1 AN ANALYSIS ON RELATIVE CLAUSE IN “BRIDGE TO TERABITHIA” NOVEL Nur Laila Kadariyah A Lecturer of English Department at Tarbiyah Faculty of IAIN Antasari Banjarmasin Desy Purwanti Alumni of English Department at Tarbiah Faculty of IAIN Antasari Banjarmasin ABSTRACT This research describes 1). Tthe original sentences of relative clause in novel bridge to Terabithia; (2) Tthe common relative clause found in the novel; (3). The frequency of kinds of relative clause that are used in the novel. The subject of this research is novel “Bridge to Terabithia” by Katherine Paterson and the object of this research is relative clause in novel “Bridge to Terabithia” by Katherine Paterson. The data of this research are collected through reading and comprehending the story of novel, choosing the data dealing with the problem of the study, and conducting survey on novel script. Then taking evidences related to the question from the selected data. All collected data are then processed systematically through editing and clarifying. The result of the research shows that there are five patterns of relative clause found in the novel “Bridge to Terabithia” by Katherine Paterson namely relative clause of who, whom, whose, that and which. First, the most frequently appeared in this novel are 99 relative clause of that, the second position are 39 relative clause of who. After that in the third position are 26 relative clause of which, in the forth position are 5 relative clause of whose. The last in the fifth are 3 relative clause of whom. Key Words: An Analysis, Relative Clause, Novel Bridge to Terabithia. Some stories make instruction or teaching. Stories of novel show the readers the way to use English in written or spoken language. It can help learners to recognize words more quickly, develop a larger vocabulary, understand grammar better. Novel is fictional prose narrative of considerable length and some complexity that deals imaginatively with human experience through a connected sequence of events involving a group of persons in a specific setting. The novel “Bridge to Terabithia” is chosen because it is a good reading to learn Englis. It has moral values to seek and grammatical structure to learn. One of grammar can be found and learnt in a novel is relative clause. Relative clause is one of the most essential to be learnt, to be able to write and speak target language. Learning relative clause also will improve reading, grammar, vocabulary and speech communication. In sum, In this novel the author finds to analyze in its script is relative clause. “A relative clause is used to form one sentence from two separate sentences. The relative clauses replaces one of two identical noun pharases and relates the clause to each other”.(Michael A . Payle, MA. And Mary Ellen Munoz Page, MA, 2005:174). That generally modifies a noun or noun phrase and is introduced by (which, that, who, whom, whose), A relative clause is a postmodifier--that is, it follows the noun or noun phrase it modifies. Based on background above, the formulation of problem in the research are: What are the origin sentences of relative clause in novel bridge to Terabithia?; (2) What is the common http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/clauseterm.htm http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/nounterm.htm http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/nounphraseterm.htm 2 relative clause found in the novel? And (3) How is the frequency of kinds of relative clause that are used in the novel? METHOD OF RESEARCH Subject and Object of the Study The subject of this study is novel “ Bridge to Terabithia”by Katherine Paterson and the object of the study is the relative clause in novel “ Bridge to Terabithia”by Katherine Paterson. Data and Sources of Data The Primary data is this research are (1) the origin sentences of relative clause in the novel “ Bridge to Terabithia”by Katherine Paterson; (2) the common relative clause found in the novel “ Bridge to Terabithia”by Katherine Paterson; and (3) The frequency of kinds of relative clause that are used in the novel “ Bridge to Terabithia”by Katherine Paterson. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS The Origin Sentences Of Relative Clause In Novel Bridge To Terabithia The formulation of data which is used in this analysis is drawn in this example: ( Data 1, 2: 3- 4 ) = The man is angry. He is in this room) means: Data I is chapter I in the novel 2 is the page in the novel 3-4 is the line in the novel The man is angry. He is in this room = the origin sentence of relative clause from the man who is in this room is angry. 1. Earle Watson who was no good was at running, but had a big mouth, would yell “bang!”. ( Data I, 4:5-6 ) = Earle Watson was at running. He was no good, but had a big mouth, would yell “bang!” 2. He had to let that puny chest of his know who was boss. ( Data I, 5:7 ) = He was boss. He had to let that puny chest of his know. 3. It was May Belle who came to tell him in the bean patch. ( Data I, 8:7 ) = It was May Belle in the bean patch. May Belle came to tell him. 4. He closed the screen door gently as he entered and slipped past his mother, who was rocking herself in the kitchen chair watching TV. ( Data II, 10:10-12 ) = he closed the screen door gently as he entered and slipped past his mother. She was rocking herself in the kitchen chair watching TV. 5. His mother had said when Brenda, who had been in seventh grade last year, described Miss Edmunds to her. ( Data II, 12-13:32-2 ) = His mother had said Brenda described Miss Edmunds to her. When Brenda had been in seventh grade last year. 3 6. He saw her as a beautiful wild creature who had been caught for a moment in that dirty old cage of a schoolhouse, perhaps by mistake. ( Data II, 13: 3-5 ) = He saw her as a beautiful wild creature. She had been caught for a moment in that dirty old cage of a schoolhouse, perhaps. 7. But it was she who was the diamond, sparkling out of that muddy, grassless, dirty-brick setting. ( Data II. 14:18-19 ) = But it was she. She was the diamond, sparkling out of that muddy, grassless, dirty-brick setting. 