ontological metaphor is based
on the concept of thinking in the form of an indirect comparison between a
tree and integrity.

Table 8:
Metaphorical lexicon melanggar

Source Realm (melanggar)( violating) Target Realm (melampaui)( go

beyond)

• The car was damaged by breaking a tree.

• Breaking a tree is a concrete domain.

• Melanggar means 'to hit'

• Discussions on this matter took place very,

very tough, and finally, the G20 leaders

agreed on the contents of the declaration,

namely the condemnation of war in

Ukraine because it had violated territorial

boundaries, violated the territorial integrity.

• Violating integrity is an abstract realm.

• The word violating is interpreted as

'beyond'

In data (6), an imaging scheme is found which depicts the concept of
existence (state) with various characteristics, namely, object 'object,' bounded
space 'limited space,' and cycle 'cycle.' Violating the object tree is a tree. It
was violating the integrity of the object integrity. This ontological metaphor
has an image schema of a 'state of affairs'; violating it is considered a state
of being beyond the limit. This reflection underlies that data (6) is an event
with a state exceeding the limit. Why is there a war in Ukraine? Because it has
violated the integrity of territorial boundaries, territorial
integrity. Integrity here is defined as going beyond limits. The semantic
network and the attachment to the meaning of the word violating will be
described below.

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How to Cite (in APA 7th Edition):
Nurhidayati, S. A., & Mulyadi. (2023). Conceptualization of Metaphor at the Discourse of the Bali

G20 Summit in Online Mass Media : Cognitive Semantic. Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan,
Kesusastraan, Dan Budaya, 13(1), 95–118.
https://doi.org/10.26714/lensa.13.1.2023.95-118

111

mengingkari melangkahi melalui
melanggar melewati

melawan melampaui melanda

membentur menabrak menghantam

mengenai menumbuk menerpa menimpa

menarung mencabuli mendampak menempuh
menerjang menubruk

Data 7

Untuk diketahui, Deklarasi Bali mencatatkan 52 poin kesepakatan kepala negara G20
guna mendorong pencapaian tujuan masyarakat dunia melalui peningkatan upaya
dan komitmen di berbagai sektor. (https://www.esdm.go.id/)
To note, the Bali Declaration recorded 52 points of agreement of the G20 heads of state to
encourage the achievement of the goals of the world community through increased efforts
and commitment in various sectors.

The linguistic markers show the metaphorical expression in data (7).
The word encourage has a lexical meaning in KBBI V online: to refuse from
the back or the front; shoves: they roll in ~ a broken down car. Similar to
data (6), data (7) is also included in the findings of ontological metaphors.
Lakoff and Johnson (1980) say that ontological metaphors are metaphors that
conceptualize thoughts, experiences, and other abstract processes into
something that has physical properties. The meaning of the metaphorical
expression encourage is to 'move.' Usually, it is objected that are pushed, but in
this finding, it is different that it is an achievement that is pushed.
Achievement is an abstract realm. This is inversely proportional to the lexical
meaning of pushing in the sentence. They pushed the stalled car together. Car
driven. The car is a concrete realm. The meaning of encourage in the sentence
is 'pushing.'The linguistic markers show the metaphorical expression in data
(7). The word encourage has a lexical meaning in KBBI V online: to refuse from
the back or the front; shoves: they roll in ~ a broken down car. Similar to
data (6), data (7) is also included in the findings of ontological metaphors.
Lakoff and Johnson (1980) say that ontological metaphors are metaphors that
conceptualize thoughts, experiences, and other abstract processes into
something that has physical properties. The meaning of the metaphorical
expression encourage is to 'move.' Usually, it is objected that are pushed, but in
this finding, it is different that it is an achievement that is pushed.
Achievement is an abstract realm. This is inversely proportional to the lexical
meaning of pushing in the sentence. They pushed the stalled car together. Car
driven. The car is a concrete realm. The meaning of encourage in the sentence
is 'pushing.'

