IEEE Paper Template in A4 (V1) Khairunnisa LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol.7 No.2 2017 LET: Linguistics, Literature and English Teaching Journal ||Volume||7||Issue||2||Pages||195-223 ||2017|| |P-ISSN: 20869606; E-ISSN: 25492454| HILLARY CLINTON’S CONCESSION SPEECH : A CONSTRUCTIVISM STUDY OF DISCOURSE Khairunnisa khairunnisamahfuz@gmail.com Antasari State Islamic University Puji Sri Rahayu p.rahayu@gmail.com A Lecturer of English Education Department at Tarbiyah and Teachers Training Faculty of Antasari State Islamic University Saifudin Ahmad Husin A Lecturer of English Education Department at Tarbiyah and Teachers Training Faculty of Antasari State Islamic University Article History: Received: 3 rd Nov 2017 Accepted: 30 th Nov 2017 Abstract The 2016 US Presidential Election has become world‟ great issue since the politician‟s speech is mainly concerned with persuading or making the listeners believe with what they are saying. It is a concession speech of Hillary Clinton‟s that brings out more inspirations to the public than the value of the failure itself. Based on that phenomenon, the researcher was interested in analyzing Hillary Clinton‟s concession speech by investigating the role of language in communication analysis through speech acts based on the theory of J.L Austin-Searle and genre analysis The researcher decided to raise the constructivism analysis of discourse which analyzes the context behind the languages used in the forms of speech. The results showed that its speech acts types according to its locutionary acts analysis : Declarative (12), Imperative (12), illocutionary acts: Representatives (11), Commisives (3), Directives (9), Declaratives (3), and Expressives (9), and variety of perlocutionary acts (to get people to know, do something, express feeling, and praise). This expository speech mostly characterized by the appreciation and encouragement to the public (a type of speech/discourse which called persuasive-argumentative) and she spoke much about unity to create strong power of America. It has created good arrangement of language that showed Hillary Clinton‟s power and ideology. Corresponding Author: Tel.: .............................. KEYWORDS: Concession Speech: Speech acts: Constructivism of Discourse analysis Available online at: http://jurnal.uin-antasari.ac.id/index.php mailto:khairunnisamahfuz@gmail.com mailto:p.rahayu@gmail.com P a g e | 196 Khairunnisa LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol.7 No.2 2017 INTRODUCTION Speech is an utterance with a good arrangement that is going to be delivered to the people. For instance, a speech welcoming the big day and a speech for events, and so on. In this term of study, Speech as an object of study of verbal discourse delivered by the speaker. The discourse can be explored from various aspects, in addition, the aspects contained in that discussion serve a very diverse type of study. Typically, research on discourse deals with the issues of language internally and grammatically, such as the syntactic aspects of discourse, cohesion and coherence of discourse, the context function in discourse, and others. Discourse discussion is a key word in understanding the language and the world at large. The political discourse aims an action in concrete meaning, reaching to cause behaviours of following type: vote or abstention, membership, street demostrations, and so on. It shares the audience the values and choices, but it also seeks to conquer the „hesitant” or to cause “changings of mind”, seeking to determine the adherence of larger segment of the population. The political discourse maintains and exploits all the features of speech acts.It can activate all components of illocutionary forces. One of the people that is well-known for her outstanding ability in delivering speech is USA‟s president candidate, Hillary Clinton. She is one of the most influential woman in the world who is involved in politics. According to her speech performance records, she has always gained much attention from society both in US particularly and in the world commonly, her last one greatest act, she became the first female president candidate in the 2016 US Presidential election who gained great number of voters. Yet, unfortunately, she lost the election over the winning candidate, Donald Trump, the one who is now the 45th President of United States of America. Hillary Clinton delivered the concession speech several hours after Donald Trump‟s victory speech. Her speech has always gained great attention. Although, that was not a winning speech, public reaction towards her speech was remarkable. Every word of her concession speech were becoming viral in social mass media. One of the study that concerns in the language called Linguistics. In this case, the language analysis in linguistics is mentioned as Pragmatics Analysis. Pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by speaker (researcher) and interpreted by a listener (reader). The ability to comprehend and produce a communicative act is referred to as pragmatics competence Kasper (1997.p.5) which often includes one's knowledge about the social distance, social status between the speakers involved, the cultural knowledge such as politeness, and the linguistic knowledge explicitly and implicitly. Levinson (1983.p.5) defines pragmatics as the study of language use, that is, the study of relation between language and P a g e | 197 Khairunnisa LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol.7 No.2 2017 context that are basically for understanding language. Another definition of pragmatics comes from Finch. He said that pragmatics is concerned with the meaning of utterances. He asserts that it focuses on what is not explicitly stated on how people interpret utterances in situational context (2000.p.150). In addition, Bowen (2001.p. 8) stated that pragmatics is the area of language function that embraces the use of language in social contexs (knowing what to say, how to say it, and when to say it and how to “be” with other people). In this research, the researcher focuses on one of the branches in Pragmatics called speech acts and the genre analysis of the researcher about what is being said and what is their uptake based on the speech acts analysis. It has been decided that the researcher will focus on two theories of speech acts analyzing, they are J.L Austin‟ and Searle‟s. The term of „speech acts‟ was raised by Austin (1962) and developed by Searle (1969). Austin defines speech acts as acts performed in saying something. Further, he identifies three distinct levels of action beyond the act of utterance. He distinguishes the act of saying something, what one does in saying it, what on does by saying it and created the terms in speech acts : a locutionary, an illocutionary, and a perlocutionary act. Locutionary act means performing the act of saying something. The purpose of this act is just to inform the reader, usually, it is considered as linguistic meaning. Secondly, illocutionary act means performing act of doing something. The illocutionary act is analyzed based on the context, it is about what‟s going on behind the text. Context is the background knowledge assumed to be shared by s (speaker) and h (hearer). The researcher believes that conducting research by analyzing Hillary Clinton‟s concession speech, it will apply all the lectures that the researcher got, particularly in linguistics study discipline. Moreover, speech is an important part of modern life public speaking. We often find it in any kind of public occasion. In this case, the researcher has chosen a concession speech of losing president candidate yet brings out the spirit and inspirations to the