8. His dad would be home soon, and so would those cagey girls who managed somehow to have all the fun and leave him and their mother with all the work. ( Data II, 15:1-3 ) = His dad would be home soon, and so would those cagey girls. Those cagey girls managed somehow to have all the fun and leave him and their mother with all the work. 9. He was the only one who had to take that stuff. ( Data II, 15:13-14 ) = He had to take that stuff. He was the only one. 10. He paused in midair like a stop-action TV shot and turned, almost losing his balance, to face the questioner, who was sitting on the fence nearest the old Perkins place, dangling bare brown legs. ( Data II, 17-18:30-3 ) = He paused in midair like a stop-action TV shot and turned, almost losing his balance, to face the questioner. The questioner was sitting on the fence nearest the old Perkins place, dangling bare brown legs. 11. This from Wanda Kay Moore, the snottiest, who sat immediately in front of Jess. ( Data III, 23:22-23 ) = This from Wanda Kay Moore sat immediately in front of Jess. Wanda Kay Moore was the snottiest. 12. Everyone was impatient with Gary, who was trying for all the world to sound like this year’s Wayne Pettis. ( Data III, 24:31-33 ) = Everyone was impatient with Gary. Gary was trying for all the world to sound like this year’s Wayne Pettis. 13. The girls were divided: those who didn’t care much about what Mrs. Myers thought chose watching game shows on TV, and those like Wanda Kay Moore who were still aiming for A’s chose reading Good Books, but Mrs. Myers didn’t read anyone’s paper out loud except Leslie’s. ( Data IV, 33:12-16 ) = The girls were divided: those chose watching game shows on TV. Those didn’t care much about what Mrs. Myers thought. And those like Wanda Kay Moore chose reading Good Books. Those were still aiming for A’s , but Mrs. Myers didn’t read anyone’s paper out loud except Leslie’s. 14. Here he was letting some girl who wasn’t even ten yet scare the liver out of him by just telling what it was like to sight-see under water. ( Data IV, 34:4-6 ) = Here he was letting some girl. She wasn’t even ten yet scare the liver out of him by just telling what it was like to sight-see under water. 15. But I will give extra credit to those who do extra work. ( Data IV, 34:23-24) = But I will give extra credit to those. Those do extra work. 16. Indeed, Janice Avery, who among all the seventh graders was the one person who devoted her entire life to scaring the wits out of anyone smaller than she, was right behind him. ( Data IV, 36:19-22 ) = Janice Avery was the one person. She was among all the seventh graders. She devoted her entire life to scaring the wits out of anyone smaller than she. She was right behind him. 17. And Leslie began to spin out a wonderful story about a whale and a crazy sea captain who was bent on killing it. ( Data IV, 43:2-4 ) = And Leslie began to spin out a wonderful story about a whale and a crazy sea captain. A crazy sea captain was bent on killing it. 4 18. A girl friend was somebody who chased you on the playground and tried to grab you and kiss you. ( Data IV, 43:11-13 ) = A girl friend was somebody. She chased you on the playground and tried to grab you and kiss you. 19. Leslie was one of those people who sat quietly at her desk, never whispering or daydreaming or chewing gum, doing beautiful schoolwork, and yet her brain was so full of mischief. ( Data IV, 43:24-27) = Leslie was one of those people. Leslie sat quietly at her desk, never whispering or daydreaming or chewing gum, doing beautiful schoolwork, and yet her brain was so full of mischief. 20. In her fantasy, Mrs. Myers was one of the foodaholics who would hide bits of candy bars in odd place up the hot water faucet! Only to be found out and publicly humiliated before all the other fat ladies. ( Data IV, 44:3-6 ) = In her fantasy, Mrs. Myers would hide bits of candy bars in odd place up the hot water faucet!. She was one of the foodaholics. Only to be found out and publicly humiliated before all the other fat ladies. 21. Leslie was totally absorbed in her geography book, or so it would appear to anyone who didn’t know. ( Data IV, 44:17-19 ) = Leslie was totally absorbed in her geography book, or so it would appear to anyone. Anyone didn’t know. Who is defining relative clause for person. Who is as subject. 22. Mrs. Burke wrote novels and, according to Leslie, was were famous than Mr. Burke, who wrote about politics. ( Data IV, 45:1-3 ) = Mrs. Burke wrote novels and, according to Leslie, was were famous than Mr. Burke. Mr. Burke wrote about politics. 23. She had two friends, Wilma Dean and Bobby Sue Henshaw, who were almost as big as she was, and the three of them would roam the playground, grabbing up hopscotch rocks, running through jump ropes, laughing while second graders screamed. ( Data V, 48:4-8 ) = She had two friends, Wilma Dean and Bobby Sue Henshaw were almost as big as she was. The three of them would roam the playground, grabbing up hopscotch rocks, running through jump ropes, laughing while second graders screamed. 24. You know how Mr. Turner is about boys who pick on girls. ( Data V, 50: 2) = You know how Mr. Turner is about boys. Boys pick on girls. 25. There was a moment of silence while they both considered what Janice Avery might do to anyone who reported her to the principal. ( Data V, 50-51:30-2 ) = There was a moment of silence while they both considered what Janice Avery might do to anyone. Anyone reported her to the principal. 26. Somewhere I have a family who have rooms filled with nothing but books and who still grieve for their baby who was stolen. ( Data VI, 58:18-20 ) = Somewhere I have a family still grieve for their baby was stolen. Family have rooms filled with nothing but books. 27. Ellie smiled like a plastic angel first at Jess and then at Brenda, who glared back. ( Data VI, 64:17-18 ) = Ellie smiled like a plastic angel first at Jess and then at Brenda. Jess and Brenda glared back. 28. Well, you’re the one who’s always telling me I gotta care. ( Data VII, 73:1 ) = Well, you’re the one. You’re always telling me I gotta care. 29. She was sitting straight up in her seat, looking as pleased with herself as a motorcycle rider who’s just made it over fourteen trucks. (Data VII, 74:12-14 ) = She was sitting straight up in her seat, looking as pleased with herself as a motorcycle rider. She just made it over fourteen trucks. 30. The ride was much too short, especially for Joyce Ann, who began to cry because the arrival interrupted the first verse of “ Santa Claus Is Coming to Town,” which after 5 “Jingle Bells” was her favorite song. ( Data VIII, 83:14-18 ) = The ride was much too short, especially for Joyce Ann. She began to cry because the arrival interrupted the first verse of “ Santa Claus Is Coming to Town,” it after “Jingle Bells” was her favorite song. 31. Whoever heard of a king who was scared of tall trees and a little bit of water? ( Data IX, 91:24-25 ) = Whoever heard of a king. He was scared of tall trees and a little bit of water. 