http://jurnal.unimus.ac.id/index.php/lensa
https://m.persamaankata.com/6529/ingkar
https://m.persamaankata.com/9531/melalui
https://m.persamaankata.com/10106/melewati
https://m.persamaankata.com/9569/melampaui
https://m.persamaankata.com/1910/membentur
https://m.persamaankata.com/17334/menabrak
https://m.persamaankata.com/5895/menghantam
https://m.persamaankata.com/8197/mengenai
https://m.persamaankata.com/21687/menumbuk
https://m.persamaankata.com/29197/menerpa
https://m.persamaankata.com/17903/menarung
https://m.persamaankata.com/18276/menempuh
https://m.persamaankata.com/18276/menempuh
https://m.persamaankata.com/18521/menerjang
https://m.persamaankata.com/19041/menubruk
https://www.esdm.go.id/

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How to Cite (in APA 7th Edition):
Nurhidayati, S. A., & Mulyadi. (2023). Conceptualization of Metaphor at the Discourse of the Bali

G20 Summit in Online Mass Media : Cognitive Semantic. Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan,
Kesusastraan, Dan Budaya, 13(1), 95–118.
https://doi.org/10.26714/lensa.13.1.2023.95-118

112

Table 9:
Metaphorical lexicon mendorong

Source Realm (mendorong)
( encourage)

Target Realm (menggerakkan)(move)

• They pushed the stalled car together.

• Cars—the concrete realm

• The meaning of encourage is
'pushing.'

• For your information, the Bali Declaration
recorded 52 points of agreement of the G20
heads of state to encourage the achievement of
the goals of the world community through
increased efforts and commitment in various
sectors.

• Achievements—the realm of the
abstract

• The meaning of encourage is
'moving/advancing.'

In data (7), an imaging scheme depicts the existing concept of 'state'
with process characteristics. For example, the word push is an event
characterized by a processing activity. Encourage which has a metaphorical
meaning of 'moving/advancing,' is a process of moving/advancing
achievement. Several equivalent words of encouragement can be seen from the
following semantic networks and meaning attachments.

menggerakkan menggiatkan

mengobarkan menjorokkan

menyorong
mendorong

memotivasi memecut

memaksa memajukan mengajak

Data 8
Analisadaily.com, Nusa Dua - Segala bentuk upaya terus dilakukan negara-
negara anggota Groups Twenty agar perhelatan Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi (KTT) G20
itu memiliki dampak positif tidak hanya bagi negara peserta, tetapi punya efek yang besar
bagi dunia internasional. Salah satu dari sekian banyak agenda yang saat ini dijalankan
adalah peluncuran dana pandemi (Pandemic Fund).
All kinds of efforts continue to be made by the member countries of Group Twenty so that
the G20 Summit will positively impact the participating countries and the international
community. For example, one of the many agendas currently being carried out is
launching a pandemic fund (Pandemic Fund).

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How to Cite (in APA 7th Edition):
Nurhidayati, S. A., & Mulyadi. (2023). Conceptualization of Metaphor at the Discourse of the Bali

G20 Summit in Online Mass Media : Cognitive Semantic. Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan,
Kesusastraan, Dan Budaya, 13(1), 95–118.
https://doi.org/10.26714/lensa.13.1.2023.95-118

113

The launching linguistic marker indicates the metaphorical
expression in data (8). The word launching has a lexical meaning in KBBI
V online: the way (place) to launch. Launching falls into the category of
ontological metaphor. Lakoff, G., & Johnson (2003) say that ontological
metaphors are metaphors that conceptualize thoughts, experiences, and other
abstract processes into something that has a physical
nature. Launching originally meant a place to slide (call it a slide), but what
is meant in data (8) is different. The meaning of the launching metaphor on
the data is 'sending.' The place to launch is a concrete realm while launching
a fund is an abstract process. The reason is that objects are usually launched,
but in data (8), what is launched is in the form of funds. Can the fund be
launched? This ontological metaphor results in the meaning
of launching being the same as the meaning of sending. Comparing a launch
as a 'gliding place' with the launching as the meaning of 'sending' is a human
concept of thinking based on experience.