listeners. Every listener of the speech must have listened to every single word of that speech, whether it can be motivation or spirit quotes to them. Therefore, the researcher found that it is quite interesting to figure out the context and inspirations “losing speech”. It indicates that we have to see the difference or the losing in a different perspective or point of view. Based on the discussion above, the researcher interested to analyze the speech acts of the speech, therefore, the researcher proposes to conduct a research that focuses on speech acts analysis of J.L. Austin‟s and Searle‟s theories found in Hillary Clinton‟s concession speech on November 9 th , 2016. P a g e | 198 Khairunnisa LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol.7 No.2 2017 METHOD The type of the research is discourse analysis. The researcher aimed to identify, find out, and analyze the speech acts of the speech based on the theories. Discourse analysis means a study that is intended to figure out the social interaction, whether in the form of verbal communication/conversation, utterance in essay, or texts. It is analyzed by its medium, or language. In linguistic studies, discourse refers to a complete unified language, which is generally larger than the sentence, whether delivered orally or in writing. Discourse is a series of matching sentences that connect the proportions of one another, forming one unity. A.S Hikam (2001:4) conveyed the existence of three analytical paradigms used in language analyzing. The first one is called positivism analysis of discourse. The main focus of positivism is based on whether or not the language in a discourse is grammatically correct. The terms frequently found in this analysis are cohesion and coherence. This understanding is that one does not need to know the subjective meanings or values that are brought by his statements, because what matters most is whether the statement is correctly expressed according to the syntactic and semantic rules. Therefore, the syntactical truth (grammar) is the main area of the positivism of discourse. Secondly, it is called constructivism analysis of discourse. In the point of view of constructivism, language is no longer only seen as a tool for understanding objective reality which is separated from the subject as a transmitter of statements. Constructivism actually considers that the subject is the central factor in discourse activities and social relationships. In this paradigm, language is organized and lived in purposeful statements. Each statement basically create meanings, the act of self-formation and the disclosure of the identity of the speaker. The third one is called critical discourse analysis. Language in the point of view of critical dicourse analysis is understood as a representation that plays a role in shaping certain subject, certain themes, and strategies in it. Therefore, discourse analysis is used to dismantle the power that exists in the set of language processes such as, what limitations are allowed to be the discourse, the perspectives to be used, what toppics are discussed. With this view, the discourse of seeing language is always involved in power relations, especially in the formation of subjects, and the various acts of representation found in society which a language will be discussed in broader ways. Based on the discussion above, the researcher decided to raise the constructivism analysis of discourse which analyzes the context behind the languages used in the forms of speech. It presented five steps of data analysis procedures : collecting (by documents and P a g e | 199 Khairunnisa LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol.7 No.2 2017 records technique), coding (ease the process of speech acts analysis), selection and classification (selecting sentences and classify them into appropriate types of speech acts), operationalization (genre analysis), and interpretation (contructivism of discourse analysis). FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS The findings in the analysis of Hillary Clinton‟s Concession Speech on November 9 th , 2016 are divided into three steps of analysis. The first step is selecting and classifying the types of speech acts of the sentences that have been divided by the researcher into some merger of sentences and selected sentences in analysis process. After the process of coding in selection and classification of speech acts theories, the researcher found types of speech acts in the form of: Locutionary Acts (Merger of Sentences in types of : Declarative (12) and Imperative (12)), Illocutionary Acts (Merger of Sentences in types of : Representatives (11) , Commissives (3), Directives (9), Declarations (3), and Expressives (9), and Perlocutionary Acts in variety of types according the illocutinary acts that are mentioned above, and for more detail, speech acts classification will be shown in a table. The second step is operationalization, in this step, the merger of sentences will be processed by the speech acts theory of J.L Austin and Searle. In this stage, the researcher focused on some merger of sentences by analyzing the types into some. There are three kinds of sentences in Locutionary Acts, five kinds of Illocutionary Acts, and five kinds of Perlocutianary Acts that are found in Hillary Clinton‟s Concession Speech. The last step of findings is the interpretation of the speech, the researcher analyzed the text by contructivism analysis of discourse. It will divided into speech acts analysis, and genre analysis. Discussion of speech acts, pragmatic element that invloves the speaker and the listener ( the act of saying something, what one does in saying it, what on does by saying it). Genre shows the social goals and how the composition of the speech is used. It shows the social purposes of the speech and its structures. 1. The Types of Speech Acts in Hillary Clinton’s Concession Speech on November 9 th , 2016 Code of Sentence Merger : D1, D2, D3, ... D24 Code of Locutionary Acts Types : De (Declarative), In (Interogative), Im (Imperative) Code of Illocutionary Acts Types : Rep (Representatives), Dir (Directives), Com (Commisives), Exp (Expressives), Dec (Declarations) P a g e | 200 Khairunnisa LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol.7 No.2 2017 Code of Perlocutianary Acts Types : tk (to get people know), td (to get people do something), te (to get people to expect something), tf (to get people express feeling), tp (to get people praise. Table 4.1 The Findings of Speech Acts Types Classification No. Code Locutionary Acts Illocutionary Acts Perlucotionary Acts De In Im Rep Dir Com Exp Dec Tk td te tf Tp 1. D1 √ √ √ 2. D2 √ √ √ √ √ 3 D3 √ √ √ 4 D4 √ √ √ 5 D5 √ √ √ 6 D6 √ √ √ 7 D7 √ √ √ 8 D8 √ √ √ 9 D9 √ √ √ √ √ 10 D10 √ √ √ √ √ 11 D11 √ √ √ 12 D12 √ √ √ √ √ 13 D13 √ √ √ No. Code Locutionary Acts Illocutionary Acts Perlucotionary Acts De In Im Rep Dir Com Exp Dec Tk td Te tf Tp 14 D14 √ √ √ √ √ 15 D15 √ √ √ √ P a g e | 201 Khairunnisa LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol.7 No.2 2017 After the process of coding in selection and classification of speech acts theories, the researcher found types of speech acts in the form of : Representatives (11), Commissives (3), Directives (9), Declarations (3), and Expressives (9). In this step of operationalization, the sentences will be processed by the speech acts theory of J.L Austin and Searle. The table below shows the context analysis of the classification that has been done before. There are 24 merger of sentences that has been processed in this part. 1) Time : 00.30 Locutionary Acts (Austin’s Theory) Thank you. Thank you all. Thank you. Thank you all have much. Thank you. Thank you all very much. Thank you so much. A very rowdy group. Thank you, my friends. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you so very much for being here. I love you all, too. Illocutionary Acts Austin’s Theory : The speaker appreciates and welcomes the coming of supporters including family and friends. The act of thanking has s/tated for many times. It markes the expression of caring, gratitude, and respectful. Searle’s Theory : Expressives The writer expresses what she‟s feeling towards the ones who are always supporting and there for her during the campaign. The speaker is praising them by saying the word „thank you‟ over multiple times. Perlocutionary Acts: The listener is going to feel appreciated, praised and valued. (The act of blissing and cheerfulness). 16 D16 √ √ √ 17 D17 √ √ √ √ 18 D18 √ √ √ 19 D19 √ √ √ 20 D20 √ √ √ 21 D21 √ √ √ 22 D22 √ √ √ √ √ 23 D23 √ √ √ √ √ 24 D24 √ √ √ √ √ P a g e | 202 Khairunnisa LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol.7 No.2 2017 2) Time : 01.15 Locutionary Acts (Austin’s Theory) Last night I congratulated Donald Trump and offered to work with him on behalf of our country Illocutionary Acts Austin’s Theory : The speaker reacted well over the result of the election by saying „congratulations‟ to the president elect. It is kind of the act of acceptance from the speaker. The speaker also offered herself to work together with the president in order to make a better development of their country, although the result is contrary to what she and her supporters wanted, yet she still commited herself to not to stop fight for the betterment of the country. Searle’s Theory : Expressives & Commisives The speaker congratulated the opponent candidate who becomes the the president elect. It expresses her sincerity to deal with the result that came out and keep supporting the decision that society made. The speaker gave an offer that she is supporting/standing behind the president elect in order to make contributions to build the country in a better way. Perlocutionary Acts: The president elect is praised, welcomed, and excited hearing the acceptance of the opponent candidate. It marked the fair play of the presidential election. The statement of the speaker that she will be there with him for the betterment of the country, he will welcome her offering as long as their goals and ideas to build the country are in line. (the act of excitement and being motivated). 3) Time : 01.22 Locutionary Acts (Austin’s Theory) I hope that he will be a successful president for all Americans. Illocutionary Acts Austin’s Theory : The speaker indicates an act of expectation to the opponent candidate that he will become the successful president of America. She believes in his ability, knowledge, experiences to lead the aspirations of all Americans. P a g e | 203 Khairunnisa LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol.7 No.2 2017 Searle’s Theory : Directives The speaker intended to give the support towards the president elect by saying her well expectation for him and the future of America. Perlocutionary Acts: The president elect Donald Trump feels encouraged and blissful to have full supports from the opponent candidate. For the speaker‟s supporters, they are going to “move on” from disatisfication hence their candidate failed to sit in the seat of power. They will also put their big expectation to the new president elect. 4) Time : 01.41 Locutionary Acts (Austin’s Theory) This is not the outcome we wanted or we worked so hard for, and I'm sorry we did not win this election for the values we share and the vision we hold for our country. Illocutionary Acts Austin’s Theory : The speaker admitted that the result of the election actually was not the thing that she wanted to have for she and her supporters worked quite hard to get the winning place, yet that was a competition where the outcomes must have two options: lose or win. To release the feelings of losing, the speaker was apologizing that she was not able to grant their hopes for being the president they wish for. They have already fought for the visions and values on the behalf of the country. Searle’s Theory : Expressives The speaker expresses the feeling of the losing by saying apologize statement that she could not make her expectation and the supporters came true. Perlocutionary Acts: The listeners or in this case : the supporters and the audience will not too focus on their „disappointment‟ feeling, yet they are settle for the outcome that happened. The supporters have been encouraged by the candidate they support for and it is more than a relieved. 5) Time : 02.00 Locutionary Acts (Austin’s Theory) But I feel pride and gratitude for this wonderful campaign that we built together. This vast, diverse, creative, unruly, energized campaign. You represent P a g e | 204 Khairunnisa LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol.7 No.2 2017 the best of America, and being your candidate has been one of the greatest honors of my life. Illocutionary Acts Austin’s Theory : The speaker stated her prides and gratitudes to the campaign that has run really well. It shows their efforts during the campaign were not the things that have no purpose, but the passion and the vision that they built and hold together created a strong power of unity. The speaker also showed the truth of her heart that being her voters‟ candidate has been of the greatest honors of her life. Searle’s Theory : Representatives The speaker intended to state the confidence that she and her supporters has built together. Perlocutionary Acts: The listeners/the supporters will be both praised and proud to their candidate. It markes that their existence of support is valued by their candidate. It becomes the door of sympathetic feeling upon them. 6) Time : 02.15 Locutionary Acts (Austin’s Theory) I know how disappointed you feel, because I feel it too. And so do tens of millions of Americans who invested their hopes and dreams in this effort. This is painful, and it will be for a long time. Illocutionary Acts Austin’s Theory : The speaker expresses her disappointment, it is a natural reflection about what happened according to the outcome of campaign. Disappointment is disconfirmed expectancies. It is stated implicitly by the speaker that it will be for a long time, indeed, but they are not be wasted away for they have already invested hopes and effort in it. Searle’s Theory : Expressives The speaker expresses excuses to the public for she did not win the election that she and her supporters has fighting for. Perlocutionary Acts: The listeners/the audience feels the same way too as the speaker does. But there are hopes, encouragement, and sincerity along that feeling. 