32. The door was opened by a man who was half leaning over to hold the dog back. ( Data XII, 111:6-7 ) = The door was opened by a man. He was half leaning over to hold the dog back. 33. He didn’t want to look at her, so he gave himself over to rubbing P.T., who was hanging across his lap. ( Data XII, 112:17-18 ) = He didn’t want to look at her, so he gave himself over to rubbing P.T. She was hanging across his lap. 34. The man who had opened the door came up and put his arm around her. ( Data XII, 112:19-20 ) = The man had opened the door came up. He put his arm around her. 35. It was as if the lady who talked about Polident on TV had suddenly burst into tears. ( Data XII, 112:23-24 ) = It was as if the lady had suddenly burst into tears. She talked about Polident on TV. 36. Jess, was the only one who really cared for Leslie. ( Data XII, 114: 19 ) = Jess, was the only one. He really cared for Leslie. 37. Everyone except May Belle, who hung back as though afraid to have anything to do with him. ( Data XII, 116:23-25 ) = Everyone except May Belle. She hung back as though afraid to have anything to do with him. 38. He thought about it all day, how before Leslie came, he had been a nothing-a stupid, weird little kid who drew funny pictures and chased around a cow field trying to act big- trying to hide a whole mob of foolish little fears running riot inside his gut. ( Data XIII, 126:3-7 ) = He thought about it all day, how before Leslie came, he had been a nothing-a stupid, weird little kid. He drew funny pictures and chased around a cow field trying to act big-trying to hide a whole mob of foolish little fears running riot inside his gut. 39. It was Leslie who had taken him from the cow pasture into Terabithia and turned him into a king. ( Data XIII, 126:8-9 ) = It was Leslie. She had taken him from the cow pasture into Terabithia and turned him into a king. Number 1 to 39 are who as subjects.that defining relative clause for persons. 40. He did not know people for whom money was not the problem. ( Data IV, 32-33:32-1 ) = He did not know people. Money was not the problem. 41. Between the two of them they owned the world and no enemy, Gary Fulcher, Wanda Kay Moore, Janice Avery, Jess’s own fears and insufficiencies, nor any of the foes whom Leslie imagined attacking Terabithia, could ever really defeat them. ( Data IV, 40:26-30 ) = Between the two of them they owned the world and no enemy, Gary Fulcher, Wanda Kay Moore, Janice Avery, Jess’s own fears and insufficiencies, nor any of the foes. Leslie imagined attacking Terabithia could ever really defeat them. Number 40 to 41 are Whom as objects that defining relative clause for person. 42. In the end everyone got something new except Jess and his dad, neither of whom cared, but Jess got the idea it might give him a little bargaining power with his mother. ( Data VIII, 82:3-6 ) = In the end everyone got something new except Jess and his dad, neither cared. But Jess got the idea it might give him a little bargaining power with his mother. 6 Whom is as object with a preposition defining relative clause for person. 43. He wondered what it would be like to have a mother whose stories were inside her head instead of marching across the television screen all day long. ( Data IX, 88:1-3 ) = He wondered what it would be like to have a mother. Her stories were inside her head instead of marching across the television screen all day long. 44. She had even gone to school with a girl whose father was a congressman. ( Data X, 99:22-23 ) = She had even gone to school with a girl. Her father was a congressman. 45. Now I’m not going to have any argument about whose paying. (Data X, 100:13-14) = Now I’m not going to have any argument. About our paying. Whose is defining relative clause for person. Whose is as possessive adjective. 46. But they all had their heads down except May Belle, whose eyes were wide with terror. ( Data XI, 104:2-3 ) = But they all had their heads down except May Belle. Her eyes were wide with terror. 47. He was the only person his age he knew whose best friend had died. ( Data XII, 112:27-29 ) = He was the only person his age he knew. His best friend had died. Number 43 to 47 are whose as possessive adjectives defining relative clause for person. 48. When he was in first grade, he had told his dad that he wanted to be an artist when he grew up. (Data II, 10:32 ) = when he was in first grade, he had told his dad. He wanted to be an artist when he grew up. 49. Jess believed, that she thought he was the best. ( Data II, 12:26 ) = Jess believed. She thought he was the best. 50. He stole a few minutes on Friday just to stand close to her and hear her voice, soft and smooth as suede, assuring him that he was a “neat kid”. ( Data II, 14:9-12 ) = He stole a few minutes on Friday just to stand close to her and hear her voice, soft and smooth as suede, assuring him. He was a “neat kid”. 51. He mustn’t let Fulcher suspect that he was scared of a little belt in the mouth. ( Data III, 26:14-15 ) = He mustn’t let Fulcher suspect. He was scared of a little belt in the mouth. 52. It was the only way he could make sure that he wouldn’t have Leslie plunking herself down beside him. ( Data III, 28:18-20 ) = It was the only way he could make sure. He wouldn’t have Leslie plunking herself down beside him. 53. Jess knew now that he would never be the best runner of the fourth and fifth grades. ( Data IV, 29:10-12 ) = Jess knew now. He would never be the best runner of the fourth and fifth grades. That is defining relative clause for person. That is as subject. 54. She was in her jeans as usual and sat there cross-legged in front of them as though that was the way teachers always did. ( Data IV, 30:20-22 ) = She was in her jeans as usual and sat there cross-legged in front of them as though. She was the way teachers always did. 55. It started with Mrs. Myers reading out loud a composition that Leslie had written about her hobby. ( Data IV, 33:6-7 ) = It started with Mrs. Myers reading out loud a composition. Leslie had written about her hobby. That is defining relative clause for person. That is as subject. 56. You inform your parents that it is a homework assignment. ( Data IV, 34: 31 ) = You inform your parents. It is a homework assignment. 