Table 10:
Metaphorical lexicon peluncuran

Source Realm (peluncuran)( launching) Target Realm (mengirimkan)
(sending)

• Peluncuran is a slide (slide)

• The launch was slippery.

• The launch pad is a thing. However,
objects include the realm of concrete.

• Metaphorical meaningful peluncuran is
sending

• One of the many agendas currently being
carried out is sending pandemic funds
(Pandemic Fund).

• Fund ---abstract
The image schema found in data (9) is the concept of existence (state)

with characteristics, namely object 'object,' cycle 'cycle,' and process 'process.'
The launching object in data (9) is the fund. The fund launching cycle is
included in the process. Funds are usually in the form of money, a means of
payment. Hence, the funds are close to paying. What is the process
for launching the fund? Can the funds slide? The concept of thinking like
this can be categorized as a metaphor. What is the comparison between
launch and funding? This metaphorical expression expands the meaning of
the word launching. The following is a semantic network and the meaning
of the launching word.

lembaga

meresmikan menginstal

peluncuran
memulai

mengirimkan
mengeluarkan

http://jurnal.unimus.ac.id/index.php/lensa
https://indonesian.abcthesaurus.com/browse_synonyms/synonyms_for_lembaga.html
https://indonesian.abcthesaurus.com/browse_synonyms/synonyms_for_meresmikan.html
https://indonesian.abcthesaurus.com/browse_synonyms/synonyms_for_menginstal.html
https://indonesian.abcthesaurus.com/browse_synonyms/synonyms_for_memulai.html
https://indonesian.abcthesaurus.com/browse_synonyms/synonyms_for_mengirimkan.html
https://indonesian.abcthesaurus.com/browse_synonyms/synonyms_for_mengeluarkan.html

Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan, Kesusastraan, dan Budaya p-ISSN: 2086-6100
Vol. 13 No. 1, January-June, Page.95-118
http://jurnal.unimus.ac.id/index.php/lensa

e-ISSN: 2503-328X

How to Cite (in APA 7th Edition):
Nurhidayati, S. A., & Mulyadi. (2023). Conceptualization of Metaphor at the Discourse of the Bali

G20 Summit in Online Mass Media : Cognitive Semantic. Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan,
Kesusastraan, Dan Budaya, 13(1), 95–118.
https://doi.org/10.26714/lensa.13.1.2023.95-118

114

Data 9

“Hoaks dan perundungan siber dapat memecah persatuan dan mengancam demokrasi.
Kebocoran data akibat kejahatan siber berpotensi menimbulkan kerugian ekonomi
hingga 5 triliun dolar AS pada tahun 2024. Untuk itu, keamanan digital dan
perlindungan privasi harus dijamin. G20 harus mampu membangun kepercayaan sektor
digital, termasuk melalui tata kelola digital global,” tegasnya.
(https://www.kominfo.go.id/)
"Hoaxes and cyberbullying can divide unity and threaten democracy. Data leaks due to
cyber crimes can potentially cause economic losses of up to 5 trillion US dollars by 2024.
For this reason, digital security and privacy protection must be guaranteed. The G20 must
be able to build trust in the digital sector, including through global digital governance," he
stressed.
The linguistic markers of the leaks show the metaphorical expression
in data (9). The word leaks has a lexical meaning in KBBI V online, which
means a hole so that water (air) can come in or out; drain: replace the roof
tiles that -- it; because of this teapot --, its contents are getting less and less.
The concept of thought and experience related to the meaning of leaks is an
event. For example, when it rains, the roof of the house leaks, so water gets
into the room. This means that liquid objects can penetrate the perforated
roof. Therefore, the concrete concept is leaking; there must be a hole. Then,
the metaphorical meaning appears in the leakage event, exemplified in data
(9). However, in contrast to the concrete concept, the leakage referred to in
data (9) is data. Data is an abstract realm, different from roofs. So, this
similarity in characteristics of the leaks event results in the emergence of
metaphorical meaning.