7) Time : 02.35 Locutionary Acts (Austin’s Theory) P a g e | 205 Khairunnisa LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol.7 No.2 2017 But I want you to remember this. Our campaign was never about one person, or even one election. It was about the country we love and building an America that is hopeful, inclusive, and big-hearted. We have seen that our nation is more deeply divided than we thought. Illocutionary Acts Austin’s Theory : The speaker represents her feeling by convincing the public who has supported her with conscious thought to their unity for the better of America because the election was not about only one person, but whole of the country and that diversity has made them allied to the same visions and the same goals. Searle’s Theory : Directives The speaker intended to encourage/ give the appealing feeling to public that they cannot be drowning death in disappointment, yet to admit their unified spirit that they have built together. Perlocutionary Acts: The listeners/the audience will be inspired by the certain statements of the speaker for there are hopes and unity enthusiasm in it. 8) Time : 02.57 Locutionary Acts (Austin’s Theory) But I still believe in America, and I always will. And if you do, then we must accept this result and then look to the future. Donald Trump is going to be our president. We owe him an open mind and the chance to lead. Illocutionary Acts Austin’s Theory : The speaker continues to boost the spirit of the public that she believes in better America in Donald Trump‟s hand. She tells them to give him a chance for leading the country by seeing the result in open-minded point of view Searle’s Theory : Representatives The speaker states/claims that Donald Trump is the next president who leads the country to the better ways and it is a must to the public for giving him an opportunity to do so. Perlocutionary Acts: The public will react positively and feel enthusiastic to the result and consider another good point of view of the outcome. P a g e | 206 Khairunnisa LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol.7 No.2 2017 9) Time : 03.17 Locutionary Acts (Austin’s Theory) Our constitutional democracy enshrines the peaceful transfer of power. We don't just respect that. We cherish it. It also enshrines the rule of law; the principle we are all equal in rights and dignity; freedom of worship and expression. We respect and cherish these values, too, and we must defend them. Illocutionary Acts Austin’s Theory : The speaker‟s commitment to the constitutional democracy is quite firm. She is demanding the public to hold on the values of equal rights and cheries the peaceful transfer of power. Searle’s Theory : Representatives and Directives The speaker commands/giving demands to the public for having awareness to the constitutional values, so that they can accept and support the president elect, Donald Trump in bulding the country. Perlocutionary Acts: The listeners/the public will hold to the values of the freedom, peaceful, and equility in rights and dignity. The public will accept the result sincerely in the name of constitutional values that they have. 10) Time : 04.00 Locutionary Acts (Austin’s Theory) Let me add: Our constitutional democracy demands our participation, not just every four years, but all the time. So let's do all we can to keep advancing the causes and values we all hold dear. Making our economy work for everyone, not just those at the top, protecting our country and protecting our planet. And breaking down all the barriers that hold any American back from achieving their dreams. Illocutionary Acts Austin’s Theory : The speaker continues to once again conclude, add, challange her statements into broader sentences about their participation in that democracy country to make a stronger feeling of the public to build America in a better way and clear all the barriers that exist. Searle’s Theory : Representatives and Directives P a g e | 207 Khairunnisa LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol.7 No.2 2017 The speaker commands and challanges the public to cherish the value of unity and she keeps telling/stating to hold onto dreams of the better America. Perlocutionary Acts: The listeners/ the public will unite and be insipired into one voice for better America. 11) Time : 04.31 Locutionary Acts (Austin’s Theory) We spent a year and a half bringing together millions of people from every corner of our country to say with one voice that we believe that the American dream is big enough for everyone. For people of all races, and religions, for men and women, for immigrants, for LGBT people, and people with disabilities. For everyone. Illocutionary Acts Austin’s Theory : The speaker valued the things about unity, democracy, and equality. All men are created equal : equality of oppurtunity and equality before law. She encouraged the society in her speech, by saying it for all the people, no matter comes from different races, colors, religion, or even gender. Searle’s Theory : Representatives The speaker stated her joy for being one year and a half with the society whom supports her from the very beginning until the moment where the result of election came. She added to keep fighting for one right voice for better America. By her statements, she indicated to have essential vision the unity, equality, and democracy. Perlocutionary Acts: : The listeners/the society will be excited and encouraged by the sentences that stated gratitude to spent a year and a half to bring one voice of America. They will full of equal feeling for their candidate valued the unity, democracy and equality. 12) Time : 05.27 Locutionary Acts (Austin’s Theory) I am so grateful to stand with all of you. I want to thank Tim Kaine and Anne Holton for being our partners on this journey. It has been a joy get to go know them better and gives me great hope and comfort to know that Tim will remain on the front lines of our democracy representing Virginia in the Senate. Illocutionary Acts P a g e | 208 Khairunnisa LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol.7 No.2 2017 Austin’s Theory : The speaker thanked to her vice presidential running mate, Tim Kaine and her wife, Anne Holton for being the partners and hardworking that they have done together. The speaker continues to support Tim Kaine on his career as Senator in Virginia for representing the democracy values. Searle’s Theory : Expressives and Declarations The speaker expressed her gratitude to Tim Kaine and his wife for being loyal partners and grand supporters. The speaker also declared that they have sent her great hopes for better future will be and keep supporting Tim Kaine as the Senator of Virginia. Perlocutionary Acts: The listeners will be praised and delighted knowing that they are appreciated by the one that they support along the time of campaign and election. Probably, it will open more space of attachment of some kind work in the future. 13) Time : 06.05 Locutionary Acts (Austin’s Theory) To Barack and Michelle Obama, our country owes you an enormous debt of gratitude.We thank you for your graceful, determined leadership that has meant so much to so many Americans and people across the world. Illocutionary Acts Austin’s Theory : The speaker thanked to the former US President for his efforts in building the best of America. She sincerely appreciated the merits that has done by Barack Obama. By his excellent track records of honesty and significance roles for building the America, she represented the word of gratitude by the Americans and people across the world. Searle’s Theory : Expressives The speaker expressed her grand gratitude to Barack Obama as the former US President for his enermous efforts and merits to the country. She also builds the bridges and fosters relationship to him as well as the public. She affirmed that his leadership has been so great and graceful for the rest of America and even for across the world. Perlocutionary Acts: The listener will be pleased by the appreciation that came from the speaker. He is still going to reflect his commiment for the better future of P a g e | 209 Khairunnisa LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol.7 No.2 2017 America. It will create a bond of trust and strong relationship between both the speaker-the listener and the public. 