7 57. At recess time when he was playing King of the Mountain, he could see that Leslie was surrounded by a group of girls led by Wanda Kay. ( Data IV, 35:17-19 ) = At recess time when he was playing King of the Mountain, he could see. Leslie was surrounded by a group of girls led by Wanda Kay. 58. He couldn’t hear what they were saying, but he could tell by the proud way Leslie was throwing her head back that the others were making fun of her. ( Data IV, 35:19-21 ) = He couldn’t hear what they were saying, but he could tell by the proud way Leslie was throwing her head back. The others were making fun of her. 59. It would be so secret that we would never tell anyone in the whole world about it. ( Data IV, 38:27-29 ) = It would be so secret. We would never tell anyone in the whole world about it. 60. “ Sure,” Jess agreed quickly, relieved that there was no need to plunge deeper into the woods. ( Data IV, 39:19-20 ) = “Sure”, Jess agreed quickly, relieved. There was no need to plunge deeper into the woods. 61. He would take her there, of course, for he wasn’t such a coward that he would mind a little exploring now and then farther in amongst the ever darkening columns of the tall pines. ( Data IV, 39:20-23 ) = He would take her there, of course, for he wasn’t such a coward. He would mind a little exploring now and then farther in amongst the ever darkening columns of the tall pines. 62. A few days after they finished the castle, Janice Avery fell down in the school bus and yelled that Jess had tripped her as she went past. ( Data IV, 41:1-3 ) = A few days after they finished the castle, Janice Avery fell down in the school bus and yelled. Jess had tripped her as she went past. 63. She made such a fuss that Mrs. Prentice, the driver, ordered Jess off the bus, and he had to walk the three miles home. ( Data IV, 41:3-5 ) = She made such a fuss. Mrs. Prentice, the driver, ordered Jess off the bus, and he had to walk the three miles home. 64. Except for the magic half hour on Fridays, recess was all that Jess looked forward to at school. ( Data IV, 43:19-21 ) = Except for the magic half hour on Fridays, recess was all. Jess looked forward to at school. 65. Mr. Burke was going back and forth to Washington to finish a book he was working on with someone else, but he had promised Leslie that after Christmas he would stay home and fix up the house and plant his garden and listen to music and read books out loud and write only in his spare time. ( Data IV, 45:7-12 ) = Mr. Burke was going back and forth to Washington to finish a book he was working on with someone else, but he had promised Leslie. After Christmas he would stay home and fix up the house and plant his garden and listen to music and read books out loud and write only in his spare time. 66. His father had seen Leslie only a few times and had nodded to show that he had noticed her, but his mother said that she was sure he was fretting that his only son did nothing but play with girls, and they both were worried about what would become of it. ( Data IV, 46:1-5 ) = His father had seen Leslie only a few times and had nodded to show that he had noticed her, but his mother said. She was sure he was fretting that his only son did nothing but play with girls, and they both were worried about what would become of it. 67. Of course, it wasn’t only Jess and Leslie that she was after. ( Data V, 48:3-4 ) = Of course, it wasn’t only Jess and Leslie. She was after. 68. As the bus was about to pull out that afternoon, one of the seventh-grade boys, Billy Morris, yelled up to Mrs. Prentice that Janice Avery wasn’t on the bus yet. ( Data V, 8 54:22-24 ) = As the bus was about to pull out that afternoon, one of the seventh-grade boys, Billy Morris, yelled up to Mrs. Prentice. Janice Avery wasn’t on the bus yet. 69. You just better tell Janice that Willard is gonna be mad when he hears what she’s spreading all over the school. ( Data V, 55:6-8 ) = You just better tell Janice. Willard is gonna be mad when he hears what she’s spreading all over the school. 70. Fights, because as usual, their mother was complaining that there was hardly enough money to give the little girls something from Santa Claus, let alone a surplus to buy record albums or shirts for a pair of boys she’d never set eyes on. ( Data VI, 57:5-9 ) = Fights, because as usual, their mother was complaining. There was hardly enough money to give the little girls something from Santa Claus, let alone a surplus to buy record albums or shirts for a pair of boys she’d never set eyes on. 71. Partly, of course, it made him furious that anyone as dumb as Brenda would think she could make fun of Leslie. ( Data VI, 58:8-9 ) = Partly, of course, it made him furious. Anyone as dumb as Brenda would think she could make fun of Leslie. 72. It would have been easier, but he couldn’t escape the feeling that one must enter Terabithia only by the prescribed entrance. ( Data VI, 60:26-28 ) = It would have been easier, but he couldn’t escape the feeling. One must enter Terabithia only by the prescribed entrance. 73. Joyce Ann wouldn’t care that he only had a hair clip for her. ( Data VI, 63: 4-5 ) = Joyce Ann wouldn’t care. He only had a hair clip for her. 74. He was afraid he would destroy everything by trying to force the magic on his own, when it was plain that the magic was reluctant to come for him. (Data VII, 65:13-15 ) = He was afraid he would destroy everything by trying to force the magic on his own, when it was plain. The magic was reluctant to come for him. 75. It had never occurred to Jess that parents were meant to be understood any more than the safe at Millsburg first National was sitting around begging him to crack it. ( Data VII, 67:27-30 ) = It had never occurred to Jess. Parents were meant to be understood any more than the safe at Millsburg first National was sitting around begging him to crack it. 76. It also helped to know some things that Bill for all his brains and books didn’t know. ( Data VII, 69:3-5 ) = It also helped to know some things. Bill for all his brains and books didn’t know. 77. Leslie came out at recess to tell Jess that she had started into the girls’ room only to be stopped by the sound of crying from one of the stalls. (Data VII, 72:8-11 ) = Leslie came out at recess to tell Jess. She had started into the girls’ room only to be stopped by the sound of crying from one of the stalls. 78. Well, she’s the only one in school that has Willard Hughes’s name crossed out on her sneakers. ( Data VII, 72:15-16 ) = Well, she’s the only one in school. She has Willard Hughes’s name crossed out on her sneakers. 79. Well, today she was so mad at her father that she told her so-called friends Wilma and Bobby Sue about it. ( Data VII, 75:13-14 ) = Well, today she was so mad at her father. She told her so-called friends Wilma and Bobby Sue about it. 80. Sometimes it seemed to him that his life was delicate as a dandelion. ( Data VII, 77:28- 29 ) = Sometimes it seemed to him. His life was delicate as a dandelion. 