Table 11:
Metaphorical lexicon kebocoran

Source Realm(kebocoran)( leaks) Target Realm (tersebar)(spread)

• leaks = holes

• Rainwater enters because the roof
leaks.

• leaks = scattered

• The spread of data due to cybercrime has
the potential to cause economic losses of up
to 5 trillion US dollars by 2024

The image schema found in data (10) is the concept of existence (state)
with characteristics, namely object 'object,' cycle 'cycle,' and process 'process.'
The leaks event described above is included in the process feature in the
image schema. The metaphorical meaning of the word leak is 'spread out.'
This scattered process can be done intentionally or unintentionally.
Ontological metaphors relate to thoughts or points of view, associating
something with an abstract process. If the data is like water, data can also leak
like a liquid. The following is the relationship between the meaning of the
word leaks so that a metaphorical meaning can appear, described in the
semantic network.

http://jurnal.unimus.ac.id/index.php/lensa
https://www.kominfo.go.id/

Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan, Kesusastraan, dan Budaya p-ISSN: 2086-6100
Vol. 13 No. 1, January-June, Page.95-118
http://jurnal.unimus.ac.id/index.php/lensa

e-ISSN: 2503-328X

How to Cite (in APA 7th Edition):
Nurhidayati, S. A., & Mulyadi. (2023). Conceptualization of Metaphor at the Discourse of the Bali

G20 Summit in Online Mass Media : Cognitive Semantic. Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan,
Kesusastraan, Dan Budaya, 13(1), 95–118.
https://doi.org/10.26714/lensa.13.1.2023.95-118

115

kebocoran

bocor
sinonim menstruasi
berburai (rahasia) berlubang
mencret

merembes murus

sinonim

terkuak tersibak tersingkap terungkap tersebar tiris tembus

Data 10

Tepat sehari sebelum KTT G20 dimulai, Menko Airlangga mewakili Presiden Joko

Widodo membuka B20 Summit dan juga membuka secara resmi L20 Summit, guna

memberikan arahan dan dukungannya terhadap pengembangan dunia bisnis dan

ketenagakerjaan global. Menko Airlangga menekankan bahwa kerja sama yang baik

antara sektor publik dan swasta akan menjadi kunci kebangkitan ekonomi

pascapandemi, namun juga harus tetap diiringi dengan inklusivitas dan perlindungan bagi

semua tenaga kerja.( https://ekon.go.id)

Just a day before the G20 Summit began, Airlangga represented President Joko Widodo

to open the B20 Summit and also officially opened the L20 Summit, to provide direction

and support for the development of global business and employment. Airlangga emphasized

that good cooperation between the public and private sectors will be the key to post-pandemic

economic revival, but it must also be accompanied by inclusiveness and protection for

all workers.

The metaphorical expression in data (10) is shown by the linguistic

marker kebangkitan. The word kebangkitan has a lexical meaning in KBBI

V online is awakening (becoming aware): ~ Indonesia is just one part of the general ~

in Asia regarding rising from the dead: The Day of ~Jesus Almasih. Conceptualizing

the word kebangkitan in thought, experience, and other abstract processes-to

something that has physical properties. The lexical meaning of resurrection

relates to the human body being weak or unconscious and then rising or

becoming conscious or awake. Then, the metaphorical meaning can be raised

through the point of view or thought that awakening can refer to abstract

things such as economic awakening. The process of awakening starts from

an unstable condition towards balance and then awakening or progress. This

means that awakening can be interpreted as progress.

http://jurnal.unimus.ac.id/index.php/lensa
https://www.persamaankata.com/11095/menstruasi
https://www.persamaankata.com/24650/berburai-rahasia
https://www.persamaankata.com/10374/berlubang
https://www.persamaankata.com/24071/mencret
https://www.persamaankata.com/20689/merembes
https://www.persamaankata.com/11538/murus
https://www.persamaankata.com/9138/terkuak
https://www.persamaankata.com/16341/tersibak
https://www.persamaankata.com/16533/tersingkap
https://www.persamaankata.com/19571/terungkap
https://www.persamaankata.com/18815/tiris
https://www.persamaankata.com/18226/tembus
https://ekon.go.id/

Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan, Kesusastraan, dan Budaya p-ISSN: 2086-6100
Vol. 13 No. 1, January-June, Page.95-118
http://jurnal.unimus.ac.id/index.php/lensa

e-ISSN: 2503-328X

How to Cite (in APA 7th Edition):
Nurhidayati, S. A., & Mulyadi. (2023). Conceptualization of Metaphor at the Discourse of the Bali

G20 Summit in Online Mass Media : Cognitive Semantic. Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan,
Kesusastraan, Dan Budaya, 13(1), 95–118.
https://doi.org/10.26714/lensa.13.1.2023.95-118

116

Table 12:

Metaphorical lexicon kebangkitan

Source Realm (kebangkitan) Target Realm (kemajuan)

• Awakening = realize/wake up • - Awakening = progress

• - Unstable state - equilibrium –
awakening

• economic revival=
economic progress

The ontological metaphor of the word kebangkitan has an image
scheme, namely force in the form of balance and enablement. Given the economic
concept that needs balance and empowerment in accordance with the image
of the word economic revival. The reflection of kebangkitan refers to the
economist's principle that proper empowerment will give birth to a balance
that realizes economic revival or progress. the linkage of the meaning of
awakening can be seen in the following semantic network scheme.

kebangkitan

kesadaran kemajuan bangkit

kebangunan keinsafan perjuangan sinonim

bangun jaga berdiri terbit timbul

sinonim

hidup muncul tegak sinonim

memuai kambuh sadar

CONCLUSION

The use of ontological metaphors is more widely used in the
discourse of the Bali G20 Summit than structural metaphors and
orientational metaphors. There are three types of metaphors: three structural,
two orientational, and five ontological. The use of ontological metaphors is
more common because it implies that the writer does not want to convey the
intention of the news directly but prefers to transfer the meaning of his
writing into the concept of objects that have physical properties. The use of
metaphors in the discourse of the Bali G20 Summit is to express the author's
intention in an unclear manner and to provide a deeper flavor. The depiction
of the metaphors that were found to be dominant imaged the concept of
identity, characteristics of matching; space with features Up-Down, Front-Back,
Left-Right, Near-far, Center-Periphery, Contact; force strength with the

http://jurnal.unimus.ac.id/index.php/lensa
https://m.persamaankata.com/22769/kesadaran
https://m.persamaankata.com/1375/kebangunan
https://m.persamaankata.com/6569/keinsafan
https://m.persamaankata.com/7233/perjuangan
https://www.persamaankata.com/1373/bangun
https://www.persamaankata.com/6807/jaga
https://www.persamaankata.com/20270/berdiri
https://www.persamaankata.com/18493/terbit
https://www.persamaankata.com/18709/timbul
https://www.persamaankata.com/6059/hidup
https://www.persamaankata.com/11484/muncul
https://www.persamaankata.com/18056/tegak
https://www.persamaankata.com/22760/memuai
https://www.persamaankata.com/7528/kambuh
https://www.persamaankata.com/14896/sadar

Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan, Kesusastraan, dan Budaya p-ISSN: 2086-6100
Vol. 13 No. 1, January-June, Page.95-118
http://jurnal.unimus.ac.id/index.php/lensa

e-ISSN: 2503-328X

How to Cite (in APA 7th Edition):
Nurhidayati, S. A., & Mulyadi. (2023). Conceptualization of Metaphor at the Discourse of the Bali

G20 Summit in Online Mass Media : Cognitive Semantic. Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan,
Kesusastraan, Dan Budaya, 13(1), 95–118.
https://doi.org/10.26714/lensa.13.1.2023.95-118

117

characteristics of a balance ; state of existence characteristic of an object, cycle,
and process, limited space bounded space. Cognitive roles influence the
conceptualization of metaphors and discourse of the Bali G20 Summit. The
meaning of the metaphor is reflected based on different thoughts and
experiences in the context of the sentence. The linkage of meaning between
one meaning and another can be connected through synonymous meaning
relations in a semantic network.

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