14) Time : 06.46\ Locutionary Acts (Austin’s Theory) And to Bill and Chelsea, Mark, Charlotte, Aidan, our brothers and our entire family, my love for you means more than I can ever express. You crisscrossed this country, even 4-month-old Aidan, who traveled with his mom. Illocutionary Acts Austin’s Theory : : The speaker expressed her love to her family for always supporting and standing beside her from the very beginning until that moment where the misfortune comes to the result. She declared that to her husband, daughter, son-in-law, grandchildren, and entire family. Searle’s Theory : Expressives and Declarations The speaker expressed her biggest affection to her family. She appreciated by declaring the names for all of the supports and sacrifices that has done by them along the time of campaign till the election moment. Perlocutionary Acts: The listeners/the family will be praised and have a blissful feeling toward the speaker and will love her more than before. Strong family affairs make a strong family bond in any situation, especially that is one of the speaker‟s greatest moment in her life. 15) Time : 07.10 Locutionary Acts (Austin’s Theory) I will always be grateful to the talented, dedicated men and women at our headquarters in Brooklyn and across our country. You poured your hearts into this campaign. To some of you who are veterans, it was a campaign after you had done other campaigns. Some of you, it was your first campaign. I want each of you to know that you were the best campaign anybody could have ever expected or wanted. Illocutionary Acts Austin’s Theory : The speaker expressed her unstoppable grateful and gratitude that is dedicating to all of the people in her base of campaign in Brooklyn and all across the country for the unstoppable supports and efforts to P a g e | 210 Khairunnisa LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol.7 No.2 2017 that campaign. The speaker added that it was great campaign that has built by the togetherness and strong bond of the veteran and new volunteers of the campaign. Searle’s Theory : Expressives and Representatives The speaker is telling her grand gratitude and grateful for all of supporters, whether they are based in Brooklyn or all over the country. The speaker also stated that it was the best campaign that has ever done and expected by them all. Perlocutionary Acts: The listeners/the supporters will be very excited and delighted hearing the truth that their candidate valued everything about the campaign. They are going to feel satisfied for what they have fought for along the time of the campaign and the election. 16) Time : 08.03 Locutionary Acts (Austin’s Theory) And to the millions of volunteers, community leaders, activists and union organizers who knocked on doors, talked to their neighbors, posted on Facebook — even in secret private Facebook sites. I want everybody coming out from behind that and make sure your voices are heard going forward. Illocutionary Acts Austin’s Theory : The speaker continued to appreciate her supporters, from all of the society levels (volunteers, community leaders, activitists, and union organizers) who fought hard in the campaign. She also mentioned the cyber community who tells their voices in private sites. She challanged them to rise their voices on the surface. Searle’s Theory : Directives The speaker appealed the public the speak out what they think is right. She is telling to not afraid for fighting the right things. Beside that, she is still giving her sincere gratitude to the supports that came to her. Perlocutionary Acts: : The listeners/the supporters will be delighted and felt appreciated by the speaker. They will be dare to speak out what they think is right. 17) Time : 08.36 Locutionary Acts (Austin’s Theory) P a g e | 211 Khairunnisa LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol.7 No.2 2017 To anyone that sent contributions, even as small as $5, that kept us going, thank you. To all of us, and to the young people in particular, I hope you will hear this — I have, as Tim said, I have spent my entire life fighting for what I believe in. I've had successes and setbacks and sometimes painful ones. Many of you are at the beginning of your professional, public, and political careers — you will have successes and setbacks too. Illocutionary Acts Austin’s Theory : The speaker refers her statements to all the people who has sent the contributions, even if it is formed in the small counted thing, she said thanks for that. Adding to the word of gratitude, she stated that she has been through the ups and downs of her entire life and those things would be happen too the people especially for the beginners who has just started their life in some aspects of life. Searle’s Theory : Expressives and Representatives The speaker expressed her gratitude all over again, even in the middle of the speech. She appreciated all the supports that came to her along the campaign and election era. She is also telling the truth of her path of life that she has faced the bad and the good in life which such things will be faced to by all the people, especially oftenly it would happen to the beginners Perlocutionary Acts: The listener/the public will have feelings such as cheerfulness and happiness because the appreciation word (thanking) that came from their champion. They also will become confidence to overcome their life realities and get inspired by the speaker. 18) Time : 09.18 Locutionary Acts (Austin’s Theory) This loss hurts, but please never stop believing that fighting for what's right is worth it. It is, it is worth it. Illocutionary Acts Austin’s Theory : The speaker gave a statement that actually her loss in the US President election hurts herself and thousands of supporters out there. But it P a g e | 212 Khairunnisa LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol.7 No.2 2017 does not mean all the things and the struggle that they did just wasted away. She stated that believing to the something right is always worth to do, or even fighting for that right thing till the end. Searle’s Theory : Representatives The speaker tried to give a statement in order to encourage the public especially her loyal supporters that everything that they have done actually got right purposes. Therefore, it is not the thing that should be disappointed despite the fact that happened. Perlocutionary Acts: The listeners/the public will gain great number of spirit and encouragement. They have strong faith in their heart that the things that they have fought along this time has never been wrong. 19) Time : 09.54 Locutionary Acts (Austin’s Theory) And so we need — we need you to keep up these fights now and for the rest of your lives. And to all the women, and especially the young women, who put their faith in this campaign and in me: I want you to know that nothing has made me prouder than to be your champion. Illocutionary Acts Austin’s Theory :The speaker continued her statements to keep up the fights that they are fighting for along this time. She refers that to the womanhood, young women in particularly. The speaker stated that she is so proud for becoming their role model and champion. Searle’s Theory : Representatives The speaker is asserting to the woman generation that they are able to catch their dreams and to not stop their fights just until this moment. She is also stating what she feels about her pride and satisfication for being their „champion‟. Perlocutionary Acts: The listeners/womanhood are going to be stronger than before. They will put more efforts to fight the things that should be fight for and they appreciated their “champion” (female president candidate) for being the best of candidate they have ever had. 20) Time : 10.44 Locutionary Acts (Austin’s Theory) P a g e | 213 Khairunnisa LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol.7 No.2 2017 Now, I know we have still not shattered that highest and hardest glass ceiling, but someday someone will — and hopefully sooner than we might think right now. Illocutionary Acts Austin’s Theory : The speaker‟s ideology to fight the dream of women of America