81. Since Momma got mad at the preacher three years back, Easter was the only time in the year that the Aarons went to church and it was a big deal. ( Data VIII, 78:11-13 ) = Since 9 Momma got mad at the preacher three years back, Easter was the only time in the year. The Aarons went to church and it was a big deal. 82. The sun wasn’t exactly shining, but it was the first day in so long that the rain wasn’t actually coming down that they sang “ O Lord, What a Morning,” “ Ah, Lovely Meadows,” and “ Sing! Sing a Song” that Miss Edmunds had taught them, and even “Jingle Bells” for Joyce Ann. ( Data VIII, 83:7-11 ) = The sun wasn’t exactly shining, but it was the first day in so long. The rain wasn’t actually coming down. They sang “ O Lord, What a Morning,” “ Ah, Lovely Meadows,” and “ Sing! Sing a Song” that Miss Edmunds had taught them, and even “Jingle Bells” for Joyce Ann. 83. He would just have to tell Leslie that he wouldn’t go to Terabithia. ( Data IX, 93:14-15 ) = He would just have to tell Leslie. He wouldn’t go to Terabithia. That is defining relative clause for person. That is as subject. 84. It wasn’t so much that he minded telling Leslie that he was afraid to go; it was that he minded being afraid. ( Data IX, 93:17-19 ) = It wasn’t so much. He minded telling Leslie. He was afraid to go; it was. He minded being afraid. 85. Leslie had called him exactly once, and Brenda had gone into such a song and dance with her about Jess’s getting a call from his sweetheart that Leslie had decided it was simpler to come to the house and get him when she wanted to talk. ( Data X, 96:25-29 ) = Leslie had called him exactly once, and Brenda had gone into such a song and dance with her about Jess’s getting a call from his sweetheart. Leslie had decided it was simpler to come to the house and get him when she wanted to talk. 86. It didn’t occur to him until the car was past Millsburg that he might have asked Miss Edmunds if Leslie could have come, too. ( Data X, 98: 13-15 ) = It didn’t occur to him until the car was past Millsburg. He might have asked Miss Edmunds if Leslie could have come, too. 87. He thought he might tell Miss Edmunds later that Leslie was a personal friend of a real congressman. ( Data X, 99:23-25 ) = He thought he might tell Miss Edmunds later. Leslie was a personal friend of a real congressman. 88. When she mentioned lunch, he realized with horror that he would need money, and he didn’t know how to tell her that he hadn’t brought any- didn’t have any to bring, for that matter. ( Data X, 100:9-12 ) = When she mentioned lunch, he realized with horror. He would need money, and he didn’t know how to tell her. He hadn’t brought any- didn’t have any to bring, for that matter. 89. He watched the car go out of sight and then turned and ran with all his might to the house, the joy jiggling inside of him so hard that he wouldn’t have been surprised if his feet had just taken off from the ground the way they sometimes did in dreams and floated him right over the roof. ( Data X, 101:28-32 ) = He watched the car go out of sight and then turned and ran with all his might to the house, the joy jiggling inside of him so hard. He wouldn’t have been surprised if his feet had just taken off from the ground the way they sometimes did in dreams and floated him right over the roof. 90. It came into his mind that someone had told him that Leslie was dead. ( Data XI, 106:12- 14 ) = It came into his mind. Someone had told him. Leslie was dead. 91. Jess was only dimly aware that his parents were looking at each other and then at him. ( Data XI, 109:13-14 ) = Jess was only dimly aware. His parents were looking at each other and then at him. 10 92. He knew somehow that he shouldn’t ask for more, but he was disappointed that she didn’t give him any. ( Data XI, 109:18-20 ) = He knew somehow. He shouldn’t ask for more, but he was disappointed. She didn’t give him any. 93. He thought, then, that he should get up and leave the table, but he wasn’t sure where he was supposed to go or what he was supposed to do. (Data XI, 109:20-22 ) = He thought, then. He should get up and leave the table, but he wasn’t sure where he was supposed to go or what he was supposed to do. 94. He could tell from Bill’s voice that he was crying. ( Data XII, 113: 25- 26 ) = He could tell from Bill’s voice. He was crying. 95. And Bill answering quietly almost in his regular voice that they had decided to have the body cremated and were going to take the ashes to his family home in Pennsylvania tomorrow. ( Data XII, 114:5-7 ) = And Bill answering quietly almost in his regular voice. They had decided to have the body cremated and were going to take the ashes to his family home in Pennsylvania tomorrow. 96. She went swinging on that rope just to show him that she was no coward. ( Data XII, 114:21-22 ) = She went swinging on that rope just to show him. She was no coward. 97. He went into the bedroom and felt under the mattress until he retrieved all his paper and the paints that Leslie had given him at Christmastime. ( Data XII, 115:7-9 ) = He went into the bedroom and felt under the mattress until he retrieved all his paper and the paints. Leslie had given him at Christmastime. 98. He wanted, too, to know that Bill didn’t blame him for anything. (Data XII, 116- 117:32-1 ) = He wanted, too, to know. Bill didn’t blame him for anything. 99. It was dark and damp, but there was no evidence there to suggest that the queen had died. ( Data XIII, 119:12-14 ) = It was dark and damp, but there was no evidence there to suggest. The queen had died. 100. It occurred to him that he probably had cancer of the throat. ( Data XIII, 119:19-20 ) = It occurred to him. He probably had cancer of the throat.. 101. He was suddenly ashamed that he’d thought he might be regarded with respect by the other kids. ( Data XIII, 124:10-12 ) = He was suddenly ashamed. He’d thought he might be regarded with respect by the other kids. 102. And even he himself had entertained the traitorous thought that now he would be the fastest. ( Data XIII, 124:20-22 ) = And even he himself had entertained the traitorous thought. Now he would be the fastest. 103. She came over so close to him that he could smell her dimestore powder. ( Data XIII, 125:2-3 ) = She came over so close to him. He could smell her dimestore powder. 104. Because Mrs. Myers had helped him already by understanding that he would never forget Leslie. ( Data XIII, 125-126:33-2 ) = Because Mrs. Myers had helped him already by understanding. He would never forget Leslie. 105. If there’s anything we’ve left that you want, please help yourself. (Data XIII, 127:7-8 ) = If there’s anything we’ve left. You want, please help yourself. 106. There’s a rumor going around that the beautiful girl arriving today might be the queen they’ve been waiting for. ( Data XIII, 128:18-20 ) = There’s a rumor going around. The beautiful girl arriving today might be the queen they’ve been waiting for. Number 48 to 106 is that as subject defining relative clause for person. 11 107. There wasn’t a muscle in his body that didn’t ache. ( Data I, 5:30-31 ) = There wasn’t a muscle in his body. It didn’t ache. 108. He thought later how peculiar it was that here was probably the biggest thing in his life, and he had shrugged it off as nothing. ( Data I, 8:15-16 ) = He thought later how peculiar it was. Here was probably the biggest thing in his life, and he had shrugged it off as nothing. 109. She could play the guitar like a regular recording star, and she had this soft floaty voice that made Jess squish inside. ( Data II, 12:17-19 ) = she could play the guitar like a regular recording star, and she had this soft floaty voice. It made Jess squish inside. 110. He heard her say “Jess” once, but the bus was noisy enough that he could pretend he hadn’t heard. ( Data III, 28:24-25 ) = He heard her say “Jess” once, but the bus was noisy enough. He could pretend he hadn’t heard. 111. She didn’t speak directly to Jess, but she gave him a look with those blue eyes of hers that made him zing like one of the strings she was strumming. ( Data IV, 30:24-26 ) = She didn’t speak directly to Jess, but she gave him a look with those blue eyes of hers. It made him zing like one of the strings she was strumming. 112. He felt there in the teachers’ room that it was the beginning of a new season in his life, and he chose deliberately to make it so. ( Data IV, 31:15-17 ) = He felt there in the teachers’ room. It was the beginning of a new season in his life, and he chose deliberately to make it so. 113. He did not have to make any announcement to Leslie that he had changed his mind about her. ( Data IV, 31:18-19 ) = He did not have to make any announcement to Leslie. He had changed his mind about her. that is defining relative clause for thing. That is as subject. 114. But Leslie had other problem at Lark Creek that caused more of a rumpus than lack of money. ( Data IV, 33:3-4 ) = But Leslie had other problem at Lark Creek. It caused more of a rumpus than lack of money. 115. Her Leslie smile shifted suddenly and ominously into a scowl that silenced the storm. ( Data IV, 35:11-13 ) = Her Leslie smile shifted suddenly and ominously into a scowl. It silenced the storm. 116. After they had watched May Belle tearing up the hill, clutching her new treasure, Jess and Leslie turned and ran up over the empty field behind the old Perkins place and down to the dry creek bed that separated farmland from the woods. ( Data IV, 38:12-15 ) = After they had watched May Belle tearing up the hill, clutching her new treasure, Jess and Leslie turned and ran up over the empty field behind the old Perkins place and down to the dry creek. It separated farmland from the woods. 117. Leslie could always come up with something funny that made the long days bearable. ( Data IV, 43:22-23 ) = Leslie could always come up with something funny. It made the long days bearable. 118. It was really something to see the shelf that had their book on it. ( Data IV, 45:3-4 ) = It was really something to see the shelf. It had their book on it. 119. There was no TV at the Burkes’, but there were mountains of records and a stereo set that looked like something off Star Trek. ( Data IV, 45:15-17 ) = There was no TV at the Burkes’, but there were mountains of records and a stereo set. It looked like something off Star Trek. 12 120. There the trees grew so thick at the top that the sunshine was veiled. ( Data IV, 46:21-22 ) = There the trees grew so thick at the top. The sunshine was veiled. 121. It was the stillness that had always frightened him before, but this time it was like the moment after Miss Edmunds finished a song, just after the chords hummed down to silence. ( Data IV, 46-47:31-2 ) = It was the stillness. It had always frightened him before, but this time it was like the moment after Miss Edmunds finished a song, just after the chords hummed down to silence. 122. Leslie liked to make up stories about the giants that threatened the peace of Terabithia, but they both knew that the real giant in their lives was Janice Avery. ( Data V, 48:1-3 ) = Leslie liked to make up stories about the giants. It threatened the peace of Terabithia, but they both knew that the real giant in their lives was Janice Avery. 123. As soon as he heard their retreating footsteps, he flew around the remaining desks until, oh, joy, he found one with a composition book that had Janice Avery’s name on it. ( Data V, 54:10-12 ) = As soon as he heard their retreating footsteps, he flew around the remaining desks until, oh, joy, he found one with a composition book. It had Janice Avery’s name on it. 124. She was crazy about fixing up that broken down old wreck of a house. (Data VII, 67:23- 24 ) = She was crazy about fixing up. It broken down old wreck of a house. 125. It took her until February, and for a girl as smart as Leslie that was a long, long time.( Data VII, 68:13-14 ) = It took her until February, and for a girl as smart as Leslie. It was a long, long time. First they ripped out the boards that covered the ancient fireplace, coming upon the rusty bricks like prospectors upon the mother lode. ( Data VII, 69: 11-13 ) = First they ripped out the boards. It covered the ancient fireplace, coming upon the rusty bricks like prospectors upon the mother lode. 126. Jess listened wonderingly as Bill explained things that were going on in the world. ( Data VII, 69:18-19 ) = Jess listened wonderingly as Bill explained things. Its were going on in the world. 127. The guardian of the realm raced about in happy puppy circles, too young as yet to comprehend the danger that surrounded them all. ( Data VII, 71: 10-12 ) = The guardian of the realm raced about in happy puppy circles, too young as yet to comprehend the danger. It surrounded them all. 128. How could he trust everything that mattered to him to a sassy six-year-old? ( Data VII, 77:26-28 ) = How could he trust everything. It mattered to him to a sassy six-year-old. That is defining relative clause for thing. That is as subject. 