for becoming the leader is quite firm. She is methaporing it in a beautiful methapor that sooner or later „they‟ are going to break the glass of the dream. It is just the matter of the time. Not all of sacrifices should find their success doors. Stop dreaming just makes other dreams that are waiting become postponed too. Searle’s Theory : Directives The speaker appealed to the woman generations for keep reaching their dreams, keep believing to their aspirations, and keep saying „no‟ to the the word of giving up because sooner or later, their time will arrive. Perlocutionary Acts: The audience/the speaker burned their spirit to reach out their dreams. They will keep breaking the boundaries that they want to break for there is no word of surrender to have. The girls/women who sees Hillary Clinton as their role model offered a candid acknowledgement that woman will rise to the top one day. 21) Time : 10.50 Locutionary Acts (Austin’s Theory) And to all of the little girls who are watching this, never doubt that you are valuable and powerful and deserving of every chance and opportunity in the world to pursue and achieve your own dreams. Illocutionary Acts Austin’s Theory : The speaker mentioned the group of little girls in particularly. It indicates the speaker big hopes to the future generation, especially to the girls generation for keep pursuing their dreams and aspirations. The speaker seems to get the little girls to carry out the actions that could bring the alteration to the better future. Searle’s Theory : Directives The speaker attempts to give spirit and hopes for young generations‟ dreams, especially to little girls who will become the successful ladies in the future. She P a g e | 214 Khairunnisa LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol.7 No.2 2017 gained their faith that everyone has the same rights to achieve the dreams they will become. Perlocutionary Acts: The listeners/the public/the little girls that are becoming the object of statement will carry out their dreams into positive ways and fighting for their rights to have equality in every chances they are going to take. 22) Time : 11.25 Locutionary Acts (Austin’s Theory) Finally, finally, I am so grateful for our country and for all it has given to me. I count my blessings every single day that I am an American, and I still believe, as deeply as I ever have, that if we stand together and work together with respect for our differences, strengthen our convictions, and love for this nation, our best days are still ahead of us. Illocutionary Acts Austin’s Theory : The speaker added and concluded her gratitude for being part of the country and being Americans. She also stated that she is still believing as always in the power of respect, love, and dignity in differences and invited people to value all those aspects in their life. Searle’s Theory : Representatives and Directives The speaker reflected/stated her endless gratitude for being an American. She suggested to stand togeher in facing worlds‟ demands. The speaker also challanged the public to create great atmoshphere in respect, love and dignity to build the country in better ways. Perlocutionary Acts: The listeners/the public will reacted positively to the spirit and the value of respect that they build. Their energy and strength is going to be restored to face the challanges of the future. 23) Time : 12.12 Locutionary Acts (Austin’s Theory) Because, you know, I believe we are stronger together and we will go forward together. And you should never, ever regret fighting for that. You know, scripture tells us, let us not grow weary of doing good, for in good season we shall reap. My friends, let us have faith in each other, let us not grow weary and lose heart, for there are more seasons to come and there is more work to do. P a g e | 215 Khairunnisa LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol.7 No.2 2017 Illocutionary Acts Austin’s Theory : The speaker has a strong faith that “unity has its own power to change the world”. She is seeing to the future actions that everyone can do. She believes that “there is no success without a sacrifice and there is no success without hardness”, athough the outcomes showed the contrary thing, it does not mean that it is just end up with disappointment feelings. The speaker also made a pledge that they are stronger to be together and to not regret the things that happened hence there are still lots of things and plans to do. Searle’s Theory : Commissives and Directives The speaker indicates that she and her supporters are strong if they are together. She commits herself that she is always be on their side in order to build the forward dreams of the country and believes that togetherness can make a strong bond between them. The speaker also advices to not let the outcome of the election becomes the reason to regret the struggle that they have done, yet it should be motivated them to grow stronger and better. Perlocutionary Acts: The listeners/the supporters are going to be inspired by what the speaker said. They are encouraged and excited to the future that is going to come right before their eyes. 24) Time : 12.50 Locutionary Acts (Austin’s Theory) I am incredibly honored and grateful to have had this chance to represent all of you in this consequential election. May God bless you and may God bless the United States of America. Illocutionary Acts Austin’s Theory : The speaker stated what she has felt about during all the time of campaign and election process. She feels so honored and grateful for being a part of the fair competitive election and becoming her supporters‟ candidate. She has stated such things in previous sentences in her speech and once again she conclued it all in the closing part. The speaker also put so much hopes that God will give His blessing throughout the public and United states of America Searle’s Theory : Representatives and Commisives P a g e | 216 Khairunnisa LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol.7 No.2 2017 The speaker said her grateful and honored feeling for multiple times. She appreciated the values of her supporters‟ struggle during the campaign and public‟s participation towards the „democration party‟ in the form of President Election. The speaker also gave hopes to America and its people for having a betterment progress in all aspects of life and always be fulfilled by God‟s protection and blessings. Perlocutionary Acts: The speaker‟s statements brought the joy and spirit to the public. The audience/the listeners will be praised and proud of their candidate for she is still hoping and running the ways to make great of America and its people. Genre is the analysis of Hillary Clinton‟s Concession speech which discusses its social function, schematic structures, and language features. According to its types of genre, there are five kinds of discourse/speech, they are: narrative, descriptive, expository, argumentative, and persuasive. The researcher found the most dominated types of the speech (24 merger of sentences) are persuasive (10), argumentative (9), and descriptive (5). Further explanation of the genre analysis of the speech will be explained below. Table 4.2. The Analysis of Genre No. Genre Classification : Persuasive-Argumentative Hillary Clinton‟s Concession Speech on November 9 th , 2016 1. Social Function To congratulate the president-elect Donald Trump and appeal her public/supporters to accept the result of the election and commit for continuing to build the country. 2. Schematic Structures 2.1 Main Idea/ Thesis The result of US President Election has been brought to the world and Donald Trump has been elected as the current president of America. 2.2 Supporting Idea/ Arguments - Hilarry Clinton expressed her gratitude to the public/supporters and congratulated Donald P a g e | 217 Khairunnisa LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol.7 No.2 2017 Trump as the US President-Elect. - Hillary released her feeling of loss yet still encouraged her supporters for investing their hopes and efforts for the betterment of the country. - Hillary Clinton mostly talked and respected the values of unity, equality in rights/law, liberty and dignity. - Hillary Clinton thanked all the people who merit their participation and efforts for betterment of America. - Hillary Clinton carried out women‟s power for empowering the US and the world. 2.3 Reiteration/Summing Up Hillary Clinton is honored and grateful to have the chance in representing the public in the US President Election and she also hopes the best for America that God‟s guidance will always accompany their path. 3. Linguistic Features 3.1 The arguments are written in present tense/past tense/future tense. - But I feel pride and gratitude for this wonderful campaign that we built together. (Present Tense) - This is not the outcome we wanted or we worked so hard for, and I'm sorry we did not win this election for the values we share and the vision we hold for our country. (Past Tense). 3.2 Verbs are used when expressing opinion - I hope that he will be a successful president for all Americans. - But I still believe in America, and I always will. 3.3 Using emotive words that appeal to the emotion - Our constitutional democracy enshrines the peaceful transfer of power. - To Barack and Michelle Obama, our country owes you an enormous debt of gratitude. P a g e | 218 Khairunnisa LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol.7 No.2 2017 - And to all of the little girls who are watching this, never doubt that you are valuable and powerful and deserving of every chance. 3.4 Repetition of words/phrases and concepts to push the point of view - Thank you. /Thank you all very much/ Thank you so much. A very rowdy group/ Thank you, my friends/ Thank you/ Thank you. - But I feel pride and gratitude for this wonderful campaign that we built together. This vast, diverse, creative, unruly, energized campaign / Our campaign was never about one person, or even one election. It was about the country we love and building an America that is hopeful, inclusive, and big-hearted. 3.5 Using pronouns I, you, we, us - Because, you know, I believe we are stronger together and we will go forward together. - You know, scripture tells us, let us not grow weary of doing good, for in good season we shall reap. According to the pragmatics and speech acts analysis that have been done to the Hillary Clinton‟s concession speech on November 9 th , 2016, the researcher found some facts related to the speech. Moreover, the overview of the analysis in the discussion was fortified by the constructivism analysis of discourse which helped the researcher to have the reference for making this contextual interpretation and it will relate to discussion of language, power and ideology of Hillary Clinton‟s style of speech. The first thing that becomes the concern of this concession speech analysis is the speech acts identification. Speech acts bring to the fore meaning in speeches. The analysis of speech acts in Hillary Clinton‟s expository concession speech revealed that her speech are characterized by the use of representatives, directives, and expressives acts of speech. The function of the representative itself is to commit the speaker to the truth of an expressed proposition. The speaker mostly stated the confidence that she and her supporters built together, accepting Donald Trump as the president-elect, asserting the women generation to continue reaching their dreams, telling her true story path of life for inspiring the public, and P a g e | 219 Khairunnisa LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol.7 No.2 2017 giving statements in order to encourage the public especially her supporters that there was nothing should be disappointed because they have fought for something right for their better America. Secondly, the type of directives are also dominated the speech which has the function to get the listeners to carry out an action. Hillary Clinton oftenly emphasized on appealing the public to get the best actions in the future, she was inviting Donald Trump and the public to hand in hand building their beloved nation, United States of American as well as challanged and gave the spirit to the public for maintaining the values of unity, democracy, freedom and equality of the country. Furthemore, Hillary Clinton stated her continuous expressions of gratitude and grateful along the speech delivery and those expressions are the type of speech acts called expressives which have purpose to express the psychological state of the speaker. Those three kinds of speech acts were dominated the speech, but the other two types of speech acts were also still becoming the parts of the speech namely commisives and declarations. Commisives is type of speech acts in promosing to do future actions which found less in the speech, so was the declarations, hence it was not the campaign speech like she did in many times before so it has more appreciation and encouragement to public for continuing their goodwill for America. As the result, the hearts and minds of the listeners in this case, the public are filled with the feeling of great expectations, excitement, blissful and acceptance to the future wiil be. They also must be very proud to their „woman champion‟ who always has the essential vision to the unity and diversity of their beloved country and always fight for it. In this part of discussion, the researcher is intended to interpet the relationship between language, power, and ideology that are used in Hillary Clinton‟s Concession Speech. It is clearly stated that language is medium for communication and it is interesting to know how people can be strongly influenced by someone‟s speech. Related to the language used, it is indirectly created a power and invited an ideology to think. Hillary Clinton gave the speech which was very respectful and inspiring to the public. In the genre analysis, it is clearly seen that Hillary Clinton is undoubtly well-expected like always in arranging the speech. The rethorical arrangement of her speech was well-arranged from the opening, content until the closing part of it. Several sentences that she conveyed in the speech instantly received a positive response by the public. The use of emotive language, expressive ideas, repetition, until the use of pronouns that unify the value of unity has made everything to be very inspirational, persuasive and motivational from the gratitude expressions to the public, supports for Donald Trump for leading the nation in a better P a g e | 220 Khairunnisa LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol.7 No.2 2017 direction, a deep thanking to Barack Obama who has led America all this time as well as her running mate Tim Kaine who has been dedicated his life to nation development, even the calls and invitation for the young generation of the nation to continue the struggle relay, especially the generation of women to continue to pursue their dreams. Furthermore, Hillary Clinton used symbolic interactionism during her speech and it is a part of language context to interpret about. It was caught by the eyes that purple nuance of their costumes are the combination of red and blue which shows the value of fair competition of two parties, unity, and part of America. Following by the emotions that have been seen during the speech such as the shaky voice of Hillary Clinton and audience‟s standing