129. Even though it was nearly Easter, there were still very few nights that it was warm enough to leave Miss Bessie out. ( Data VIII, 78:1-2 ) = Even though it was nearly Easter, there were still very few nights. It was warm enough to leave Miss Bessie out. 130. While they were sitting in the castle on Wednesday, it began suddenly to rain so hard that water came through the top of the shack in icy streams. ( Data IX, 90:15-17 ) = While they were sitting in the castle on Wednesday, it began suddenly to rain so hard. Water came through the top of the shack in icy streams. 13 131. For of a truth I perceive that this is no ordinary rain that is falling upon our kingdom. ( Data IX, 90-91:32-1 ) = For of a truth I perceive. This is no ordinary rain. It is falling upon our kingdom. 132. It had seemed to Jess when he went to bed Wednesday night that he could relax, that everything was going to be all right, but he awoke in the middle of the night with the horrible realization that it was still raining. ( Data IX, 93:11-14 ) = It had seemed to Jess when he went to bed Wednesday night. He could relax. Everything was going to be all right, but he awoke in the middle of the night with the horrible realization. It was still raining. 133. He was all the way into the kitchen before he realized that something was wrong. ( Data X, 101-102:31-1) = He was all the way into the kitchen before he realized. Something was wrong. 134. Then Jess gave himself over to the numbness that was buzzing to be let out from a corner of his brain. ( Data XI, 104:16-17 ) = Then Jess gave himself over to the numbness. It was buzzing to be let out from a corner of his brain. 135. But he knew now that that had been part of the dreadful dream. (Data XI, 106:14-15 ) = But he knew now that. It had been part of the dreadful dream. 136. Tell Joyce Ann something that’s a secret between you and me. (Data XIII, 128:1-2 ) = Tell Joyce Ann something. It’s a secret between you and me. 137. There were parts of the woods that Jess did not like. ( Data IV, 39:8 ) = There were parts of the woods. Jess did not like. 138. One of those tiny Japanese ones that she could keep in her own room without bothering Judy and Bill. ( Data VI, 59:20-22 ) = One of those tiny Japanese ones. She could keep in her own room without bothering Judy and Bill. 139. It didn’t seem fair with all their money that they’d gotten rid of the TV. ( Data VI, 59:22-23 ) = It didn’t seem fair with all their money. They’d gotten rid of the TV. 140. But, of course, there was no way that he could buy her a TV. ( Data VI, 59:28-29 ) = But, of course, there was no way. He could buy her a TV. That is defining relative clause for thing. That is as object. 141. It wasn’t one of those big sets that they advertised on TV, but it was electric, and he knew his dad had put more money into it than he should have. ( Data VI, 63:21-23 ) = It wasn’t one of those big sets. They advertised on TV, but it was electric, and he knew his dad had put more money into it than he should have. 142. That was the rule that you never mixed up troubles at home with life at school. ( Data VII, 75:23-24 ) = That was the rule. You never mixed up troubles at home with life at school. 143. At the bottom of her red knee socks were a pair of shiny brown leather shoes that Jess had never seen before as Leslie always wore sneakers like the rest of the kids in Lark Creek. ( Data VIII, 82:23-26 ) = At the bottom of her red knee socks were a pair of shiny brown leather shoes. Jess had never seen before as Leslie always wore sneakers like the rest of the kids in Lark Creek. 144. It was the same words that Jess’s mother might have used, but it didn’t come out the same way. ( Data IX, 87:8-10 ) = It was the same words. Jess’s mother might have used, but it didn’t come out the same way. 145. Somehow it was the one thing in all Washington that Leslie had never seen, and so he could tell her about it, describing the tiny beasts hurtling to destruction. ( Data XI, 107:6 - 14 8 ) = Somehow it was the one thing in all Washington. Leslie had never seen, and so he could tell her about it, describing the tiny beasts hurtling to destruction. 146. She was going on seven, and she worshiped him, which was OK sometimes. ( Data I, 2:11-12 ) = She was going on seven, and she worshiped him. It was OK sometimes. Number 107 to 146 is that as subject defining relative clause for thing. 147. Jess was a four, which suited him well enough. ( Data III, 25:1 ) = Jess was a four. It suited him well enough. 148. She was quiet for a moment, thinking, Jess decided, about her former school, which he saw as bright and new with a gleaming gymnasium larger than the one at the consolidated high school. ( Data IV, 32:1-3 ) = She was quiet for a moment, thinking, Jess decided, about her former school. He saw as bright and new with a gleaming gymnasium larger than the one at the consolidated high school. 149. Jess had written about football, which he really hated, but he had enough brains to know that if he said drawing, everyone would laugh at him. ( Data IV, 33:8-11 ) = Jess had written about football. He really hated, but he had enough brains to know that if he said drawing, everyone would laugh at him. 150. There was an old crab apple tree there, just at the bank of the creek bed, from which someone long forgotten had hung a rope. ( Data IV, 38:15-17 ) = There was an old crab apple tree there, just at the bank of the creek bed. Someone long forgotten had hung a rope. Which is defining relative clause for thing. Which is as object of preposition. 151. Leslie called them Judy and Bill, which bothered Jess more than he wanted it to. ( Data IV, 44:28-29 ) = Leslie called them Judy and Bill. It bothered Jess more than he wanted it to. 152. Mrs. Burke was “Judith Hancock” on the cover, which threw you at first, but then if you looked on the back, there was her picture looking very young and serious. ( Data IV, 45:4-7 ) = Mrs. Burke was “Judith Hancock” on the cover. It threw you at first, but then if you looked on the back, there was her picture looking very young and serious. 153. Terabithia was their secret, which was a good thing, for how could Jess have ever explained it to an outsider? ( Data IV, 46:11-12 ) = Terabithia was their secret. It was a good thing, for how could Jess have ever explained it to an outsider? 154. He had received a racing-car set, which he tried to run to please his father. ( Data VI, 63:20-21 ) = He had received a racing-car set. He tried to run to please his father. 