ovation which completed that atmosphere. In the words that Hillary Clinton conveyed in the form of such attractive languages certainly creates meanings that can affect public thoughts and actions towards something and it is called as power. In the spirit of bulding the better country of America, it created a power of firm-holding in unity, democracy, and equality. She is hoping the real upcoming steps of Americans as the inheritors of nation‟s values and the upcoming leaders in the future in order to continue the nation development with the lead of the current president-elect Donald Trump. Especially it is emphasized on the Americans due to the fact they must have open-minded thinking to fight over the truth and their bonding strength in reform the quality of the nation. Afterward is ideology, it is a reflection that can make a person think, feel and imagine for something that they receive as input. In other words, the speaker has particular purpose or implicitly purpose through the speech. The public or the Americans will improve their solidarity and integrity for the prosperous nation with dignity. They, women generation, particularly will carry on the struggle in developing the nation to achieve the better life in the future and their unlimited spirit has determined the direction of United States of America. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS The analysis of speech acts in Hillary Clinton‟s concession speech are mostly characterized by the use of representatives, directives, and expressives acts of speech since it has more topic of appreciation and encouragement, and following by the use of commisives and declarations.Hillary Clinton‟s Concession Speech on November 9 th , 2016 is a type of speech/discourse which called persuasive-argumentative. The social function of its type of speech in this case is to concede and congratulate the victory of president-elect as the result of the the speaker‟s (Hillary Clinton) loss in the 2016 US President Election. The aim of the speech is also to appeal the public for accepting the result of the election and commit them to P a g e | 221 Khairunnisa LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol.7 No.2 2017 keep countinuing build the country. She encouraged the public to accept the result of the 2016 US President Election which marked a fair competition of both candidates. She spoke much about the passion and vision about unity, equality, and dignity to create strong power of America. Then, she also encouraged all of the society in her speech without caring where they comes from, different races, colors, religions or even gender. Hillary Clinton carried out woman power for empowering the United States of America and the world. She gave the speech which was very respectful and motivational that has created good arrangment of language, power, and ideology to the public. Based on this research, the researcher hopes it will give implications to the learning and teaching process. For example, as an input / learning material for linguistics lecturer in pragmatics and speech acts discussions in the classroom or as an input / analysis example for English department students who will face subject of linguistics (pragmatics and speech acts discussions), and the example in how to interpret the meaning of a speech. It is a linguistic research in the form of pragmatics which needs to be improved and explored. The improvement will enrich and deepen the theory of speech acts, pragmatics, and discourse study itself. REFERENCES Austin. J. L, (1962). How to do Things with Words. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Bowen, Caroline. (2001). Speech and Language Therapy. USA : Routledge Cutting, J. (2002). Pragmatics and Discourse. USA, Canada: Routledge. Djatmika. (2014). Pernik Kajian Wacana. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu Eriyanto, (2001). Analisis Wacana: Pengantar Analisis Teks Media. Yogyakarta; LKIS. Finch, Goeffrey. (2000). Linguistics Terms and Concepts. USA, Canada: Routledge. Kaburise, Phyllis. (2011). Speech Act Theory and Communication : A Univen Study. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholar Publishing Kasper, Gabriele. (1997). Communication Strategies :Psycholinguistic and Sociolinguistic Perspectives. California: Longman Kracht, Marcus. (1989). Introduction to Linguistics. UCLA: Department of Linguistics. Leech, Geoffrey. (1983). Principles of Pragmatics. USA, Canada: Routledge P a g e | 222 Khairunnisa LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol.7 No.2 2017 Levinson, S,C. (1983). Pragmatics. London: Cambridge University Press Malmkjaer, Kirsten. (1991). “Genre Analysis.” The Linguistics Encyclopedia. Ed. New York: Routledge Mey, Jacob L, (2001). Pragmatics: An Introduction. USA : Blackwell Publisher Inc Mulyana. (2009). Kajian Wacana: Teori, Metode, dan Aplikasi Prinsip-prinsip Analisis Wacana. Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana Ricoeur, Paul. (2012). Teori Interpretasi. Yogyakarta: IRCiSoD Stalnaker, Robert C. (1970). Pragmatics. London: Routledge. Searle, J,R. (1983). Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosphy of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Titscher, Stefan. (2000). Method of Text and Discourse Analysis. London: SAGE. Wodak, Ruth, Michael Meyer. (2001). Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. London: SAGE Publication Ltd. Yule, George. (1996). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambrigde University Press Yule, George. (2008). The Study of Language. NY: Cambrigde University Press. Muthohar, Elly Fina. (2012). An Analysis of Speech Acts in Changeling Movie Script. Muria Kudus University. Hashim, Safair Safwat Mohammed. (2015) on Speech Acts in Political Speeches. Journal of Modern Education Review. 5(7) . pp. 699-706 Jarraya, Soufien. (2013).Persuasion in Political Discourse: Tunisian President Ben Ali’s Last Speech as a Case Study. Syracuse University. Kurniasari, Putri. (2014). The Differences between Anna’s and Elsa’s Characters Based on their Speech Acts in Frozen Movie. Yogyakarta: State Islamic University Sunan Kalijaga. http://repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/123456789/17844/3/Chapter%20II.pdf is accessed at 15.00 on Thursday, December 8 th, 2016 http://semantics.uchicago.edu/kennedy/classes/f09/semprag1/sadock.pdf is accessed at 15.00 on Thursday, December 8 th, 2016 http://repository.up.ac.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/2263/27694/Complete.pdf?sequence=9&is Allowed=y is accessed at 15.09 on Thursday, December 8 th, 2016 http://www.ello.uos.de/field.php/Pragmatics/PragmaticsSpeechActsandEvents is accessed at 15.20 on Thursday, December 8 th, 2016 http://repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/123456789/17844/3/Chapter%20II.pdf http://semantics.uchicago.edu/kennedy/classes/f09/semprag1/sadock.pdf http://repository.up.ac.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/2263/27694/Complete.pdf?sequence=9&isAllowed=y http://repository.up.ac.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/2263/27694/Complete.pdf?sequence=9&isAllowed=y http://www.ello.uos.de/field.php/Pragmatics/PragmaticsSpeechActsandEvents P a g e | 223 Khairunnisa LET: Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching Journal Vol.7 No.2 2017 http://mrnussbaum.com/hillary-clinton/ 15.00 is accessed at 15.30 on Thursday, December 8 th, 2016 http://www.historynet.com/hillary-rodham-clinton is accessed at 15.35 on Thursday, December 8 th, 2016 http://communicationtheory.org/symbolic-interactionism-theory/ is accessed at 20.00 on Thursday, June 8 th, , 2017 http://mrnussbaum.com/hillary-clinton/ http://www.historynet.com/hillary-rodham-clinton