155. Jess jumped up, pleased for an excuse to leave the track which he couldn’t make work to his dad’s satisfaction. ( Data VI, 64:12-13 ) = Jess jumped up, pleased for an excuse to leave the track. He couldn’t make work to his dad’s satisfaction. 156. After Christmas, Mrs. Burke was right in the middle of writing a book, so she wasn’t available to help, which left Leslie the jobs of hunting and fetching. ( Data VII, 65:1-4 ) = After Christmas, Mrs. Burke was right in the middle of writing a book, so she wasn’t available to help. She left Leslie the jobs of hunting and fetching. 157. Like one day while they were working, Judy came down and read out loud to them, mostly poetry and some of it in Italian which, of course, Jess couldn’t understand, but he buried his head in the rich sound of the words and let himself be wrapped warmly around in the feel of the Burkes’ brilliance. ( Data VII, 69:23-28 ) = Like one day while they were working, Judy came down and read out loud to them, mostly poetry and some of it 15 in Italian. Of course, Jess couldn’t understand, but he buried his head in the rich sound of the words and let himself be wrapped warmly around in the feel of the Burkes’ brilliance. 158. Leslie and Jess had wanted blue, but Bill held out for gold, which turned out to be so beautiful. ( Data VII, 69: 29-31 ) = Leslie and Jess had wanted blue, but Bill held out for gold. It turned out to be so beautiful. 159. They both insisted on riding in the front of the pickup with their parents, which was some kind of a squeeze with Brenda’s shape to consider. ( Data VIII, 83:1-3 ) = They both insisted on riding in the front of the pickup with their parents. It was some kind of a squeeze with Brenda’s shape to consider. 160. It made the music seem mysterious, which filled Jess with a feeling of power over the hills rolling out from behind the truck. ( Data VIII, 83:12-14 ) = It made the music seem mysterious. It filled Jess with a feeling of power over the hills rolling out from behind the truck. 161. They were a little late, which didn’t bother Ellie and Brenda for it meant . ( Data VIII, 83:21-22 ) = They were a little late. It didn’t bother Ellie and Brenda for it meant. 162. He stuck his hand out, but he was watching Leslie and P.T. and not concentrating on the rope, which slipped off the end of his fingertips and swung in a large arc out of his reach. ( Data IX, 89:20-22 ) = He stuck his hand out, but he was watching Leslie and P.T. and not concentrating on the rope. It slipped off the end of his fingertips and swung in a large arc out of his reach. 163. We are come on behalf of our beloved kingdom which lies even now under the spell of some evil, unknown force. ( Data IX, 91:10-12 ) = We are come on behalf of our beloved kingdom. It lies even now under the spell of some evil, unknown force. 164. He tried to think of some way to protest without ending up with the bill, but couldn’t, and found himself getting a three dollar meal, which was far more than he had meant to have her spend on him. ( Data X, 100:16-19 ) = He tried to think of some way to protest without ending up with the bill, but couldn’t, and found himself getting a three dollar meal. It was far more than he had meant to have her spend on him. 165. Mrs. Aarons gave Brenda a hard look and gave Mr. Aarons a look which was to say that Brenda was to be kept quiet, but Jess was only thinking of how good the pancakes had been and hoping his mother would put down some more in front of him. ( Data XI, 109:14-18 ) = Mrs. Aarons gave Brenda a hard look and gave Mr. Aarons a look. It was to say that Brenda was to be kept quiet, but Jess was only thinking of how good the pancakes had been and hoping his mother would put down some more in front of him. 166. A voice which Jess did not know said “Down”. ( Data XII, 111:5-6 ) = A voice said “ Down”. Jess did not know. 167. He stepped on it, and it seemed firm, so he crossed on it, foot over foot, to the other side, grabbing the smaller branches which grew out from the main one toward the opposite bank to keep his balance. ( Data XIII, 119: 1-4 ) = He stepped on it, and it seemed firm, so he crossed on it, foot over foot, to the other side, grabbing the smaller branches. It grew out from the main one toward the opposite bank to keep his balance. 168. The anger which had possessed him yesterday flared up again. (Data XIII, 119:15-16 ) = The anger flared up again. The anger had possessed him yesterday. 169. P.T. let out a growl which sounded more like a purr. ( Data XIII, 120: 3 ) = P.T. let out a growl. It sounded more like a purr. 16 170. And when he finished, he put flowers in her hair and led her across the bridge-the great bridge into Terabithia- which might look to someone with no magic in him like a few planks across a nearly dry gully. ( Data XIII, 128:9-12 ) = And when he finished, he put flowers in her hair and led her across the bridge-the great bridge into Terabithia-. It might look to someone with no magic in him like a few planks across a nearly dry gully. Number 146 to 170 is which as subject defining relative clause for thing but number 150 is which as object of preposition defining relative clause for thing. The Common Relative Clause Found in The Novel. sBased on the writers’ observation, the author of this novel used a lot of relative clauses. They are who, whom, whose, which and that. In this novel, it was found that the common relative clause used by the author is relative clause of that. It consisted of 99. In this novel the author used relative clause of that for person and for thing. The functions of that is as subject and object. There are 59 defining relative clause for person as subject and 40 defining relative clause for thing, 31 is as subject and 9 is as object. An Analysis on Relative Clause Based on its Kind and Frequency. There are 40 relative clause of who, 3 relative clause of whom, 5 relative clause of whose, 102 relative clause of that, 26 relative clause of which. Kinds of Relative Clause Sentences number Frequency Who 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39. 39 Whom 40, 41, 42. 3 Whose 43, 44, 45, 46, 47. 5 That for person That for thing 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146. 51 44 Which 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171 25 17 The result is also described in the chart below: CONCLUSION Based on the research an analysis on Relative Clause in novel “Bridge to Terabithia” by Katherine Paterson, it can be concluded that: 1. 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